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Western Spruce Budworm Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography S.J. and Jessie E. 1987 Western Spruce Budworm M. H. Brooks J. J. Colbert R. G. Mitchell R. W. Stark Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Brookes, M.H., Colbert, J.J., Mitchell, R.G., Stark, R.W., 1987.Western spruce budworm. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Bull. 1694, p.108 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, S.J. and Jessie E. at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Bark Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Utah State University DigitalCommons@USU Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, S.J. The aB rk Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography and Jessie E. 1987 Western spruce budworm M. H. Brooks J. J. Colbert R. G. Mitchell R. W. Stark Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/barkbeetles Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Brookes, M.H., Colbert, J.J., Mitchell, R.G., Stark, R.W., 1987.Western spruce budworm. USDA For. Serv. Tech. Bull. 1694, p.108 This Bulletin is brought to you for free and open access by the Quinney Natural Resources Research Library, S.J. and Jessie E. at DigitalCommons@USU. It has been accepted for inclusion in The aB rk Beetles, Fuels, and Fire Bibliography by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@USU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. / 1 e^\ tes Department of Agriculture Western Spruce Forest Service Cooperative State Budworm Research Service Technical Bulletin No. 1694 S86397 In 1977, the United States Department of Agriculture and the Canadian Department of the Environment agreed to cooperate in an expanded and accelerated research and development effort, the Canada/United States Spruce Budworms Program (CANUSA), aimed at the spruce budworm in the East and the western spruce budworm in the West. The objective of CANUSA was to design and evaluate strategies for controlling the spruce budworms and managing budworm-susceptible forests to help forest managers attain their objectives in an economically and environmentally acceptable manner. This manual is one in a series on the western spruce budworm. Canada United States Spruce Budworms Program May 1987 Canada/United States Spruce Budworms Program-West Western Spruce Budworm Forest Service Martha H. Brookes, Robert W. Campbell, J. J. Colbert, Russel G. Mitchell, and R. W. Stark, Technical Cooperative State Research Service Coordinators^ Technical Bulletin No. 1694 United States Department of Agriculture Washington, DC ,_, Indexing Bpanoli. 'Martha H. Brookes is Information Coordinator for CANUSA-West in Corvallis, OR. Robert W. Campbell was a research scientist at the USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station in Corvallis, OR, and is now a consulting entomologist in Syracuse, NY. J. J. Colbert and Russel G. Mitchell are Program Manager and Applications Coordinator, respectively, of CANUSA- West in Portland, OR. R. W. Stark was formerly Program Manager of CANUSA-West and is now at the University of Idaho, Moscow. Preface Despite extensive aerial spraying, outbreaks of the So that the information would be in forms most useful spruce budworm in the East and the western spruce to forest managers, administrators in the western budworm in the West have caused considerable segment of the program (CANUSA-West) appointed a damage to susceptible forests and show no signs of working group (see appendix 1) to plan the abating. As many as 900 million acres (365 million ha) distribution of research results to all appropriate have been infested in 1 year in the eastern part of the audiences. Meeting annually, the group identified the continent. About 5 million acres (2 million ha) are major audiences and developed a framework for infested annually in the West, and about 247 million reaching them. A major part of the effort is a series of acres (100 million ha) of western forests are three books. This book is a synthesis of current considered susceptible. A new approach to budworm knowledge about the insect and its hosts. It problems was clearly needed—one that could include summarizes most of the known information on the direct suppression but would emphasize forest western spruce budworm and provides background management to reduce susceptibility. for the recommendations contained in two management books: Manag in f^ Trees and Stands In 1977, the United States Department of Agriculture Susceptible to Western Spruce Budworm, and and the Canadian Department of the Environment Western Spruce Budworm and Forest-Management agreed to pool the expertise and facilities of both Planning. These management books are intended to countries; together they embarked on a 6-year stand alone to provide easy access to just the research and development program in 1978. information needed by their specialized Objectives were to design and evaluate economical audiences—forest managers and planners—to support and environmentally acceptable strategies to suppress decisions related to budworm. When detailed the budworms and to manage forests susceptible to information is sought, the user can consult the them. Part of the planning was to assure that new comprehensive index in this volume. The many information and technology would be available for citations provide a key to the technical and scientific application by forest managers as soon as possible. literature. For convenience, ''budworm" or "western budworm'' in this book means the western spruce budworm, Chorist one ur a occidentalis Freeman. The spruce budworm, C. fumiferana (Clemens), is called ''eastern budworm." Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 3 History 1 Life History and Behavior 29 1.1 Introduction 2 V. M. Carolin Lawrence E. Stipe 3.1 Life Stages and Description 30 1.2 Outbreak Chronology 2 3.1.1 Egg 30 1.2.1 1922 to 1946 2 3.1.2 Larva 31 1.2.2 1947 to 1982 3 3.1.3 Pupa 32 1.3 Research 5 3.1.4 Adult 32 V. M. Carolin 3.1.5 Color Variation 33 1.3.1 Early Work 5 3.2 Life Cycle 34 1.3.2 Centralized Planning 6 3.2.1 Seasonal Behavior 34 1.3.3 CANUSA Program—A Coordinated Approach 7 3.2.2 Feeding Habits 36 1.4 Budworm Management 8 3.2.3 Stability of Life Stages for Sampling 38 Lawrence E. Stipe 3.3 Distribution on Trees 39 1.4.1 Rationale and Objectives 8 3.3.1 Egg Masses 39 1.4.2 Chemical Insecticides 8 3.3.2 Larvae in Hibernacula 40 1.4.3 Biological Agents 12 3.3.3 Fourth Instars in Buds 40 David G. Fellin 3.3.4 Pupae 41 1.4.4 Silvicultural Practices 16 3.4 Defoliation Patterns 41 Chapter 2 Chapter 4 Taxonomy of Spruce Budworms and Description of Host Species 43 Recognition of Associates 17 Richard K. Hermann 2.1 Budworm Taxonomy 18 4.1 Introduction 44 V. M. Carolin, J. A. Powell, G. E. Daterman, 4.2 Geographic Distribution 45 and M. W. Stock 4.2.1 Latitudinal and Longitudinal Range 45 2.1.1 Historical Review 18 4.2.2 Elevational Range 45 2.1.2 Taxonomic Problem and Research Approach . 19 4.2.3 Genetic Variation 45 2.1.3 Nomenclature 19 4.2.4 Stand Composition 48 2.1.4 Interrelations oí Choristoneura and 4.2.5 Ecological Relations 50 Host Species 20 4.2.6 Phenology of Reproduction 51 2.1.5 Sex Pheromones 21 4.2.7 Cone Crops and Seed Production 52 2.1.6 Genetic Variation 23 4.2.8 Phenology of Vegetative Growth 53 2.2 Recognition of Associated Lepidoptera 24 4.2.9 Growth 54 V. M. Carolin, R. E. Stevens, and G. P. Markin 2.2.1 Background 24 2.2.2 Field Keys for the West 24 2.2.3 Common and Occasional Associates 24 2.2.4 Ecological Significance of Associates 27 ni Chapter 5 Host Responses 57 6.6 Survival of Late Larvae and Early Pupae 79 G. A. Van Sickle 6.6.1 Density Versus Survival of Late Larvae 5.1 Introduction 58 and Early Pupae 79 5.2 Physiological Changes 58 6.6.2 Role of Parasites 79 5.2.1 Tree Energy Reserves 58 6.6.3 Role of Birds and Ants 80 5.2.2 Growth Responses 58 6.6.4 Habitat Requirements of Avian Predators — 82 5.2.3 Changes in Foliage Chemistry 59 Edward O. Garton 5.2.4 Stress and Predisposition to Other Pests 59 6.6.5 Other Mortality-Causing Factors 85 5.3 Physical Changes 60 Robert W. Campbell 5.3.1 Height Growth 60 6.6.6 Foliage Quality 86 5.3.2 Radial Growth 61 6.7 Observed Eggs Per Female 86 5.3.3 Volume Growth 64 6.7.1 Fecundity 86 5.3.4 Top-Kill 65 6.7.2 Index of Adult Dispersal 87 5.3.5 Tree Mortality 67 6.7.3 Density of Adult Females Versus Egg Density 88 5.3.6 Root Growth 67 5.3.7 Cone and Seed Production 67 Chapter 7 5.4 Effects of DefoUation on Stands 68 5.4.1 Stand Structure and Composition 68 Site and Stand Characteristics 89 5.4.2 Regeneration 69 N. William Wulf and Rex G. Cates 5.4.3 Long-Term Effects on Volume 69 7.1 Introduction 90 7.2 Susceptibility and Vulnerability 90 Chapter 6 7.3 Site Characteristics 92 7.4 Stand Characteristics 96 Population Dynamics 71 7.4.1 Tree Species 96 6.1 Introduction 72 7.4.2 Stand Composition 99 Robert W.
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