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Internet Based Learning for Ancient Tamil
Vol.1 No.1 July 2013 ISSN : 2321 – 788X Internet Based Learning For Ancient Tamil R. Nithya M.Phil. Scholar, Govt. Arts College, Ooty, Dr.E. Senavarayan Govt. Arts College, Ooty. Abstract The land of Tamil speech and people was in ancient times ruled by three famous lines of king, the Chera, Chola, and Pandiya. The land ruled by them was called Chera Nadu (Chera country), Chola Nadu (Chola country), and Pandiya Nadu (Pandiaya country) respectively. The landmass covered by the present-day Kerala State in the South India formed a major part of Chera Nadu, the Central and Northern parts of present Tamil Nadu were the then Chola Nadu and the Southern part of Tamil Nadu was the Pandiya Nadu. Tamils are of Dravidian origin. Many historians claim that the Dravidians, before the dawn of the history of the Tamils, were spread all over India. For various reason they split into small groups. Consequently, the original language also split into different languages. Tamil is found to have retained about 80 per cent of the features of the original Dravidian language.There are three major sub-groups in the Dravidian family of language, namely, South Dravidian, Central Dravidian, and North Dravidian. Internet based Tamil resources to Tamil communities living in different part of globe as well as others interested learn in Tamil. To develop and deliver internet based learning Tamil material in Tamil Keywords: language, literature and culture to global. Tamil people and others interested. The languagesChera of Naduthe South, Chola Dravidian Nadu, Pandiya sub-group Nadu, Valayapathi, Kundalakesi, Panchkavyams The1. -
Black Sea-Caspian Steppe: Natural Conditions 20 1.1 the Great Steppe
The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe East Central and Eastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 450–1450 General Editors Florin Curta and Dušan Zupka volume 74 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/ecee The Pechenegs: Nomads in the Political and Cultural Landscape of Medieval Europe By Aleksander Paroń Translated by Thomas Anessi LEIDEN | BOSTON This is an open access title distributed under the terms of the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license, which permits any non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided no alterations are made and the original author(s) and source are credited. Further information and the complete license text can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ The terms of the CC license apply only to the original material. The use of material from other sources (indicated by a reference) such as diagrams, illustrations, photos and text samples may require further permission from the respective copyright holder. Publication of the presented monograph has been subsidized by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education within the National Programme for the Development of Humanities, Modul Universalia 2.1. Research grant no. 0046/NPRH/H21/84/2017. National Programme for the Development of Humanities Cover illustration: Pechenegs slaughter prince Sviatoslav Igorevich and his “Scythians”. The Madrid manuscript of the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes. Miniature 445, 175r, top. From Wikimedia Commons, the free media repository. Proofreading by Philip E. Steele The Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available online at http://catalog.loc.gov LC record available at http://catalog.loc.gov/2021015848 Typeface for the Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic scripts: “Brill”. -
University of Oklahoma Graduate College Is
UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE IS GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM BUILT BASED ON VAASTU SASTRA? A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE By Ramya Palani Norman, Oklahoma 2019 IS GANGAIKONDA CHOLAPURAM BUILT BASED ON VAASTU SASTRA? A THESIS APPROVED FOR THE CHRISTOPHER C. GIBBS COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE BY THE COMMITTEE CONSISTING OF Callahan, Marjorie P., Chair Warnken, Charles G. Fithian, Lee A. ©Copyright by RAMYA PALANI 2019 All Rights Reserved. iv Abstract The Cholas (848 CE – 1279 CE) established an imperial line and united a large portion of what is now South India under their rule. The Cholas, known worldwide for their bronze sculptures, world heritage temples and land reforms, were also able builders. They followed a traditional systematic approach called Vaastu Sastra in building their cities, towns, and villages. In an attempt to discover and reconstruct Gangaikonda Cholapuram, an administrative capital (metropolis) of the Chola Dynasty, evidence is collected from the fragments of living inscriptions, epigraphs, archaeological excavation, secondary sources, and other sources pertinent to Vaastu Sastra. The research combines archival research methodology, archaeological documentation and informal architectural survey. The consolidation, analysis, and manipulation of data helps to uncover the urban infrastructure of Gangaikonda Cholapuram city. Keywords: Chola, Cola, South India, Vaastu Shastra, Gangaikonda Cholapuram, Medieval period, -
I Year Dkh11 : History of Tamilnadu Upto 1967 A.D
M.A. HISTORY - I YEAR DKH11 : HISTORY OF TAMILNADU UPTO 1967 A.D. SYLLABUS Unit - I Introduction : Influence of Geography and Topography on the History of Tamil Nadu - Sources of Tamil Nadu History - Races and Tribes - Pre-history of Tamil Nadu. SangamPeriod : Chronology of the Sangam - Early Pandyas – Administration, Economy, Trade and Commerce - Society - Religion - Art and Architecture. Unit - II The Kalabhras - The Early Pallavas, Origin - First Pandyan Empire - Later PallavasMahendravarma and Narasimhavarman, Pallava’s Administration, Society, Religion, Literature, Art and Architecture. The CholaEmpire : The Imperial Cholas and the Chalukya Cholas, Administration, Society, Education and Literature. Second PandyanEmpire : Political History, Administration, Social Life, Art and Architecture. Unit - III Madurai Sultanate - Tamil Nadu under Vijayanagar Ruler : Administration and Society, Economy, Trade and Commerce, Religion, Art and Architecture - Battle of Talikota 1565 - Kumarakampana’s expedition to Tamil Nadu. Nayakas of Madurai - ViswanathaNayak, MuthuVirappaNayak, TirumalaNayak, Mangammal, Meenakshi. Nayakas of Tanjore :SevappaNayak, RaghunathaNayak, VijayaRaghavaNayak. Nayak of Jingi : VaiyappaTubakiKrishnappa, Krishnappa I, Krishnappa II, Nayak Administration, Life of the people - Culture, Art and Architecture. The Setupatis of Ramanathapuram - Marathas of Tanjore - Ekoji, Serfoji, Tukoji, Serfoji II, Sivaji III - The Europeans in Tamil Nadu. Unit - IV Tamil Nadu under the Nawabs of Arcot - The Carnatic Wars, Administration under the Nawabs - The Mysoreans in Tamil Nadu - The Poligari System - The South Indian Rebellion - The Vellore Mutini- The Land Revenue Administration and Famine Policy - Education under the Company - Growth of Language and Literature in 19th and 20th centuries - Organization of Judiciary - Self Respect Movement. Unit - V Tamil Nadu in Freedom Struggle - Tamil Nadu under Rajaji and Kamaraj - Growth of Education - Anti Hindi & Agitation. -
Andrea F. Gatzke, Mithridates VI Eupator and Persian Kingship
The Ancient History Bulletin VOLUME THIRTY-THREE: 2019 NUMBERS 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson ò Michael Fronda òDavid Hollander Timothy Howe ò John Vanderspoel Pat Wheatley ò Sabine Müller òAlex McAuley Catalina Balmacedaò Charlotte Dunn ISSN 0835-3638 ANCIENT HISTORY BULLETIN Volume 33 (2019) Numbers 1-2 Edited by: Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley Senior Editor: Timothy Howe Assistant Editor: Charlotte Dunn Editorial correspondents Elizabeth Baynham, Hugh Bowden, Franca Landucci Gattinoni, Alexander Meeus, Kurt Raaflaub, P.J. Rhodes, Robert Rollinger, Victor Alonso Troncoso Contents of volume thirty-three Numbers 1-2 1 Kathryn Waterfield, Penteconters and the Fleet of Polycrates 19 John Hyland, The Aftermath of Aigospotamoi and the Decline of Spartan Naval Power 42 W. P. Richardson, Dual Leadership in the League of Corinth and Antipater’s Phantom Hegemony 60 Andrea F. Gatzke, Mithridates VI Eupator and Persian Kingship NOTES TO CONTRIBUTORS AND SUBSCRIBERS The Ancient History Bulletin was founded in 1987 by Waldemar Heckel, Brian Lavelle, and John Vanderspoel. The board of editorial correspondents consists of Elizabeth Baynham (University of Newcastle), Hugh Bowden (Kings College, London), Franca Landucci Gattinoni (Università Cattolica, Milan), Alexander Meeus (University of Mannhiem), Kurt Raaflaub (Brown University), P.J. Rhodes (Durham University), Robert Rollinger (Universität Innsbruck), Victor Alonso Troncoso (Universidade da Coruña) AHB is currently edited by: Timothy Howe (Senior Editor: [email protected]), Edward Anson, Catalina Balmaceda, Michael Fronda, David Hollander, Alex McAuley, Sabine Müller, John Vanderspoel, Pat Wheatley and Charlotte Dunn. AHB promotes scholarly discussion in Ancient History and ancillary fields (such as epigraphy, papyrology, and numismatics) by publishing articles and notes on any aspect of the ancient world from the Near East to Late Antiquity. -
Brief History of Jainism in Madurai Salient Features of the Caves
Brief History of Jainism in Madurai By the close of 4th century BC., the Mauryan King Chandragupta and a group of Jain ascetics led by Sruthakevalin Bhadrabahu, migrated to Sravanabelagola in Karnataka, anticipating a severe famine in their country. Here, they started spreading the gospel of the Tirthankaras. Subsequently, after the death of Chandragupta and Bhadrabahu, their disciples moved south to the Chola and Pandya countries possibly in the beginning of the 3rd century BC. The early Brahmi inscriptions found in Madurai, Pasumpon and Tirunelveli Districts prove beyond doubt the antiquity of Jainism in Tamilnadu much earlier than the 2nd century BC. There are many natural caverns spread in all of Tamilnadu which once served as the abodes of Jaina monks. These caves are found amidst picturesque surroundings where the monks lived in splendid isolation engaging themselves in contemplation and religious pursuits. Some of the main Jain caves found in and around Madurai are Mangulam, Anaimalai, Arittapatti, Alagarmalai, Keelavalavu, Thiruvathavur, Varichiyur, Karungalakkudi, Thirupparankundram, Muthupatti, Kongarpuliangulam, Mettupatti, and Vikramangalam. All these places are about 8kms. to 30kms.These caves represent the earliest lithic monuments in this region containing the earliest epigraphic records in Brahmi characters that are from 2nd century BC to 3rd or 4th century AD. They also provide authentic evidence of the early spread of Jainism in Tamilnadu. Jainism gained momentum, both at the royal and rural levels. During the early 7th century AD, Gnanasambandar, the great Sivaite and Devaram hymnist, caused set back to Jainism and it supposedly resulted in thousands of Jaina followers being persecuted in Madurai. -
BYJU's IAS Comprehensive News Analysis
Sangam Literature Sangam literature is the name given to the earliest available Tamil literature. The Sangam age roughly extends between 300 BC and 300 AD*, although most of the work is believed to have been composed between 100 CE and 250 CE. The word ‘Sangam’ literally means association. Here, it implies an association of Tamil poets that flourished in ancient southern India. The Ancient Tamil Siddhar Agastyar is traditionally believed to have chaired the first Tamil Sangam in Madurai. This period is known as the Sangam Period. The three chief Tamil kingdoms of this period were the Cheras, the Cholas and the Pandyas. Sangam Literature Classification There were mainly three Sangams called Muchchangam. The chief sources of information for this age are archaeological sources, literary sources and foreign accounts. Sangam Literature Classification Based on Period of Composition Details of Sangam Literature Patinenmelkanakku 1. Works composed between 200 BCE to 100 BCE 2. Oldest surviving Tamil poetry Patinenkilkanakku 1. Works composed between 100 CE and 500 CE 2. Collection of 18 poetry compositions 3. Mostly composed before the age of the Pallavas 4. Chief works include Thirukkural, Palamoli, Naladiyar, etc. Based on the Context and Details of Sangam Literature Interpretation Aham (Inner) Abstract discussion on human aspects such as love, sexual relations, etc. Puram (outer) Human experiences such as heroism, customs, social life, ethics, philanthropy, etc. Sangam Literature – Three Sangams As mentioned before, Tamil legends talk about three Sangams: 1. Madurai 2. Kapadapuram 3. Thenmadurai Note: All the works of the first two Sangams except Tolkappiyam (2nd Sangam work) are lost. -
Eva Maria Wilden Manuscript, Print and Memory Studies in Manuscript Cultures
Eva Maria Wilden Manuscript, Print and Memory Studies in Manuscript Cultures Edited by Michael Friedrich Harunaga Isaacson Jörg B. Quenzer Volume 3 Eva Maria Wilden Manuscript, Print and Memory Relics of the Caṅkam in Tamilnadu ISBN 978-3-11-034089-1 e-ISBN 978-3-11-035276-4 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-038779-7 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliographie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2014 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/München/Boston Typesetting: Dörlemann Satz, Lemförde Printing and binding: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid-free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com To the memory of T. V. Gopal Iyer and T. S. Gangadharan, men of deep learning and dedication, two in the long line of Tamil Brahmin scholars and teachers Preface After more than ten years of searching, digitising and editing manuscripts the series of critical editions published by the Caṅkam project of the École Fran- çaise d’Extrême Orient in Pondicherry is now complemented by an introductory volume of historical studies into the transmission of the texts and their witnesses. A three-years stay, from July 2008 to June 2011, in the Hamburg Research Group entitled “Textual Variance in Dependence on the Medium”, graciously funded by the German Research Association, enabled me to win the necessary distance from my ongoing labour in the jungle of actual textual variation to try to give an outline of the larger picture for one instance of a phenomenon known in cultural history, namely the formation, deformation and reformation of a literary canon over a period of almost two thousand years. -
The Bosporan Kingdom – Greeks of the Crimea
053: The Bosporan Kingdom – Greeks of the Crimea The Black Sea is an oft-neglected area when it comes to the broader framework of the ancient world, and at the same time it can provide us with “unusual” case studies that prove to be extremely interesting. The Bosporan Kingdom, centered along the modern Strait of Kerch, was a curious mixture of cultures and peoples. During the Hellenistic period, it was largely settled by Greek colonists, ruled by a dynasty of Thracians known as the Spartocids, and was closely tied to the nomadic steppe tribes like the Scythians and Sarmatians. In some ways the Bosporians can be considered among the first examples of a Hellenistic society, largely isolated from the affairs of the Successor Kingdoms until their independence came to an end in the 1st century BC. In this episode we will talk about the history of the Bosporians and Spartocids, their relations with the wider Greek and Hellenistic world, and end our miniseries on Asia Minor and the Black Sea. The Black Sea region was something of a Wild West, a frontier land inhabited with dangers both real and imagined. Sailing the “Euxine Pontus” could be quite treacherous, and while it translates to “the Friendly Sea”, this was more of an ironic name bequeathed upon the Black Sea after it had been tamed by Greek settlers.1 Exploration was originally limited to heroes of legend such as the strongman Heracles or the unfaithful Jason and his Argonauts, who had to deal with monsters and wild women like the Amazons or the witch Medea.2 Besides the realm of myth, there were actual barbarian tribes living along or near the coastline that performed human sacrifice and turned skulls into drinking cups.3 Yet by the 6th century, a large number of expeditions organized by Ionian Greeks planted colonies (apoikiai) around the Black Sea, and its northernmost part would be where the seeds of the Bosporan Kingdom would be laid. -
Imagery of Monks -Bodhidharma and Aṟavaṇa-Aṭikaḷ in Visual Art
Journal of Fine Arts Volume 2, Issue 4, 2019, PP 4-17 ISSN 2637-5885 Saṅgama of Buddhism in the Asiatic Diaspora: Imagery of Monks -Bodhidharma and Aṟavaṇa-Aṭikaḷ in Visual Art R.K.K. Rajarajan* Gandhigram Rural University, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu, India *Corresponding Author: R.K.K. Rajarajan, Gandhigram Rural University, Gandhigram, Tamil Nadu, India, Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Buddhism is a creative religion in Asiatic civilization, creative in the sense the proliferation of a rich literature and visual art leading to Universal Harmony. The present article is an attempt to examine the imagery of Buddhist monks in visual arts with special reference to Bodhidharma/ Aṟavaṇa-aṭikaḷ, propagator of the Buddhist creed. Bodhidharma hailing from Kāñcīpuram lived in China to propagate the Buddhist dharma in the land of Confucianism and Taoism. The imagery of Bodhidharma is popular in Chinese and Japanese annals and visual art through the ages. Visual culture is an authoritative source to demonstrate how a personality was viewed some 1000 or 2000 years ago, e.g. the murals and fresco in the Ajaṇṭā caves that illustrate the Buddhist annals. The Buddha‟s nativity was Nepāḷa, which means his physiognomy should have been of the Mongoloid milieu. The article examines the facial anatomy of the Buddha with reference to monks that propagated Buddhism. Bodhidharma was of the Tamil stock, which means what anthropologists normally designate Drāviḍian. Āryan and Mongolian are of different genres and pigments, viz. Āryan-white, Mongolian-yellow (or golden) and Drāviḍian-black. By the way, the personality of the Mongol reflected in Vassili Yan‟s novelJenghiz Khan is corroborated while dealing with facial anatomy that is known as mukhalakṣaṇa in Indian iconographic jargon. -
Studies in the Archaeology of Hellenistic Pontus: the Settlements, Monuments, and Coinage of Mithradates Vi and His Predecessors
STUDIES IN THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF HELLENISTIC PONTUS: THE SETTLEMENTS, MONUMENTS, AND COINAGE OF MITHRADATES VI AND HIS PREDECESSORS A dissertation submitted to the Division of Research and Advanced Studies of the University of Cincinnati in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY (Ph.D.) In the Department of Classics of the College of Arts and Sciences 2001 by D. Burcu Arıkan Erciyas B.A. Bilkent University, 1994 M.A. University of Cincinnati, 1997 Committee Chair: Prof. Brian Rose ABSTRACT This dissertation is the first comprehensive study of the central Black Sea region in Turkey (ancient Pontus) during the Hellenistic period. It examines the environmental, archaeological, literary, and numismatic data in individual chapters. The focus of this examination is the central area of Pontus, with the goal of clarifying the Hellenistic kingdom's relationship to other parts of Asia Minor and to the east. I have concentrated on the reign of Mithradates VI (120-63 B.C.), but the archaeological and literary evidence for his royal predecessors, beginning in the third century B.C., has also been included. Pontic settlement patterns from the Chalcolithic through the Roman period have also been investigated in order to place Hellenistic occupation here in the broadest possible diachronic perspective. The examination of the coinage, in particular, has revealed a significant amount about royal propaganda during the reign of Mithradates, especially his claims to both eastern and western ancestry. One chapter deals with a newly discovered tomb at Amisos that was indicative of the aristocratic attitudes toward death. The tomb finds indicate a high level of commercial activity in the region as early as the late fourth/early third century B.C., as well as the significant role of Amisos in connecting the interior with the coast. -
Sept 2018 10052018.Indd
VAASAL - thry; Edition 06 September 2018 Vanakkam. Vaasal symbolises many things in Tamil culture. When we enter through the vaasal of any house, the first gesture we come across is Vanakkam. While one utters the word Vanakkam, they join both palms together to greet. The general reason behind this tradition is that greeting by joining the palms means respect. However, scientifically speaking joining both hands ensures joining the tips of all the fingers together; which are denoted to the pressure points of eyes, ears, and mind. Pressing them together is said to activate the pressure points which help us remember that person for a long time. And no germs since we don’t make any physical contact, as with a handshake! In this edition of vaasal, we visit the architectural marvel the Big Temple in Thanjavur and learn about its unique pathbreaking design. Later, we become part of Manimekalai and witness the making of a female spiritual leader. With the emotions riding high, we delve into a young mind that fought her disabilities and used it as her strength to become a poet. Kavithai Sathiya’s poem on Rising High comes from personal experiences. Celebrating women power, we share the story of another strong woman behind Auroville Temple. As we travel along, we happen to hear onomatopoeic sounds of Tamil language. Intrigued to tickle our “funny bone”, we look into some Tamil onomatopoeic phrases. While there were flamboyant celebrations of Ganesh Chaturthi, we tried to decipher the legend and the science behind it. We look forward to knowing more about another festival,Navaratri in our upcoming edition.