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The Waking of a Military Town: Vancouver, Washington and the Vancouver National Historic Reserve, 1898-1920, with Suggestions for Further Research

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The Waking of a Military Town: Vancouver, Washington and the Vancouver National Historic Reserve, 1898-1920, with Suggestions for Further Research Part II, The Waking of a Military Town: Vancouver, Washington and the Vancouver National Historic Reserve, 1898-1920, with suggestions for further research Colonel Thomas M. Anderson (upper left) and family on Officer’s Row Courtesy University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections UW475 written by Donna L. Sinclair Center for Columbia River History with research assistance from Angela Redinger This document is the second in a research partnership between the Center for Columbia River History (CCRH) and the Department of the Interior National Park Service at Fort Vancouver National Historic Site in Vancouver, Washington. The National Park Service contracts with CCRH to encourage and support professional historical research, study, lectures and development in higher education programs related to the Fort Vancouver National Historic Site and the Vancouver National Historic Reserve (VNHR). The Center for Columbia River History is a consortium of the Washington State Historical Society, Portland State University, and Washington State University Vancouver. The mission of the Center for Columbia River History (www.ccrh.org) is to promote the study of the history of the Columbia River Basin. CCRH is dedicated to examining “hidden histories” in the Basin and to helping people think about the historical record from different perspectives. Funded by the National Park Service, Department of the Interior Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Vancouver National Historic Reserve Printed, Vancouver, Washington January 2005 2 Preface The site of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve has been strategically important for centuries. First, native people occupied the region, living along a trade route that was among the most populated in North America. Then in 1825, the Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) established a fur trade post at the site along the Columbia River. In 1849 the U.S. Army established Vancouver Barracks near the HBC fort as a supply base for troops, goods, and services to the interior Pacific Northwest and the western coast. A thriving community, active waterfront, and army and civilian airfields developed nearby, all connected economically and socially with the military base. From its inception through WWII, Vancouver, Washington was a distinctly military place, with the army integral to the city’s character. Today, Officer’s Row, the historic buildings of Vancouver Barracks, Pearson Airfield and portions of the Columbia River waterfront connect as the 366-acre Vancouver National Historic Reserve (the Reserve), a locale that continues to impact community identity. The following is the second in a series of multi-purpose interpretive documents, funded by the National Park Service, and examining the Reserve’s rich social history. Each document provides a historical overview while proposing further research through a series of appendices. Five significant periods of development have been identified in Reserve history: pre-1846; 1846-1898; 1898-1920; 1920-1942; and 1942-1960. This document explores the second period of inquiry, 1898-1920, when the modern age reached Vancouver and the landscape of the Reserve began to take its current shape. During this era, Vancouver’s soldiers moved from Alaska to the tropics of the Philippines, and then to China to quell the Boxer Rebellion. At the turn of the century, the Buffalo Soldiers of the 24th Infantry spent a year in the military town, social dynamics shifted and the community matured. Aviation took hold soon after the turn of the century and the military and the city both established airfields. By 1917, where once the HBC Fort Vancouver stood, the military built the largest spruce cut-up mill in the world and sent soldiers into the woods of the Pacific Northwest to “log for victory.” The Army’s Spruce Production Division in Vancouver not only produced millions of board feet of spruce, but also resulted in a government-sponsored labor union, the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen. The LLLL (4L) organization improved working conditions in the woods and swiftly halted the Northwest’s striking Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) in the spring of 1917. By 1920, WWI had ended, Fort Lewis had been established north of Vancouver and the military community unknowingly prepared for major change. The purpose of this document is: (1) to provide a social history overview of the Reserve for NPS interpreters; (2) to provide directions for further research, by NPS staff, professional historians and graduate students; and (3) to make the history of the Reserve accessible to the general reader. Two main questions provided the research foundation: What were the relationships between Vancouver Barracks and the region, nation, and world? What were the relationships between the barracks and the nearby community? As a social history, questions of race, class, and gender underscored the inquiry. 3 Location of Fort Vancouver National Historic Site, Vancouver, Washington, 1998 Courtesy Vancouver National Historic Reserve Trust The West Barracks area of the Vancouver National Historic Reserve, Vancouver, Washington, 1998 Courtesy Vancouver National Historic Reserve Trust 4 Upper Vancouver National Historic Reserve, 1998. Includes historic tent camp sites to the north, behind Officer’s Row, Vancouver Barracks, the Fort Vancouver palisade, and the site of Pearson Airfield Courtesy Vancouver National Historic Reserve Trust Lower Vancouver National Historic Reserve, 1998. Note waterfront trail in relation to Fort Vancouver National Historic site and Pearson Airfield Courtesy Vancouver National Historic Reserve Trust 5 Silas Christofferson and his Curtiss Pusher on the roof of the Multnomah Hotel in downtown Portland, Oregon Courtesy Pearson Air Museum Birds eye view of Vancouver, Washington, including military barracks, ca. 1917 Courtesy University of Washington Libraries, Special Collections 6 General View, Vancouver Cut-Up Plant, “LARGEST IN THE WORLD,” 1918 Photo reproduced from Straight Grain, U.S. Army, Vancouver Barracks publication Second Provisional Regimental Band Photo reproduced from Straight Grain, U.S. Army, Vancouver Barracks publication 7 Table of Contents Vancouver in the 1890s 1 From Alaska to the Tropics 5 An Age of Imperialism: the Spanish-American War 12 The World Theatre Enters Vancouver 15 On the Homefront during the Spanish-American War 20 Moving Overseas: the Philippine War 23 The Buffalo Soldiers Come to Vancouver 26 Vancouver As a Military Town 35 China Relief Expedition 37 Domestic Modernity in Vancouver 47 American Lake 49 Return of the Fourteenth Infantry 51 Reform and Culture in Vancouver 55 Change and Connection 57 Air Travel Takes Hold 64 A War to End All Wars 66 Logging for Victory 70 The Labor Question 72 Loggers in Khaki 77 The Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen 78 “A Two-Sided Organization” 80 The Vancouver Cut-Up Plant 84 Preparing for a New Era 90 Photographs 94 Army mules at Vancouver Barracks; Making a delivery on Officer’s Row; Army mules in the woods; “A typical camp street”; Company Street, 14th Spruce Squadron; Bunkhouses, from Straight Grain Appendix I: Topics for Future Research, 1898-1920 97 Agriculture in Clark County; Anti-German Sentiment during World War I; Anti-Saloon Movement; Aviation; Bicycling; Boxer Rebellion; Buffalo Soldiers – Buffalo Soldiers – list of members of companies B, D, L, and M, 24th Infantry, June – December 1898; Local Businesses; Civic groups, Veteran’s Organizations, and Masonic groups – American Legion – Grand Army of the Republic – Knights of Columbus – Prunarians – Vancouver Commercial Club – War Camp Community; Civilians at Vancouver, Barracks; Coastal Defense; Holidays – Independence Day; Industry in Vancouver – cannery business – Vancouver Creamery – Vancouver’s Port and shipbuilding; Landscape Change; The Lewis & Clark Centennial Exposition; Military Regulations and Daily Life; San Francisco Earthquake and Fire; Services, Military and Civilian – Post Exchange – Post Hospital; Social Activities, Sports, and Recreation – baseball – golf – Polo – Post Theatre (The Hippodrome) – Smokers – Theater and Vaudeville shows; , Target Ranges; Transportation – the Columbia River channel – the Interstate-5 Bridge – North Bank Railroad – road building in Clark County 8 Appendix II: Spanish-American and Philippine War Research 120 Sources for research; 14th Infantry Field and Staff officers; 14th Infantry Non-commissioned staff and band Appendix III: Spanish-American War Correspondence 126 Company G, 2nd Washington Volunteers – Officers – Privates; transcripts of correspondence Appendix IV: World War I 140 The Great Influenza Pandemic; the Red Cross Appendix V: World War I and the Spruce Production Division 147 Forest conditions during WWI and the effects of SPD logging; casualties and injuries; food shortages; the labor issue; logging camp operations; Operations of the Spruce Production Division; Recreation; Spruce Production Corporation; Vancouver Cut-Up Mill; Women and civilians in the Loyal Legion of Loggers and Lumbermen; Spruce Production Division sources; General Spruce Production and World War I sources Bibliographic References 158 9 Part I: Historical Overview, 1898-1920 Vancouver in the 1890s The end of the century arrived quietly in Vancouver, Washington, a community shaped by the presence of the U.S. Army at Vancouver Barracks. By the 1890s with the Northwest Indians Wars ended and labor conflicts momentarily quieted, the military establishment at Vancouver turned its attention homeward. Soldiers built roads, maintained the
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