Katedra Mezinárodních Vztahů a Evropských Studií

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Katedra Mezinárodních Vztahů a Evropských Studií MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA FAKULTA SOCIÁLNÍCH STUDIÍ Katedra mezinárodních vztahů a evropských studií Antiamerikanismus na Blízkém východě: Případové studie Íránu a Saúdské Arábie Diplomová práce Bc. Eva Taterová Vedoucí práce: PhDr. Petr Suchý, Ph.D. UČO: 217 308 Obor: Mezinárodní vztahy Brno, 2010 Prohlašuji, ţe jsem tuto práci zpracovala samostatně a pouze s pouţitím uvedených zdrojů. V Brně dne 19. 4. 2010 …………………… Eva Taterová 2 Mé velké poděkování patří PhDr. Petrovi Suchému, Ph.D. za vedení této práce, vstřícný osobní přístup a podnětné připomínky během konzultací. Dále pak bych ráda poděkovala všem svým blízkým za podporu při psaní této práce i celého studia. 3 OBSAH 1. ÚVOD ............................................................................................................................................... 7 2. METODOLOGIE A LIMITY PRÁCE ..................................................................................................... 8 3. VYMEZENÍ ZÁKLADNÍCH POJMŮ ................................................................................................... 11 4. POSTAVENĺ SPOJENÝCH STÁTŮ AMERICKÝCH NA BLÍZKÉM VÝCHODĚ DO 20. STOLETÍ – První vzájemné kontakty ................................................................................................................................ 14 4.1. Misionářské aktivity Američanů v Persii a Saúdské Arábii ......................................................... 15 4.2. Ekonomické aktivity Američanů v Persii a Saúdské Arábii ......................................................... 18 4.4. Fenomén antiamerikanismu v Persii a Saúdské Arábii v 18. a 19. století .................................. 20 5. VÝVOJ AMERICKÉ POZICE NA BLÍZKÉM VÝCHODĚ V OBDOBÍ 1914-1939 – Nárůst strategického významu Blízkého východu .................................................................................................................... 21 5.1. Období 1. světové války ............................................................................................................. 21 5.2. Vývoj v Persii/Íránu v období do 2. světové války ...................................................................... 22 5.2.1. Vývoj do skončení 1. světové války – britská nadvláda ....................................................... 22 5.2.2. Vývoj v Persii/Íránu v meziválečném období – nástup Rézy Chána .................................... 24 5.3. Vývoj v Saúdské Arábii v období do 2. světové války ................................................................. 27 5.3.1. Vzestup Ibn Saúda a jednání se SOCAL ............................................................................... 27 5.3.2. Příchod amerických těžařů do Saúdské Arábie ................................................................... 31 5.4. Události 2. světové války a její implikace pro Blízký východ – nárůst amerického vlivu ............ 33 5.4.1. Dění v Íránu v době 2. světové války ............................................................................. 34 5.4.2. Dění v Saúdské Arábii v době 2. světové války .................................................................... 36 5.5. Antiamerikanismus v Persii/Íránu a Saúdské Arábii v letech 1914-1945 ................................... 38 6. STUDENÁ VÁLKA – Americká pozice v Íránu a Saúdské Arábii v bipolárním světě ........................ 39 6.1. Vývoj od 2. světové války do konce 50. let – první stopy antiamerikanismu ............................. 40 6.1.1. Administrativa Harryho S. Trumana (1945-1953) ............................................................... 40 6.1.2. Administrativa Dwighta D. Eisenhowera (1953-1961) ........................................................ 41 6.1.3. Dění v Íránu od 2. světové války do konce 50. let ............................................................... 42 6.1.4. Dění v Saúdské Arábii od 2. světové války do konce 50. let ................................................ 50 4 6.1.5. Nástup izraelského faktoru ................................................................................................. 56 6.1.6. Antiamerikanismus v Íránu a Saúdské Arábii v 50. letech ................................................... 58 6.2. Vývoj v období 60.-80. let - vzestup antiamerikanismu na Blízkém východě ........................... 59 6.2.1. Administrativa Johna Fitzgeralda Kennedyho (1961-1963) ................................................ 59 6.2.2. Administrativa Lyndona B. Johnsona (1963-1969) .............................................................. 60 6.2.3. Dění v Íránu v 60. letech ...................................................................................................... 62 6.2.4. Dění v Saúdské Arábii v 60. letech ....................................................................................... 65 6.2.5. Administrativa Richarda Milhouse Nixona (1969-1973) ..................................................... 69 6.2.6. Administrativa Geralda Rudolpha Forda (1974-1977) ........................................................ 70 6.2.7. Administrativa Jamese Earla Cartera (1977-1981) .............................................................. 71 6.2.8. Dění v Íránu v 70. letech ...................................................................................................... 73 6.2.9. Dění v Saúdské Arábii v 70. letech ....................................................................................... 79 6.2.10. Administrativa Ronalda Wilsona Reagana (1981-1989) .................................................... 81 6.2.11. Dění v Íránu v 80. letech .................................................................................................... 82 6.2.12. Dění v Saúdské Arábii v 80. letech ..................................................................................... 85 6.2.13. Izraelský faktor v 60.-80. letech ........................................................................................ 87 6.1.14. Antiamerikanismus v 60. - 80. letech ................................................................................ 93 7. SVĚT PO SKONČENÍ STUDENÉ VÁLKY ............................................................................................ 95 7.1. Období od 90. let do roku 2009 ................................................................................................. 96 7.1.1. Administrativa George Herberta W. Bushe (1989-1993) .................................................... 96 7.1.2. Administrativa Williama Jeffersona Clintona (1993-2001) ................................................. 97 7.1.3. Administrativa George W. Bushe (2001-2009) .................................................................... 98 7.1.4. Dění v Íránu od 90. let do roku 2009 ................................................................................... 99 7.1.5. Dění v Saúdské Arábii od 90. let do roku 2009 .................................................................. 102 7.1.6. Vývoj izraelského faktoru jako zdroje antiamerikanismu od 90. let do roku 2009 ........... 104 7.1.7. Antiamerikanismus v Íránu a Saúdské Arábii po skončení studené války ......................... 107 5 8. ANTIAMERIKANISMUS V ÍRÁNU A SAÚDSKÉ ARÁBII V PRŮBĚHU 20. A POČÁTKU 21. STOLETÍ – Závěrečné shrnutí ................................................................................................................................ 109 8.1. Zvláštní vztah mezi USA a Izraelem jako zdroj antiamerikanismu ...................................... 109 8.2. Vzestup islamismu a radikálních islamistických hnutí obecně v arabských zemích jako zdroj antiamerikanismu ............................................................................................................................ 111 8.3. Vnímání USA jednotlivými státy v kontextu jejich specifické historické zkušenosti ........... 113 9. SEZNAM ZKRATEK POUŽITÝCH V TÉTO PRÁCI ............................................................................. 117 PŘÍLOHY .............................................................................................................................................. 116 LITERATURA A POUŽITÉ ZDROJE ......................................................................................................... 123 6 Motto: „Paradoxně Spojené státy jsou po konci studené války dokonce i svými spojenci někdy nenáviděny a odmítány více neţ během ní otevřenými i skrytými přívrţenci komunismu.“1 Jean François Revel 1. ÚVOD Po teroristických útocích na New York a Washington, D.C., 11. září 2001, které znamenaly bytostný otřes pro většinu americké společnosti, se objevila celá řada názorů, komentářů a studií více či méně se odborně zabývajících otázkou, co je příčinou tak obrovské nenávisti vůči Spojeným státům americkým (USA). Termín antiamerikanismus se stal velmi diskutovaným pojmem, ale jeho skutečná podstata, historický vývoj a význam často zůstávají skryty pod nánosem zevšeobecňujících či mediálně chytlavých frází. Cílem této práce je zanalyzovat vznik a vývoj fenoménu antiamerikanismu v regionu Blízkého východu v 20. a 21. století. Za 20. století bude povaţováno období, které je v odborné literatuře označováno jako krátké 20. století, tedy rozmezí let 1914 aţ 1991.2 Důvody pro výběr této alternativní varianty namísto tradiční, časově ukotvené, spočívají především v hodnocení reálného vlivu a vývoje zájmů USA o Blízký východ, které byly do 1. světové války zanedbatelné. Vzhledem ke snaze o co největší aktuálnost této práce bude reflektováno i období následující, tedy od roku 1991 do současnosti.
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