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Carlo Alberto Il Grande

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Carlo Alberto Il Grande Carlo Alberto il Grande Premessa: Fra gli elementi che fecero fallire la prima guerra d'indipendenza oltre al voltafaccia degli alleati, le incertezze caratteriali di Carlo Alberto di Savoia furono forse l'elemento fondamentele; Tale incertezze sono forse da ricercare nella prematura dipartita del padre del “Re Tentenna” Ora mettiamo che il padre di Carlo Alberto, Carlo Emanuele di Savoia-Carignano, non muoia a soli trent'anni nel 1800, ma che viva a lungo, dando stabilità al giovane Carlo Alberto. P.o.D: Carlo Emanuele di Savoia-Carignano muore nel 1830, a 60 anni; Convintamente liberale, ma più cattolico che nella nostra timeline, e di salute molto più robusta, grazie all'infanzia meno complicata, Carlo Alberto concederà lo Statuto Albertino già nel 1831 , dopo la morte dello “zio” Carlo Felice; Poi dedicherà i successivi 17 anni a convincere i sovrani italiani della necessità di concedere qualcosa per mantenere il resto; il suo motto diventa: “Non fate come Carlo X!” Facendo pressioni sulla cugina Maria Beatrice nel 1835 ottiene di ospitare a Torino Francesco, l'erede al Ducato di Modena, per alcuni anni; In questi anni il futuro Fancesco V sviluppa un legame profondo per Carlo Alberto. Il Duca rivelerà in seguito che il Re di Sardegna fu per lui un padre migliore del severo e reazionario Francesco IV. Francesco V concederà la Costituzione nel 1846, subito dopo l'incoronazione. Nel 1832 da comunque asilo al suo “esempio negativo” Carlo X, a Luigi XIX e al giovanissimo Enrico V; con quest'ultimo Carlo Alberto costruisce un rapporto positivo, che si estende al figlio di Carlo Alberto, Vittorio Emanuele II; Immediata fortuna avrà con Leopoldo II, Granduca di Toscana, mite e liberale, che grazie al sostegno del Savoia decise, con buona pace del Principe di Metternich, di concedere pure lui una costituzione, nel 1837. Anche Maria Luigia d'Asburgo, Duchessa di Parma accettò di concedere una Costituzione nel 1838. Nel 1839 arriva a Torino il giovane Carlo di Borbone Parma, futuro Duca Carlo III Metternich diventò quindi un nemico personale del Savoia, ma Carlo Alberto, popolarissimo in patria e amico personale di Luigi Filippo, Re dei Francesi non se ne diede per inteso. Nel 1845, tuttavia, Luigi Filippo e Carlo Alberto interrompono i loro rapporti personali, a causa di un litigio. Il Savoia infatti, rimprovera all'amico Francese eccessiva indecisione. I fatti daranno ragione a Carlo Alberto. Alla morte di Maria Luigia, nel 1846 Carlo II, padre di Carlo III, conferma tutte le riforme, di cui è ben lieto, e firma un'alleanza con il Regno di Sardegna. Nello stesso anno il Cardinale Giovanni Maria Mastai Ferretti, di idee liberali, è eletto Papa con il nome di Pio IX; Pio IX è un ammiratore della politica di Carlo Alberto, e promulga un costituzione liberale. Nel 1847 a Roma Carlo Alberto incontrò in segreto Ferdinando II, Re delle due Sicilie, al quale fece una proposta di alleanza in chiave Anti-Britannica e Anti-Austriaca; Ferdinado II accettò, e in cambio iniziò timide riforme in senso liberale dello stato; Nel 1948 anche il Regno delle due Sicilie otteneva uno statuto, che istituiva nuovamente le due Corone separate di Napoli e Sicilia (Ferdinando V e IV). Gli anni dal 1845 al1848 sono anni di riarmo e potenziamento militare per gli Stati Italiani, che arrivano a poter schierare complessivamente quasi 100.000 uomini. Nel Marzo del 1848, allo scoppio dei moti a Milano (concordati fra Cattaneo e Carlo Alberto quasi un anno prima) la Coalizione degli Stati Italiani si esprime a favore dell' Indipendenza del Lombardo Veneto, e l'Armata Coalizionale, guidata da Alessandro la Marmora e Guglielmo Pepe sconfigge ripetutamente l'Esercito Austriaco di Radetzky. La Battaglia finale arriva a Verona, dove l'esercito Austriaco, nel frattmpo divenuto Austro- Ungarico è spazzato via dall'imponente armata coalizionale. Il Trattato di Bruxelles assegna alla Confederazione Italiana il Lombardo-Veneto, ma non il Trentino, ne la Venezia-Giulia con Trieste; Il confine è fissato sull'Isonzo. L'Austria è costretta a chiedere l'armistizio; il successo del modello Liberale Italiano spingerà Federico Guglielmo IV di Prussia ad accettare la Corona di Germania con il nome di Federico I. Baviera, Wruttenberg e Baden restano tuttavia indipendenti, formando la Confederazione Renana, capitale Francoforte. Bandiera della Renania Il Re di Baviera Luigi I abdica, Re di Baviera e 1° Grande Re della Confederazione diventa Massmiliano II. Anche l'Hannover (con il Ducato di Brumswick) resta indipendente. Francesco Giuseppe, per evitare altre rivolte federalizza l'Impero; Nasce l'Impero Centro-Europeo, struttura federale composta dall'Arciducato d'Austria e dai Regni di: Tirolo, Trentino, Venezia- Giulia, Carinzia, Croazia, Bosnia, Carniola, Slovacchia, Trasnsilvania, Ungheria, Boemia, Moravia, Valacchia,Galizia e Lodomeria. A sorpresa, e su indicazione di Carlo Alberto il Lombardo-Veneto offre al giovanissimo (16 anni) Massimiliano d'Asburgo la Corona. Francesco Giuseppe rifiuta sdegnosamente in nome del fratello, ma il ragazzino fa un colpo di testa, fugge avventurosamente da Vienna (Carducci ci scriverà un poema sopra questa fuga) e arriva a Milano ove accetta l'incoronazione; Carlo Alberto assume la Reggenza. Nasce la Federazione Italiana, composta dai seguenti Stati: Regno di Sardegna, Regno Lombardo- Veneto,Regno di Napoli, Regno di Sicilia, Stati Pontifici, Granducato di Toscana, Ducato di Modena, Ducato di Parma; Il Titolo di Re degli Italiani spetta per elezione a Carlo Alberto;questo perché gli stati del Nord sono convinti che Ferdinando, l'altro candidato, abbia gia troppa influenza a causa dei due stati che lo rappresentano. La capitale è fissata a Roma, e il Papa acconsente a spostare la sede del governo secolare Pontificio a Bologna. I Palazzi del Quirinale, del Viminale, di Montecitorio, Madama e Chigi sono adibiti alle nuove istituzioni; Il quirinale diviene la sede del Re degli Italiani e il luogo di riunione dell'annuale Consiglio dei Sovrani, presieduto dal Papa, a Montecitorio si riunisce la prima Camera Federale dei Deputati, eletti nei vari regni su base proporzionale a suffragio ristretto, (465 membri) mentre il Senato Federale ha sede a Palazzo Madama, è composto da 40 membri, 5 per ogni stato, di cui Tre eletti ogni 5 anni dai Parlamenti di ogni stato, 1 nominato a vita dal sovrano di ogni Stato, e l'ultimo, in rappresentanza diretta del sovrano di ogni Stato; in pratica, ogni sovrano è Senatore di Diritto, e può delegare la carica ad un proprio fiduciario. Il Re degli Italiani presiede il Senato e ha diritto di voto e di veto. Viene istituita la Corte Suprema Italiana, composta (inizialmente) da nove giudici, otto nominati dai sovrani locali, il nono dal Re degli Italiani. La Costituzione Federale prevede una politica estera concordata e un coordinamento militare ed economico in comune, con un mercato comune; inoltre l'obiettivo è l'omogenizzazione progressiva del diritto. Carlo Alberto affida al figlio Vittorio Emanuele, Principe del Piemonte la Reggenza del Regno di Sardegna. In questa timeline Carlo Alberto non va in esilio e non si ammala. La Bandiera è il Tricolore Italiano con un numero di stelle pari al numero di stati membri della federazione all'interno. 1849 Il 1° Primo Ministro Federale dopo le prime elezioni Italiane è il Federalista Milanese Carlo Cattaneo. Spedizione Italiana a Tunisi, la Tunisia diviene Protettorato Siciliano. Inizia la costruzione della rete ferroviaria federale; I Reami meno avanzati iniziano la loro industrializzazione; In Toscana, nascono cantieri navali a Livorno, industrie tessili a Prato e di Pelletteria Firenze; Negli Stati Pontifici, aperto un grande complesso industriale a Roma, seguito da acciaerie ad Ancona e grandi fabbriche di insaccati a Bologna. Modena e Parma diventano l'avanguardia dell'Industria alimentare, mentre Napoli-Catanzaro-Bari diviene il Triangolo industriale del Sud; In Sicilia nasce a Palermo la prima di una serie di grandi industrie siderurgiche. Il quadrilatero Genova-Torino-Milano-Venezia diviene il cuore dello sviluppo industriale del Lombardo-Veneto e del Regno di Sardegna. Anche l'Isola dei Giudici subirà una progressiva modernizzazione. 1850 Francesco di Borbone va a vivere a Roma alla corte di Carlo Alberto. 1851 Concordato fra la Chiesa Cattolica e la Federazione Italiana; La Chiesa accetta di subordinarsi alla giurisdizione secolare, in cambio ottiene il riconoscimento di speciali privilegi ed esenzioni. Negli Stati Pontifici istituita una forma confederale; Marche (Capitale Ancona), Umbria (Capitale Perugia), Lazio (Capitale Viterbo) e Romagna (Capitale Bologna) costituiti in stati confederati autonomi sotto l'autorità pontificia rappresentata da governatori laici, eletti da parlamenti locali e confermati dal Papa. Nasce Francesco Carlo Alberto d'Este, erede al trono di Modena. (In questa time-line la primogenita del Duca Francesco V non è morta in culla, e la coppia ducale ha continuato ad avere rapporti, generando ben sei figli, fra cui Francesco Carlo Alberto e Maria Francesca, futura Zarina.) 1852 Nasce la Banca Federale Italiana. 1853 L'Italia resta neutrale nella Guerra di Crimea.Il Liberale Piemontese Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour, è eletto Primo Ministro Federale nonostante le proteste dei Cattolici. 1854 Vincenzo Gioberti fonda il Partito Popolare Italiano. 1855 Papa Pio IX emette l'enciclica De Rerum Novarum, Sulle cose nuove, nella quale ratifica la partecipazione attiva dei cattolici alla politica. Ras Kassa di Kwara sconfigge Giovanni III d'Etiopia e diventa Negus Negesti con il nome di Teodoro II. 1856 Inzia la modernizzazione e il riarmo di tutte le Armate dell'Esercito Italiano, nonché delle Flotte; Ogni Stato della Federazione dispone dei propri, a cui sovraintendono rispettivamente un Comandante in Capo Federale, per primo Alessandro la Marmora ed un Ammiraglio in Capo Federale, per primo Carlo Pellion di Persano. 1857 I parlamenti di Napoli e di Palermo litigano con il sovrano, che esercita un controllo ritenuto troppo stretto; Tensione fra Carlo Alberto e Ferdinando che minaccia di voltare le spalle alla Federazione.
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