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The Effect of Culture and Religion on Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Iran" (2018)

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The Effect of Culture and Religion on Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Iran Golden Gate University School of Law GGU Law Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations Student Scholarship 4-2018 The ffecE t of Culture and Religion on Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Iran Atoosa Zeinali Golden Gate University School of Law, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Zeinali, Atoosa, "The Effect of Culture and Religion on Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Iran" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 74. https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/theses/74 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Scholarship at GGU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of GGU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND RELIGION ON ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION A WARDS IN IRAN A Dissertation Submitted To The Committee of International Legal Studies In Candidacy for the Degree Of Scientiae Juridicae Doctor Department of International Legal Studies GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY By Atoosa Zeinali San Francisco, California April, 2018 Copyright By Atoosa Zeinali 2018 Golden Gate University The Dissertation Committee for Atoosa Zeinali Certifies that this is the Approved Version ofthe Following Dissertation: The Effect of Culture and Religion on Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards in Iran APPROVED BY SUPERVISING COMMITTEE CHAIR: Professor Dr. Arthur Gemmell II THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND RELIGION ON ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AWARDS IN IRAN A Dissertation Submitted To The Committee of International Legal Studies In Candidacy for the Degree Of Scientiae Juridicae Doctor Department of International Legal Studies GOLDEN GATE UNIVERSITY By Atoosa Zeinali San Francisco, California April, 2018 Ill Dissertation Committee Professor Dr. A1ihur J. Gemmell SJD (San Francisco) Senior Fellow Center for Advanced Legal Studies Golden Gate University School ofLaw IS!________________________________________________ __ Professor Dr. Christian N. Okeke, (COH) Doctor in de Rechtsgeleerdheid (Amsterdam) Professor of International & Comparative Law; Director, L.L.M. and S.J.D. Programs; Director Sompong Sucharitkhul Center for Advanced International Legal Studies, IS/ -cr:J:k:::s:~ ~p-P! ~ (J-rdO!R ' Professor Dr. Jiri Toman JUDr (Prague), Ph.D(Geneva) Professor at Law Santa Clara University School of Law IS/______________________________________________ _ IV v TITLE THE EFFECT OF CULTURE AND RELIGION ON ENFORCEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL ARBITRATION AWARDS IN IRAN VI Acknowledgment: I would like to dedicate this dissertation to the most exquisite law, the one that brings nations together. To my mentors in academia, spirit and life, without whom this wouldn't be, but a figment of imagination. To my immensely valued tutors, ProfDr. Christian N. Okeke, Prof. Dr. Arthur Gemmell and Prof. Dr. Jiri Toman, who were my instructors throughout this work. To the authors and conditioners of my life, my parents, Ali and Ehteram, siblings Bahram, Salar and Mahsa. To my husband Alireza, who went above and beyond to pave the road I chose to walk on. To the joy of my life, my Daniel. VII Table of Contents: Chapter I. Introduction 1. General Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1 2. Islamic Rule of Sharia ..................................................................................................................... 7 3. Commercial Arbitration under the Rule of Sharia ...................................................................... 9 4. Why Iran? ......................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter II. Enforcement and Annulment oflnternational Arbitration Awards 1. Enforcement of International Arbitration Awards ...................................................................... 15 1.1 International Documents ................................................................................................................ 15 1.2 National Legal Systems ................................................................................................................... 17 1.2.1 Civil Law Countries ................................................................................................................. 17 1.2.1.1 Germany ......................................................................................................................... 19 1.2.1.2 Spain 20 1.2.1.3 Italy ................................................................................................................................. 21 1.2.1.4 Sweden ............................................................................................................................ 23 1.2.1.5 Latin American Countries ............................................................................................ 25 1.2.2 Common Law Countries ........................................................................................................ 26 1.2.3 Arabic Countries ..................................................................................................................... 29 2. Enforcement of Awards in The Countries Other Than Country of Origin When There is a Convention ..................................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Geneva Convention 1927 ................................................................................................................ 33 2.2 New York Convention 1958 ............................................................................................................ 36 2.3 European Convention 1961 ............................................................................................................. 38 2.4 Washington Convention 1965 ......................................................................................................... 43 2.5 Moscow Convention 1972 ................................................................................................................ 46 2.6 Panama Convention 1975 ................................................................................................................ 47 2.7 Convention Between Arabic Countt·ies ..... ,.................................................................................... 50 2.8 Treaty Concerning the Harmonization of Business Law in Aft·ica 1993 .................................... 51 2.9 UNCITRAL .......................................................... , ........................................................................... 53 3 Judicial interference in International Arbitration Awards ................................................................ 57 4 New York Convention ............................................................................................................................ 64 vii 4.1 Formal and Essential Validity of Arbitration agreements under Article II of New York Convention ........................................................................................................................................ 65 4.1.1 Writing Requirement ......................................................................................................... 67 4.1.2 Dispute Arising Out of a Defined Legal Relationship ..................................................... 68 4.1.3 Capable of Settlement by Arbitration ............................................................................... 68 4.1.4 Null and Void ...................................................................................................................... 69 4.2 Recognition and Enforcement of the A 'vard ................................................................................. 69 4.2.1 Requirements for Enforcement ......................................................................................... 70 4.2.1.1 Scope .............................................................................................................................. 70 4.2.1.2 Jurisdiction and Forum Non- Convenience ............................................................... 72 4.2.1.3 Procedures for Enforcement ....................................................................................... 72 4.2.2 Grounds for Non Enforcement under the Convention ................................................... 73 4.2.2.1 Incapacity and Invalidity ............................................................................................. 74 4.2.2.2 Lack of Notice, and Fairness ....................................................................................... 74 4.2.2.3 Arbitrator Acting in Excess of Authority .................................................................. 75 4.2.2.4 Improper Composition of the Arbitral Tribunal ...................................................... 75 4.2.2.5 The Award is Not Yet Binding, or Has Been Set Aside ............................................ 75 4.2.2.6 Subject Matter Not Arbitrable ................................................................................... 77 4.2.2.7 Public Policy ................................................................................................................
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