DOCSLIB.ORG

Timeline of Iran's Nuclear Program

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

TIMELINE OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM Date Major nuclear-related events 1957 The U.S. and Iran sign a civil nuclear agreement under the Atoms for Peace program. 1967 The Tehran Nuclear Research Centre is built and run by AEOI. July 1968 Iran signs the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and ratifies it, which goes into effect on February 2, 1970. June 1973 Iran signs the comprehensive safeguard agreement, which requires IAEA’s control over its nuclear activity. 1974 Iran plans to construct up to 20 nuclear power stations across the country. It signs contract with Kraftwerk Union and begins construction of the Bushehr power plant. 1979 Iran terminates the Bushehr contract with the German firm, Kraftwerk Union. January 1995 Iran signs a contract with the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom) to complete a light water reactor in Bushehr under IAEA safeguards. 1996 Iran and China inform the IAEA to construct a nuclear enrichment facility in Iran, but China withdraws from the contract under U.S. pressure, while Iran pursues the plans. January 29, 2002 George W. Bush calls Iran “an axis of evil” that aggressively pursues nuclear weapons. December 2002 Iran declares all its existing atomic sites and says they are open to IAEA inspection. February 9, 2003 Iran officially announces it has discovered and extracted uranium to produce nuclear energy. (continued) © The Author(s) 2020 327 A. E. Torbat, Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7 328 TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events February 22, 2003 IAEA’s Director General Mohamed ElBaradei visits Iran and reports Iran has not disclosed its advanced nuclear facilities. September 12, 2003 IAEA’s Board of Governors adopts a resolution calling for Iran to suspend all enrichment- and reprocessing-related activities. The resolution requires Iran to declare all materials relevant to its uranium-enrichment program and allow inspection of its nuclear sites. October 21, 2003 Iran accepts the three European foreign ministers’ proposal to suspend its uranium enrichment activities and ratify an Additional Protocol and granting the IAEA broader rights of access to its nuclear sites. December 18, 2003 Iran eventually allows IAEA to inspect its nuclear sites. July 2004 Iran uses centrifuges and processes 37 tons of uranium yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride. November 2004 Iran suspends its uranium enrichment activities at the request of the nuclear negotiators. August 2005 Ahmadinejad announces an irreversible resumption of uranium enrichment. February 4, 2006 IAEA Board of Governors reports to the UNSC its concerns about Iran’s nuclear activities, including Tehran’s failure to comply with the agency’s safeguards agreement. February 14, 2006 IAEA adopts a resolution asking Iran to implement NPT safeguards and halt all enrichments. April 11, 2006 Iran announces enrichment of uranium by 164 centrifuges in operation for the first time. July 31, 2006 UNSC issues resolution 1696 giving Iran until August 31, 2006, to comply with IAEA requests or face appropriate (non-military) measures under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the UN charter. August 31, 2006 Ahmadinejad says Iran “never abandons its inalienable right to peaceful nuclear technology.” December 23, 2006 UNSC issues resolution 1737 sanctions Iran to halt enrichment and gives it 60 days to comply. March 24, 2007 UNSC broadens sanctions, issues resolution 1747 and gives 60 more days to halt enrichment. April 10, 2007 Iran announces uranium enrichment at industrial scale and President Ahmadinejad celebrates the event at the nuclear plant in Natanz. May 23, 2007 IAEA reports Iran’s non-compliance to the UNSC as the 60 days’ deadline passes. July 12, 2007 Iran agrees IAEA inspect its heavy water reactor and to answer questions on its past nuclear experiments. September 17, 2007 ElBaradei says IAEA has been able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran and it is satisfied with Iran’s co-operations to resolve outstanding questions. (continued) TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program 329 (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events November 22, 2007 IAEA reports Iran has made progress in verification of its past enrichment technology acquisitions. December 3, 2007 National Intelligence Estimates reveals Iran had abandoned its nuclear weapon program in 2003. February 25, 2008 IAEA reports Iran has made progress in clarifying its past nuclear activities with the exception of the alleged weaponization issue. March 3, 2008 UNSC adopts resolution 1803 which tightens restrictions on Iran’s nuclear activities. July 30, 2008 Non-Aligned Movement reaffirms Iran’s right to peaceful uses of nuclear technology. March 2, 2009 IAEA reports it was unable to make any progress on some issues about possible military dimensions of Iran’s nuclear program. September 21, 2009 Iran reports construction of a second enrichment plant at Fordo to the IAEA. September 24, 2009 UNSC presided by Obama approves a resolution aims at riding the world of nuclear weapons. October 1, 2009 Iran and U.S. representatives negotiate face-to-face for the first time in (P5+1) meeting in Vienna. May 17, 2010 Iran accepts a nuclear fuel swap deal but the U.S. rejects it. July 2012 Secret meetings are arranged in Muscat, Oman, between a team from the White House and an Iranian team to negotiate on the nuclear issue. August 26–31, 2012 Iran puts the nuclear issue on show trail at the NAM meeting in Tehran. August 3, 2013 The Iran’s former nuclear negotiator Hassan Rouhani succeeds President Ahmadinejad. November 23, 2013 Iran and the P5+1 Group come to a tentative agreement in Geneva called the Joint Plan of Action. January 20, 2014 Iran begins voluntarily to comply with the agreement it accepted in Geneva. April 2, 2015 The details of the nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers are announced in Lausanne, Switzerland. July 14, 2015 The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement is sealed in Vienna. July 20, 2015 The UN Security Council unanimously passes a resolution endorsing the nuclear agreement and lifts the Council’s nuclear sanctions once key steps are implemented. October 11, 2015 The Iranian parliament indirectly approves the JCPOA. January 16, 2016 Iran formally implements the nuclear accord by destroying the core of its nuclear reactor in Arak and exports 98% of its enriched uranium to Russia. January 15, 2017 After one year from the implementation day, IAEA verifies that Iran has complied with the JCPOA requirements. (continued) 330 TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events July 25, 2017 The U.S. House of Representatives passes H.R. 3364, the Countering Adversarial Nations Through Sanctions Act, which imposes new sanctions on Iran, North Korea and Russia. October 13, 2017 President Trump declares he will not certify the nuclear agreement and gives a 60 days window to the U.S. Congress to decide whether the nuclear sanctions should be re-imposed on Iran. January 12, 2018 President Trump issues a statement demanding if his specific request for a new supplement agreement is not met within 120 days, the U.S. will pull out of the agreement. May 8, 2018 President Trump pull the U.S. out of the Nuclear Agreement and re-imposes the sanctions on Iran after giving a grace period of 90 days. January 31, 2019 Germany, France and the UK established a payment channel called Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) to help circumvent US sanctions. May 8, 2019 Iranian government gave a 60-day ultimatum to abandon some of its commitments under JCPOA that included exporting Heavy Water and enriched uranium. CHRONOLOGY OF KEY POLItICAL EVENtS IN IRAN Date Events 1797 King Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar is assassinated and is succeeded by Fath-Ali Shah. 1834 Fath-Ali Shah dies, is succeeded by Mohammad Shah with support of the British and Russians. 1848 Mohammad Shah dies and succeeded by his son Naser al-Din Shah. 1896 Naser al-Din Shah is assassinated and succeeded by his son Mozaffar al-Din Shah 1901 William Knox Darcy obtains oil concession from Mozaffar al-Din Shah. 1906 Constitutional revolution and establishment of the Majles (parliament). 1907 Mozaffar al-Din Shah dies and is succeeded by his son Mohammad-Ali Shah. 1907 Britain and Russia demarcate their spheres of influence in Iran. 1908 Mohammad-Ali Shah manages a coup which temporarily closes the parliament. 1909 Formation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. 1914 Iran is occupied by the British, Russian, and Turkish troops during World War I. 1921 Britain chooses Reza Khan to manage a coup in Iran. 1925 Reza Khan is crowned as Reza Shah Pahlavi and the Qajar dynasty is ended. 1932 The oil contract with APOC is annulled. 1933 A new oil contract is signed. 1941 Allied forces occupy Iran during World War II. Reza Shah is replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. 1951 Mosaddegh becomes Prime Minister and nationalizes Iran’s oil industry. 1953 The Anglo-American coup overthrows Mosaddegh’s government. (continued) © The Author(s) 2020 331 A. E. Torbat, Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7 332 ChronoLogY of KeY PoLiticaL Events in Iran (continued) Date Events 1954 A new oil agreement is signed with a consortium of Western oil companies. 1979 The Iranian Revolution overthrows the Shah and an Islamic Republic led by Ayatollah Rouhollah Khomeini emerges thereafter. 1980 Iraqi forces invade Iran, initiating an eight-year war between the two countries. 1989 Ayatollah Khomeini dies and succeeds by Ali Khamenei as the Leader of Islamic Republic and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes president. 1997 Mohammad Khatami succeeds Rafsanjani as president.
Recommended publications
  • Qutb Minar: Religion and Power in 13Th-Century India Professor Munis Faruqui (Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, UC Berkeley)

    Qutb Minar: Religion and Power in 13Th-Century India Professor Munis Faruqui (Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, UC Berkeley)

    The Making of a Modern Myth Qutb Minar: Religion and Power in 13th-Century India Professor Munis Faruqui (Department of South and Southeast Asian Studies, UC Berkeley) I. Introduction India is the world’s largest democracy, and has the world’s second largest population of Muslims. Over the last few decades, deep religious divisions have appeared between the Hindu majority and the Muslim minority, who comprise 12–15 percent of the population. Extremists in either community have stoked violent religious conflict in ways that will be discussed shortly. Most of the violence in recent history has occurred in the form of pogroms. Most of the victims are Muslims. There are at least two critical threads that link contemporary anti-Muslim violence: first, a rising tide of Hindu nationalism. Second, much of the violence has been continuously stoked by rhetoricians’ use of an exaggerated and distorted history of endless conflict between these two groups—especially during the period when Muslim political authorities dominated northern India (c. 1200–1750). According to Hindu nationalists, the experience under the Muslims was oppressive, the Muslim rulers tyrannical, Hindu temples were destroyed, and so on. So the current anti- Muslim pogroms are payback, as the more extreme elements among the Hindu nationalists openly assert: attacking Muslims today is thus justified for what happened 500, 600, or 700 years ago. Like many groups elsewhere in the world, Hindu nationalists invoke history. Irish Republicanism invokes battles that happened in 1690 and so on. Groups in the Balkans are another example: Serbs, Croats, and Bosniacs have their own histories, and the 1389 battle of Kosovo becomes a central rallying cry for Serbian nationalism.
  • The Iranian Regime and the New Political Challenge

    The Iranian Regime and the New Political Challenge

    Foreign Policy Research Institute E-Notes A Catalyst for Ideas Distributed via Email and Posted at www.fpri.org June 2011 ~MIDDLE EAST MEDIA MONITOR~ AN ENEMY FROM WITHIN: THE IRANIAN REGIME AND THE NEW POLITICAL CHALLENGE By Raz Zimmt Middle East Media Monitor is an FPRI E-Note series, designed to review once a month a current topic from the perspective of the foreign language press in such countries as Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Turkey. These articles will focus on providing FPRI’s readership with an inside view on how some of the most important countries in the Middle East are covering issues of importance to the American foreign policy community. Raz Zimmt is a Ph.D. candidate in the Graduate School of Historical Studies and a research fellow at the Center for Iranian Studies at Tel Aviv University. He is the editor of the weekly “Spotlight on Iran,” published by the Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center, www.terrorism-info.org.il/site/home/default.asp . On May 11, 2011 hardliner cleric, Ayatollah Mohammad-Taqi Mesbah-Yazdi, held a meeting with members of the conservative Islamic Coalition Party. Mesbah-Yazdi warned his audience against the strengthening of deviant religious thought in Iranian society. He claimed that it jeopardizes the concept of “the Guardianship of the Islamic jurist” ( Velayat-e Faqih ), upon which the Iranian regime has been based since the Islamic Revolution (1979). “If this current continues and one day we will see another Seyyed Ali Mohammad Bab 1...we should not be surprised.” 2 A few days later, Ayatollah Seyyed Mohammad Sa’idi, the Friday prayer leader in Qom, warned the “deviant currents” to stop their conspiracies or the people will annihilate them, as they did to [Abolhassan] Banisadr, 3 “the hypocrites” [a reference to Iranian opposition organization, the Mojahedin-e Khalq ] and “the leaders of the sedition” [a reference to the reformist opposition].
  • A WAY FORWARD with IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy

    A WAY FORWARD with IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy

    A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy THE SOUFAN CENTER FEBRUARY 2021 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? Options for Crafting a U.S. Strategy THE SOUFAN CENTER FEBRUARY 2021 Cover photo: Associated Press Photo/Photographer: Mohammad Berno 2 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY CONTENTS List of Abbreviations 4 List of Figures 5 Key Findings 6 How Did We Reach This Point? 7 Roots of the U.S.-Iran Relationship 9 The Results of the Maximum Pressure Policy 13 Any Change in Iranian Behavior? 21 Biden Administration Policy and Implementation Options 31 Conclusion 48 Contributors 49 About The Soufan Center 51 3 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BPD Barrels Per Day FTO Foreign Terrorist Organization GCC Gulf Cooperation Council IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency ICBM Intercontinental Ballistic Missile IMF International Monetary Fund IMSC International Maritime Security Construct INARA Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act INSTEX Instrument for Supporting Trade Exchanges IRGC Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps IRGC-QF Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps - Qods Force JCPOA Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action MBD Million Barrels Per Day PMF Popular Mobilization Forces SRE Significant Reduction Exception 4 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S. STRATEGY LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Iran Annual GDP Growth and Change in Crude Oil Exports 18 Figure 2: Economic Effects of Maximum Pressure 19 Figure 3: Armed Factions Supported by Iran 25 Figure 4: Comparison of Iran Nuclear Program with JCPOA Limitations 28 5 A WAY FORWARD WITH IRAN? OPTIONS FOR CRAFTING A U.S.
  • Ali Pirzadeh Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, And

    Ali Pirzadeh Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, And

    Arts, Research, Innovation and Society Ali Pirzadeh Iran Revisited Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society Arts, Research, Innovation and Society Series Editors Gerald Bast, University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria Elias G. Carayannis, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA David F.J. Campbell, University of Applied Arts, Vienna, Austria Editors-in-Chief Gerald Bast and Elias G. Carayannis Chief Associate Editor David F.J. Campbell More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11902 Ali Pirzadeh Iran Revisited Exploring the Historical Roots of Culture, Economics, and Society Ali Pirzadeh Washington , DC , USA Arts, Research, Innovation and Society ISBN 978-3-319-30483-0 ISBN 978-3-319-30485-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-30485-4 Library of Congress Control Number: 2016935406 © Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication.
  • EU-Iran Relations After the Nuclear Deal

    EU-Iran Relations After the Nuclear Deal

    EU-Iran Relations after the Nuclear Deal Steven Blockmans, Anoushiravan Ehteshami and Gawdat Bahgat (eds) May 2016 Abstract The signing of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action between Iran and global powers on 14 July 2015 was a major turning point in the emerging strategic landscape of the Middle East. The ‘nuclear deal’ led to the lifting by the EU and the US of nuclear-related sanctions and is now operational. Other sanctions remain in place, however. Nevertheless, unhindered by US competition, European trade delegations have entered into a latter-day gold rush, led by the promise of the biggest untapped market in the world. As such, the EU has both an opportunity and a responsibility to help Iran reintegrate properly into the international system. But, faced with a system of governance where the lines of command and control are not always clear to the outside observer, Europe stands to lose if it continues to pursue its uncoordinated approach towards the Islamic Republic. This report offers recommendations to guide the EU towards a comprehensive EU strategy for relations with Iran. It maintains that there is no other option but to keep universal values and the rule of law at the core of the emerging bilateral relationship. In fact, the protection of the economic rights of European traders and investors would allow the EU to push for wider reforms and the normalisation of relations. ISBN 978-94-6138-527-7 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without the prior permission of CEPS.
  • IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran

    IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY the Islamic Republic of Iran

    IRAN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Islamic Republic of Iran is a constitutional, theocratic republic in which Shia Muslim clergy and political leaders vetted by the clergy dominate the key power structures. Government legitimacy is based on the twin pillars of popular sovereignty--albeit restricted--and the rule of the supreme leader of the Islamic Revolution. The current supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, was chosen by a directly elected body of religious leaders, the Assembly of Experts, in 1989. Khamenei’s writ dominates the legislative, executive, and judicial branches of government. He directly controls the armed forces and indirectly controls internal security forces, the judiciary, and other key institutions. The legislative branch is the popularly elected 290-seat Islamic Consultative Assembly, or Majlis. The unelected 12-member Guardian Council reviews all legislation the Majlis passes to ensure adherence to Islamic and constitutional principles; it also screens presidential and Majlis candidates for eligibility. Mahmoud Ahmadinejad was reelected president in June 2009 in a multiparty election that was generally considered neither free nor fair. There were numerous instances in which elements of the security forces acted independently of civilian control. Demonstrations by opposition groups, university students, and others increased during the first few months of the year, inspired in part by events of the Arab Spring. In February hundreds of protesters throughout the country staged rallies to show solidarity with protesters in Tunisia and Egypt. The government responded harshly to protesters and critics, arresting, torturing, and prosecuting them for their dissent. As part of its crackdown, the government increased its oppression of media and the arts, arresting and imprisoning dozens of journalists, bloggers, poets, actors, filmmakers, and artists throughout the year.
  • Freedom Or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis

    Freedom Or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis

    Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights Volume 3 | Issue 1 Article 4 Spring 2005 Freedom or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq Hannibal Travis Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr Recommended Citation Hannibal Travis, Freedom or Theocracy?: Constitutionalism in Afghanistan and Iraq, 3 Nw. J. Int'l Hum. Rts. 1 (2005). http://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/njihr/vol3/iss1/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Northwestern Journal of International Human Rights by an authorized administrator of Northwestern University School of Law Scholarly Commons. Copyright 2005 Northwestern University School of Law Volume 3 (Spring 2005) Northwestern University Journal of International Human Rights FREEDOM OR THEOCRACY?: CONSTITUTIONALISM IN AFGHANISTAN AND IRAQ By Hannibal Travis* “Afghans are victims of the games superpowers once played: their war was once our war, and collectively we bear responsibility.”1 “In the approved version of the [Afghan] constitution, Article 3 was amended to read, ‘In Afghanistan, no law can be contrary to the beliefs and provisions of the sacred religion of Islam.’ … This very significant clause basically gives the official and nonofficial religious leaders in Afghanistan sway over every action that they might deem contrary to their beliefs, which by extension and within the Afghan cultural context, could be regarded as
  • British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971

    British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500Th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971

    British Persian Studies and the Celebrations of the 2500th Anniversary of the Founding of the Persian Empire in 1971 A thesis submitted to The University of Manchester for the degree of Master of Philosophy in the Faculty of Humanities. 2014 Robert Steele School of Arts, Languages and Cultures Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................................ 4 Declaration .................................................................................................................................................................. 5 Copyright Statement ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................................................. 6 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 7 Objectives and Structure ............................................................................................................................................. 8 Literature Review .......................................................................................................................................................... 9 Statement on Primary Sources...............................................................................................................................
  • Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From

    Iran's Nuclear Ambitions From

    IDENTITY AND LEGITIMACY: IRAN’S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS FROM NON- TRADITIONAL PERSPECTIVES Pupak Mohebali Doctor of Philosophy University of York Politics June 2017 Abstract This thesis examines the impact of Iranian elites’ conceptions of national identity on decisions affecting Iran's nuclear programme and the P5+1 nuclear negotiations. “Why has the development of an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle been portrayed as a unifying symbol of national identity in Iran, especially since 2002 following the revelation of clandestine nuclear activities”? This is the key research question that explores the Iranian political elites’ perspectives on nuclear policy actions. My main empirical data is elite interviews. Another valuable source of empirical data is a discourse analysis of Iranian leaders’ statements on various aspects of the nuclear programme. The major focus of the thesis is how the discourses of Iranian national identity have been influential in nuclear decision-making among the national elites. In this thesis, I examine Iranian national identity components, including Persian nationalism, Shia Islamic identity, Islamic Revolutionary ideology, and modernity and technological advancement. Traditional rationalist IR approaches, such as realism fail to explain how effective national identity is in the context of foreign policy decision-making. I thus discuss the connection between national identity, prestige and bargaining leverage using a social constructivist approach. According to constructivism, states’ cultures and identities are not established realities, but the outcomes of historical and social processes. The Iranian nuclear programme has a symbolic nature that mingles with socially constructed values. There is the need to look at Iran’s nuclear intentions not necessarily through the lens of a nuclear weapons programme, but rather through the regime’s overall nuclear aspirations.
  • Iran I Stany Zjednoczone

    Iran I Stany Zjednoczone

    IRAN I STANY ZJEDNOCZONE – GENEZA, STAN OBECNY I PERSPEKTYWY IRAN I STANY ZJEDNOCZONE – geneza, stan obecny i perspektywy Autor: dr Robert Czulda, Jakub Gajda Program Polityka Międzynarodowa Warszawa 2019 SPIS TREŚCI I. Polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Iranu 7 II. Perspektywa państwa członkowskiego Unii Europejskiej 16 III. Wnioski i rekomendacje 17 Bliskie nawiązanie relacji amerykańsko-irańskich wizerunek Stanów Zjednoczonych w Iranie. Od przypada na lata czterdzieste XX wieku. W 1942 tego momentu nawet umiarkowani Irańczycy nie roku, podczas brytyjsko-sowieckiej okupacji Iranu, ufają Zachodowi sądząc, że ani Wielka Brytania, w kraju tym pojawili się pierwsi amerykańscy ani Stany Zjednoczone nie dbają o pomyślność ich żołnierze. W późniejszej fazie szach Iranu narodu, lecz jedynie o własne interesy. Mohammad Reza Pahlawi zbliżył się politycznie i gospodarczo do Stanów Zjednoczonych, widząc w Dzięki wsparciu i namowom Stanów Zjednoczonych nich geostrategiczną przeciwwagę dla mocarstw pod koniec lat pięćdziesiątych Iran zainicjował dominujących od kilku stuleci w regionie Bliskiego cywilny program jądrowy. Wiązało się to z planem i Środkowego Wschodu: spadkobiercy Rosji – monarchy, aby przekształcić Iran w regionalne Związku Sowieckiego i Wielkiej Brytanii. Po II mocarstwo. Jednym z elementów tej strategii była wojnie światowej Iran stał się dla Amerykanów budowa nowoczesnych sił zbrojnych. Ambitne plany ważnym przyczółkiem na Bliskim Wschodzie, Pahlawiego wpisywały się w strategię Stanów dającym możliwość regionalnego oddziaływania,
  • Jcc Iran Bg Final

    Jcc Iran Bg Final

    31ST ANNUAL HORACE MANN MODEL UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE OCTOBER 22, 2016 JCC: IRAN IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS JAMES CHANG & MEHR SURI GEORGE LOEWENSON CHAIR MODERATORS TABLE OF CONTENTS LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT 3 LETTER FROM THE CHAIR 4 COMMITTEE BACKGROUND 5 COMMITTEE PROCEDURE 6 THE IRANIAN HOSTAGE CRISIS 9 OVERVIEW OF THE TOPIC 9 HISTORY 9 CURRENT SITUATION 14 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS 17 QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER 18 POSITIONS 18 SOURCES 25 Horace Mann Model United Nations Conference 2 LETTER FROM THE SECRETARIAT Dahlia Krutkovich DEAR DELEGATES, Isabella Muti Henry Shapiro Secretaries-General Welcome to Horace Mann's 31st annual Model United Nations Daniel Frackman conference, HoMMUNC XXXI! Since 1985, HoMMUNC has Maya Klaris engaged the future leaders of the world in a day full of learning, Noah Shapiro Directors-General debate, and compromise. The conference brings together intellectually curious high school and middle school students to Charles Gay Zachary Gaynor contemplate and discuss serious global concerns. We are honored Ananya Kumar-Banarjee to have inherited the responsibility of preparing this event for Livia Mann over 1000 students that will participate in HoMMUNC XXXI. William Scherr Audrey Shapiro Benjamin Shapiro Regardless of your age or experience in Model UN, we challenge Senior Executive Board you to remain engaged in the discourse of your committees and Joshua Doolan truly involve yourself in the negotiation process. Each committee Jenna Freidus Samuel Harris is comprised of an eclectic group of delegates and will address Charles Hayman and important global concern. Take this opportunity to delve deep Valerie Maier Radhika Mehta into that problem: educate yourself think innovatively to create Evan Megibow the best solutions, and lead the committee to a resolution that Jada Yang Under-Secretaries- could better the world.
  • History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)

    History of Azerbaijan (Textbook)

    DILGAM ISMAILOV HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN (TEXTBOOK) Azerbaijan Architecture and Construction University Methodological Council of the meeting dated July 7, 2017, was published at the direction of № 6 BAKU - 2017 Dilgam Yunis Ismailov. History of Azerbaijan, AzMİU NPM, Baku, 2017, p.p.352 Referents: Anar Jamal Iskenderov Konul Ramiq Aliyeva All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means. Electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the copyright owner. In Azerbaijan University of Architecture and Construction, the book “History of Azerbaijan” is written on the basis of a syllabus covering all topics of the subject. Author paid special attention to the current events when analyzing the different periods of Azerbaijan. This book can be used by other high schools that also teach “History of Azerbaijan” in English to bachelor students, master students, teachers, as well as to the independent learners of our country’s history. 2 © Dilgam Ismailov, 2017 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword…………………………………….……… 9 I Theme. Introduction to the history of Azerbaijan 10 II Theme: The Primitive Society in Azerbaijan…. 18 1.The Initial Residential Dwellings……….............… 18 2.The Stone Age in Azerbaijan……………………… 19 3.The Copper, Bronze and Iron Ages in Azerbaijan… 23 4.The Collapse of the Primitive Communal System in Azerbaijan………………………………………….... 28 III Theme: The Ancient and Early States in Azer- baijan. The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms.. 30 1.The First Tribal Alliances and Initial Public Institutions in Azerbaijan……………………………. 30 2.The Kingdom of Manna…………………………… 34 3.The Atropatena and Albanian Kingdoms………….