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Timeline of Iran's Nuclear Program

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Timeline of Iran's Nuclear Program TIMELINE OF IRAN’S NUCLEAR PROGRAM Date Major nuclear-related events 1957 The U.S. and Iran sign a civil nuclear agreement under the Atoms for Peace program. 1967 The Tehran Nuclear Research Centre is built and run by AEOI. July 1968 Iran signs the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and ratifies it, which goes into effect on February 2, 1970. June 1973 Iran signs the comprehensive safeguard agreement, which requires IAEA’s control over its nuclear activity. 1974 Iran plans to construct up to 20 nuclear power stations across the country. It signs contract with Kraftwerk Union and begins construction of the Bushehr power plant. 1979 Iran terminates the Bushehr contract with the German firm, Kraftwerk Union. January 1995 Iran signs a contract with the Russian Ministry of Atomic Energy (MinAtom) to complete a light water reactor in Bushehr under IAEA safeguards. 1996 Iran and China inform the IAEA to construct a nuclear enrichment facility in Iran, but China withdraws from the contract under U.S. pressure, while Iran pursues the plans. January 29, 2002 George W. Bush calls Iran “an axis of evil” that aggressively pursues nuclear weapons. December 2002 Iran declares all its existing atomic sites and says they are open to IAEA inspection. February 9, 2003 Iran officially announces it has discovered and extracted uranium to produce nuclear energy. (continued) © The Author(s) 2020 327 A. E. Torbat, Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7 328 TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events February 22, 2003 IAEA’s Director General Mohamed ElBaradei visits Iran and reports Iran has not disclosed its advanced nuclear facilities. September 12, 2003 IAEA’s Board of Governors adopts a resolution calling for Iran to suspend all enrichment- and reprocessing-related activities. The resolution requires Iran to declare all materials relevant to its uranium-enrichment program and allow inspection of its nuclear sites. October 21, 2003 Iran accepts the three European foreign ministers’ proposal to suspend its uranium enrichment activities and ratify an Additional Protocol and granting the IAEA broader rights of access to its nuclear sites. December 18, 2003 Iran eventually allows IAEA to inspect its nuclear sites. July 2004 Iran uses centrifuges and processes 37 tons of uranium yellowcake into uranium hexafluoride. November 2004 Iran suspends its uranium enrichment activities at the request of the nuclear negotiators. August 2005 Ahmadinejad announces an irreversible resumption of uranium enrichment. February 4, 2006 IAEA Board of Governors reports to the UNSC its concerns about Iran’s nuclear activities, including Tehran’s failure to comply with the agency’s safeguards agreement. February 14, 2006 IAEA adopts a resolution asking Iran to implement NPT safeguards and halt all enrichments. April 11, 2006 Iran announces enrichment of uranium by 164 centrifuges in operation for the first time. July 31, 2006 UNSC issues resolution 1696 giving Iran until August 31, 2006, to comply with IAEA requests or face appropriate (non-military) measures under Article 41 of Chapter VII of the UN charter. August 31, 2006 Ahmadinejad says Iran “never abandons its inalienable right to peaceful nuclear technology.” December 23, 2006 UNSC issues resolution 1737 sanctions Iran to halt enrichment and gives it 60 days to comply. March 24, 2007 UNSC broadens sanctions, issues resolution 1747 and gives 60 more days to halt enrichment. April 10, 2007 Iran announces uranium enrichment at industrial scale and President Ahmadinejad celebrates the event at the nuclear plant in Natanz. May 23, 2007 IAEA reports Iran’s non-compliance to the UNSC as the 60 days’ deadline passes. July 12, 2007 Iran agrees IAEA inspect its heavy water reactor and to answer questions on its past nuclear experiments. September 17, 2007 ElBaradei says IAEA has been able to verify the non-diversion of declared nuclear material in Iran and it is satisfied with Iran’s co-operations to resolve outstanding questions. (continued) TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program 329 (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events November 22, 2007 IAEA reports Iran has made progress in verification of its past enrichment technology acquisitions. December 3, 2007 National Intelligence Estimates reveals Iran had abandoned its nuclear weapon program in 2003. February 25, 2008 IAEA reports Iran has made progress in clarifying its past nuclear activities with the exception of the alleged weaponization issue. March 3, 2008 UNSC adopts resolution 1803 which tightens restrictions on Iran’s nuclear activities. July 30, 2008 Non-Aligned Movement reaffirms Iran’s right to peaceful uses of nuclear technology. March 2, 2009 IAEA reports it was unable to make any progress on some issues about possible military dimensions of Iran’s nuclear program. September 21, 2009 Iran reports construction of a second enrichment plant at Fordo to the IAEA. September 24, 2009 UNSC presided by Obama approves a resolution aims at riding the world of nuclear weapons. October 1, 2009 Iran and U.S. representatives negotiate face-to-face for the first time in (P5+1) meeting in Vienna. May 17, 2010 Iran accepts a nuclear fuel swap deal but the U.S. rejects it. July 2012 Secret meetings are arranged in Muscat, Oman, between a team from the White House and an Iranian team to negotiate on the nuclear issue. August 26–31, 2012 Iran puts the nuclear issue on show trail at the NAM meeting in Tehran. August 3, 2013 The Iran’s former nuclear negotiator Hassan Rouhani succeeds President Ahmadinejad. November 23, 2013 Iran and the P5+1 Group come to a tentative agreement in Geneva called the Joint Plan of Action. January 20, 2014 Iran begins voluntarily to comply with the agreement it accepted in Geneva. April 2, 2015 The details of the nuclear agreement between Iran and six world powers are announced in Lausanne, Switzerland. July 14, 2015 The Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) agreement is sealed in Vienna. July 20, 2015 The UN Security Council unanimously passes a resolution endorsing the nuclear agreement and lifts the Council’s nuclear sanctions once key steps are implemented. October 11, 2015 The Iranian parliament indirectly approves the JCPOA. January 16, 2016 Iran formally implements the nuclear accord by destroying the core of its nuclear reactor in Arak and exports 98% of its enriched uranium to Russia. January 15, 2017 After one year from the implementation day, IAEA verifies that Iran has complied with the JCPOA requirements. (continued) 330 TimeLine of Iran’s NucLear Program (continued) Date Major nuclear-related events July 25, 2017 The U.S. House of Representatives passes H.R. 3364, the Countering Adversarial Nations Through Sanctions Act, which imposes new sanctions on Iran, North Korea and Russia. October 13, 2017 President Trump declares he will not certify the nuclear agreement and gives a 60 days window to the U.S. Congress to decide whether the nuclear sanctions should be re-imposed on Iran. January 12, 2018 President Trump issues a statement demanding if his specific request for a new supplement agreement is not met within 120 days, the U.S. will pull out of the agreement. May 8, 2018 President Trump pull the U.S. out of the Nuclear Agreement and re-imposes the sanctions on Iran after giving a grace period of 90 days. January 31, 2019 Germany, France and the UK established a payment channel called Instrument in Support of Trade Exchanges (INSTEX) to help circumvent US sanctions. May 8, 2019 Iranian government gave a 60-day ultimatum to abandon some of its commitments under JCPOA that included exporting Heavy Water and enriched uranium. CHRONOLOGY OF KEY POLItICAL EVENtS IN IRAN Date Events 1797 King Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar is assassinated and is succeeded by Fath-Ali Shah. 1834 Fath-Ali Shah dies, is succeeded by Mohammad Shah with support of the British and Russians. 1848 Mohammad Shah dies and succeeded by his son Naser al-Din Shah. 1896 Naser al-Din Shah is assassinated and succeeded by his son Mozaffar al-Din Shah 1901 William Knox Darcy obtains oil concession from Mozaffar al-Din Shah. 1906 Constitutional revolution and establishment of the Majles (parliament). 1907 Mozaffar al-Din Shah dies and is succeeded by his son Mohammad-Ali Shah. 1907 Britain and Russia demarcate their spheres of influence in Iran. 1908 Mohammad-Ali Shah manages a coup which temporarily closes the parliament. 1909 Formation of the Anglo-Persian Oil Company. 1914 Iran is occupied by the British, Russian, and Turkish troops during World War I. 1921 Britain chooses Reza Khan to manage a coup in Iran. 1925 Reza Khan is crowned as Reza Shah Pahlavi and the Qajar dynasty is ended. 1932 The oil contract with APOC is annulled. 1933 A new oil contract is signed. 1941 Allied forces occupy Iran during World War II. Reza Shah is replaced by his son Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. 1951 Mosaddegh becomes Prime Minister and nationalizes Iran’s oil industry. 1953 The Anglo-American coup overthrows Mosaddegh’s government. (continued) © The Author(s) 2020 331 A. E. Torbat, Politics of Oil and Nuclear Technology in Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33766-7 332 ChronoLogY of KeY PoLiticaL Events in Iran (continued) Date Events 1954 A new oil agreement is signed with a consortium of Western oil companies. 1979 The Iranian Revolution overthrows the Shah and an Islamic Republic led by Ayatollah Rouhollah Khomeini emerges thereafter. 1980 Iraqi forces invade Iran, initiating an eight-year war between the two countries. 1989 Ayatollah Khomeini dies and succeeds by Ali Khamenei as the Leader of Islamic Republic and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani becomes president. 1997 Mohammad Khatami succeeds Rafsanjani as president.
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