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MODERNIZING NEIGHBORS: TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS from the INTERWAR PERIOD to the EARLY COLD WAR a Master's Thesis

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MODERNIZING NEIGHBORS: TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS from the INTERWAR PERIOD to the EARLY COLD WAR a Master's Thesis DİLŞAH NURDİLŞAH KANMAZ MODERNIZING NEIGHBORS: TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS FROM THE INTERWAR PERIOD TO THE EARLY COLD WAR MODERNIZING NEIGHBORS: TURKISH THE A Master’s Thesis INTERWAR PERIOD by DİLŞAH NUR KANMAZ TO THE - IRANIAN IRANIAN RELATIONS FROM EARLY COLD WAR Department of International Relations İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara August 2019 Bilkent UniversityBilkent 2019 MODERNIZING NEIGHBORS: TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS FROM THE INTERWAR PERIOD TO THE EARLY COLD WAR The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by DİLŞAH NUR KANMAZ In partial fulfillments of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS THE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA August 2019 iii ABSTRACT MODERNIZING NEIGHBORS: TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS FROM THE INTERWAR PERIOD TO THE EARLY COLD WAR Kanmaz, Dilşah Nur M.A., Department of International Relations Supervisor: Asst. Prof. Dr. Samuel J. Hirst August 2019 After the establishment of the Turkish Republic and the Pahlavi dynasty, Turkish- Iranian bilateral relations reached their peak under the leaderships of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and Reza Shah Pahlavi. Then, the premiership of Mohammad Mossadegh in Iran (1951-1953) was an era during which the bilateral relations were tested. This study deals with the factors behind these two distinctive periods in the inter-state relations. Taking into consideration the development of the nationalist ideology as an important political force in the hands of both the nationalist-modernist regimes of the interwar period and for Mossadegh’s popular national movement, I have sought to explain the different articulations of the nationalist ideology in Turkey and Iran before and after WWII. As the findings of this study show, nationalism in interwar Turkey and Iran emerged as an official state ideology which aimed to establish state authority across the country. Each state’s commitment to the idea of the nation-state iv and to the sovereignty of the other proved to be significant in close relations. After WWII, Turkish nationalism evolved to take on an anti-communist identity. On the other hand, the rising tide of nationalism, anti-imperialism, and communism led up to the nationalization of Iranian oil in 1951. The early Cold War years marked a divergence in the interpretations of the nationalist ideology in Turkey and Iran, and ideological divergence contributed to the weakening of bilateral relations. Keywords: Anti-imperialism, Communism, Iran, Nationalism, Turkey v ÖZET MODERNLEŞEN KOMŞULAR: İKİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI ARASI DÖNEMDEN ERKEN SOĞUK SAVAŞ DÖNEMİNE TÜRK-İRAN İLİŞKİLERİ Kanmaz, Dilşah Nur Yüksek Lisans, Uluslararası İlişkiler Bölümü Tez Danışmanı: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi Samuel J. Hirst Ağustos 2019 Türkiye Cumhuriyeti ve Pehlevi hanedanının kurulmasından sonra, Türkiye-İran ikili ilişkileri, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk ve Rıza Şah Pehlevi liderliğinde zirveye ulaşmıştır. Ardından İran’da Muhammed Mossadegh’in başbakanlık yaptığı yıllar (1951-1953), ikili ilişkilerin test edildiği bir dönem olmuştur. Bu çalışma, devletlerarası ilişkilerde bu iki farklı dönemin arkasındaki etkenleri ele almaktadır. Hem iki dünya savaşı arası dönemin milliyetçi-yenilikçi rejimlerinde hem de Mossadegh’in popüler milliyetçi hareketinde milliyetçi ideolojinin önemli bir siyasal güç olarak gelişimi ele alındığında, 2. Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sonrasında milliyetçi ideolojinin Türkiye ve İran'daki farklı ifadelendirilmelerini açıklamaya çalıştık. Bu çalışmanın bulgularının gösterdiği üzere, iki dünya savaşı arası Türkiye ve İran’ında milliyetçilik, tüm ülke sathında devlet otoritesi kurmayı amaçlayan resmi bir devlet ideolojisi olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. Her bir devletin ulus-devlet fikrine ve diğerinin egemenliğine olan bağlılığının yakın ilişkilerde önemli olduğu kanıtlanmıştır. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan vi sonra, Türk milliyetçiliği anti-komünist bir kimliğe bürünmüştür. Öte yandan, İran’da yükselen milliyetçilik, anti-emperyalizm ve komünizm eğilimleri, 1951'de İran petrolünün millileşmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Erken Soğuk Savaş dönemi Türkiye ve İran’da milliyetçi ideolojinin yorumunda ayrılığa işaret etmiştir ve ideolojik ayrışma ikili ilişkilerin zayıflamasına sebep olmuştur. Anahtar Kelimeler: Anti-emperyalizm, İran, Komünizm, Milliyetçilik, Türkiye vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my gratitude and special thanks to my supervisor Samuel J. Hirst for his endless support, guidance and encouragement during my graduate studies at Bilkent University. His valuable academic support, calm and warm attitude have been of great importance for my master’s thesis and academic career. I would like thank Asst. Prof. Dr. Gülriz Şen and Asst. Prof. Dr. Onur İşçi for taking part in my thesis committee and for their valuable comments and suggestions for my future academic career. I am grateful to my friend Osman Erk for his support, insightful comments and criticism during my undergraduate and graduate studies. I would also like to thank my dear friends Tuğba Tezalan, Begüm Eren Aydın, Eda Açıkgöz and Merve Boyacı who have always helped me in every sense. I am grateful to them for their precious presence, love and encouragement. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. iv ÖZET ........................................................................................................................................ vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................ ix NOTE ON TERMS AND SPELLINGS ................................................................................ xi CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................... 2 CHAPTER II: NATION-BUILDING AND NATIONALISM IN TURKEY AND IRAN ....................................................................................................................................... 11 2.1 Kemalist Nationalism and Competing Nationalisms in Anatolia: ‘Atatürk was not an Abdulhamid II’ ................................................................................................................... 14 2.2 State-Nation Building in Iran ....................................................................................... 21 2.2.1 A New Order amidst Disorder: The Novelty of Reza Shah’s Politics ..................... 23 2.2.1.1 Nationalism versus Regionalism: The Early Military Campaigns of Reza Khan ................................................................................................................................... 27 2.2.1.2 Reza Shah’s Iran ............................................................................................. 34 2.3 “Acceptable” Nationalisms in Turkey and Iran ........................................................... 40 CHAPTER III: TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS DURING THE INTERWAR PERIOD: BETWEEN INTEREST AND IDEALS ..................................... 44 3.1 Turkey’s Relations with Iran under the Last Qajar Ruler Ahmad Shah ...................... 48 3.2 The Ararat Rebellions of 1926-1930: Old Enmities and New Possibilities ................. 54 3.3 Reza Shah’s Visit to Turkey in 1934: ‘Exporting a Revolution’ ................................. 66 3.4 Conclusion: Shared Nationalisms and Relations with the West .................................. 75 CHAPTER IV: THE MOSSADEGH ERA AND TURKISH-IRANIAN RELATIONS IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 1950s ........................................................ 81 4.1 Turkey and Iran in the War .......................................................................................... 83 4.2 Transitional Period in Turkish and Iranian Domestic Politics ..................................... 86 4.2.1 Transition to the Multi-Party Politics in Turkey .................................................... 89 4.2.2 Popularization of Politics in Iran: Majlis, National Front, Tudeh .......................... 92 4.3 Diverging Perceptions on Nationalism in Turkey and Iran ......................................... 96 4.3.1 Anti-Communist Nationalism in Turkey ................................................................ 97 4.3.2 Anti-Imperialist Nationalism in Iran: Nationalization of Iranian Oil in 1951 ....... 102 ix 4.4 Turkey’s Relations with Iran during Mossadegh Era ................................................ 105 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................................... 114 REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 119 x NOTE ON TERMS AND SPELLINGS My consideration throughout has been to convey the Turkish names and surnames in accordance with the adoption of the Surname Law on June 21, 1934. For dates before 1934, I have used only individuals’ first name, with their surnames in parentheses at the first use. For the dates after 1934, I have used surnames. I have tried to use English wherever possible, including for terms and source titles that are easily translatable. Where I have translated source names, the original is indicated at the end of the relevant entry in the footnotes and the bibliography. Where I have used a non-English word in the text, I have given
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