DOCSLIB.ORG

Investigating the Elements Influencing the Identification of “At-Risk” Students in The

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Investigating the Elements Influencing the Identification of “At-Risk” Students in The INVESTIGATION OF ‘AT-RISK’ STUDENTS Investigating the Elements Influencing the Identification of “At-Risk” Students in the Context of the Full-Day Early Learning - Kindergarten Program in Ontario Suzanne Gooderham Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctorate in Philosophy degree Education Teaching, Learning, and Evaluation Concentration Faculty of Education University of Ottawa © Suzanne Gooderham, Ottawa, Canada, 2015 INVESTIGATION OF ‘AT-RISK’ STUDENTS ii Acknowledgement This has been a long and rewarding but sometimes difficult journey. It would not have been possible without the kind and generous support of so many people. First, I would like to thank the participants who let me into their offices, schools, and classrooms and shared their thoughts and ideas about the more vulnerable children in their care. The project would, of course, not have been possible without their input but it was their candor and their enthusiasm for their jobs and education system that I appreciate most. Sincere thanks go to my committee members, Dr. Raymond LeBlanc, Dr. Cynthia Morawski, and Dr. Christine Suurtamm. Your insightful questions and comments contributed substantially to an improved final product. I would also like to express my appreciation to Dr. Cheryll Duquette; although she retired before the completion of the project I am grateful for her advice and guidance as co-supervisor in the first few years and wish her best in her retirement. I am especially grateful to my supervisor, Dr. Jessica Whitley. She was both guide and coach throughout my program. She gave me space to proceed at my own pace but was always there with prompt (and extremely effective) feedback as well as encouragement and support as I negotiated the sometimes mysterious and confusing rules of the graduate game. Thanks also to the many others who made this sometimes lonely process much less difficult. My fellow candidates, especially Brenna and Jenn, lent support and made me feel like part of a learning community. My sisters, Sandy and Stephanie, were always there if I needed to talk. My friends, especially Sharon and Lynn, were supportive and encouraging even if some of them didn’t understand why I had quit a perfectly good job to go back to school. And finally I want to express my most heartfelt appreciation to my daughter Krista, my son Nicholas and husband Gerry. Kris, your unending enthusiasm for life and truly adventurous spirit has been as much, if not more, of an inspiration to me as I have ever been to you. Your encouragement helped me through some of the most stressful times. Nic, thank you for your sensitivity and quiet strength and for always being there with a hug when I needed it. I am so proud of the man you have become. Gerry, I am so grateful for your love, for the many years of understanding that I needed to find my own path, and your unflagging support even when it meant we spent a great deal of time living apart. I promise – no more INVESTIGATION OF ‘AT-RISK’ STUDENTS iii courses (at least for a little while). Words cannot express how fortunate I feel to have the three of you in my life and it is to you I dedicate this thesis. INVESTIGATION OF ‘AT-RISK’ STUDENTS iv Abstract This study was designed to explore the elements that influence the identification of young children that might be considered at-risk for early school failure. To this end, guided by complexity theory, the study sought to examine (a) system requirements and expectations at the provincial and school board levels, (b) current practice in schools and classrooms, and (c) the beliefs and knowledge of individuals surrounding the assessment and identification of at- risk students in Kindergarten. Using a qualitative, case-study approach 23 individuals from two different school boards in Ontario were interviewed to explore both practice and beliefs. Review of relevant provincial and school board documents as well as artifacts that were gathered during school visits provided further information. While there were some differences in details, the findings were similar in the two boards. In describing which characteristics were of concern when considering an at-risk designation, most participants cited social, emotional, and behavioural difficulties. While both school boards required tracking and assessment of literacy skills, teachers and ECEs concentrated more on ongoing observations and anecdotal notes to determine student progress. Interventions for students at- risk were more often provided for students with academic difficulties. However, there was also some support for behaviour difficulties in terms of consultation from special education personnel in one board and an early intervention team in the other. It was clear from the findings that many elements influence the identification of a student as at-risk including the characteristics of the student, the student’s family, and the particular classroom, school, and board the student attends. The study findings contribute to our understanding of practice and beliefs around young student at-risk and how the interactions of the various elements involved impact the identification of individual students. INVESTIGATION OF ‘AT-RISK’ STUDENTS v Table of Contents INVESTIGATING THE ELEMENTS INFLUENCING THE IDENTIFICATION OF “AT-RISK” STUDENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FULL-DAY EARLY LEARNING - KINDERGARTEN PROGRAM IN ONTARIO ......................................................................................................................................... I ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .........................................................................................................................................II ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................................. IV LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................................................... VII TABLE OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 1 Background and Context ............................................................................................................................ 2 Statement of Problem ................................................................................................................................. 5 Statement of Purpose and Research Questions ........................................................................................... 6 The Research Approach .............................................................................................................................. 6 Rationale and Significance ....................................................................................................................... 10 Definitions of Terminology ...................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ............................................................................................... 13 Concept of At-Risk ................................................................................................................................... 14 Early Identification and Intervention ........................................................................................................ 19 Early Childhood Education ...................................................................................................................... 24 Beliefs, Knowledge, and Practice ............................................................................................................. 33 Theoretical Perspective/ Conceptual Framework ..................................................................................... 39 Chapter Summary ..................................................................................................................................... 49 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................... 50 Rationale for Research Approach ............................................................................................................. 50 Summary of Information Required ........................................................................................................... 53 Overview of Research Design .................................................................................................................. 55 Description of Steps in the Research Design ............................................................................................ 56 Participant Selection ................................................................................................................................. 57 Overview of Participants .......................................................................................................................... 58 Data Collection Methods .......................................................................................................................... 64 Data Analysis and Synthesis ....................................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Retooling for a Prosperous Ontario
    Retooling for a Prosperous Ontario A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON SKILLED TRADES Retooling for a Prosperous Ontario A GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON SKILLED TRADES OCTOBER 2006 Table of Contents Executive Summary 3 Introduction 5 SECTION I: ONTARIO 9 Ontario’s Challenges 9 Ontario’s Investment 2 Ontario’s Apprenticeship Program 4 SECTION II: ENVIRONMENTAL SCAN OF OTHER JURISDICTIONS 7 Australia 7 United Kingdom 20 Germany 2 Alberta 26 Manitoba 28 SECTION III: SUMMARY & CONCLUSION 3 APPENDIX I 35 APPENDIX II 37 APPENDIX III 4 RETOOLING FOR A PROSPEROUS ONTARIO Executive Summary This report is an environmental scan of “best practices” from other jurisdictions in Canada and around the world relating to apprenticeship training. The jurisdictions selected in this report represent sources of ideas and strategies that, given a thorough analysis and evaluation, could be successfully applied in Ontario. Ontario has several outstanding programs in place to help address the skilled trades shortage. However, individuals are often unaware of the programs and incentives that currently exist in Ontario nor are they aware of how to access information on such programs. Our research indicates that the current challenges Ontario faces in regards to apprenticeship training and the skilled labour shortage are similar to those experienced in many other jurisdictions. A few examples of these challenges are: . a negative perception associated with a career in a skilled trade; . a lack of awareness; . a hesitation from employers to train an apprentice due to training costs and “poaching”. When reviewing “best practices” in other jurisdictions, several themes are evident when analyzing these successful ideas and strategies. These “themes” can be broken down into the following: .
    [Show full text]
  • THE RETAIL SALES TAX: an ECONOMIC STUDY by KENYON E
    THE RETAIL SALES TAX: AN ECONOMIC STUDY by KENYON E. POOLE A study prepared for The Ontario Committee on Taxation THE RETAIL SALES TAX: AN ECONOMIC STUDY by KENYON E. POOLE, Ph.D. A study prepared for The Ontario Committee on Taxation Printed and Published by FRANK FOGG Queen’s Printer Preface TH E present study was submitted at the beginning of 1964. Much has happened ■ since then with respect to all systems of taxation, including those of the Canadian provinces and the American states. Time limitations have prevented bringing these data up to 1968. The author would like, moreover, to take this opportunity to emphasize that his favourable view with respect to the sales tax is based on two considerations. First, the sales tax is only one tax in the revenue system as a whole. Second, exemptions can be provided for food, clothing, etc., which make the tax at least proportional in the first several thousand dollars of income and spending. In a recommendation in favour of a sales tax there is no implication that any desired use may not be made of a progressive income tax, a graduated inheritance tax, or even a graduated net worth tax. The several taxes can be combined in such a way as to satisfy the public’s view on the desired after-tax distribution of income and wealth. The author’s thanks are gladly given to those who contributed to the study at key points along the line of its development Robert Evans is due special thanks for preparing the first two chapters.
    [Show full text]
  • The Association of Professional Archaeologists Newsletter
    The Association of Professional Archaeologists Newsletter 2013-02 WINTER EDITION Web Page: www.apaontario.ca Facebook: www.facebookcom/APAOntario Your New Executive Directors Archaeological Society in 2007. She has worked with • President, Sue Bazely numerous heritage organizations and has identified • Vice President, Keith Powers broadening the scope of representation as her key aim • Past President, Scarlett Janusas for the APA. • Director, Membership and Webmaster, Keith Powers has conducted archaeological fieldwork James B Bandow in Ontario for over 15 years. He received formal • Director, First Nations, Laurie Jackson training in archaeological fieldwork through the Boyd • Director, Northern Ontario, Scott Archaeological Field School at the Seed-Barker site. Hamilton Keith received academic training in archaeology • Director, Investigations, Carla Parslow through York University and the University of Toronto. • Director, Field Director, Jeff Muir Keith completed his graduate work at the University of • Director, Innovations and Process, York, England where his research focused on the Douglas Yahn application of geophysical techniques to Iroquoian archaeology. Other Members Since 2002 he has been the Principal Archaeologist of • Treasurer, Cathy Crinnion The Archaeologists Inc. and has conducted hundreds of archaeological assessments within the province. He • Secretary , Open continues to pursue research interests in the use of • Newsletter, Tom Arnold geophysical techniques in archaeological investigations and has applied these techniques to a variety of sites Executive Bios including Iroquoian villages, historic homesteads, and cemeteries. Sue Bazely has an MA in Archaeology and Heritage from the University of Leicester (UK) and BA in Keith has worked on archaeological projects Anthropology (Archaeology) from the University of throughout Canada and worldwide including sites in Toronto.
    [Show full text]
  • ECPA Review May 2015
    ‐ Innovative Research Group, Inc. Toronto • Vancouver Consumer Consultation Report Energy Consumer Protection Act Review May 2015 Prepared for: Consumer Consultation Report ECPA Review May 2015 This report has been prepared by Innovative Research Group Inc. (INNOVATIVE) for the Ontario Energy Board. The conclusions drawn and opinions expressed are those of the authors. Innovative Research Group Inc. 56 The Esplanade, Suite 310 Toronto ON | M5E 1A7 Tel: 416.642.6340 Fax: 416.640.5988 www.innovativeresearch.ca Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 Consultation Process Overview ............................................................................................ 1 Executive Summary .............................................................................................................. 5 Exploratory Findings .................................................................................................................................. 5 How well is the ECPA working in theory? ................................................................................................... 6 How well is the ECPA working in practice? ................................................................................................. 9 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................................ 12 Implications for the ECPA
    [Show full text]
  • Honourable Hugh Segal Special Advisor Ontario Basic Income Pilot [email protected]
    Honourable Hugh Segal Special Advisor Ontario Basic Income Pilot [email protected] August 26, 2016 RE: RNAO feedback on preliminary outline of discussion paper on Basic Income Dear Hugh, It was a pleasure for our team to meet with you on August 18, 2016 to learn more about your work in developing a discussion paper on an Ontario Basic Income (BI) Pilot. The Registered Nurses' Association of Ontario (RNAO) further appreciates the opportunity to provide feedback on the draft preliminary outline and consultation questions. Given the critical role that income and its distribution plays in determining health and health equity, RNAO deeply appreciates the provincial government's commitment to exploring a BI pilot as a means to addressing poverty. Feedback on draft outline of Ontario BI Pilot discussion paper In section B. on why poverty matters and how a pilot can help, RNAO recommends that the cost of poverty in Ontario be described in terms of health, social, and economic implications at the individual, family, and community/societal levels. Research such as the Code Red series, for example, showed a 21-year difference in average age of death between the lowest and highest income neighbourhoods in Hamilton.1 The Project for Ontario Women's Health2 and Health Quality Ontario3 are additional examples of population health resources that have quantified years of premature deaths and increased incidence of chronic disease by income level. Estimates of some of the social and economic costs of poverty in Ontario are in the range of $32.2-$38.3 billion or 5.5- 6.6 per cent of Ontario's GDP.4 In addition, RNAO very strongly recommends that the proposed pilot be situated within the current demographics of poverty both in aggregate terms (such as number of Ontarians living in poverty, percentage of population living in poverty,) and disaggregated by different markers such as Indigenous status, racialized status, gender, sexual orientation, age, disability status, etc.).
    [Show full text]
  • Participatory Rights in the Ontario Mining Sector: an International Human Rights Perspective
    Participatory Rights in the Ontario Mining Sector: an International Human Rights Perspective Penelope Simons and Lynda Collins* There has been a growing focus in Canada on the envi- of aboriginal communities to free prior and informed ronmental and social impacts of national extractive consent, and the right of peaceful assembly have been companies operating extraterritorially. However, recent protected through Ontario’s mining regime and by the disputes concerning the lack of public consultation on pro- courts in disputes over mining activity on land subject posed large domestic mining projects, as well as disputes to aboriginal rights and/or title claims. Two recent cases, surrounding Aboriginal rights in lands subject to mining Frontenac Ventures Corporation v. Ardoch Algonquin claims, have highlighted significant human rights con- First Nation and Platinex Inc. v. Kitchenuhmaykoosib cerns associated with Canada’s domestic provincial and Inninuwug First Nation, raise serious concerns as to territorial mining regimes. This article assesses, from the whether domestic law, as it has been applied in the perspective of international human rights law, how both mining sector, is consistent with Canada’s international emerging and established international human rights of human rights obligations. Moreover, it is not clear that participation are treated in the Ontario mining sector. the new Far North Act and recent amendments to the It examines the extent to which the general right to par- Ontario Mining Act sufficiently address these concerns. ticipation in environmental decision-making, the right La question des impacts environnementaux et sociaux des communautés autochtones au consentement libre, des compagnies d’extraction minière canadiennes qui préalable et éclairé, ainsi que la liberté de réunion paci- opèrent à l’étranger a attiré dernièrement une attention fique ont été protégés par le régime minier de l’Ontario et soutenue.
    [Show full text]
  • I Meadow Restoration on Former Agriculture Land in Southwestern
    Meadow restoration on former agriculture land in southwestern Ontario, Canada by Jennifer H.T. Balsdon A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Social and Ecological Sustainability Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2013 © Jennifer H.T. Balsdon 2013 i Author’s Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Best practices for Restoration Ecology have been largely derived from case studies. Novel Ecosystems is an approach that has the possibility of providing the field of restoration research with both structure and a road map for ecological recovery. In December 2015, Ontario Parks will be ceasing the lease of approximately 122 ha of farmland within Boyne Valley Provincial Park. My thesis aims to bridge the gap between social and ecological systems and build a resilient restoration project at Boyne Valley Provincial Park. My approach integrated the best case scenarios from each the social and ecological aspects to determine a restoration plan. From the social aspect, I chose the method photo-elicitation to bridge the communication gap between myself, the researcher, and the interviewees. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with six major stakeholders including a farmer who is currently leasing land within Boyne Valley Provincial Park, a frequent hiker of the Ontario Parks‟ trail system, an academic researcher for Ontario Parks, and three Ontario Parks‟ personnel to understand the different landscape preferences of stakeholders within Boyne Valley Provincial Park.
    [Show full text]
  • OPSEU V. Ontario, 2016 ONSC 2197 COURT FILE NO.: CV-12-465269 DATE: 20160420
    CITATION: OPSEU v. Ontario, 2016 ONSC 2197 COURT FILE NO.: CV-12-465269 DATE: 20160420 ONTARIO SUPERIOR COURT OF JUSTICE Application under Rule 14.05 of the Ontario Rules of Civil Procedure, R.R.O. 1990, ss. 2(b), 2(d), 7, 15 and 24(1) of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and s. 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982 B E T W E E N: ) ) ONTARIO PUBLIC SERVICE ) Howard Goldblatt, Steven Barrett & EMPLOYEES UNION, LORIE ST. ) Charlene Wiseman, for ETFO, Applicant AMAND and ROBYN LAMBE ) ) David Wright, Jane Letton & Rebecca Applicants ) Stulberg, for the Ontario Public Service ) Employees Union, Applicant – and – ) ) Susan Ursel & Karen Enssien, for OSSTF, The Crown in Right of Ontario as ) Applicant represented by the MINISTER OF ) Katie Rowen & Kristen Allen, for Unifor, EDUCATION and the ATTORNEY ) Applicant GENERAL OF ONTARIO ) ) Andrew Lokan & Tina H. Lie, for CUPE, Respondents ) Applicant ) -and – ) ) ONTARIO PUBLIC SCHOOL BOARDS’ ) Robin K. Basu, Rochelle Fox & Michael ASSOCIATION ) Dunn, for the Crown in Right of Ontario, ) Respondent Intervenor ) ) ) ) Michael A. Hines, for the Ontario Public ) School Boards’ Association, Intervenor ) ) HEARD: December 14, 16-18, 21-22, 2015 LEDERER J.: Page: 2 INTRODUCTION [1] In 2012, various and many contracts for unionized workers in the education sector expired. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Ontario (hereinafter, “Ontario”), the funder of public education sought to, and considered how to proceed to resolve the issues between it, school boards as the employers, and the employees (teachers, other professionals and support staff) and renew the contracts involved. The substantive process began during February 2012.
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Assessment for the Northern Goshawk in Southeast Alaska
    The Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) in the Western Great Lakes Region: A Technical Conservation Assessment February 2003 Aimee M. Roberson1,2 and David E. Andersen U.S. Geological Survey, Minnesota Cooperative Fish & Wildlife Research Unit3, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108 Patricia L. Kennedy4 Department of Fishery & Wildlife Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 ______________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This conservation assessment is a summary of the information currently available regarding the northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) in the Western Great Lakes Region (WGLR), including the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan and the forested southern portion of the Canadian province of Ontario. Because relatively few scientific studies of the goshawk in the WGLR have been conducted and even fewer published, information that may be relevant from studies conducted in other parts of North America and Eurasia have also been summarized. The purpose of this assessment is to present information relevant to the formation of a conservation and management strategy for the goshawk in the WGLR. This assessment describes the species’ systematics, physical characteristics, distribution, and abundance. It also includes information regarding the foraging ecology, habitat characteristics, population ecology, potential threats, and monitoring of the northern goshawk, summarizes ongoing research, and identifies additional research needs for this region. ____________ 1Present address: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 2105 Osuna Road NE, Albuquerque, NM 87113 2E-mail: [email protected] 3Cooperators of the Minnesota Cooperative fish and Wildlife Research Unit: University of Minnesota, the Wildlife Management Institute, U.S. Geological Survey, and the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources 4Present address: Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center, Oregon State University, P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • The Preservation and Stewardship of Archaeological Sites in the Boreal Forest: a Public Issues Approach
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of Waterloo's Institutional Repository The Preservation and Stewardship of Archaeological Sites in the Boreal Forest: A Public Issues Approach by David Gadzala A thesis presented to the University of Waterloo in fulfillment of the thesis requirement for the degree of Master of Arts in Public Issues Anthropology Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2014 © David Gadzala 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that I am the sole author of this thesis. This is a true copy of the thesis, including any required final revisions, as accepted by my examiners. I understand that my thesis may be made electronically available to the public. ii Abstract Archaeological sites in the boreal forest are facing threats due to urban development, resource exploitation, vandalism, and infrastructure development, among others. In the context of archaeological site preservation as a public issue, I examine the perspectives of various publics towards the preservation and stewardship of archaeological sites in the boreal forest. Through a series of interviews, I examine the opinions of three publics involved in the archaeological process in Ontario: developers, First Nations, and archaeologists. I outline the participants’ opinions on the meaning and goals of preservation, the preservation of non-physical aspects of sites, such as oral history and site spirituality, preservation methods, site ownership and access, land use and development, involvement in the archaeological process, and funding. I also identify common themes which presented themselves throughout the interview process, such as the importance of education; the necessity for communication, collaboration, and cooperation; the problem of artifact curation; the perceived lack of genuine government involvement; and the publication of cultural resource management (CRM) archaeology’s “grey literature”.
    [Show full text]
  • OPS Summer 2014 CSI 7/9/14 1:28 PM Page 1
    OPS Summer 2014_CSI 7/9/14 1:28 PM Page 1 OPS Summer 2014_CSI 7/9/14 1:32 PM Page 3 ONTARIO PROFESSIONAL SURVEYOR VOLUME 57, No. 3 Summer 2014 CONTENTS Occupational Health and Safety for Ontario Land Surveyors - Andrew Lawson .................................................................................................4 The ROBOTIC Invasion into Surveying: on the Land, on the Sea and in Professional the Air - Douglas Hunt.........................................................................................6 Surveying Communicating the Story of Women in GIS - Linda Loubert ...............................10 Engineering Education with Passion and Perspective - Janusz Kozinski´ in and Marvin James ..............................................................................................12 Boundary Trees, New Ruling Defines Tree Ownership Responsibility - Ontario Peter Wynnyczuk................................................................................................14 Commissioners of Crown Lands (Part 1) - Allan Day ........................................16 Five Years as Executive Director - Blain Martin .................................................28 Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) - Julia Savitch ...................................30 Dear DWL ............................................................................................................32 encompasses REGULAR FEATURES President’s Page .....................................................................................................2 the Calendar
    [Show full text]
  • GOSFINAL-DEA Formatted
    Review of Information on the Status of the Northern Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis atricapillus) in the Western Great Lakes Region and Ontario Prepared by: Theodore Dick and David Plumpton April 1999 For further information, contact: Nongame Bird Coordinator U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Federal Building, 1 Federal Drive Fort Snelling, MN 55111-4056 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS USED IN THIS REPORT . iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . v SUMMARY . vi INTRODUCTION . 1 TAXONOMY . 3 Common Name. 3 Scientific Name . 3 Unresolved Taxonomic Issues . 3 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION . 3 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION ON THE GOSHAWK IN THE WESTERN GREAT LAKES REGION AND ONTARIO . 4 Habitat . 5 Breeding Season Habitat . 5 Nest Tree . 5 Nest Site . 8 Alternative Nests/Alternative Nest Sites . 10 Nest Structure . 11 Stand Type . 11 Landscape Features . 12 Foraging Area/Home Range Size . 13 Breeding Area Occupancy . 14 Winter Habitat . 14 Life History . 15 Breeding Biology . 15 Definitions . 15 Mating/Courtship . 15 Age of Reproduction . 16 Reproductive Measures/Productivity . 16 Survival . 17 Breeding Area Fidelity/Pair Fidelity . 18 Density . 19 Distinct Populations/Metapopulations . 20 Dispersal . 20 Migration/Irruptions . 21 Population Cycles . 22 Predation . 23 i Disease . 23 Siblicide/Cannibalism . 24 Prey Use . 24 GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION . 27 CURRENT AND HISTORICAL RANGE . 29 Historical Range in the Region . 29 Illinois Historical Range . 31 Michigan Historical Range . 31 Michigan Current Range . 31 Minnesota Historical Range . 31 Minnesota Current Range . 32 Wisconsin Historical Range . 32 Wisconsin Current Range . 33 Ontario Historical Range . 33 Ontario Current Range . 33 POTENTIAL THREATS . 34 Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification or Curtailment of Habitat or Range . 34 Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific or Educational Purposes .
    [Show full text]