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INTRODUCTION Duj'i/Ig Die Lasf Tvvo Ceilluiies, Tliero Has Becii A

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INTRODUCTION Duj'i/Ig Die Lasf Tvvo Ceilluiies, Tliero Has Becii A INTRODUCTION Duj'i/ig Die lasf tvvo ceilluiies, tliero has becii a considerable change in the life style of Indian women, .ficluding tJic women of Maliarashfra. Jn tiie IS'*' century, a girl of 5--6 years of age, clad in /UJuapurri (yellow, bndal saree), left hei falJier 's house lo be man led. Today, at a still younger age, say, of 3/4 years of age, a girl, dressed in stylish school unifomi, leaves hei‘ house daily, to attend the playgi'oups. As she giows up, she goes through the pre-primarv', primary and secondan^’ schools, colleges and in some cases even to the university'. She is able to take protessional education. There is not a single field that a woman has not reached and secured a j)(,'sition equal lo man. 1liis research aicompasses. Oie stud}' of the system of the pre-puberty marriages that the Hindu law givers had higlily reconunended. Also, thej’ had laid down tliat parents who failed to give away their daughters in inairiage beiure puberty, incuri\,d great sin. 'Flie fcce ol .>>harmashastra had thus compelled the parents to get theii daugliteis mamcd before pubaty. llie Bralimin Peshwas, who considered tiiemselves the custodians of Hindu law find religion, were veiy paiticular about its observance, so much so that Peshwa Bajirao II, had issued an ordei', Uiat the lirahmins must get their dauglitei's man ied before the age of 9 years, although there was no niinin i'Mi age mentioned, ijoys, too, were nuin’ied at an early age from 8 to 13 yeais. Today, the Hindu Mairiage .\ct, 1955. lays down that the bride must have completed the age of 18 years and the,groom must have completed 21 ye:us. Also, the practice of polygam>' prevailed tlien; men could contract as many marriages as the>' chose, i day, die same Act, insist > >n moiiooafiiy i e. neither parly to a maniage must have a sjiouse living at the time ofnian iage r.M'. viiX'c and Reiiuiiiiagcs exi>(C(i Jui nig (lie Pcsliwa peiiod but Vvilh discrimination of caste ;uid sex. SxvieiN diti !!.)i .;.!>jcci k ' marriage.'- •■t'wid. iwf.is, i'ul li >iiil n'*l give l!;e ■'ame freedom wom itv In ’■-•''tne c'-t'-ie' Hiui rciTmmagc:^ were p i f K i nnd otivM*-, thcv were totnliy prohibited, i'lic above nientii'Ued .Avt ronany. Women had no right of inheritance in the property of their father, even in the absence of brothers. What ever property rights a woman was entitled to, laid mainly in the property of her husband. Even these rights were limited, wives enjoyed only a right to maintenance in their husband’s property. The Hindu Succession Act, 1956, j,rovides a right of inheritance to daugiiiers, which previously under all systems of pure Hindu Law, was not available to them. According to the provisions of the above mentioned Act, a dau^ter, a widow and a mother of a dece^ed male, gets an equal share with her brother and son. Although this Act has abolished the concept of Women’s Estate, (Stridhana), it provides that whatever property has been inherited by a Hindu female, will be her absolute property. She can now dispose it as she wishes. The Hindu Adoption and Maintenance Act, 1956, provides an absolute r i^ t to a wife, that she is to be ) maintained by her husband. This right of maintenance, is dq)endent on her living with husband and discharging the duties as wife. So far, the object of adoption was taking a son, a substitute for the failure of a male issue; to continue the family line. According to the Shastras, tliose who did not have a son would not find a place in the heaven or attain Moksha, Therefore, it was the pious duty of every Hindu to have a son. If he did not begd: a natural son, he could fulfil this obligation b>’ having an adopted son, who would continue his family line and perform all the ( religious ceremonies for the deceased ancestors. Hence, daughters were never adopted. The Adoption Act, 1956, provides for the adoption of a daughter also. Today, not only a son, but also a daughter can be adopted. This Act also provides that a widow has an absolute right to adopt a child, male or a fanale, and the father, without the consent of the mother, cannot give nor can he take a child in adoption. On Wednesday, 3rd June 1818 A.D. Peshwa Bajirao n, surrendered at Dhoolkot, near Ashirgarh, to Gaieral John Malcolm, abdicating the Peshwaship, never to return. The rest of the Maratha States surrendered one by one. This was the end of the Medieval History and the beginning of the M odan History of India. ► Tlve British Rule in India intioduced a uniform judicial system, spread of education, codification of Hindu Laws, Post and Telegraph services and Railways, which led to a centuiy of SoeiaiReforms. The Social Reforms of the 19^‘ century; such as, Sati AboHtion Act, 1829, the first Act that gave the [ndian women status of citizen, l^alisation of remarriages of Hindu widows; raising the age of mairiage; facilities for female education: abolition of Slavery, prohibition of female infanticide, all were concerned with women issues. During the 19^ and 20* century, Hindu Law was codified. Hindu Law may be divided into three stages; I Ancient Law till the British Rule, the British Rule till the independence in 1947 A.D., and the Post Independence period. Our present laws are based on the English Common Law system and hence there is a need to study the period before the British Rule; i.e. the socio-legal position of w men during the Peshwa period in Maharashtra; whether tha-e were any changes in the 19* and 20* century, and what circumstances led to those changes, if any. Considerable amount of historical documents are available at Bharat Itihas Sanshodhon Mandal Granthalaya, Pune, such as history and family correspondence of various royal and noble families; dairies; private correspondence between their members; letters r^arding the administrative and military campaigns etc. Histoiy of Maharashtra (1729 - 181 7 AD) is recorded in the selected papers from the Peshwa Daftar by Riyasatkar Sardesai. In 1930 A.D. some selected papers were examined and later published by the Government. Till then, these papers were not available to the public. By 1934 A.D. selected papers from the Peshwa Daflars, in 45 volumes were printed and ready for publication. Unfortunately, no record between 1757 to 1763 A.D. is available amongst them. The papers could have been destroyed during the Nizam’s invasion of Pune in 1763 A.D. Shri V. K. Rajwade introduced the Purandare Daftar to the students of History through the 6 volume of Xhharashtrachya Itihasachi SadJione. TTiey are now published in 3 volumes, containing the original letta-s WTitten by Khase (grandee) to noblemen, edited by K. B. Purandare. Attitude of the editors of these historical papers was that of political researchers; naturally the>’ have "^recorded everj' detail of political importance. Some historians like Riyasatkar Sardesai had a sociological approach He has selected some letters {Anhikuisic Faimbodfi) reflecting on the contemporary social environment and natures of some prominent personalities and tJie interdependence of their relationships. jdv Materials : Correspondence : Reflects the thoughts and the moods of the writo- and the socio-political conditions around him while iting. Also, the letters add liveliness and has references of some contemporary event, which helps to derstand some social thought. The letters available were written by women to men and vice-versa, by mother son, grand-mothers to their grand-sons, letters written by brothers-in-law, sisters-in-law and some b>' women women. .g. Gopikabai writes to Sagunabai, asking her about her well-being. Sagunabai was the child-widow of mardhanbhau, younger brother of Peshwa Nanasahd) and hence sister-in-law of Gopikabai. Sagunabai was on pilgrimage to Kashi (Benaras) and Gopikabai informs her about the affairs of her natal home. (Purandare 'Mflar Vol. 1 No. 109) or, Sadashivbhau writes to Trimbakrao Pethe to meet Kashibai (Tai), widow of Bajirao I nd paternal aunt of Bhau. Kashibai had 'ost ho" brother and was in mouming. Bhau requests Trimbakrao to lei sonally meet her and console her. From the dates of the letj.ers writtai, it seems they were written daily, some-times twice a day, their ubjects being news regarding revalue matters, military policies and many other domestic matters. Most of the dLcrs were written by men who were away on military canpaigns, to their family and vice-versa. Others were .'Titten from the Court of Satara to the Peshwa Office (Daftar) in i^une and vice-versa. Anubai Ghorpade receives greetings from her nieces-in-law, Parvatibai, wife of Sadashivrao and Sagunfi' ai, child widow of Janardhanrao, on the occasion of Sankranti. It seems there was a custom of sending such letters to each other, irrespective of age or social destination. Gopikabai writes to various family members on various occasions. The letters contain different moods; sometimes affections, anxiety for the member’s well-being; disappointments, taunting, pleadings d^c. varying according to different persons and circumstances, but all reflect one definite tone, i.e. responsibility and also of luty that o f tlie head of family, the mistress of the house. Vcfiuliai, (laugnter oi AiiUDai unuipuue wah maiiiv^u m X WWftW, 14 Veruibai stayed in Pune and was in the midst of the pohtical field; she herself was not interested in politics but ATOte all tlie news to her mother.
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