Women in Electoral Politics A Case Study of Women's Political Participation in Maharashtra Mrs. Minal Mhatre Research Fellow Centre for the Study of Society and Secularism Santacruz-East, Mumbai-400 055 January 2009 1 Women in Electoral Politics : A Case Study of Women's Political Participation in Maharashtra by Mrs. Minal Mhatre First Published : June 2009 Published by Centre for the Study of Society & Secularism Silver Star, 602/603, 6th Floor, Near Santacruz Station, Prabhat Colony, Santacruz (E) Mumbai 400 055 Tel. +91 22 2610 2089 +91 22 2614 9668 +91 22 2613 5098 Fax +91 22 2610 0712 Email [email protected] [email protected] Printed at Omega Publications 2 & 3 Emerald Corner, Maratha colony, Tilakwadi Belgaum 590 006 Cell +91 988620 3256 Email [email protected] 2 Women in Electoral Politics ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was carried out as part of the Heinrich Boll Foundation grant to the Centre for the Study of Society and Secu- larism. I wish to gratefully acknowledge the support of the Heinrich Boll Foundation. I would like to thank Dr Asghar Ali Engineer, Chairman, Centre for the Study of Society and Secularism for entrusting this project to me and for his encouragement from time to time. I am grateful to Mrs. Mrinal Gore, Mrs. Kamal Desai, Dr. (Mrs.) Neelam Gore and Mr Harischandra Patil, past and present members of the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly for sparing their valuable time and talking to me on issues relating to women’s representation in politics. Finally, I would not have been able to complete this project without the guidance of Dr (Mrs.) Vasundhara Mohan, Director (Research) of the Centre. She has helped me with this project in several ways; right from research methodology to advising me on my search for source material and going through the manuscript. I am extremely thankful to her for her for the interest that she has evinced in my work. Minal Mhatre Acknowledgements 3 Contents 1. Preface . 5 2. Introduction . 8 3. Indian Women's Political Participation :. 15 A Historical Background 4. Question of Reservation for Women: . 29 Post-Independence 4. Women Reservation Bill . 45 5. Women in Maharashtra Electoral Politics . 57 6. Profile of Some Maharashtrian . 125 Women Politicians 7. Factors affecting Participation of . 132 Women in Politics 8. Conclusion . 145 9. Bibliography . 152 4 Women in Electoral Politics Preface Acclaimed to be one of the largest democracies in the World, India has a multi-party system, with hundreds of political parties competing for power both at the Central and State levels, in peri- odic elections. While both the Indian Parliament and State As- semblies are bicameral, it is the Lok Sabha (the Lower House) and the Legislative Assemblies at the State-level that are vested with law-making powers. Religion, caste, sub-caste and other factors have come to act as major determinants in the distribution of tickets on the eve of elections as against the competency of a candidate. With a view to ensuring that persons belonging to the socio-economi- cally backward Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes do not get left behind in the scramble for power, the Government of India have reserved certain constituencies in all the States for these classes. But, although women form almost 50% of the country's population, their representation in the Parliament and State Legislatures has been depressingly low even after sixty years of Independence. So is the case with Maharashtra, one of the states in the forefront of Indian politics since the days of freedom struggle. The state's women have participated not only in the freedom movement but also have been involved in several social move- ments for the upliftment of the poor and downtrodden. The first female President of India, Mrs. Pratibha Singh Patil, hails from Maharashtra. However, women representing just about 4.5% in the State Legislative Assembly, it does not matter whether the President of India is a woman, leave alone a Maharashtrian. This phenomenon is similar to that found in the other States of India, in spite of the fact that women's movement for increased political representation had taken roots in Maharashtra several years ago. The Government of Maharashtra has set up the State Com- mission for Women, which is a statutory body, constituted under Maharashtra Act No. XV of 1993. The main objectives of the Preface 5 Commission are: ♦ To improve the status and dignity of women in the soci- ety. ♦ To investigate into practices derogatory to women and suggest suitable remedial measures to them. ♦ To effectively monitor implementation of laws affect- ing women. ♦ To advise the Government on all matters related to the improvement and upliftment of the status and dignity of women in society. Basically, elimination of violence against women is the main focus area identified by the Commission. A number of other ar- eas have been identified as relevant and basic to the development of women in the State. (1) But, it is seen that political empower- ment of women is not on the Commission's mandate. The Com- mission was headed from time to time by politically active women leaders like Prabha Rau, Advocate Nirmala Samant Prabhavalkar and Advocate Rajanitai Satav. But, all the three high-profile women were more interested in entering the Assembly than head- ing the Mahila Ayog. Consequently, they left the job at the first opportunity to contest the elections. In fact, the post was lying vacant for two years. An independent Department of Women and Child Develop- ment has been set up in the State in June 1993 as the nodal agency for formulating the State Women's Policy. A comprehensive policy for women was formulated in 1994 and a new policy for women was approved by the cabinet in 2001. The objective of this policy is to ensure improvements in the physical, mental and emotional quality of women's lives in the State. The goal is also to make them economically independent and self reliant. Certain areas have been identified as relevant and basic to the development of women. Once again, political empowerment of women is not one of the areas. 1. Available at http://mahilaayog.maharashtra.gov.in/new/policy.php 6 Women in Electoral Politics "The New Political Elite" by Gautam Vohra (Daya Books, 1992) is an excellent analysis of Maharashtra political elite, but it pays no special attention to women politicians of the State. An earlier researcher, Anne Feldhaus observes: "Two articles, "Pro- files of women in Maharashtra" by S.N.Tawale and the all-too- brief Politicization of women in India by V.M.Sirsikar, both in "Symbols of Power: Studies on the Political Status of women in India (Bombay: Allied Publishers, 1979) are the only material we have on the genera situation of women in Maharashtra poli- tics. Sirsikar makes the interesting observation that scheduled caste women are more politically aware than others, but because of their economic situation unable to be active. … four or five women have held high office in the government or in political parties but have received no academic attention, at least none in English. Shakuntala Paranjape did pioneering work in the legislatures on family planning in the 1970s. Mrinal Gore is a long time social activist, a member of the BMC, then the Maharashtra legislative assembly, then the parliament. Neelam Gore, an activist in women's work, was recently associated with Prakash Ambedkar in the Bharatiya Republican Party. Shalinitai Patel organized a meeting in 1975 to demand 50% reservation on elected bodies for women".(2.) Of course, in a number of contemporary writ- ings, the status of women in Maharashtra politics finds a passing mention. But, we could not lay our hands on any concise report on the subject. The aim of the project is to study the status of political par- ticipation of women in Maharashtra and ascertain the reasons for the inability of the State's women to enter the legislative Assem- bly in more numbers than at present. The inquiry also proposes to look into the present status of the All Women parties that were launched earlier. The study also touches on the socio-economic background of some of the women who could make it to the As- sembly in the past and what criteria are followed by the political parties in selecting their women candidates. 2. Anne Feldhaus, Anne. (Ed.), Images of women in Maharashtrian So- ciety, State University of New York Press, 1998. Preface 7 Introduction Women comprise roughly about half of the world's popula- tion. According to Population Reference Bureau, 2004, (World Popu- lation Data Sheet, The United Nations) out of 3209 millions women living in the world, the share of India is 531.9 million. This amounts to nearly half of India's total population. As per 2001 Census, the ratio of females per thousand males is 933. Nearly seventy percent of the women are living below the poverty line and two-thirds of them are illiterate. According to the UNDP's Human Development Report 1995, "Poverty has a woman's face; of the 1.3 billion people in poverty, 70 per cent are women". Women constituting half of the population of our country have been an integral part of our social structure principally due to their contribution to the socio-economic spheres of life, notwithstanding the fact that women in India have been discriminated because of gender bias prevalent in the patriarchic values of the Indian society. The dominant patriarchy has denied women equality of status and opportunities in socio-economic and political spheres. Amidst such patriarchic bias, women in India can not be treated as a homoge- neous unit in view of the differences based in terms of class, caste, status, space (rural-urban divide) etc.