Penser Un Monde Par-Delà Les Frontières: Derrida Et Tirumular

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Penser Un Monde Par-Delà Les Frontières: Derrida Et Tirumular Penser un monde par-delà les frontières : Derrida et Tirumular, essai de philosophie comparative Nishant Alphonse Irudayadason To cite this version: Nishant Alphonse Irudayadason. Penser un monde par-delà les frontières : Derrida et Tirumu- lar, essai de philosophie comparative. Philosophie. Université Paris-Est, 2008. Français. NNT : 2008PEST0217. tel-00462179 HAL Id: tel-00462179 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00462179 Submitted on 8 Mar 2010 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITÉ PARIS-EST Espace Éthique et Politique École doctorale de Cultures et Sociétés Nishant Alphonse IRUDAYADASON PENSER UN MONDE PAR-DELÀ LES FRONTIÈRES Derrida et Tirumular – Essai de philosophie comparative Directeur de thèse : Monsieur le Professeur Dominique FOLSCHEID Université Paris-Est Marne-la-vallée Rapporteurs : Examinateurs : M. le Professeur François CHENET M. le Professeur Jean GREISCH Université Sorbonne Paris IV Institut Catholique de Paris M. le Professeur Jeffrey BLOECHL M. le Professeur Ronan SHARKEY Boston College, Etats-Unis Institut Polytechnique La Salle Beauvais Thèse soutenue le 14 novembre 2008 « L’appel au dénuement total qui est l’appel à la libération totale car seul est libre celui qui n’a rien absolument rien qu’il puisse dire sien. » Swami Abhishiktananda (Souvenirs d’Arunâchala) « Refuser le don total de soi à l’autre, c’est refuser d’être soi. C’est dans le don qu’on devient soi. » Swami Abhishiktananda (Lettre à Marc, datée le 4 avril 1973) Ce travail de recherche est dédié avec une grande reconnaissance à la Société des Missions Etrangères de Paris qui a construit un pont entre Europe et Asie et à tous les missionnaires de cette société qui ont sacrifié leur vie pour garder ce pont intact. 3 Remerciements Un service rendu à temps, si petit soit-il, est plus grand que l’univers. (verset 102 de Tiru-k-kural) Nombreuses sont les personnes qui m’ont accompagné dans mon travail de recherche au cours de ces quatre dernières années. En premier lieu, Je voudrais exprimer ma reconnaissance aux institutions académiques qui ont porté ce travail et contribué à son aboutissement : l’Institut Catholique de Paris (ICP), l’Université de Paris- Est (UPE), Boston College (BC). Ma dette de reconnaissance va envers mon directeur de thèse, le professeur Dominique FOLSCHEID (UPE) et mon premier examinateur le professeur Jean GREISCH (ICP) qui m’ont fait bénéficier de leurs expertises respectives et ont guidé ma recherche avec disponibilité et compétence, les chercheurs et enseignants grâce auxquels, par la discussion, a souvent jailli la lumière ou un surcroît de clarté, particulièrement Philippe CAPELLE (ICP), Jeffrey BLOECHL (BC) et Richard KEARNEY (BC) et bien sûr ceux de l’Institut Catholique de Paris, trop nombreux pour être tous cités ici. Un grand merci également aux professeurs François CHENET (Paris IV) et Ronan SHARKEY (IPSB) qui ont accepté d’être les membres du jury et ont contribué à mes réflexions Une très grande reconnaissance d’amitié à Mme. Geneviève VIBERT, au P. Bernard LE LANN et au P. Roland LEFÈVRE qui m’ont constamment soutenu au cours de la rédaction de ma thèse et qui se sont engagés aussi vivement que moi dans ce travail de recherche. Au P. Olivier TELLIER, correcteur attentif et perspicace du manuscrit : un remerciement tout spécial pour les nombreuses heures qu’il lui a consacrées. À la société des Missions Étrangères de Paris (MEP), envers qui j’ai une dette ineffaçable, un très grand merci, particulièrement au P. Jean-Baptiste ETCHAREN, au P. Georges MANSUY, à tous les membres du conseil ainsi qu’au P. Jean-Michel CUNY, au P. Balthasar CASTELLINO et tous les prêtres des MEP. En geste de grande reconnaissance envers cette société, j’aimerais lui dédier ce travail. Enfin, à ma famille, mes amis et confrères revient ma gratitude pour leur soutien appréciable dans cette aventure solitaire d’une rédaction de thèse. Parmi eux, je pense très aimablement à mes parents, mon père V. IRUDAYADASON et ma mère Blaze IRUDAYADASON qui m’ont initié à une totale ouverture à autrui dès mon enfance. Je pense également à mon évêque Mgr. A. Jude PAULARAJ, les amis prêtres de mon diocèse et mes amis professeurs de l’université pontificale (JDV) à Pune en Inde : à toutes ces personnes je suis redevable. 4 Résumé et mots-clés en français Dans la philosophie de Derrida, « déconstruction » signifie, entre autres, découverte de l’autre, négligé, oublié ou poussé à la périphérie. Derrida tient que la justice et le « messianique », en tant que clés d’une transcendance vers tout autre, ne peuvent pas être déconstruits. Cette approche lui permet de traiter d’une manière radicalement nouvelle des thèmes conventionnels comme le pardon, le don, l’hospitalité, etc., souhaitables et impératifs dans un monde déchiré par des divisions de toutes sortes, soutenues par des oppositions binaires où le premier élément de chaque binôme exerce sa domination sur le second. Il est étonnant de découvrir que la tradition sivaïte tamoule que l’on croit remonter au IIe siècle avant J.-C., et qui commença à se formuler philosophiquement au VIe siècle, a un même objectif : un monde ouvert dépassant les frontières. Déjà à l’époque classique de la littérature philosophique tamoule (l’époque du sangam, du IIe siècle), Kanniyan Poonkonranar exprima ce désir sous forme poétique: « Yadhum ouré; yavarum kélir », « nous sommes tous du même village et de la même famille ». Cette vision radicale qui veut briser l’horizon est bien développée par Tirumular, saint shivaïte tamoul (śaiva siddhā) du VIe siècle, dans son Tirumantiram (prières sacrées) composé de 3000 poésies. Cependant, en soulignant qu’il est important de dépasser les frontières, Tirumular ne cesse d’affirmer le rôle central d’une expérience mystique de l’immanence dans la conscience par les chemins du yoga. Une telle vision « au-delà des frontières » est notamment un point de convergence entre la pensée philosophique de Derrida et celle de la tradition philosophique du sivaïsme tamoul, et particulièrement celle de Tirumular. Cette idée d’un monde ouvert est-elle une utopie ou une invitation à la sagesse ? L’issue serait-elle la « déconstruction » ? Quel pourrait être, en la matière, le rapport entre la tradition indienne et la philosophie occidentale dans sa version contemporaine ? Notre tâche consiste à pénétrer la réflexion philosophique occidentale, en interrogeant la pensée de Derrida touchant cette ouverture. Cela nous permet d’entrer dans les traditions qui l’ont formé et celles qui ont été initiées par sa pensée. Cette recherche est aussi un approfondissement de la philosophie de Tirumular. C’est une étude comparative entre deux pensées, l’une occidentale et l’autre indienne. Mots-Clés : éthique, politique, phénoménologie, Derrida, déconstruction, différance, trace, justice, messianique, hospitalité, don, pardon, Tirumular, mysticisme, yoga, religion, kabbale 5 Titre, résumé et mots-clés en anglais THINKING A WORLD BEYOND BOUNDARIES Derrida and Tirumular – An endeavor of Comparative Philosophy Derrida’s philosophical understanding of justice and “messianic,” which Derrida considers “undeconstructible,” serves as a hermeneutical key to the transcendence to the singular other. This approach enables him to propose a radically different understanding of certain conventional themes like forgiveness, gift, hospitality etc., which is both desirable and imperative in present day’s global situation. Derrida’s deconstruction is therefore an invitation to transcend all possible and visible horizons in order to ensure a world without boundaries where in every singular other can retain the meaning of his very being. If Derrida’s deconstruction insists on transcendence as that which motivates the “creation” of a world without boundaries, a just world for every singular other, the Tamil Śaiva tradition, believed to have its roots already in the 5th century BCE and philosophically established since 6th century CE, surprisingly arrives at the same objective as Derrida, that is, a world beyond boundaries. Already in the classical period of Tamil philosophical literature (Sangam between 2nd century BCE and 2nd century CE), Kanniyan Poonkonranar has expressed this desire in the form of poetry: “Yadhum Ouré; Yavarum Kélir,” “Every town is ours and every person belongs to our family.” This radical boundary breaking vision is well-developed by Tirumular, a Tamil Śaiva Saint (Tamil Śaiva siddhā) in the 6th century CE in his Tirumantiram (sacred prayers) consisting of more than 3000 poems. Such a radical vision beyond boundaries is an interesting area of convergence between Derrida’s philosophical thinking and that of Tamil Śaiva philosophical tradition, notably that of Tirumular. However, Tirumular, while underscoring the importance of transcending visible horizons has insisted on an inward journey of the consciousness through spiritual means of Yoga. Our task is to first penetrate into Derrida’s philosophical venture: to raise questions with which he grapples and for which he seeks responses, by entering
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