Understanding the mindanao conflict pdf

Continue This article is about the post-colonial-era insurgency. For the rebels 1899-1913, see the conflict until 1899, see for a series of attacks over Sabah, see Moro attacks on Sabah. Moro conflictPart rebels in the Philippines, North Borneo dispute and international military intervention against ISIS Map of the Philippines are shown still the majority of Moro Muslim areas in MindanaoDate1969 - presentLocationMindanao, PhilippinesStatus Current (for jihadist rebels) Transitional Administration (BTA) established in February 2019, to manage the autonomous region of Bangsamoro in Muslim Mindanao until 2022 and replace the Autonomous Region of Bangsamoro in Muslim Mindanao was officially ratified on February 22, 2019 year and replaced by the Autonomous Region in the Muslim mind Lions PhilippinesSPretent: United States (advisers) Australia 2 Indonesia 45 Malaysia (since 2001) International Monitoring Group (IMT) Brunei Indonesia Japan Libya/Libya Malaysia Norway European Union 1969-2014: Bangsamororo: MNLF (until 1996) : Libya (until 2006) :Jihadist groups: [18][19] (1991–present) BIFF (2008–present) JI (2000–present) Ansar Khalifa Philippines (2014–present) Turaifie group (2017–present)[20] Former jihadist groups: (2013–2017)[21][22][23] KIM (2011–2013)[24] Rajah Sulaiman Movement (1991–unknown)[25][26]Commanders and leaders Ferdinand Marcos(1969–1986) Corazon Aquino(1986–1992) Fidel V. Ramos(1992–1998) Joseph Estrada(1998–2001) Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo(2001–2010) Benigno Aquino(2010–2016) Rodrigo Duterte(2016–present) (1969–1996) Habier Malik † Muslimin Sema (1969–1996) Habib Mujahab Hashim (1969–1996) Abul Khayr Alonto (1969–1996) (1978–2014) Hashim Salamat #Former support : Анвар Садат (1969-1981) ( 1969-2011) Мустафа Харун (1969-1995) Хадаффи Джанджалани † Галиб † Америл Умбра Като † Радуллан Сахирон Иснилон Тотони Хапилон † Омар Мауте † Абдулла Мауте †Прямой 125,000-130,000 »32» 11000 (2012) потери и потери Всего убиты : At least 120,000 including civilians, (also Moro rebels and Moro Intifada) is an insurgency in the Mindanao region of the Philippines that has been going on since 1969, although the non-Imic-based insurgency ended in 2019. In the 1960s, political tensions and open hostilities erupted between the Philippine government and Moro's Muslim rebel groups. The Moro uprising was triggered by the 1968 Jabida massacre, during which 60 Filipino Muslim commandos to rebuild the eastern Malaysian state of Sabah were killed. In response, Noor Misuari, a professor at the University of the Philippines, established the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF), an armed rebel group committed to the establishment of an independent Mindanao. In the years that followed, the INLF split into several different groups, including the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MOROM), which sought to establish an Islamic state in the Philippines. The Moro conflict is rooted in a long history of resistance by the Bangsamoro people against foreign rule, including the American annexation of the Philippines in 1898; Since then, Moro's resistance to the Philippine government has continued. The statistics on casualties in the conflict are different, although conservative estimates of the Uppsala conflict data program show that at least 6,015 people were killed in the armed conflict between the Philippine government and Abu Sayyaf (ASG), BIFM, MILF and MNLF between 1989 and 2012. The origins of the main articles: The Spanish-Moro conflict, the Moro uprising, and the Philippine resistance of Japan and the Moro resistance of Mindanao and Sulu Christian Filipinos who served in the Spanish army, in search of Moro rebels during the Spanish-Moro conflict, c. 1887. The rebel movement in Mindanao can be traced back to the 1500s, when the Spaniards arrived in the heart of Moro. Part of the series on the history of the Philippines Backstory (up to 900)Paleolithic age Awidon Mesa Formation Callao Limestone Formation of the Neolithic age of Callao and Tabon Peoples Arrival Negritos Austronesian enlargement Angono Petroglyphs Lal Lo and Gattaran Shell Middens Jade Culture Iron Age Sa Huỳnh Cultural Society Of the Ancient Artifacts Balangay Graves goods Manunggul Jar prehistoric gems Sa Huỳnh-Kalanai complex Maitum anthropomorphic ceramics archaic era (900-1565)Historically documented city-state/ state (by geography from north to south) Samta chief Caboloan Tondo Namayan Rajaantei Mainila Mai Maja-like Chief Taitai Rajaante Cebu Rajaante Butuan Sultanate Magindanao Lanao Confederation Sultanate Sultanate Sulu Legendary Suvarnapumi Chryse Ophir Tawalisi Al-Waqwak Sanfotsi zabagh Kingdom Ten Bornean Date Events / Artifacts Maragtas Laguna Copper Inscription Batanes Citadel Gold Tara Gold KinnarA Ticao Stone Inscription Butuan Silver Paleographer of Buddhist art Brunei War Colonial Period (1565-1946)Spanish era Journey Ferdinand Magellan Battle Mactan Voyage Miguel Lopez de Legazpi Spanish capture of Manila New Spain Captaining of the Spanish East Indies Manila Uprising and rebellion of the Chinese invasion of the Spanish-Mor conflict Dutch invasions british invasion Propaganda movement 1872 Cavite mutiny La League Philippines Katipunan Creek Pugad Lowin Philippine Revolution Tejeros Rep. Biak-on-Bato Spanish-American War Battle in Manila Bay American Takeover Manila Declaration of Independence Malolos Congress First Republic of the Philippine- American War American Colonial Period Tagales Republic Negros Republic of the Samboanga Republic of Moro Rebellion Island Government Jones Law Tydings-McDuffie Commonwealth Act of japanese occupation Of the Fall of Bataan and Corregidor Second Republic Battle Leyte Persian Gulf Liberation of the Philippines Post-Colonial Period (1946- 1986) Manila Treaty of the Third Republic Hukbalahap Uprising of the Filipino First Political New Society - Fourth Republic CPP-NPA- NDF Rebellion Moro Conflict People Power Revolution Modern History (1986-present) 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo 1997 Asian Financial Crisis 2000 All of the War Against IFOM 2001 EDSA Revolution EDSA III Oakwood Rebellion Typhoon Yolanda Philippine War Of Drugs Theme Ancient Religion Rulers List of the Spouses military-political communication Transportation of Filipino Americans Chronology Of The Philippines Archiology portalvte Moreau people have had a history of resistance against foreign rule for more than 400 years. During the Spanish-Moro conflict, Spain repeatedly tried to conquer Moro Sultanate Sulu, the Sultanate of Magindanao and the Sultanate of the Sultanates in Lanao. The armed struggle against Spaniards, Americans, Japanese and Christian Filipinos, according to current Muslim Moro leaders, is part of the four-century national liberation movement of Bangsamoro (Moro Nation). The foundations of the modern conflict can be traced back to the Spanish and American wars against Moros. After the Spanish-American War in 1898, another conflict broke out in the southern Philippines between revolutionary Muslims in the Philippines and the U.S. military, which occurred between 1899 and 1913. On August 14, 1898, after defeating Spanish troops, the United States declared the Philippines its territory under the Treaty of Paris of 1898, establishing a military government under General Wesley Merritt as military governor. The Filipinos immediately opposed the foreign rule of the United States. U.S. forces took control of the Spanish government in Jolo on May 18, 1899, and in the city of Samboang in December 1899. Brigadier General John Bates was sent to negotiate a treaty with Sultan Sulu Jamalul Kiram II. Kiram was disappointed by the American takeover as he expected to regain sovereignty after the defeat of Spanish troops in the archipelago. Bates' main goal was to guarantee Moro neutrality in the Philippine-American War and to establish order in the southern Philippines. After some negotiations, the Bates Treaty was signed, based on an earlier Spanish treaty. The Bates Treaty does ensure the neutrality of Muslims in the south, but in reality it Created to buy time for until the war in the north is over. On 20 March 1900, Bates was replaced by Brigadier General William August Cobbe, and mindanao-Jolo was transferred to a full-fledged unit. U.S. forces in Mindanao have been beefed up and fighting with the has diminished, although there are reports that Americans and other civilians have been attacked and killed by Moro. The American invasion began in 1904 and ended with the term of Major General John Pershingo, the third and last military governor of Moro Province, although significant resistance continued on Mount Basak and Bad Djo in Jolo; in the latest case, the U.S. military killed hundreds of Moro during the massacre at Moro Crater. After the war, in 1915, the Americans introduced the Carpenter Treaty of Sulu. Moro's repeated uprisings against American rule continued to erupt even after the end of Moro's main uprising, in the pre-Japanese occupation of the Philippines during World War II. During the Japanese invasion, Moro waged an uprising against the Japanese in Mindanao and Sulu before Japan surrendered in 1945. Moreo Juramentado attacked The Spaniards, Americans, Philippine police and Japanese. History See also: A timeline of the Moro conflict by the American colonial government, and then the Philippine government pursued a policy of intra-ethnic migration by resettling a significant number of Christian Filipino settlers from Visayas and Luzon to plots of land in Mindanao dating back to the 1920s. This policy allowed Christian Filipinos to outnumber the population of Moro and Lumad by the 1970s, exacerbating discontent between Moro settlers and Filipino Christians as land disputes escalated. Another complaint of the Moro people is the extraction of Mindanao's natural resources by the central Government, while many Moro continued to live in poverty. Moro Muslims and Lumads were largely pushed out during Spanish and American colonization programs, with Christian Filipino settlers eventually taking control of key areas along newly built roads and disrupting traditional moro administrative structures and control over resources. Americans preferred Christians to become administrators of newly designated settlements instead of Lumad and Moro, and environmental degradation was caused by unsustainable population growth (due to the influx of settler migrants) and logging. Marcos (1965-1986) See also: The massacre in Jabid under President Ferdinand Marcos, it was alleged that at least 11 Filipino Muslim military interns were killed in Corregidor by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. It was believed that the interns were part of an impending uprising. By then, Noor Misuari, a professor at the University of the Philippines, had established the National Front Moreau Moreau condemn the alleged killings of 11 Muslims and seek the creation of the Bangsamoro nation by force of arms. In 1969, MNLF was established and began an armed struggle against the Philippine government. During one of the fiercest rebel battles in 1974, Jolo was badly damaged, and news of the tragedy spurred other Muslims around the world to pay more attention to the conflict. Many civilians are believed to have been killed when the armed forces destroyed much of the municipality of Jolo to the ground in scorched- earth tactics. On 24 September 1974, the Philippine army killed at least 1,000 Moro civilians who prayed at a mosque in the notorious Malisbong massacre. Two years later, the Philippine Government and the INLF signed the Tripoli Agreement, declaring a ceasefire on both sides. The agreement stipulated that Mindanao would remain part of the Philippines, but 13 of its provinces would be governed by an autonomous government for the people of Bangsamoro. President Marcos later reneged on the agreement, and violence ensued. The Philippine Government has allegedly called on Christian settlers in Mindanao to form a militia called to fight Moros. Ilaga was involved in killings and human rights violations and was responsible for the massacre of 65 Moro Muslim civilians at a mosque in June 1971, including women and children. Ilaga is also said to have engaged in cannibalism by cutting off parts of her victims' bodies to eat in rituals. In 1978, Sheikh Salamat Hashim founded the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (IFOM), a splinter group of the MNLF seeking to establish an Islamic state. Conflicts between these rebel groups and the Armed Forces of the Philippines continued until the end of President Marcos' regime. K. Aquino and Ramos (1986-1998) At the beginning of his term, President Corazon Aquino arranged a meeting with the Chairman of the MNLF, Noor Misuari, and several MNLF rebel groups in Sulu, paving the way for a series of negotiations. In 1989, the Autonomous Region of the Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) was established under the Republic Act 6734 or the Organic Act of ARMM in accordance with the Constitution of 1987. In 1991, Abdurajak Janjalani, a former teacher who studied Islam in the Middle East, founded the Abu Sayyaf Group after meeting Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Janjalani recruited former MEMBERS of the MNLF for the more radical and theocratic Abu Sayyaf. Several negotiations and peace talks were held under the chairmanship of Fidel V. Ramos, and ARMM strengthened and had to have its own geopolitical system. Estrada (1998-2001) See also: 2000 Philippine Campaign Against Moro Islamic Front Liberation Political Map of the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) During his term, President Joseph Estrada announced all of against IFOM on 21 March 2000, although a number of cessation of hostilities negotiations were held. Several conflicts appear to have erupted in and around Mindanao, and clashes between the Philippine military and rebel groups have resulted in significant losses. During Estrada's tenure, rebel groups abducted three Italian priests, two of whom were later released and one shot; The municipal hall of Talayan, Magindanao and Kausnagan, Lanao del Norte, was taken over by the municipal hall; bombed the ferry RORO M/V Our Lady Mediatrix in Ozamiz; and took over the Narciso Ramos Highway. All these incidents have resulted in a massive loss of investment abroad, especially in the Mindanao area. As a result, the Philippine armed forces launched a successful campaign against rebel groups; 43 small camps, 13 large camps, including THEM headquarters, and Abubakar camp. IFOM suffered heavy losses, and the head of IFOM, Sheikh Salamat Hashim, fled the country and took refuge in Malaysia. On 5 October 2000, 609 rebels surrendered in Cagayan de Ano with the Mayor of the renegade city, Mulapandi Kosan Sarip. This was followed by another surrender of 855 rebels on 29 December 2000. President Estrada then ordered the Philippine flag to be raised in Mindanao, symbolizing victory. It was raised on July 9, 2000, near Madhab and again the next day for President Estrada, who held a holiday in a classroom just a few meters from the mosque. As a result, on 30 December 2000, several Islamic rebel groups retaliated, killing 22 people and injuring hundreds at several key locations in the national capital region. In May 2003, one of the criminals, Saifulla Yunos, was arrested in Kagayan de Olo on a flight bound for Manila. In 2004, two members of , Mamasao Naga and Abdul Pat, were arrested because Fatur Rahman al-Gozi was found responsible for the train bombing. Al-Gozi was also arrested, but was later killed in a shootout as he tried to escape from prison on 13 October 2003. Makapagal Arroyo (2001-2010) on May 27, 2001, Abu Sayyaf took twenty hostages from an upscale resort in Palawan. Four hostages managed to escape. A kidnapping group of 40 militants seized Dr. Jose Torres Memorial Hospital and St. Peter's Church Complex in the town of Laiitan in Basilan and said it had captured 200 people, although it was confirmed that 20 people had been taken prisoner at the hospital, including staff and patients. Following the capture of a hospital between the Philippine army and Abu Sayyaf rebels in Laiitan, a firefight occurred, killing 12 soldiers, including an army captain. Up to 22 soldiers were reportedly killed in an attempt to rescue the hostages. Five the prisoners fled during the Battle of Lymitan. Two prisoners were killed before the siege in Lyumitan, including one beheaded. Abu Sayyaf then carried out a series of raids, including one on a coconut plantation where rebel groups hacked into the heads of two men with bolo knives. The owners and security guard were also captured, and rebel groups burned down two buildings, including a chapel, a week after the Battle of Lyumitan. Another raid was carried out on 2 August 2001 at Barangay Balobo in Laiitan, Basilan. Three days later, the Philippine army rescued numerous hostages after they took refuge with the militants, where 11 bodies were found decapitated. On 13 June 2001, the number of hostages was estimated at about 28, as three others were found beheaded in Basilan, including Guillermo Sobero. They were beheaded because the Philippine army did not stop the rescue operation. According to three hostages who escaped in October 2001, the Burnhams were still in a group of 14 people still in captivity. On 7 June 2002, after a year of hostage-taking, a rescue operation was carried out, killing Martin Burnham and a nurse named Edibor Yap after they were caught in the crossfire. Martin was shot three times in the chest and Gracia Burnham was shot in the right leg. By this time, Noor Misuari had ordered his supporters to attack government installations in order to prevent the holding of elections in ARMM in November 2001, which led to his resign as governor of the region. Misuari was later arrested in 2007 in Malaysia and deported back to the Philippines for trial. In July 2004, Gracia Burnham testified at the trial of eight members of Abu Sayyaf, identifying six suspects as their former captors, including Alhamzer Limfong, Abdul Azan Diamlu, Abu Moktar, Bas Ishmael, Alsen Jandul and Dazid Bayze. Fourteen members of the Abu Sayyaf Organization were sentenced to life imprisonment and four were acquitted. Alhamzer Limmong was later killed in a prison uprising. These rebel groups, particularly Abu Sayyaf, have carried out several terrorist attacks, namely the October 2002 bombings in the city of samboan; bombing of SuperFerry 14 in February 2004; simultaneous explosions in Central Mindanao in October 2006; beheading of several Philippine Marines in July 2007; Batasang Pambans explosion in November 2007; and the 2009 bombings in Mindanao. Thousands of IFOM rebels under the command of Umbra Kato seized control of thirty-five villages in North Cotabato province. On 9 August, 2,000 Philippine troops, with helicopters and artillery, were sent to the captured area to be liberated from the rebels. IFOM wanted North Cotabato to be autonomous region in Muslim Mindanao. Teh Teh and IFOM negotiated the province's inclusion in the Muslim Autonomous Region, but the Supreme Court rejected the proposal, ingesting concerns from local Christian leaders in the region. The rebel forces were ordered to leave the area by their commanders, but the troops under The Command of Kato refused to leave the villages they occupied and instead dug it up. The Philippine army responded on August 9 by shelling them. The next day, government forces recaptured the villages, recapturing two of them from the rebels. Numerous clashes broke out between the Philippine army and rebel groups, such as the 14 June 2009 clash that killed 10 insurgents. Between 2002 and 2015, the Philippines and the United States were part of a joint military campaign against Islamist terrorism known as Operation Enduring Freedom Philippines. It was part of the war on terror. Benigno Aquino (2010-2016) In 2013, the two main abu Sayyaf group camps were captured by the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in their latest offensive in Patikul. According to MNLF leader Noor Misuari, the MNLF offensive against Abu Sayyaf is due to MNLF's opposition to Abu Sayyaf's human rights abuses that go against Islam. During the reign of President Benigno Aquino III, a number of peace talks were held to end the fighting, including a meeting of IFOM Chairman Al-Hajj Murad Ibrahim in Tokyo, Japan, which was praised by both sides. Norway also joined the International Monitoring Group (IMT) in January 2011 in overseeing a ceasefire agreement between the Government and THEM in Mindanao. Despite the peace talks, a number of conflicts have erupted. On 10 September 2011, Jal Idris, a hardcore member of Abu Sayyaf, was arrested by government forces after a shootout between the Philippine army and a rebel group. Terrorism continued throughout President Aquino's term. Notable cases include when four traders and a guide were killed by Abu Sayyaf bandits in January 2011. Later, a soldier was killed in a clash with the rebels. In August 2011, rebel groups attacked a village in Sulu, killing seven Marines and capturing seven civilians. They later released two hostages after a ransom had been paid. In addition, the Government bombed several districts of Mindanao in August, and in September 2011 a Filipino businesswoman was abducted and later released after three militants were shot dead by the Philippine armed forces. On 20 October 2011, IFOM was accused of attacking 40 government soldiers in Basilan Province, killing 19 soldiers and six IFOM soldiers. This violated the cease-fire agreement between the and IFOM, which caused outrage in the Government and led to the continuation of the war on terrorism in the country. The crisis in the city of samboanga erupted on September 9, 2013, when the MNLF faction, known by other groups such as Rogue MNLF Elements (RME), led by the Sulu State Revolutionary Command (SSRC), led by Ustaz Habier Malik and Hyde Ajibon, attempted to raise the flag of the self-proclaimed Republic of Bangsamoro in the town hall of zamboang (which previously declared its independence on August 12). 2013 in Talipao, Sulu), and took civilians hostage. The confrontation escalated into a city war and led to the shutdown of some parts of the city for several days. On 28 September, the Government announced a cessation of hostilities in the town of sambona after the successful defeat of the MNLF and the rescue of all hostages. On 24 January 2014, the Philippine Government's Chief Negotiator Miriam Coronel-Ferrer and THE CHIEF negotiator, Jerome Murad Ibrahim, signed a peace agreement in Kuala Lumpur. The agreement will pave the way for the creation of a new Muslim autonomous entity called Bangsamoro under a law that will be approved by the Philippine Congress. The government intends to create the region by 2016. The agreement provides for Muslim self-rule in parts of the southern Philippines in exchange for the deactivation of the IFOM rebel forces. IFOM forces will cease to hand over their firearms to a third party, which will be chosen by IFOM and the Philippine Government. A regional police force would be established and the Philippine military would reduce the troop presence and help disband private armies in the area. On 27 March 2014, the peace process culminated with the signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on Bangsamoro between the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. The New York Times argued that the peace agreement between the Philippines and IFOM seeks to ensure prosperity in the military south and weaken the appeal of extremist groups, and linked the winding down of the U.S. military counterterrorism operation to the expansion of U.S. military cooperation with the Philippines against China. The New York Times hailed Mr. Aquino's peace deal as an achievement as it reported on Aquino raising concerns about China in the South China Sea. The editorial board of The New York Times published an article in which it supports the Philippines in the South China Sea dispute and supports the Philippines' actions against China. The New York Times has endorsed aggressive U.S. military action against China in the South China Sea. On 23 July 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader swore allegiance to Abu Bakr in the video, along with the rest of the organization, giving ISIS a presence in the Philippines. In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people for ransom on behalf of ISIL. On 25 January 2015, the Philippine National Police Special Action Force (SAF) carried out an operation to capture Abdul Basit Usman and Marwan in Mamasapano, Magindanao. They were trapped between the 105th Base Command of IFOM, bmF and several armed groups. Forty-four IFOR members were killed in a so-called clash with Mamasapano, but they managed to eliminate Marwan. The alleged involvement of the United States in the botched operation is likely to be a setback for the so-called Asian turn on the part of the United States armed forces. In February 2015, the BIFF unsuccessfully fought for territory within the provinces of Magindanao and North Cotabato. Subsequently, the Philippine army, along with the Philippine Marines, declared the state of the entire war against the BMF. IfOM forces were withdrawn so that they would not be the victims of the fighting. Duterte (2016-present) IFOM and MNLF have expressed their commitment to peace and finally put an end to the 47-year-old insurgency. Meanwhile, the offensive against Abu Sayyaf and other splinter groups continued, with clashes in Jolo, Basilan and other parts of Mindanao. An explosion in Davao City in September 2016 killed 15 people. Meanwhile, on May 23, 2017, Maute's group attacked Marawi. President Rodrigo Duterte proclaimed Proclamation 216, putting the entire Mindanao in martial law and suspending the privilege of ordering the habeas corpus. Clashes continued until October 2017, and the battle for the city of Marawi confronted Islamic militants against Philippine government forces. The violence was severe, with extrajudicial killings of Christians by militants, while the government resorted to artillery and air strikes against Abu Sayyaf and Maute positions. In 2018, there were two explosions involving Abu Sayyaf and BIFF: one in Laithan, Basilan and two separate incidents in Isulan, Sultan Kudarat. See also the war portal of the Philippines portal of the Communist insurgency in the Philippines cross-border attack in Sabah The story of the Philippines Moro people Moro Uprising Peace process with Bangsamoro in the Philippines Refugees Philippines Rohingya conflict in southern Thailand rebel Spanish-Moro War Terrorism in the Philippines Links to Defense.gov News article: Trainers, advisers helping the Philippines fight terrorism. Archive from the original dated July 14, 2015. Received on June 29, 2015. The Philippines will be a key recipient of Australia's new regional counter-terrorism package - the Australian Embassy (archive from the original archive on March 20, 2012, in Wayback Machine September 1, 2007) - Wro, David (June 22, 2017). RAAF will join join against the Islamic State in the Philippines. The Sydney Morning Herald. Archive from the original on June 23, 2017. Received on June 23, 2017. a b Malcolm Cook (March 17, 2014). The best chance of peace in Muslim Mindanao (PDF). Prospects. Institute for Southeast Asian Studies: 7. ISSN 2335-6677. Archive from the original (PDF) dated April 18, 2015. Received on September 15, 2014. Anak Agung Banyu Pervita (2007). Indonesia and the Muslim world: Islam and secularism in Suharto's foreign policy and beyond. NIA Press. 116-117. ISBN 978-87-91114-92-2. Archive from the original on May 7, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Noor Misuari will be repatriated for trial. Australian Broadcasting Corporation. December 20, 2001. Archive from the original dated July 5, 2014. Received on July 8, 2014. Soliman M. Santos (2003). Malaysia's role in peace talks between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front. Conflict Network in Southeast Asia. ISBN 978-983-2514-38-1. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Malaysia is asking the PHL for help in tracing militants linked to Abu Sayyaf. GMA-News. July 6, 2014. Archive from the original dated July 14, 2014. Received on July 8, 2014. Ivan Molloy (1985). The revolution in the Philippines is about the union between Islam and communism. Asian review. University of California. 25 (8): 822–833. doi:10.2307/2644112. JSTOR 2644112. Hadafi acknowledges the help of Muslim seccesionists. Philippine daily customer. August 5, 1986. page 2. Paul Smith (September 21, 2004). Terrorism and violence in south-east Asia: transnational challenges to States and regional stability. M.E. Sharp. page 194-. ISBN 978-0-7656-3626-3. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. William Laruasse (January 1, 2001). Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao Sulu, Philippines : 1965-2000. Gregorian Biblical bookstore. 151 and 162. ISBN 978-88-7652-879-8. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Michelle Ann Miller (2012). Autonomy and armed separatism in south and south-east Asia. Institute of Research in Southeast Asia. page 291-. ISBN 978-981-4379-97-7. Archive from the original on January 16, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Moshe Egar (2002). Between integration and secession: Muslim communities in the southern Philippines, southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. page 256-. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2. Archive from the original on December 26, 2018. Received on September 16, 2016. Tan, Andrew T/H. (2009). A handbook on counter-terrorism and insurgency in south-east Asia. Cheltenham, United Kingdom: Edward Elgar Publishing. page 230, 238. ISBN 978-1847207180. Isak Svensson (November 27, 2014). Bias International Mediation and Taking sides in civil wars. Routledge. 69. ISBN 978-1-135-10544-0. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Philippine rebel leader arrested. BBC News. November 25, 2001. Archive from the original on September 26, 2015. Received on September 26, 2015. Malaysian Police Inspector General Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30am on Saturday (1930 GMT on Friday) on The Island of Giampidas off Sabah state. Manila ordered his arrest on charges of sedition after the Government suspended his governorship of the autonomous Muslim region of Mindanao, ARMM. Although the Philippines does not have an extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made it clear that they intend to hand Mr. Misuari over to the Authorities of Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad said before his arrest that while his country had supported the rebel group in the past in its quest for autonomy, Mr. Misuari had misused his powers. That's why we no longer feel responsible for helping him, he said. a b c Maria A. Ressa. Senior leader Abu Sayyaf is sworn in by ISIS. Rappler. Archive from the original dated February 15, 2015. Received on March 8, 2015. a b ISIL now has military allies in 11 countries. Daily Scout. New York. Archive from the original on June 26, 2015. Received on November 25, 2014. Maute recruitment continues around Marawi - AFP. ABS-CBN Corporation. December 15, 2017. Archive from the original on January 1, 2018. Received on January 10, 2018. Islamic freedom fighters, Abu Sayyaf next after Maute 'wipeout' - chief of defense. Manila Times. October 24, 2017. Archive from the original on October 24, 2017. Received on October 22, 2017. Three soldiers were killed and 11 were injured in a clash in Lanao del Sur. philstar.com. Archive from the original dated February 2, 2017. Received on February 27, 2016. Craftsmen, Richel. The army reports the killing of 20 terrorists in clashes with the armed group Lanao Sur. globalnation.inquirer.net archive from the original dated May 29, 2016. Received on February 27, 2016. Christine Angeli Sabillo. A new group inspired by al-qaeda was locked in the Bombings of Mindanao, a terrorism expert. Archive from the original dated July 1, 2015. Received on June 29, 2015. The Philippines arrests key militants, archived on June 20, 2017, in a Wayback car BBC.com Cochrane, Joe (May 2006). Time bombs. International Newsweek. Msn. Archive from the original September 20, 2006. b c Archive copy. Archive from the original dated March 2, 2019. Received March 2, 2019.CS1 maint: archive copy as headline (link) - Moshe Egar (January 1, 2002). Between integration and secession: Muslim communities in the southern Philippines, Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. Books. ISBN 978-0-7391-0356-2. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Andrew Tian Huat Tan (January 1, 2004). Prospects for the security of the Malay archipelago: security links on the Second Front in the war on terror. Edward Elgar. ISBN 978-1-84376-997-2. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Shanti Nair (January 11, 2013). Islam in Malaysia's foreign policy. Routledge. 67. ISBN 978-1-134-96099-6. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Mustafa was directly involved in providing training facilities for moro's separatist rebels, as well as to the sheltering Muslim refugee Moro in Sabah because of his ethnicity. David von Drele (February 26, 2015). What happens after the war against ISIS. TIME.com. Archive from the original on June 25, 2015. Received on June 29, 2015. a b Lisa Huang; Victor Musembi; Liliana Petronich (June 21, 2012). Conflict between the state and Moro in the Philippines (PDF). Carlton. Archive from the original (PDF) dated September 29, 2015. Received on September 29, 2015. Eric Gutierrez; Borras, Saturnino Jr. (July 20, 2004). The Moro conflict: the weightlessness and the wrong direction of public policy. East-West Washington Center. ISBN 978-1932728149. b Report CenSEI (2, No. 13, April 2-8, 2012). Archive from the original on January 24, 2016. Received on January 26, 2015. Database - Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) - Philippines. The Uppsala Conflict Data Program. Archive from the original dated June 3, 2013. Received on March 8, 2015. - Banlaoi 2012 Archive April 27, 2016 at Wayback Machine, page 24. Bale, Jeffrey M. Abu Sayyaf Group in Philippine and international contexts. 4-8. Archive from the original dated March 5, 2016. Halstead, Murat (1898), XI. General Merritt Administration, History of the Philippines and our new possessions, including Ladrons, Hawaii, Cuba and Porto Rico, 110-112 - Hurley, Victor (1936). Mindanao and Sulu in 1898. Chris' whistle. New York: E.P. Dutton and Co. Archive from the original July 12, 2008. Received on December 2, 2007. Tucker, Spencer (2009). Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: Political, Social and Military History. ABC- CLIO. 48-49. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1. Archive from the original on January 4, 2016. Received on December 16, 2015. Ho, Madge. The Bates Treaty. Philippine update. Archive from the original on April 17, 2016. Received on June 26, 2015. Meadows p. 22. Archived April 13, 2013 in Wayback Machine - A Brief History of America and Moreau 1899-1920. Archive from the original dated March 9, 2016. Received on April 9, 2016. WOMEN AND CHILDREN KILLED IN THE MORO BATTLE (PDF). The New York Times. March 11, 1906. Archive (PDF) from the original on October 4, Received on September 24, 2013. Mark Twain, Satire Weapons, page 168-178, Syracuse University Press, Syracuse, NY 1992 - Dphrepaulezz, Omar H. (August 5, 2013). The right kind of white people: General Leonard Wood and the U.S. Army in the southern Philippines, 1898-1906 (Doctor's thesis). page 8. Archive from the original dated September 4, 2015. Received on August 11, 2015. BusinessWorld - Should there be a moreau nation?. Archive from the original on September 23, 2015. Received on June 29, 2015. Ibrahim Alfian (Thuku.) Perang di Jalan Allah: Perang Aceh, 1873-1912. Pustaka Sinar Harapan. page 130. Hiromitsu Umehara; Hermelino M. Bautista (2004). Communities on the margins: Reflections on social, economic and environmental change in the Philippines. The press office of the University of Ateneo. page 22.. ISBN 978-971-550-464-5. Archive from the original dated September 4, 2015. Received on August 25, 2015. A lone survivor remembers Jabida's massacre. Philippine daily customer. March 18, 2008. Archive from the original dated September 13, 2015. Received on May 5, 2012. a b c d e f h i j Fighting and talking: chronology of mindanao conflict. GMA News and Public Relations. October 27, 2011. Archive from the original on March 13, 2012. Received on May 5, 2012. The official website of MNLF. Archive from the original dated March 8, 2013. 1500 moro victims of the massacre during the military law honored. MindaNews. Archive from the original on September 30, 2015. Received on September 29, 2015. The evolution of Filipino Muslim rebel Marco Garrido, Asia Times Online March 6, 2003, extracted September 14, 2008 - TAD TAD. Youtube. Archive from the original dated February 2, 2017. Received on January 26, 2015. b Speech by former President Estrada on the conflict between GRP and MORO. Human Development Network. September 18, 2008. Archive from the original on October 7, 2011. Received on May 2, 2012. History and organization ARMM. GMA News and Public Relations. August 11, 2008. Archive from the original dated July 16, 2014. Received on May 5, 2012. READ MORE: Third Italian priest killed Philippine daily customer. October 18, 2011. Archive from the original on December 21, 2011. Received on May 3, 2012. An Italian priest is shot dead in Mindanao. Philippine star. October 18, 2011. Archive from the original on February 1, 2013. Received on May 3, 2012. b The fall of the IFOM Abubakar camp in Magindanao 10 years ago. July 10, 2010. Archive from the original dated April 2, 2015. Received on May 5, 2012. More than 600 Muslim rebels are surrendering, the Philippine leader says more to follow. October 5, 2000. Received on May 5, 2012. Joel M. C. Egko (May 26, 2003). Rizal the day the suspect was caught. Manila Standard Today. Archive from the original on October 12, 2007. Received on February 15, 2007. Benjamin Pulta; Miko Santos (December 30, 2003). Gov't seeks re-enactment Case. Sun.Star. Archive from the original may 7, 2005. Received on February 8, 2007. a b Philippines hostage search begins. BBC News. May 27, 2001. Archive from the original dated July 23, 2012. Received on March 23, 2010. Abu Sayyaf kidnappings, bombings and other attacks. GMA News. August 23, 2007. Archive from the original on April 22, 2010. Received on March 22, 2010. The Philippine hostage crisis is deepening. BBC News. June 2, 2001. Archive from the original on October 7, 2012. Received on March 23, 2010. b Abu Sayyaf bandits kill two hostages fleeing a military siege. CDNN. June 4, 2001. Archive from the original on May 16, 2008. Received on March 23, 2010. - b The Philippines proposes to prevent beheadings. BBC News. June 11, 2001. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on March 23, 2010. a b Hostages rescued in the Philippines. BBC News. August 5, 2002. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on March 23, 2010. Killings in Balobo in Basilan province, August 2, 2001. Human Rights Watch. July 2007. Archive from the original dated February 14, 2017. Received on March 23, 2010. The Philippines body is identified. BBC News. June 13, 2001. Archive from the original on January 15, 2016. Received on March 23, 2010. - b c U.S. hostage confirmed dead. BBC News. October 12, 2001. Archive from the original on September 24, 2010. Received on March 23, 2010. Hostages die in Philippine rescue bid. BBC News. June 7, 2002. Archive from the original on January 4, 2014. Received on March 23, 2010. The Philippines is preparing for retribution. The Associated Press. June 7, 2002. Archive from the original on May 9, 2010. Received on March 23, 2010. An archival copy. Archive from the original on September 15, 2012. Received March 27, 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as headline (link) - Huma Yusuf (August 11, 2008). Clashes with Muslim insurgents in the Philippines are displacing thousands of people. Christian Science Monitor. Archive from the original on December 24, 2008. Received on March 8, 2015. 10 IFOM rebels killed in Freedom Day clashes. It's zambotims. June 14, 2009. Archive from the original on September 15, 2014. Received on May 8, 2012. Philippines-Mindanao conflict - at first sight. AlertNet. Archive from the original on May 28, 2009. Received on May 6, 2012. Boy, Roel. MNLF captured two Abu Sayyaf camps. Philippine star. Archive from the original on February 12, 2013. Received on March 26, 2013. Government forces arrested the suspect, Abu Sayyaf Hardcore. Sun.Star. September 10, 2011. Archive from the original on November 12, 2011. Received on September 10, 2011. Philippine troops kill 3 militants linked to Abu Sayyaf. The Associated Press. September 11, 2011. Five killed by alleged Abu Sayyaf bandits in Basilan. Manila Bulletin. 12 2011. Archive from the original on September 15, 2012. Received on May 8, 2012. One One killed in the Basilan collision. Philippine star. Archive from the original on May 7, 2014. Received on May 7, 2014. Two kidnapped traffickers have been released in the Philippines. Mindanao Examiner. August 28, 2011. Archive from the original on November 12, 2011. Received on September 1, 2011. Militants are abducting a Philippine businesswoman in the southern Philippines, officials say. Star Tribune. September 4, 2011. Archive from the original dated October 4, 2018. Received on May 5, 2019. Philippine troops kill 3 militants, rescue trader. newsrt.us Associated Press. September 19, 2011. Archive from the original on January 8, 2014. Received on January 8, 2014. 19 soldiers killed in Basilan. Inquirer.net. October 20, 2011. Archive from the original january 2, 2015. Received on January 2, 2015. Philippines Aquino asks Congress to pass a law on Muslim autonomy. Rakyat Post. Kuala Lumpur. Reuters. September 10, 2014. Archive from the original on September 15, 2014. Received on September 15, 2014. Philippine peace breakthrough. Bangkok Post. January 25, 2014. KITTY, FLOYD; SCHMITT, ERIC (June 26, 2014). The U.S. is gradually withdrawing from its counterterrorism unit in the Philippines. The New York Times. Archive from the original on October 23, 2014. Brysher, KEITH (February 5, 2014). The Philippine leader sounds alarmed at China. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated November 2, 2015. EDITORIAL (July 17, 2015). In the South China Sea, in court. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated July 9, 2017. EDITORIAL (April 2, 2014). Risky games in the South China Sea. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated July 9, 2017. EDITORIAL BOARD (May 29, 2015). Pushback in the South China Sea. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated July 9, 2017. EDITORIAL (July 12, 2014). Still on the odds with China. The New York Times. Archive from the original dated July 9, 2017. Philip Oltermann (September 24, 2014). Islamists in the Philippines threaten to kill German hostages. Keeper. London. Archive from the original on February 27, 2017. Received on March 8, 2015. Cloud, David S.; Leon, Sunshine de (September 10, 2015). The heavy price paid for the botched terrorist raid by the Philippines and the United States. Los Angeles Times. Archive from the original on September 12, 2015. The Battle of Marawi: Death and Destruction in the Philippines (PDF). Amnesty International: 13-26. November 2017. Salah Jubair (1999). Bangsamoro, a nation under infinite tyranny. IR Marin. Kadir Che Man (V.) (1990). Muslim separatism: Moros in the southern Philippines and Malays in southern Thailand. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-588924-6. Bobby M. Tuazon (2008). Reader Moreau: the history and modern struggle of the people of Bangsamoro. Publishing and promoting policy research, the Center for The Empowerment of People in Management in partnership with Light A Movement for Social Change. ISBN 978-971- 93651-6-7. Moro's external references to the Moro National Liberation Front Bloggers are derived from

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