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13 STORIES OF ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP Volume I 13 Stories of Islamic Leadership

Table of Contents

Islamic Leadership Development Program ...... 4 Fellows Stories

Shahana Abdulwahid ...... 6

Ahmad Alonto ...... 22

Alim Abdlmajeed Ansano ...... 39

Haji Munib Estino ...... 50

Salamat Hashim ...... 61

Mujiv Hataman ...... 68

Hadja Bainon Karon ...... 76

Ibnu Kudalat ...... 90

Abdul Karim Langkuno ...... 98

Tarhata Lucman ...... 112

Raida Maglangit ...... 127

Nur Misuari ...... 138

Hadji Ahmad Sakaluran ...... 149

Production Committee ...... 159

2 Table of Contents

Islamic Leadership Development Program ...... 4 Fellows Stories

Shahana Abdulwahid ...... 6

Ahmad Alonto ...... 22

Alim Abdlmajeed Ansano ...... 39

Haji Munib Estino ...... 50

Salamat Hashim ...... 61

Mujiv Hataman ...... 68

Hadja Bainon Karon ...... 76

Ibnu Kudalat ...... 90

Abdul Karim Langkuno ...... 98

Tarhata Lucman ...... 112

Raida Maglangit ...... 127

Nur Misuari ...... 138

Hadji Ahmad Sakaluran ...... 149

Production Committee ...... 159

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The Islamic Leadership Development Program (ILDP) is aimed at developing, supporting, and propagating an approach to leadership development that is particularly suited to Muslim communities in the Phil- ippines, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Its goal is ultimately to contribute to the development of leaders who are committed to reforming the social, economic, and political systems in their respective communities and contributing to the growth of more productive, peaceful, and progressive Muslim communities in Southeast Asia.

In May 2008, the AIM–TeaM Energy Center launched the Islamic Leadership Development Program with the generous support of the British Embassy in Manila. The initiative was framed in response to the leadership crisis besetting many communities in Muslim Mindanao, as research studies and experience have repeatedly shown. Instead of helping address the inequities in these areas, oftentimes the leaders were themselves so entrenched in the systems propagating poverty and conflict that they had become a part of the problem.

ILDP aimed to develop a leadership framework that was very much grounded in the context of these communities, not only to better understand the problem but to surface ideas and solutions from them as well. That, in fact, was one of program’s most important goals: to ensure that its content and output would be developed by implementors and partner- beneficiaries themselves, thus giving them a voice in, and ownership over the resulting outputs. In line with this, its earliest activities involved consultations with members of the ulama, the academe, the religious, youth, women, and civil society sectors, and the revolutionary organizations across significant hubs of Muslim Mindanao. It also met with development partner institutions active in the area and with recognized groups and scholars from Indonesia and Malaysia for input and feedback on the program.

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With the identification of ILDP’s research agenda and then again with the completion of its research on the Islamic perspectives on leadership, this type of intensive engagement has continued and even deepened. From simply giving input to fulfilling research and validation roles and participating in framework, curriculum, and learning materials development, the more thorough involvement of different groups and tribes from Muslim Mindanao, and partners in the region has also meant the propagation of the framework within and by its stakeholder base. Now, with the start of the Islamic Leadership Fellows Program, and particularly with the mix of participants and resource persons from three different Muslim communities, ILDP and its partners have embarked on a new stage for the program, one that will test all its previous work and provide valuable information for its future direction.

To prepare for the program’s framework and module development activities, ILDP conducted three research initiatives over the third quarter of 2008. One of them was the preparation of thirteen case studies on successful or effective Muslim leaders in the Philippines, particularly those exemplifying certain tenets of leadership important from an Islamic perspective. These are the stories which are found in this compilation.

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FELLOWS STORIES She was often described by her fellow students as ‘willing to answer questions,’ as someone who was ‘genuinely interested’ in hearing about their problems. This was how Shahana Abdulwa- hid marked her days in campus politics – first as councilor, then as Chairperson of the student council, and recently as Student Regent at the University of the Philippines (UP) in Diliman. As a student leader, she coordinated discussions regarding UP’s fee increases, ensuring that all university stakeholders were heard on the matter. She also represented the interests of the university’s Muslim community, and ultimately served as UP’s first female Muslim Student Regent. “I was very thankful that I had been given the chance to be of service to the other students the best way I could,” she stated, her modest response as much a trademark as her wire-rimmed eyeglasses and hijab.

EARLY INFLUENCES: parang may acceptance kasi sa FAMILY, ETHNICITY, AND school e. Since we grew up together, Shahana Abdulwahid SCHOOLING since elementary and high school, hindi naman masyadong major Shahana Abdulwahid was issue kung Muslim ka o Chinese ka the daughter of former Regional or Christian ka,” she explained. Trial Court Judge and current Court “Kung nakita nila na kaya mo’ng of Appeals Justice Hakim and mag-lead. Nakita nila na since This case was written by Jess wife Naida Edding. She studied kaya mo’ng mag-lead, ikaw na.” Alfonso A. Macasaet for the in a Chinese school in Zamboanga Asian Institute of Manage- ment-TeaM Energy Center City – from kindergarten to She graduated with honors for Bridging Societal Divides. fourth year – where she was the from the Zamboanga Chong Hua This case is prepared sole- only Muslim in her batch. Some High School. Shahana was a ly for the purpose of class classmates used to call her ‘tiko,’ champion declaimer, twice winning discussion. It is neither de- a derogatory Chinese term for a national oratorical contest in signed nor intended as an illustration of correct or in- Muslims. Roughly translated, it both English and Filipino. She correct management of the meant ‘barbaric,’ or mamamatay- headed their school paper, served problems or issues contained tao (‘murderer’). But it was more as corps commander1 in her senior in the case. Copyright 2009. the exception than the rule. “Kasi year, and was the class president ______1. Basic military training is mandatory for all Filipino high school students, under the Citizen’s Military Training System of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.

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from sixth grade onwards. Upon the Maranaos, Badjaos, and politics.” she recalled. graduation she was conferred Tausugs also belonged. Each of the President Gloria Macapagal- these groups had its own distinct Her incursion into campus Arroyo Leadership Award. characteristics. While Maranaos, politics in the UP came as a for example, are popular for their surprise. The party STAND UP Despite the patriarchal successful business enterprises, (the Student Alliance for the nature of Muslim society, the Sama people are known to Advancement of Democratic Abdulwahid explained that she put great value, and thus excel, in Rights in UP) approached her and and her three other sisters – she education. offered her to run as representative is second in an all-female brood of the College of Social Sciences – enjoyed as much freedom as “As children, we were and Philosophy (CSSP) in 2005. any contemporary, young Filipino required to attend madrasah or “Kinuha lang ako na hindi ko woman. In referring to her parents Muslim Arabic school on weekends naman alam kung bakit ako kinuha and their manner of upbringing, she and during summer vacations,” she in the first place. Out of nowhere mentioned that “sila pa nga ang explained. Abdulwahid added that lang ako hinugot . Parang sabi nagpu-push e, kung may maganda growing up in a diverse community ko, ‘Ano namang naging criteria ka’ng idea. Hindi ini-impose ng in Zamboanga – where Muslims, ninyo kaya ninyo ako pinili?’ ” papa ko na, ‘ito ang dapat nating Christians, and Chinese live in the sundin.” same neighborhood – helped open “Actually, by accident up her mind in terms of relating lang lahat e. Halimbawa, yung She elaborated on this with other cultures. pagpasok ko sa mga leadership na point thus: ganito. Parang exploration lang. THE ACCIDENTAL STUDENT [Kahit] yung dito sa UP. I never Medyo active na rin ako sa LEADER intended to go into campus politics, extra-curricular activities but someone offered me to run for nung high school kasi When she started studying a position. Sabi ko sige, let’s try yung parents namin – kasi in college, Abdulwahid initially campus politics. Eventually doon sa Chinese school, three resolved not to engage in extra- na nagsimula,” she explained. in a batch na Muslim, so curricular activities so she could She noted that usually, minority lang talaga din focus her attention on her studies, candidates came from the party’s – pero since elementary as she wanted to pursue a degree member organizations; the two active na rin ako sa mga in Philosophy. According to her, student organizations she was ganun kasi in-encourage she wanted to go on ‘acad mode.’ a member of did not belong kami ng parents namin to go “Ang panata ko nga dati nung to any party. “Kasi sa campus out, hindi lang nakakulong pumasok ako sa UP, bawal kang politics, kailangan mo ng mass sa studies; may sports, sumali sa organizations, bawal base, ibig sabihin galing ka sa may leadership, may extra- kang sumali — sa kahit ano!” isang organization na maraming curricular activities. But the lure of leadership proved members. Ang org ko lang noon, irresistible. “Pero nag-join ako ng [Philosophy] Organization at Abdulwahid traced her orgs, naging active ako sa dorm. I Muslim Students Organization roots to the Sama of Mindanao, joined organizations sa UP dahil (MSA). Minority ang MSA, at one of the region’s thirteen gusto ko mapabilang sa mga orgs ang Philo Org, konti lang kaming ethno-linguistic groups, to which na ito. But not really campus members.” The support from the

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MSA was even divided, since was aware that women occupying is the highest student position in other Muslim students were also the highest position in politics an academic institution, Muslim running for positions in the student were unheard of in Muslim culture. women are only restricted from government. “I was in a dilemma then because heading an Islamic state,” she Eventually, she won. In of all the preconceived notions explained. Her parents, who 2006, she found herself running people have of Muslim women,” initially expressed apprehension for candidacy again –this time she remarked. Dealing with the at the thought of their daughter as councilor of the University restrictions -- which a fellow leading the entire student council, Student Council (USC)2 – and member of the MSA passionately finally relented and gave her won, garnering the most number pointed out to her -- would be their support when Abdulwahid of votes. After she graduated cum another big issue. Campaigning, explained her professors’ opinion laude from college that year, she which involved speaking in on the matter. thought that her stint as councilor front of a crowd and mingling with people, would expose her “Ilang beses akong would be her last venture into tinanong, for how many times, campus politics. “I was very to temptation.“[Abdulwahid’s colleague at the MSA] emphasized last minute akong um-oo.” She thankful that I had been given the explained to her MSA associate chance to be of service to the other that good Muslim women should always stand behind the men and that Muslim women should not students the best way I could. But allow themselves to be forever I felt that I had reached the end of subserviently follow them,” she echoed. imprisoned in that kind of thinking. my political career and there was “Besides, I have been a leader for no other way to go from there,” she Her family was also worried as long as I can remember,” she said. that the responsibilities that come beamed. Abdulwahid was then with the position may put undue offered a scholarship at the UP pressure on her. Her family was Institute of Islamic Studies. She saying that “Pag nanalo ka, ikaw PIERCING THE VEIL: was in her first year of graduate ang magiging mukha ng students, MAKING A STATEMENT IN studies when another opportunity ikaw ang magiging mukha ng UP, UP’S CAMPUS POLITICS to get into the USC presented itself; at kung ano yung magiging reply she was asked to be her party’s mo, salita mo, ay magrereflect sa standard bearer for the University’s iyo. At security-wise, hindi rin safe She started campaigning highest student government post. sa iyo, dahil babae ka.” along with her other party mates “I said no to STAND-UP when When the STAND-UP in March 2008. “I was careful to its officers offered to field me for officers were steadfast in asking still abide by Muslim rules during USC chair last December [2007],” her to run as their candidate for the campaign period,” Abdulwahid she recalled. USC chair, Abdulwahid decided to related. She said that handshakes Although another Muslim, consult professors of the Institute with the opposite sex are prohibited, Rommel Romato, had won as USC of Islamic Studies about her because Muslim culture dictates chair in 2002, Abdulwahid felt that concern.“My professors told me that females should not interact she was not right for the job. She that it was okay for me to run [as intimately with men. “Instead of USC chair] because although it shaking hands with male students ______2. The University Student Council is UP’s official student representative body. The USC is composed of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and twelve university councilors. In addition, each degree granting college is represented in the USC by a college representative.

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which is one manifestation of Sabi ng ibang mga “Pero iba yung nangyayari: intimacy in our culture, I gave them estudyante sa akin, ‘A, nakaka-attract ka ang ng attention leaflets and flyers,” she recalled Shan, tanggalin mo yung dahil kakaiba ka sa society. So with amusement. But whenever veil mo, para iboboto kita’ pag may nakakitang naka-hijab contact such as handshakes could – may ganon. Pangalawa: ka, kakaiba ka, kasi ikaw lang ang not be avoided, she gave in out of ‘Bakit mo tinatakpan yung nakaganyan. So nakakacatch ka politeness and respect. ulo mo? Kalbo ka ba?’ – ng attention in a way.” mga nang-aasar. Pangatlo: Abdulwahid’s hijab or Some feminists condemn traditional Muslim headdress, may mga professor na nagtatanong na, ‘Anong this practice as oppressive of which the Quran requires Muslim women. But for Abdulwahid, the girls who have reached the age masasabi mo na terorista ka?’ piece of cloth she would wear of puberty to wear, also raised around her head and fasten under questions among the UP student Parang sabi ko, nasa UP her chin with a brooch is anything population. “People easily tayo di ba? Dapat mas but oppressive. “Para sa akin it’s recognized my religion because malawak yung pang- a form of expression. Kasi kung of my hijab, so they asked a lot unawa natin sa mga naka-hijab ka, makikilala ka of questions about why I was bagay-bagay, so bakit pa ng mga tao as a Muslim. Kung running for USC chair and how ako nakakaencounter ng makikita ng mga tao na capable I would deal with the restrictions mga ganito? ka na maging student leader or involved. “I shared with them what makipagsabayan sa mga students my professors earlier explained The holy book of Islam, ng UP, it’s a statement kung baga. to me: that it is possible for a the Quran, mandates women to It’s a political statement on our Muslim woman to run for the cover their awrat, or body parts part.” highest position in an academic that could tempt men, such as their institution,” she pointed out. hair, arms, and legs. Abdulwahid When the 2007 university thus believed that wearing the student council elections were She further recalled her hijab is “every Muslim woman’s done, Shahana Abdulwahid tallied experiences going from classroom moral obligation.” 4,365 first-place votes, or 48 to classroom, from one college to percent of the electorate. However, another thus: “May mga iba na the victory was not as unanimous gumagamit ng hijab pero nakasuot Ang kalaban ko that time, for STAND UP, her political party. naman ng short sleeves o fitting “Ako ang chair. Ang vice chair fratman [fraternity man] outfits, so parang defeating rin at sorority girl, from the namin ay Alyansa. Six of our yung purpose ng hijab mo. Kung councilors are STAND UP; the College of Law, which is maghihijab ka, dapat naka-long the most influential college; remaining six are Alyansa . College sleeves ka, tapos hindi masyadong representatives namin ay hati rin. and from the College of naka-tight [clothes], yung kita Engineering, which is the Hati talaga. Meron kaming mga yung curves mo. So basically, hindi members na KAISA na iilan,” she biggest college. Ako, from pang-attract ng attention.” the Insitute of Islamic said, recalling the composition of Studies. Tinatanong ako As Muslims are still a her Student Council. ng mga estudyante, ‘Meron minority group in the Philippines, The following year, she pala’ng Institute of Islamic Abdulwahid noted that the hijab was selected as Student Regent Studies sa UP?’ seems to be doing otherwise.

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based on a majority vote of all of Business Administration) and the guidelines provided by RA constituent units of UP. A body governed by a Board of Regents No. 1870, the old UP Charter. Of called the General Assembly (BOR), its highest decision- the twelve regents who constitute of Student Councils (GASC), making body. It is composed of the Board, only the student and composed of elected student twelve individuals ‘representing faculty regents were sectoral council members across the UP various sectors of the University, representatives of the University. system, decided on the Student the private sector, and the With the approval of the new UP Regent based on a list of nominees government.’4 The University charter in April 2008, the number forwarded by university students President serves as Co-Chair of the of Malacañang5 appointees and organizations.3 BOR, with three Board members decreased, and a staff regent being appointed by the state. The was included in the provisions THE LEADERSHIP SETTING: Student Regent (SR) sits as Board for selection of Board members. UP AND UNIVERSITY member. These changes took effect when GOVERNANCE the terms of the regents for 2008- As constituted by Republic 2009 expired. Act (RA) No. 9500, or the new UP Charter, the BOR was mandated All regents served The University of the to exercise ‘corporate powers’ in without compensation other than Philippines (UP) is the country’s leading the university towards reimbursement for actual and premier state university, an attaining its goal of ‘unique and necessary expenses incurred in academic system comprised of distinctive leadership in higher attendance to meetings or other seven constituent universities education and development.’ official business authorized by the located in 12 campuses throughout The BOR decides on the most BOR. The UP System code states the archipelago. Established in important matters and issues that the Board shall conduct its 1908, the UP system currently concerning the University, such regular meetings once a month offers 246 undergraduate programs as fixing tuition and other fees, during the academic year in any and 362 graduate programs, with electing the University President, UP unit. courses ranging from Applied approving the graduation and Physics to Ethnomusicology, granting honors to students, covering almost all disciplines appointing faculty members ISLAMIC LEADERSHIP IN and appealing to all interests. Its and other University officials, THE SECULAR CONTEXT: student population is over 50,000 and receiving and appropriating ADDRESSING UP’S TUITION every academic year. University funds. Decisions of the FEE INCREASES Board are finalized through secret The UP system was balloting. administered by a President Data from the Commission (currently being held by Dr. The current members of on Higher Education (CHED) Emerlinda Roman of the College the BOR are selected based on noted that as of 2008, there were ______3. The GASC meets in late October every year in order to ratify the Codified Rules for Student Regent Selection (CRSRS), a document that serves as a ‘rule book’ for the selection process. They then meet again in December to select the Student Regent. Autonomous units like UP Baguio, Manila, Diliman, Los Baños, and Mindanao get two votes each, while other constituent units like UP Visayas Tacloban College gets one vote.

4. From the ‘Administration’ page of the UP website www.up.edu.ph

5. This refers to appointees of the Philippine President. Malacañang is the President’s official residence.

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Table 1: Statement of expenditures of SUCs (in Billion Php) Year Government Expenses from Overall expendi- Percentage of inter- subsidy internal rev- tures nal revenue from enue overall expenditures 2001 15.35 2.42 17.79 13.71 2002 17.01 2.67 19.67 13.53 2003 17.07 3.48 20.56 16.93 2004 16.67 3.82 20.5 18.65 2005 17.51 4.97 22.51 22.07 2006 16.67 4.59 21.3 21.57 2007 19.34 6.53 25.88 25.24 2008 20.81 7.54 28.35 26.61 2009* 22.57 8.19 30.76 26.63 Aver- 18.11nB 4.91Bn 23.03Bn 20.55% age *Projected Source: Department of Budget and Management

2,060 higher education institutions annual budget of Php 23 Billion donations, interest earned from in the country, with 110 being starting 2001, the Macapagal- revolving funds, and other sources. state universities and colleges Arroyo administration had More than sixty percent of this was (SUCs) and 1,523 being private managed to provide a little over in the form of student payments, institutions. The rest were classified Php 18 Billion in average annual and for 2009 this percentage was as CHED-supervised6 institutions, subsidies over the same period. to be translated to an estimated local universities and colleges, and For 2009, despite a more than Php5.79 Billion worth of fees to other government schools. State eight percent increase in projected students. In turn, this amounted universities and colleges (SUCs) expenditures (at Php30.76 Billion), to more than eighteen percent of are institutions funded by the government will only be able to the total spending needs of SUCs national government. They have commit Php22.57 Billion to SUCs. (See Table 2). Since 2001, the their own charters and are thus These state schools were expected percentage share of student fees to autonomous from CHED. to generate Php8.19 Billion in revenues of SUCs had increased Footing the bill: the state internal revenue to compensate for from 55.46 percent to 65.89 of government subsidies for SUCs the deficit (See Table 1). percent in 2008.

The Department of Budget The 110 SUCs generate In an interview for UP’s and Management (DBM) noted their internal revenue from tuition student newspaper, the Philippine that while SUCs needed an average and other student fees, grants and Collegian7, Alliance of Concerned ______6. The Commission on Higher Education is s the governing body covering both public and private higher education institutions as well as degree- granting programs in all tertiary educational institutions in the Philippines.

7. Toni Tiemsin and Marjohara Tucay, “Taunang subsidy sa SUCs mula 2001, kulang ng halos limang bilyong piso,” in The Philippine Collegian Issue No. 14, 30 Sept 2008.

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Table 2: Internal revenue sources of SUCs (In Billion Php) Year Tuition Other Revenue Donations Other Total student from revolv- and grants sources fees ing fund 2001 1.17 .332 .192 .142 .871 2.71 2002 1.33 .379 .224 .126 .870 2.93 2003 1.69 .773 .484 .125 .827 3.90 2004 1.84 .812 .487 .103 .751 3.99 2005 2.68 1.08 .669 .072 1.16 5.67 2006 2.97 1.17 .665 .047 1.22 6.07 2007 3.77 1.43 1.03 .194 1.57 7.99 2008 3.89 1.49 1.07 .121 1.60 8.18 2009* 4.19 1.6 1.18 .120 1.78 8.87 Average 2.62Bn 1.08Bn .850Bn .132Bn 1.18Bn 5.59Bn *Projected Source: Department of Budget and Management

Teachers president Antonio Tinio Philippine President Joseph education budget of Php 204.9 remarked that “Mas maraming Estrada] may recommendations na Billion for 2009, an almost ten Pilipino ang mapagkakaitan ng bawasan ng bawasan ang badyet percent increase from its previous mas mataas na edukasyon dahil sa ng SUCs upang matulak ang mga year’s budget of Php 186.6 Billion. mababang subsidyo ng SUCs. Mas pamunuan nito na magpalitaw However, the Department of maraming Pilipino ang umaasang ng sarili nilang pondo through Education (DepEd) was originally makapasok sa SUCs dahil sa tuition fee increases and other asking for a budget of Php 259 kahirapan ng buhay at sa mataas income-generating activity,” Tinio Billion. na halaga ng pag-aaral sa mga lamented. pribadong eskwelahan.” The Philippine House In its Medium-Term of Representatives, through its According to CHED, Development Plan for Higher Subcommittee on Appropriations, one third of the total 2.4 million Education 2005-2010, the had approved a Php 6.69 Billion college students were enrolled Macapagal-Arroyo government budget for UP; the state university’s in SUCs. Beginning 2005, this declared that “for the next six initial budget proposal was worth number increased by six percent years, efforts will be directed Php 15.35 Billion.8 every year, while enrolment to…rationalizing governance rates in private universities and and financing higher education Unleashing creativity and colleges had gone down by five in a manner that would unleash entrepreneurship: UP endorses percent – from 1.66 million institutional creativity and tuition fee increases students in 2000 to 1.58 million entrepreneurship.” For its part, in 2005. “Panahon pa ni [former the DBM proposed an overall In September 2006 UP

______8. Ibid.

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President Emerlinda Roman utilities costs; laboratory afforded to pay the full cost issued a memo to all chancellors maintenance; equipment of instruction. of the UP system, requesting them repair; chemical reagents; to help disseminate the findings instructional supplies For UP campuses all over of a proposal9 to adjust the state and materials; and the country, the average cost of university’s tuition and other other instruction-related undergraduate instruction (faculty fees. According to the proposal, expenses and time/salary spent for instruction, inflation had ‘eroded’ the value of b) procurement of supplies and teaching materials, UP’s tuition and other fees, stating equipment and upkeep of utilities, etc.) was estimated to be that the current fees were worth its facilities. Php1,531 per student-credit unit, only a third of their value in 1989, although it was documented that the last time it adjusted the level The staggering cost of there were significant variations and structure of its undergraduate power and utilities has eaten up a across campuses. In campuses such fees. These figures are reflected in large part of its income. as Diliman, Los Baños, and Manila Table 3. for example, the cost actually The primer10 summarizing The university’s ability to incurred for each student-credit the proposal’s findings noted that: respond to technological unit was Php1,500-Php1,600; developments is hampered while it was at Php1,000.00 for the The erosion in the value of by its lack of funds for the regional campuses. UP’s undergraduate fees acquisition of equipment has severely affected its for its instructional The UP administration institutional capability on and research needs. was thus asking for a tuition fee two levels: Furthermore, the erosion adjustment based on inflation, with a) coping with rapidly of the real value of tuition subsequent annual adjustments increasing maintenance fees extends unwarranted referenced on the national inflation and other operating subsidies to students rate. These rates are seen in Table expenses for power, coming from families 4. security, and other that could actually have

Table 3: Real values of UP’s tuition fees, controlled for certain factors 1989 rates Real value in 2005 control- Real value in 2005 con- ling for inflation trolling for increase in the price of education services Php300/unit (Diliman) Php98/unit Php42/unit Php200/unit (regional Php61/unit Php28/unit units) Source: Tuition fee primer, 2006.

______9. Primer on the Proposal to Adjust Tuition and Other Fees, an attachment to Memorandum No. PERR 06-036 issued by UP President Emerlinda Roman on 12 September 2006.

10. Ibid, p.2.

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According to the tuition fee Table 4: UP’s proposed tuition fees primer, “With these revised tuition Campuses Existing Proposed fees, UP’s charges for tuition Group I remain significantly lower than the true cost of an undergraduate Diliman Php300 Php1,000 UP education and therefore still Manila Php300 Php1,000 contain a significant public subsidy Los Baños Php250 Php1,000 11 for higher education.” Group II Baguio Php200 Php600 The proposal also stated that UP’s miscellaneous fees had Visayas Php200 Php600 to be adjusted because of rapid Mindanao Php200 Php600 increases in: a) maintenance of Source: Tuition fee primer, 2006. internet infrastructure in each campus; b) electricity consumed Table 5: UP’s proposed miscellaneous fees by the university’s facilities; Campuses Existing Proposed and c) purchase of books and Group I maintenance of journal and library Diliman Php615 Php2,000 subscriptions. These adjustments are reflected in Table 5. Manila Php515 Php2,000 Los Baños Php565 Php2,000 UP’s income from these Group II adjustments were going to be used Baguio Php595 Php1,405 to cover increasing cost of power Visayas Php595 Php1,405 and other utilities, procurement of equipment and upkeep of Mindanao Php830 Php1,640 facilities, purchase of books and Source: Tuition fee primer, 2006. maintenance of journal and library subscriptions, and enhancement of provided by highly qualified and increased stipends teaching and research. faculty members, improved and a larger number of student-computer ratios, recipients of the Socialized The primer had this to say increased internet access, Tuition and Financial as far as benefits of the tuition and well-maintained teaching Assistance Program 12 other fees increase (ToFI) to UP’s and research laboratories (STFAP) . student body was concerned: with state-of-the-art equipment, easy access On December 15, 2006, the For students, this will to a wider and updated BOR approved the proposal and translate into quality collection of textbooks and planned to implement it beginning academic services (in reference materials (in Academic Year (AY) 2007-2008. terms of instruction and various forms, i.e., online, However, UP’s students protested supervised research) print, etc.) in UP libraries, the implementation of the fee ______11. Ibid, p.2.

12. Ibid, p.5.

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On December 15, 2006, the Chair ako ng alliance ng student to approve it on December BOR approved the proposal and councils ng [UP] system. So we 2006. As early as May we planned to implement it beginning had several campaigns in each had several consultations Academic Year (AY) 2007-2008. UP unit, so coordinated yun ng in different UP units However, UP’s students protested Council. We coordinated with the na. We had campaigns, the implementation of the fee Student Regent that time.” consultations. Eventually, adjustments, stating a number of we decided na sa darating counter-arguments. The protesters She further recounted the na board meeting, we also noted that the Faculty and prevailing sentiments at the time would have a big protest. Student Regents were not present of the ToFI ratification thus: Na cancel nga yung when the Board discussed and lantern parade13 because subsequently voted on the [The UP administration] of the protest. Walang proposal. “Yung Student Regent gave us some computations, lantern parade [in 2006] namin that time, wala siya during sabi nila it’s high time to because the administration the meeting, nung dine-deliberate increase tuition. But ours was afraid that, malaking yung tuition fee increases, and was that yung increase rally yung binubuo, yung the Faculty Regent. May change would prevent other ibang mga outsiders, baka venue e. Originally, nasa isang students – lalo na yung kung anong gawin ng mga venue siya, but nung nag-mass up mga nasa lower brackets students sa sobrang galit yung mga students to protest para ng society – to enter UP. sa tuition increase. hindi ipa-continue yung board If UP was a University for meeting, iniba yung venue. Doon, the People, sinasabi yan, In her capacity as Chair of hindi na na kapunta yung faculty subsidized yung tuition sa the Katipunan ng mga Sangguniang and student regent,” Abdulwahid UP. Mag-aaral sa UP (KASAMA sa explained. UP), the system-wide alliance Yung board decision kasi of student councils, Abdulwahid The students’ voice: was that mag-increase tayo had to deal with the differing Abdulwahid and the students’ ng tuition this year subject opinions that the university’s stand on ToFI to increase annually student groups harbored on the depending on the inflation issue. “May mga student groups Soon after, the USC moved rate. So yun yung protest na nagsasabing junk the tuition to consult with students regarding namin, tapos they gave us increase, she said. “Some would the fee increases, as well as analyze financial assistance, which say na i-delay muna, pag-aralan its possible impacts. Abdulwahid we think hindi naman pa uli yung proposal. Meron din noted that “I was Councilor that talaga effective in the first iba na we go for tuition increase time, at Chair ng system-wide place kasi for the past years, but study or implement effectively alliance ng student councils. yung old system hindi rin yung financial assistance program Yung chair namin sa Diliman was siya naka-accommodate ng [STFAP]14 [Paolo] Alfonso. Student Regent maraming mga students. at that time was [UP Cebu’s Results of these Raffy] Sanchez…During yung Even as early as June of consultations were enhanced by a deliberation ng tuition increase, 2006, the board decided survey on UP Diliman freshmen

______13. The Lantern Parade is an annual tradition in UP Diliman, where colleges feature their respective Christmas lanterns for public viewing.

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regarding their perceptions on The review also noted the institution and the state. the tuition increase, along with low enrolment figures in certain a review of system-wide and courses of study, as shown in Table The same downward trend unit-wide enrolment and STFAP 6. was also evident in UP Diliman’s data. “Yung sa Student Councils, engineering and science courses. we opted to go for the maximum According to the review, The review emphasized that na pag-junk ng tuition increase. the data ‘points out the mismatch ‘the necessity of such courses Kasi yung sa ibang mga points, between the quotas, the number of for contributing to the scientific, halimbawa we delay it, we study qualifiers and the actual enrolment technological, and socio- it further, you would still want an post-implementation of the new political capital of the country increase in the tuition. Pero yung tuition scheme.’ It also stated that: is being threatened by the low principle kasi, we don’t want any enrolment posed during this initial increase because it would hinder The use of the course implementation of the tuition students to enter the university,” quotas compared the increase.’ Abdulwahid declared. actual freshman enrolment in a particular course is an The ToFI caused the These findings and indicator of the prospective University to ‘automatically’ recommendations were eventually decreasing and market lose a measure of its comparative included in a policy review relevance of these courses, advantage to other schools in terms paper that was presented by the and the corresponding of affordability. ‘As the tuition gap OSR to the University’s Regents effect on the production of between UP and other universities at a regular board meeting in knowledge and graduates offering similar courses narrowed September 2007. At the onset, for the scientific and with the implementation of the review cited the 12.3 percent cultural development of the the tuition increase, UPCAT16 decrease in enrolment figures university and the country. qualifiers and their families now in the UP system as prima facie readily look for alternative schools, evidence of the ToFI’s impact. The These low enrolment rates compared to previous years when report noted that the lower student prevailed across the university’s the default University of choice enrolment was ‘coincidental only creative disciplines (which are in can often be UP, in terms of cost with the implementation of the the College of Arts and Letters, or and quality.’ tuition increase, especially as the CAL). The review pointed out that tuition increase remain (sic) the ‘CAL produces the country’s most The review also sounded only new variable introduced in notable writers and artists, both the alarm for reduced access to this year’s enrolment.’15 in English and Filipino, that have college education among the youth, gained critical accolades’ both for citing decreasing enrolments ______14. All UP students receive state subsidies even when they pay the regular tuition rates because the regular UP tuition rates are not sufficient to de- fray the actual cost incurred by the University in providing quality education. However, students who need further subsidies may apply for the benefits under the STFAP, also known as the ‘Iskolar ng Bayan’ Program. Students who apply for STFAP benefits are classified by the University into STFAP brackets based on the student’s declared family income and other socio-economic indicators to determine the level of their capacity to pay.

15. An Assessment and Review of the New Tuition and Socialized Financial Assistance Program, prepared by the Office of the Student Regent, University of the Philippines. Presented in the September 28, 2007 meeting of the Board of Regents.

16. The University of the Philippines College Admission Test

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Table 6: Selected UP Diliman (UPD) courses with low freshman enrolment relative to the quota Courses Quo- Freshman Con- Actual Actual en- ta qualifiers firmed enroll- rollees/ enrollees ees Course quotas BA Araling Filipino 25 1 1 0 0% BA Filipino 25 n/a n/a 0 0% BA Malikhaing Pagsulat sa Filipino 25 n/a n/a 0 0% BA Theater Arts 25 9 1 1 4% BS Mining Engineering 35 2 2 2 5.71% BS Home Economics 30 3 2 2 6.67% BA Comparative Literature 50 6 5 5 10% BS Geodetic Engineering 75 15 9 9 12% BA Creative Writing 30 5 5 56 16.67% BA History 35 13 6 6 17.14% BS Community Development 35 9 6 6 17.14% BS Social Work 35 8 6 6 17.14% B Landscape Architecture 35 12 6 6 17.14% BS Geology 100 21 19 19 19% BA Art Studies 10 4 2 2 20% B Library and Information 35 10 7 7 20% Science B Music 15 15 3 3 20% BA Communication Research 40 14 9 9 22.5% BA Public Administration 70 20 18 16 22.86% BS Metallurgical Engineering 35 9 11 9 25.71% BS Physical Education 15 2 1 1 26% BA Philosophy 70 32 21 20 28.57% B Elementary Education 35 16 13 10 28.57% BA Speech Communication 70 29 24 21 30% BA English Studies 75 40 29 27 36% BS Interior Design 45 23 18 16 35.56% BA Sociology 35 14 12 12 34.29% BS Business Administration 100 102 49 44 44% B Sport Science 20 14 9 9 45%

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Table 6 cont.: Selected UP Diliman (UPD) courses with low freshman enrolment relative to the quota Courses Quo- Freshman Con- Actual Actual en- ta qualifiers firmed enroll- rollees/ enrollees ees Course quotas BS Applied Physics 60 28 27 24 40% BS Materials Engineering 75 30 44 45 60% BS Statistics 120 64 67 57 47.5% B Fine Arts 35 33 19 19 54.29% BS Physics 60 28 35 33 55% BA Anthropology 30 22 15 16 53.3% BS Business Administration and 100 101 58 54 54% Accountancy BS Geography 10 10 7 5 50% Source: An Assessment and Review of the New Tuition and Socialized Financial Assis- tance Program in private universities and the education decreases with increase to be heavy in terms of subsequent enrolment increase the implementation of their current financial capacities. in state universities and colleges tuition increases. (SUCs). This is shown in Table 7. In terms of recommendation, Finally, the review 9.4 percent insisted on the According to the review: mentioned the lack of consultation continuation of the tuition hike. with incoming freshmen and their Other recommendations ranged Despite increased parents regarding ToFI. According from lessening the increase, to enrolment in public tertiary to a survey done by the OSR and the outright scrapping of the institutions, [SUCs] cannot volunteers of UPD’s School of ToFI policy. ‘Majority, or 54.8% be able to absorb all of Statistics, UP administration’s positioned for an immediate those who have dropped out consultation with the freshmen rollback of the tuition rate to levels from private schools…With came only in the form of a paper before the new tuition scheme,’ the an increase in tuition in the together with their confirmation review noted. premier state university, slip for admission into the and a widespread tuition university. Thus, 82.2 percent Despite living with ToFI, hike in the public sector, of UPD freshmen surveyed had Abdulwahid and the student it is prospective that no knowledge of the bases [for] government, along with the enrolment rates may drop and processes behind the tuition OSR, continued to monitor its for both public and private increase. Almost all of those implementation: educational institutions. surveyed – 94.7 percent – expressed Thus, the national capacity disagreement on the ToFI, and There were some effects to provide tertiary around 89 percent considered the eventually sa tution

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Table 7: Enrolment figures, 2000-2004 Type of AY 2000-2001 2001-2002 2002-2003 2003-2004 institution Philippines 2,430,842 2,466,056 2,426,976 2,420,856 Public 771,162 808,321 815,595 829,181 SUCs 700,199 733,827 734,224 742,108 LUCs 61,954 67,749 74,382 80,037 CSIs 4,043 360 554 561 OGS 4,966 6,385 6,435 6,475 Increase 37,159 7,274 13,586 (Decrease) Private 1,659,680 1,657,735 1,611,381 1,591,675 Sectarian 527,753 500,753 505,068 492,438 Non- 1,131,927 1,156,982 1,106,313 1,099,237 sectarian Increase (1,945) (46,354) (19,706) (Decrease) Source: Higher Education Statistical Bulletin AY 2003-2004, CHED increase. Ngayon, sa second Ateneo o sa La Salle given tuition increase maliit pa year implementation the demography…Dahil na lang. Konti pa lang yun, nya na, we found out na rin sa effect ng tuition fee yung impact nun hindi pa karamihan ng mga students increase. nama-manifest. So ibig na pumapasok sa UP ay sabihin, income-wise konti either middle class o sa But yung point of view lang nakukuha ng UP upper class. Kasi yung mga naman ng administration, sa tuition increase. May nasa lower bracket either they want to improve usapin din ng mga budget they apply for the financial facilities, they want to e, kasi yung maintenance grant pero kakaunti lang acquire more equipment and other operating nakaka-apply, or they go to for the university. Kasi low expenses ng university other schools kasi mataas subsidy nga’ng binibigay kina-cut down every year nga tuition sa UP. sa university. So we want ng national government, increase, we have to so the university had to So maging more or less yung generate income for the find ways para makakuha demography ng students, procurement, pag-aayos ng ng funds for that. So pati yung orientation ng facilities. ginawa nila, chi-narge UP students, nag-iiba na nila sa students through rin. Yung dating sinasabi [The improvements energy fee, internet fee… nilang UP culture, ngayon in facilities are not So tumaas din ang tuition nag-iiba na. Parang, ano significant], kasi yung because of that. na’ng difference ng UP sa interest na nakukuha sa

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When she became Student kailangan ko rin ipasok yung faculty, employee and Regent, Abdulwahid requested interest ng mga Muslim students. (local and foreign) ‘for student councils to facilitate By my being a student chairperson, visitor in the campus… the gathering of necessary we initiated some talks with the The mosque, serving as a documents such as enrolment- administration kung paano ma- place of worship and also related information in order to accommodate yung prayer hall. an information resource comprehensively review and May ongoing talks kami hanggang center, will highlight the update the policy paper formulated ngayon with the administration. beauty and possibility of by former SR Terry Ridon, who coexistence among the initiated the policy review during The idea to establish different faiths in our school year 2007-2008, when ToFI a UP Diliman mosque was community. In addition was first passed.’ She also said formally proposed to university to the existing places of that sometime during the fourth administration in February 2003, worship in the campus, quarter of 2008, ‘the OSR has also in a letter drafted by the UP Masjid accommodation of this organized a series of consultations Foundation, Inc. Part of the letter project will strengthen our in UP units to get the sentiments – addressed to then Chancellor initiatives in promoting of the students regarding the ToFI Emerlinda Roman – reads as knowledge, understanding and the STFAP, especially from follows: and respect among the freshmen and sophomores.’ people. The UP Diliman Prayer is an integral part Mosque will definitely add Islamic leadership in its own of a Muslim’s way of life. to the rich cultural and context: establishing a Muslim Muslims pray five (5) times institutional identity of UP prayer area on campus a day – one at daybreak Diliman as a world-class (between 5 am and 6 am), university. Though her mandate lunchtime (12 pm), late was to serve the interests of the afternoon (3 pm to 5 pm), The clamor for a proper greater UP student body, Shahana evening (6 pm to 7 pm) prayer area had remained a sore Abdulwahid made sure that she and the last prayer at 8 point among UP’s Muslims. also represented the university’s pm onwards. At present, “Parang medyo maingay yung Muslim minority from which she Muslims are using the Muslim community na, there’s came. This became evident in a Institute of Islamic Studies discrimination, bakit hindi long-standing issue among UP’s Conference Room for pinapayagan ng UP yung mosque, Muslims: the establishment of a Friday prayers. Indeed, bakit may dalawang chapel dito masjid (mosque) on campus. this lack of a proper place sa UP tapos wala ng mosque. of worship for Muslims So I had to research on the legal “Yung pinaka-advocacy creates inconvenience basis, kung bakit may dalawa ng ng mga Muslim students in UP and worse, a sense of chapel tapos walang mosque,” is to establish a parang decent alienation. Abdulwahid recalled. prayer area in the campus,” she reiterated. “For the past twenty, Thus, the presence of a University administration thirty years wala kaming prayer small mosque in the campus had its own misgivings regarding area. Eventually, ako bilang Chair is truly indispensable to the request of Muslims within at Muslim din, student at that, every Muslim student, their community. Among these

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was the notion that ‘suspicious din ng kanilang part. by the Office of the elements’ would enter the campus Eventually parang, since Campus Architect; should the mosque be constructed. maliit din lang yung 4. The lessee shall abide “Baka maging Little Quiapo17 community na y un, hindi by University rules siya,” she remarked. “Kasi meron ganoon ka-significant yung concerning dormitory pa ring ilang mga ganung notion magiging impact niya when operations; and ang administration. So we had to it comes to pressuring the 5. The contract shall be explain na hindi dapat ganyan ang administration to give us confirmed by the BOR. impression nila sa mga Muslim.” such demand. “Pwede naman talagang “Sa tingin ko ang UP Parang ang nangyayari, magtayo ng masjid pero problema medyo hesitant sila ibigay yung part lang yung Muslim nga lang yung sustainability ng prayer area kasi may sensitivity concerns sa malaking project,” Abdulwahid clarified. issue. Kasi pag na-grant ng problema ng…so “Eventually, nalaman namin na UP – kasi di ba UP is a secular halimbawa tuition increase pwede naman talaga magtayo ng university – at pag na-grant ng UP versus the masjid, siempre mosque inside the campus as long ang prayer area na yun parang mas mag-aano yung tuition as magbabayad ng commercial sinasabing biased sila towards increase…pero continuous rate. At itong dalawang chapel Muslims,” she added. yung advocacy ng masjid na ito, they are considered not project. as religious institutions but Abdulwahid explained her commercial entities na nagre-rent role in rallying the university’s In September 2004, the sa UP. Kasi given na, halimbawa Muslim community behind Chancellor’s Office agreed in yung Church, medyo malakas yung the proposal and the inherent principle to lease a 3,000 square support from outside, paano natin difficulties in the advocacy: meter portion of UP Diliman land ma-sustain kung tinayo natin yung for the masjid as well as a Muslim- masjid? Would it be feasible for us Yung masjid project, inspired dormitory. The terms were to maintain that for the next fifty regular nagkakaroon as follows: years? So yun yung question.” kami ng meetings with The UP Masjid Foundation was students, tapos parang we 1. The lease term shall left looking for project benefactors plan out kung ano yung be for 25 years and while negotiating the finer dapat na gagawin namin, renewable for another points of the lease, including the ano yung mga dialogues 25 years; exact location for the structure. na kailangang hingin 2. The lessee shall from the administration. contribute to the Epilogue So para siyang collective overhead of the effort; the Muslim Students University equivalent Despite the challenges she Association does its to 10 percent of the faced in UP’s student government, part, tapos ang faculty project’s gross receipts; Abdulwahid remained ever the nagbibigay din, ang 3. The structure’s design unassuming student leader who Islamic Studies nagbibigay shall be approved was both proud of and humbled by ______17. Small pockets of Muslim communities spread across various places in Metropolitan Manila, including districts such as Quiapo. These areas are usually considered flashpoints of ethnic tension.

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the experience. “I never expected that the students would accept my candidacy the way they did, especially because I come from a minority group,” she noted. “I am glad my decision to run…has somehow changed some people’s opinions of what Muslim women are capable of.” ______

A 1988 King Faisal International Prize Awardee for Service to Islam and one of the personalities profiled in the book “100 Great Muslim Leaders of the 20th Century (1)”, Ahmad Do- mocao Alangadi Alonto has always been regarded as a legend of his time by the people of Moroland. Muslims and non-Mus- lims both in the Philippines and in the Muslim world view him as a man of vision, a great teacher, a social reformer, a states- man, a pragmatic politician, and a champion of the rights of Muslims in the Philippines. To others he is considered as the father of the contemporary Moro (Mindanao-Sulu Muslims) struggle for the right of self-determination.

The quality of his learning, and in (his) enduring leadership could best be measured impact on Muslim societies.” (3) according to one of his favorite Indisputably, Ahmad Domocao Dr. Ahmad Domocao quotes from Jose Rizal’s “El Alonto played a very important A. Alonto Filibusterismo,” when Basilio said role in shaping the course of Moro to Simoun: “…The greatness of Muslim history in this country. a man does not consist in going far ahead of his generation but in Born in Ramain, Lanao knowing its aspirations, meeting of Mindanao on August 1, 1914, its necessities, and guiding it to he was the eldest son of the six move forward.” (2) Indeed, like children of Sultan Alauya Alonto This case was written by the rest of the acclaimed 100 of Ramain and Bai Hajja Amina Rowena Alonto for the th Asian Institute of Manage- great Muslim leaders of the 20 Bariga binte Alangadi of the royal ment-TeaM Energy Center century, his greatness “lies in house of Mala-a-Bayabao, the for Bridging Societal Di- (his) sincere, selfless dedication to oldest of the three original lake- vides. This case is prepared the cause of Islam and Muslims, based (Ranao) kingdoms or Moro solely for the purpose of in (his) creative response to the Iranon emirates in Mindanao. His class discussion. It is neither designed nor intended challenges faced by Muslims, in mother, Bai Hajja Amina Bariga th as an illustration of correct (his) determined efforts to resolve was a 6 generation descendant of or incorrect management of the problems faced by Muslim Al-Marhom Muhammad Dipatuan the problems or issues con- communities, in (his) contribution Kudarat, Sultan of Maguindanao tained in the case. Copy- to the advancement of Islamic and acknowledged as the right 2009.

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Bangsamoro people’s greatest hero governor of the Moro province was It was under these because he fought the Spaniards. Gen. Leonard Wood, who would circumstances that Ahmad’s His father, Sultan Alauya, was eventually become the Governor- father, the Sultan of Ramain, the nephew of the mother. Their General of the Philippines. The was catapulted to center stage in families were also related to the Moro province’s last governor was this chapter of Moro history in Sultan of Sulu. Gen. John ‘Black Jack’ Pershing, particular and Philippine history infamous for his bloody campaign in general. Ahmad’s father, THE MINDANAO SITUATION to demolish Moro cottas (forts) Sultan Alauya Alonto, the first IN ALONTO’S TIME around Lanao lake (4). Muslim senator in the Philippine Commonwealth, played a very Fifteen years before In 1913, the Moro important role in his life. He was, Ahmad Domocao Alonto was province was abolished and a in fact, the greatest influence on born, American colonization of civilian colonial government, the Ahmad’s life. Moroland began. From 1899 to Department of Mindanao and Sulu, 1902, Mindanao and Sulu were was established. It was headed by INSPIRED BY THE SULTAN constituted into a Military District an American civilian named Frank OF RAMAIN, ALAUYA by the Americans for the purpose Carpenter. ALONTO of ‘pacifying’ (read: suppressing) Moro armed resistance to US The following year, the Sultan Alauya was colonial rule. The Military District American colonial government born before the outbreak of was headed by US military officers, initiated the first systematic the Spanish-American war in the first of whom was Gen. John C. migration of Filipino Christian 1898 and witnessed the military Bates. settlers to Mindanao. In 1915, defeat of the Moro Muslims Governor Frank Carpenter by the technologically superior In 1903, the Military compelled the Sultan of Sulu into Americans during the subsequent District of Mindanao became the an agreement that forced the latter American-Moro Wars (4). Though Moro Province which served as to accept US sovereignty. The the experience was a traumatic a transitional military politico- ‘Carpenter Agreement’ ultimately episode in his life, it was also an administrative mechanism for the led to the unilateral and arbitrary eye-opener; it served as testament entrenchment of US colonial rule abolition of the once-sovereign to the Moros’ undaunted bravery in the Moro homeland separate Moro sultanate states by the and determination to fight for their from the Americans’ Hispanic US and signaled an end to the religion, people and land. colony, the Philippines. The first independence of the Moro people.

2. Taken from the Paper read by Ahmad Domocao A. Alonto, Commencement Speaker, 8th Commencement Exercises, MSU, Marawi City, May 22, 1973 entitled Islamic Education and Its Relevance to Nation-Building, page 4.

4. The American-Moro wars began when Spain ceded the Philippines - including the Moro Homeland - in the Treaty of Paris of 1898 to the United States of America. Moroland (Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan), however, was never a part of the Philippines because Spain failed to subdue the Moro Muslims and place them under her rule. Spain therefore had no right to include Mindanao in the sale of the Philippines; on the other hand, the Americans also had no moral and legitimate right to rule over Mindanao as the latter did not belong to Spain. The American occupation Americans of the Moroland was therefore resisted by the Moros through armed and parliamentary struggle.

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Sultan Alauya’s first were then the leading figures of up like the American ‘Indians’ brush with US Governor General the pro-independence ‘Filipinista (the indigenous nations of North Leonard Wood was during a movement’ (8). Sizing him up as America) whose communities large gathering to celebrate the a potential ally among the Moro were decimated and given only July 4th American Independence leaders, they expedited the release settlements (reservations) for their Day in Malacanang, where the of Sultan Alauya - who was at that homeland. (10) Unlike the other different sultans, datus and other time detained at Fort Santiago Moro datus who signed the 1935 tribal chiefs from Mindanao were after his altercation with General Dansalan Declaration opposing presented as a showcase for those Wood - from American custody the annexation of Mindanao to wanting to remain under American and brought him to the Philippine the Philippines and asking to rule. The Sultan interrupted the legislature where he was presented remain under American rule rather Governor-General in the middle as the voice of the Mindanao than be part of an independent of his speech and said: “What are Moros. (9) Philippines, the Sultan favored you saying, you white monkey? We joining Philippine independence. Muslims have always held on to our The Sultan dreaded being He rationalized this stand to his sovereignty and independence.” under the Americans because, people by arguing in simple logic (7) He then continued and said having read US history coupled that the Americans were physically that the “Americans should go with his first-hand observation bigger, stronger and so harder to home and leave the affairs with the of the trauma that the Moro fight, unlike the Filipinos who were Filipinos with us.” This episode people had gone through under of the same built and color like caught the attention of Manuel L. US colonial rule, he said that he them and who had not colonized Quezon and Sergio Osmena, who would not want the Moros to end the Moros yet. (11) ______5. There are no accurate statistical data on the number of Maranaw Moros killed during the American ‘pacification’ campaign in the Lake Lanao area. The best estimate that living witnesses can give is that from 3,000 to 5,000 Maranaw Moros died resisting US colonial rule. The actual number may be higher than this.

7. Narrated by Dr. Ahmad E. Alonto, Jr., former President of the Mindanao State University System, and Ayesha Merdeka Alonto Datu Ramos (son and grandniece, respectively).

8. The Filipinista movement was established by Quezon et al for the purpose of obtaining Philippine independence from the United States that included Mindanao and Sulu as part of an envisioned independent Philippine Republic.

9. Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto recalled his uncle, Senator Ahmad Domocao Alonto, telling him: “There is this Philippines now where you have Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao because of one man and that is my father. He fought and stood up for Mindanao and he was the same – of Mindanao’s part in taking part in the Philippine Independence. So it was Quezon of Luzon, Osmena of Visayas and Alonto of Mindanao.”

10. According to Sahania Alonto Mamainte Lucman, her granduncle, the Senator would describe Sultan Alauya as “very intelligent and having a very good memory.” Accordingly, the Sultan asked his son Ahmad to read and translate to him the book on American history. After but one reading, the Sultan surprised the Americans in one of his dialogues with them by informing the latter that he would not want the Moros to end up like the American Indians. He even enumerated to them what had happened to the different American Indian chiefs.

11. Senator Alonto told his nephew, former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto, that his father, the Sultan, had confided to him: “…looking at the Americans, you can never defeat the Americans even if you will be able to solidify Mindanao”. Accordingly, the Sultan had thrown his support to the Philippine Independence Movement which included Mindanao on the premise that “if these people (Filipinos) will cheat us and if these people will betray us, we are the same people, belonging to the same race, the same size, the same height – we can defeat them provided we will persevere and we will be patient. But with the Americans, we will end up in the museum and our children will end up dancing in the airport welcoming these whites. But because we don’t have the weaponry, they can finish off any struggle down here. But with the Christianized Indios here, we can fight them”.

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obstinate and would rather pay the Consistently, the Sultan Notwithstanding his fine than allow his grandchildren would emphasize to the Maranaws passionate opposition to American to acquire western education, the importance of education. Being colonial rule, however, the Sultan despite the pleas of his son-in-law. literate only in Arabic literature agreed with the American rulers Sultan Alauya then suggested to and Islamic jurisprudence, he on three matters: education, health the American authorities to inform would inspire his brother Moros and infrastructure development. his father-in-law that the fine regardless of tribal affiliation to To him, the interest and welfare would be increased to one hundred learn the American language. He of his people were paramount. pesos if the latter still resisted. quipped: “You should learn the Thus, he saw it necessary for the When informed about this by the language of the enemy to be able Maranaws (the Moro Muslims of Americans, however, the Sultan’s to fight them.” (13) Education Lake Lanao) to get the education father-in-law was again willing to for the Sultan was therefore a offered by the Americans. During pay the increased fine rather than powerful and effective weapon to the American period when the comply with the American decree. be used by the Moros to be able to Moro society of his time defied The Sultan thereafter told the resist colonial assimilation, defend and rejected anything American American authorities to announce their religion, people and land, and shunned American education, that the punishment for those who and ultimately regain back their he encouraged his people to allow repeatedly broke this law was freedom. their children to receive such imprisonment. Then the Sultan education by setting an example: gathered all his family members Even in his later years after he sent his own children to school. and his people and announced he had worked with the Philippine to them that the Americans were Commonwealth as Senator and To illustrate this point, about to imprison him (the Sultan) as member of the Constitutional Ahmad Domocao Alonto narrated for failing to send his children Commission, he always reminded the story of how Sultan Alauya to school. A tremendous uproar his people of their Moro forebears’ outwitted his father-in–law who ensued, as the people could not undying love for freedom never approved of sending his allow their sultan to land in an thereby leaving to posterity his grandchildren to American- American jail. Their maratabat legacy of continuous struggle for run schools for fear that they (collective pride and honor) independence (14). would become Christians like prompted them to prepare to the Filipinos. At that time the fight for and defend their sultan. No other person, however, American authorities compelled Realizing therefore that there was would this legacy have a greater Moro families to send their bound to be bloodshed because and permanent impact than on his children to school, and a fifty peso of his obstinacy, Sultan Alauya’s son, Ahmad Alonto. fine was imposed on those who did father-in-law finally relented and not comply with this compulsory allowed his grandchildren to go to regulation. But being a wealthy school. (12) man of the Maranaw Moro nobility, the Sultan’s father-in-law was ______12. Related by both Dr. Ahmad E. Alonto, Jr. and Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto.

13. Related by both Dr. Ahmad E. Alonto, Jr. and Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto.

14. Senator Alonto disclosed to Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto that it is his father, the late Sultan Alauya Alonto, who should be regarded as the father of the contemporary Moro resistance and not him.

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were confronted with, Ahmad World War II (1941-1945). He FOLLOWING THE joined his father in advocating for also served as the municipal mayor FOOTSTEPS OF THE the advancement of his people. of Dansalan (now Marawi City) FATHER and was subsequently governor He joined the government of Lanao province during the Ahmad Domocao Alonto premised on the belief that he could caretaker government under the was tutored on the fundamentals of effectively speak and work for the Japanese occupation. Islam by his mother. He attended betterment of the Muslims because the government school in Lanao as such he would be listened to The Japanese authorities for his elementary and high school by the political powers-that-be in considered him above suspicion education (1921-1931) while he Manila. So determined was he in while he occupied these positions, had his college education at the his goal that he gained the attention so he was thus able to secretly help University of the Philippines (UP) of President Manuel A. Roxas the underground anti-Japanese in Manila. He passed the Philippine in 1933 who said: “The future of resistance movement. His direct Bar examination and was granted this nation can be prophesied by involvement in the day-to-day the license to practice law in 1938. the quality of its youth leaders operations of the municipality and of today. From among our Moro province also educated him in the His father had then joined brothers of the South a new star has state of affairs of the people and Philippine Commonwealth arisen, whose intense nationalism provided him the opportunity to President Manuel L. Quezon and love of country has injected a analyze the problems that beset (despite the popular clamor of the new life to our fight for freedom: the Maranaw society. He was Moros for a separate Mindanao Domie Alonto - - one of our sturdy Presidential Assistant and Adviser under the Americans) as a senator pillars of the rising generations. to the Office of the President of the and a delegate to the Constitutional (16)” Republic of the Philippines from Convention, and was articulating 1948 to 1949. (17) the needs and problems of the He started working as a Muslims in the South. The classroom teacher then worked Ahmad Domocao Alonto’s elder Alonto demanded ‘for the as a confidential writer for the exposure to Philippine politics permanent and final solution of National Information Board, propelled him to an elective the so-called “Moro Problem’ Department of the Interior, and position in government to pursue and called for equal rights for the was even commissioned as First the same objective as his father’s Muslim Filipinos in the country. Lieutenant in the Philippine Army, – a better life for his people. Both (15) Cognizant of the numerous 81st Division, United States Armed father and son shared the same difficulties that the Moro people Forces in the Far East, during vision that Christian Filipinos and

______15. Sultan Alauya said: “To be frank with you, there was a time when not even a soul among the Mohammedan Filipinos was for the independence of our country. I was the only one who worked for the independence of our country, sacrificing everything, and I have never turned traitor to my country, because I believe that through independence the higher destinies of our people can be attained.” Taken from The Sultan sa Ramain Speaks, Constitutional Convention Record, Journal No. 18, August 21, 1934. http://blogs.inquirer.net/current/2008/08/08/the-sultan-sa-ramain- speaks-1934/

16. Nomination Letter for the 1988 King Faisal International Award for Service of Islam and other related papers, King Faisal Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies, MSU, Marawi City, page 25.

17. Data gathered from the Nomination Letter for the 1988 King Faisal International Award for Service of Islam and other related papers, King Faisal Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies, MSU, Marawi City, page 4.

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Moro Muslims can build a nation the Muslims fell short of that Domocao Alonto filed bills for together as equal partners and ‘meaningful political autonomy’ the development of Mindanao not with the Muslims playing a envisioned by Ahmad Domocao and its people economically, subordinate role to the Christian Alonto for the Moros that would politically, and culturally (21). Filipinos. He was also of the allow the latter a degree of freedom He was constantly impressing conviction that he can use the to govern themselves according on the minds of his colleagues in position “for the purpose of to Islam, preserve what remained Congress (and the whole country illustrating the Islamic way of of their ancestral domain, and for that matter) that the economic life among the Muslims of the protect their culture and traditions destiny of the Philippines ‘lies in Philippines and arouse Islamic within the larger framework of the the development of Mindanao’ awareness and consciousness in Philippine nation-state. (22), the latter being the so-called them. (18)”. Land of Promise. Today, his then In his capacity as a unheeded words are becoming He got elected as Muslim official in the Philippine true. Mindanao does not only congressman (representing the government, he was guided by possess the richest mineral and then undivided Lanao province) the Sultan’s famous saying “How marine resources and the only and eventually as senator (1954- can we put our house in order forest preserve in the country, it 1955 and 1956-1961). He was if we do not have the key to our is also the depository of largely also elected delegate to the 1971- house? (19)” As always his father untapped strategic resources such 1972 Constitutional Convention. remained an inspiration to him in as deuterium (that can be found in In 1986, he was appointed member his endeavor to improve the lot of the Mindanao Deep), and natural of the Constitutional Commission Maranaw society and the Muslims gas and petroleum, reportedly that drafted the new Constitution in general. During intimate talks concentrated in the Cotabato Basin of the Republic. Sadly, his efforts with his family and friends, he (of which Liguasan Marsh is a to push for the grant of meaningful would describe his father as “… part) and off the coast of Sulu and political autonomy for the Muslims the most enlightened man that Palawan. in the 1971 Constitutional I have talked to. He is the most Convention and in the 1986 knowledgeable man that has He was also ‘one of the Constitutional Commission were instructed things to me that I have bulwarks of the Filipino-First defeated by powerful and dominant accepted. (20)” Policy” (23) adopted during the political, religious and economic incumbency of President Carlos vested-interest blocs. The regional As a member of the P. Garcia. As chairman of the autonomy that was granted to Philippine legislature, Ahmad Special Committee created by the ______18. Nomination Letter for the 1988 King Faisal International Award for Service of Islam and other related papers, King Faisal Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies, MSU, Marawi City, page 7.

19. Narrated by Dr. Ahmad E. Alonto, Jr.

20. Narrated by Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto.

21. http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/domocao_alonto.htm

22. http://www.senate.gov.ph/senators/former_senators/domocao_alonto.htm

23. Quoted from President Carlos P. Garcia, 1954 and taken from the Nomination Letter for the 1988 King Faisal International Award for Service of Islam and other related papers, King Faisal Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies, MSU, Marawi City, page 26.

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House of Representatives to find religious scholars the following a definite solution to the so-called year stirred him to make an in- In the 1950s, Mindanao saw Moro Problem, he was able to depth study of his religion as a the arrival of more foreign Muslim comprehend the enormity of the complete way of life and ponder missionaries as a resurgence in injustices committed on the Moros, on the global position of Islam the faith gradually began to sweep thus enabling him to wrestle with with respect to the rest of the across the Islamic world from the the government for more reforms. world. Regarding this significant Middle East to Southeast Asia and meeting, he said: from Africa to Central Asia. This TURNING POINTS IN HIS was heralded by the appearance of LIFE “Unexpectedly, a new independent Muslim nation- seemingly unimportant states that emerged from European Ahmad Domocao Alonto visit to the Philippines colonialism. This made the Moros considered 1950 a defining was made by a Muslim better aware of their greater identity year for himself as a Muslim. religious personality….It as Muslims and their belonging to This was the year when he was is still a sort of mystery as the larger ideological community given Muhammad Marmaduke to why of all nations of the of Islam (Ummah). Pickthall’s English translation of world chose to come to the the Holy Qur’an because, though Philippines, which was then THE KAMLON REBELLION he was born a Muslim, he was still bearing the ravages of at first not knowledgeable about war…But one thing definite Even after the grant of the teachings of his religion. His was that it jolted most of Philippine independence and the interest to know more about Islam the Philippines Muslims, inclusion of Mindanao to the was aroused only after a few days especially the younger set archipelago, Moro uprisings in of reading it, which led him to then, in the realization of Mindanao continued, with major invite friends who could read and the state of their very weak clashes occurring in Cotabato, understand the Arabic Qur’an so position. As the situation Lanao, and Sulu. Over in Lanao that he could study the Holy Book developed on both Muslims there was the Tawantawan with them. A voracious reader, he and Christian camps Insurrection. With his family would thereafter read all Islamic through the years, the and men, Tawantawan battled books and literature written significance of this brief government troops for almost a in English that came his way. but divinely-inspired visit decade. Tawantawan was avenging Eventually, he became acquainted rose in greatness in the the death of his parents and sister with two Indonesian Muslim hearts of Filipino Muslims who were among those brutally graduates of Al-Azhar University (24)”. massacred by the Christian and a student from Indonesia who settlers in Kapatagan because of helped and guided him in the study Henceforth, he would land conflict between the latter of Islam. always be engaged in group and the Moros in that locality. discussions and studies about (25) Cotabato also witnessed A visit from two Pakistani Islam. intermittent armed skirmishes ______24. ‘Reversion to Islamic Shariah: The Only Way to Save the Contribution of Islam Towards the Development of Social Institution of the Muslim Communities in the Philippines’, Paper written by Dr. Ahmad D. Alonto for the National Hijrah Centenary Celebrations Committee (Law Division) of the Government of Pakistan , page 19.

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during that period for basically the their willingness to fight for their same reason. As a result of this, the religion Islam. Cries of Allahu Alonto family immediately Akbar reverberated throughout The Kamlon rebellion in convened a family council. Ahmad the open field. Ahmad Domocao Sulu was, however, the bloodiest Domocao Alonto, who had just Alonto was very much impressed conflict during that period. It arrived from a meeting abroad by the response of Lanao’s lasted for almost eight years and with Muslim leaders, was asked to Muslims and realized how a good ended only with the surrender of apprise the family of the situation cause, a cause in the way of Allah, Hadji Kamlon in 1952 due to his and explain the implications could mobilize the people .(27) advancing age. Almost all of the of Secretary Balao’s statement. Philippine government’s resources Amidst much shouting and cries of It was in the midst of were used to quell the Kamlon Allahu Akbar (Allah is Great) from this uproar precipitated by rebellion. This climaxed in a final clan members, verses from the Balao’s pronouncement that then military campaign consisting of Holy Qur’an were read regarding Representative Ahmad Domocao 5,000 ground troops along with jihad (struggle in the way of Allah). Alonto stood up in Congress to naval, air and ground artillery denounce Secretary Balao and complements. Nonetheless, At the time, Eidul Adha (an defend the Moros of Sulu. It is this military campaign failed to Islamic religious feast celebrated worthy to note that in the aftermath either capture Kamlon or end the by Muslims world-wide marking of this event, the people of Sulu resistance in Sulu. the end of the pilgrimage to gave him the highest vote in their Makhah) was a week or two away. province when he first ran for the The anti-Kamlon military Datu Berua, the younger brother of Senate. campaign almost bankrupted the the late Sultan Alauya, invoked the national government’s coffers as authority of the Sultanate and then The Kamlon rebellion expenditures reached about Php185 decreed that all mosques be closed generated so much national million, prompting then Secretary during the coming Eidul Adha and attention and interest to get at of Defense Eulogio Balao to make that congregational prayers be held the bottom of Moro unrests in a public pronouncement saying in open ground to see who among Mindanao. A Special House that to solve the Mindanao Problem the people of Lanao were ready to Committee was created to the Moros of Mindanao had to be fight and die for the cause of Allah. look into the problem, and the Christianized. Balao’s statement Days before the Eid, people came Committee was composed of demonizing the Moro Muslims to clean the fields and mats were Lanao Congressman Ahmad resurrected the US Army’s slogan brought. Domocao Alonto, Cotabato during the American-Moro Wars Congressman Luminog Mangelen, that “a good Moro is a dead Moro” On the morning of the and Sulu Congressman Ombra and was played up in public congregational prayer for the Amilbangsa. The Committee’s by both the print and broadcast Eid, there was a huge crowd as findings concluded that “the media at that time, thus creating men, women, children, young Moros must be made to feel pandemonium and outrage among and old, came from the different that they were an integral part the Moro people. areas of Lanao to demonstrate of the Philippine nation and this ______26. Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A History of the Bangsa Moro in the Philippines © 1995 by Nasser A. Marohomsalic, page 148.

27. Narrated by Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto.

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aim must be achieved through a BANDUNG CONFERENCE the throttlehold of the central comprehensive approach covering government “(29). It was also in economic, social, moral, political The end of the Second Bandung that he personally met and educational developments” World War saw the emergence President Gamal Abdel Nasser of (28). of new nation-states in Asia and Egypt, then the recognized leader Africa with the liberation of their of the Pan-Arab world, which led Consequently, Ahmad colonized territories. In 1955, a to a lasting friendship. Nasser Domocao Alonto authored and meeting of non-aligned nations was a charismatic Arab leader filed bills leading to the creation which refused to be drawn into who sought to unite the Arabs of the Commission on National the cold war then existing between and the Muslims with his idea Integration (CNI), the Mindanao the West (led by the United States of “Pan-Islamic Confederacy of Development Authority (MDA) of America) and the Eastern Muslim States and their liberation and the Mindanao State University Communist bloc was held in from European and foreign (MSU). The creation of MSU and Bandung, Indonesia. This was colonization.”(30) its establishment at Marawi City the 1955 Afro-Asian Conference, was a landmark accomplishment better known as the Bandung He also had his first because it realized Ahmad Conference, whose theme introduction to the struggling Domocao Alonto’s long time included among others political Malay nations and their leaders at dream to bring affordable but self-determination, mutual that time such as Acmad Sukarno quality education to the Muslims respect for sovereignty, non- of Indonesia and Tungku Abdul and other cultural communities in aggression and non-interference Rahman of Malaysia. Indonesia Mindanao. Like his father before in a state’s internal affairs, and had just newly won its War him, he believed that through equality. Colonialism in all its of Independence from Dutch education the Muslim Moros manifestations was strongly colonialism at that time, while can be at par with the Christian condemned and repudiated by the Malaysia was still a British colony Filipinos and thus be equal partners participating Third World nation- also aspiring for independence. in nation-building. states. He struck a friendship with these Malay leaders and was impressed He also authored Republic Ahmad Domocao Alonto with their vision of liberating Act No. 1515 providing for was a member of the Philippine the Malay peoples from Western the election of provincial and delegation to the Conference colonial influences. It strengthened municipal officials in the Muslim headed by Foreign Secretary his conviction that the Moros in areas instead of being appointed Carlos P. Romulo; in fact, he was Mindanao and Sulu as well as or handpicked by the Philippine the only Muslim delegate from the Filipinos belong to the Malay President. Through this, he made the Philippines. The Bandung World and that for both peoples to democracy a process accessible to Conference was indeed a milestone succeed in the future and build a the Muslims. for him for it opened new horizons truly united nation-state, they have and he was “agog with ideas to to retrace their Malay roots and liberate his own people from revive Malay consciousness. (31) ______28. Bangsamoro: A Nation Under Endless Tyranny © 1999 by Salah Jubair, IQ Marin SDN BHD, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, page 124.

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This historic event also introduced appointment of the first Moro in the Philippines. His advocacy to him to the revolutionary ferment the Philippine judiciary, among this effect influenced his Muslim then taking place in the Muslim others, as well as the declaration colleagues even in government. World in particular and the Third of Maulidin Nabi (Birthday of It would be worthy to note that in World in general. Prophet Muhammad) as a Muslim 1961, Sulu Congressman Ombra holiday. Amilbangsa filed House Bill 5682 Upon his return to the for the restoration of the Sulu Philippines and together with Also as an aftermath of Sultanate and its separation from former Senator Salipada K. the Bandung Conference, Ahmad the country as an independent Pendatun of Cotabato and other Domocao Alonto got more realm (33). Moro and foreign Muslims, he scholarships for the Moros to the revitalized the ’dormant‘ Muslim different schools and universities By the 1960s, the Association of the Philippines in Muslim countries, foremost of prevailing national mood in the (MAP) making it “the first national which was Egypt. Through him, country was characterized by organ of the(se) reawakened 15 Moro youths, majority of whom political activism and radicalism Muslims. The association (also) were Maranaws, were recipients of especially among Filipino students made contacts and re-established scholarships for military education and young intellectuals in major inter-communication with the and training at the prestigious urban centers. But while the Muslim world. ” (32) The MAP Cairo Military Academy. It was Filipino youth were enamored was an organization founded in also because of him that Al Azhar with nationalist and even Marxist 1949 by mostly foreign Muslims University, the oldest and most ideologies, the Moro youth took primarily to unify the Muslim renowned Islamic institution of on a different orientation and were minorities in the Philippines and learning, opened its portals to consumed with an unprecedented promote their welfare. Combining students from Mindanao and Sulu. interest in Islam which in turn the stature of its members with the Among these students was the prodded them to reassert their advocacy of promoting Muslim young Salamat Hashim. separate Muslim identity as identity and aspirations, MAP ‘Moro’. Different Moro Muslim became very popular in all the All told, his exposure organizations emerged as religious areas of Moroland and was thus abroad, particularly to the leaders and western-educated transformed into a pressure group challenges then facing Muslims Moro professionals worked hand that lobbied for Muslim rights around the world, transformed in hand in propagating Islam with the central government. Ahmad Domocao Alonto into a not only as a religion but as an The Association gained the champion of Muslim rights in ideology itself.

______31. According to Dr. Ahmad E. Alonto, Jr., his father’s awareness of the importance of the Malay roots of the Moros and Filipinos and, consequently, his belief in Malay unity had in fact first developed during his days in UP. While studying law, Ahmad Domocao Alonto became intimately associated with Wenceslao Vinzons who was a fervent advocate of Pan-Malay unity. Together they inaugurated a Pan-Malay movement called “Perhempunan Orang-Orang Melayu” or “Malay Peoples’ Movement”. He served as Vinzons’s vice-president of the movement. When Vinzons left UP to take the bar (he was a topnotcher), Alonto took over as the movement’s president. In World War II, Vinzons became an anti-Japanese guerrilla leader and was eventually captured by the Japanese and executed. Vinzons Hall in UP bears his name.

32. ‘Reversion to Islamic Shariah: The Only Way to Save the Contribution of Islam Towards the Development of Social Institution of the Muslim Communities in the Philippines’, Paper written by Dr. Ahmad D. Alonto for the National Hijrah Centenary Celebrations Committee (law Division) of the Government of Pakistan , page 25.

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This development would be in Cotabato (later renamed and one Islamic Movement in the accelerated by another fateful event the Mindanao Independence face of this great threat to Islam that was to have a profound impact Movement) by Datu Udtog and Muslims in the Philippines. on Ahmad Alonto’s political life Matalam barely two months after and Islamic advocacy. the Corregidor tragedy reflected This he elaborated on the state of insecurity that the when he said that the Ansar is “… THE JABIDAH MASSACRE Moro Muslims felt at that time. oriented towards Islam as a way of life to which every Muslim should The massacre of sixty- In Lanao, Ahmad Domocao conform… (it is) concerned with four Moro trainees on the island Alonto organized the Ansar El the crystallization of what Islam is of Corregidor on March 17, Islam (Helpers of Islam) in 1969 and in pointing out to the Muslims 1968 by their military handlers is in response to the conspiratorial of this country, particularly among historically known as the ‘Jabidah design for the total eradication its members, the tenets of Islam Massacre’. The trainees were of Islam in the Philippines under in all its ramifications. As such an executed because of their refusal the rule of President Ferdinand E. Islamic-oriented Movement, it is to be part of the secret military Marcos. Accordingly, “It is a mass wide awake to all crises appearing invasion of Sabah. According movement for the preservation in the national scene, especially to the lone Moro survivor, Jibin and development of Islam in the that which profoundly affect our Arula, they could not attack Philippines (34).” process of nation-building, like Sabah (now a state of Malaysia) the present tragic Mindanao crisis because the people there were The establishment of involving the different religious their Muslim brethren and they Ansar was as much an ideological communities. Being such, the had no quarrel with them. In any necessity to transform Moro Movement asks guidance from case, the Corregidor Massacre (as society into an Islamic one as it was Islam in looking for the solution the incident was also called) jolted dictated by reason of survival. A of such a crisis… (35)”. To his the Moros, their leaders and the year after the Jabidah Massacre, in nephew, Abul Khayr D. Alonto, Muslim world as to the perfidy of 1969, when the Ilaga depredations who would later become the the ruling power in the Philippine on Muslim communities in first Vice Chairman of the Moro government. Cotabato were beginning to National Liberation Front (MNLF) spread to other provinces, a letter Central Committee, he confided Not the least of those addressed to all Muslim leaders by that he only fully understood who were horrified was Ahmad an Ilaga leader who called himself what his father was saying about Domocao Alonto. The Corregidor “Commander X” demanded that all ‘continuing the struggle for Massacre was another turning Muslims convert to Christianity or independence’ when he realized point in his life that made him face extinction. These incidents led the true meaning of Islam in his realize then that the Moro Ahmad Domocao Alonto to realize later years (36). Muslims were in a very precarious that the time had come for the situation. The launching of the Muslims to come together under The Ansar El Islam Muslim Independence Movement the ideological banner of Islam registered more than a half-a- ______34. Nomination Letter for the 1988 King Faisal International Award for Service of Islam and other related papers, King Faisal Center for Islamic and Arabic Studies, MSU, Marawi City, page 24.

35. Opening Statement of the Murshid El ‘Am, A.D.Alonto, during the 2nd National Islamic Symposium of the Ansar El Islam, Marawi City, April 28, 1972 entitled The Ansar El Islam and the Mindanao Crisis, pages 4-5.

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million members throughout the organized against the Bangsamoro renowned religious and political country. Later, it was to inspire and people by the Marcos dictatorship. leader in the Muslim world, and initiate the creation of, and provide These figures did not include the being a founding member of mass support to, the MNLF and casualties wrought by the war and the Constituent Assemblies of then the Moro Islamic Liberation conflict from 1976 to 1986, the the Rabitat al-Alam al-Islamie Front (MILF) whose founder and year when the dictatorship fell (Muslim World League) and the late chairman, Ustadz Salamat from power (38). Mo’tamar al-Alam al-Islamie Hashim, was closely associated (World Muslim Congress), “he with Ahmad Domocao Alonto. Congressman Eduardo took the world as his stage in Ermita, then a member of the exposing and denouncing the THE STRUGGLE FOR GRP Panel that negotiated with ‘conspiracy to liquidate Islam in MUSLIM RIGHT TO SELF- the MNLF (1993-1996) said that the Philippines.’” (40) The Muslim DETERMINATION “Over a period of 26 years since World League and the World 1970, more than 100,000 persons Muslim Congress, based in Saudi From 1968 to 1976, during were killed in the conflict in Arabia and Pakistan, respectively, the regime of President Ferdinand Southern Philippines…The AFP were influential international Marcos and the outbreak of war and has spent about Php73 billion in organizations of Muslim peoples conflict in Mindanao which started connection with the Mindanao and nations which protect and with the ravages of the Ilaga (37), conflict since 1970.” (39) Ermita’s promote the interests of Muslims more than 200,000 Moros were figure on the number of deaths may and Islam. killed. From 300,000 to 500,000 be understated but his admission Moros were forced to flee to Sabah, nevertheless should illustrate the He would straightforwardly Malaysia as refugees of war. An horrendous situation of the Moros disclose to his local and foreign estimated 300 mosques were during the period mentioned. audiences that the plight of the burned and desecrated, and over Muslims of Southern Philippines one million Moros were internally Ahmad Domocao Alonto was no better than before because displaced. Hundreds of thousands passionately exposed, denounced in the Philippines, there “… was a of farmlands owned by Moros were and opposed this horrible state to mere change of masters. There was abandoned and fell into the hands which the Moros were forced into no change at all of any of the policies of marauding Christian militias by the Marcos dictatorship. As a adopted during the colonial days ______36. Narrated by Former Ambassador Abul Khayr Alonto.

37. Ilaga, an Ilonggo word for ‘rat’, is the name of an ultra-rightist armed Christian para-military organization in Mindanao which had the backing of the State that attacked Moro communities in various parts of the Cotabato, Lanao and Zamboanga areas in the late 60s and 70s. It was first established by Christian settler-politicians in Cotabato in order to drive out the indigenous Moro Muslims and tribal peoples from their ancestral lands. The Ilagas later became an ‘auxiliary’ force of the AFP during the MNLF-led armed struggle of the Bangsamoro people for the right of self-determination. They massacred innocent Moro civilians – men, women and children - and were known for their barbarity and ritualistic can- nibalism. They cut the ears and/or mutilated the bodies of their Moro victims, and there were cases where they even ate the entrails and brains of those whom they killed. It was the Ilaga that inaugurated the first ‘ethnic-cleansing’ in this part of the world. It is estimated that at the height of the Ilaga depredations, about 60,000 Moro Muslims were killed.

38. These statistics were presented by Dr. Alunan Glang, former Philippine Ambassador to Kuwait before the Conference on Population of the Islamic World held in Cairo, Egypt on March 1-4, 1987.

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directed towards the liquidation of the impatient, youthful Moro believed would lead to a prolonged Islam in the country.” (41) In his nationalists who were calling and bloody conflict. He favored privilege speech before the 1971 for complete and immediate exhausting all available legitimate Constitutional Convention, he independence of the Bangsamoro means to resolve the conflict would emphatically state the need Homeland from the Philippines. before resorting to separation. for the emergence of a truly national This explained why he wanted a community reminding the national The demand for Moro political compromise, in the form government of the reason behind independence among the militant of a political settlement of the the unity of the Filipinos and the Moro youth was premised on the Mindanao conflict by establishing Muslims during the struggle for historical and current injustices a meaningful political autonomy Philippine Independence from the committed on the Moro people. for the Muslims of Mindanao and Americans, saying that “During the The argument that was put forward Sulu. It was in this context that recent past when we were fighting was that the Bangsamoro people he presented the federal system for our political freedom the were denied their democratic as “the system that could provide diverse elements that constitute the consent when the Moro homeland the maximum opportunity for society, who then were all equally was annexed and incorporated into separate and diverse communities tasting the bitterness of political the Philippine nation-state once to organize themselves into larger bondage, [we] were united behind independence was granted to the units as illustrated by the histories our leaders’ pretensions to present latter in 1946. Thus, they further of Switzerland, the United an image of unity. Even the few argued that this was the root States…” (43) discordant notes from segments cause of the Mindanao conflict of the society were drowned and the ‘mother of all injustices’ This was made more evident by the overwhelming cry for currently being experienced by the in his support of the MNLF’s emancipation.” (42) Bangsamoro people. Therefore, revised stand from independence they said that the only solution to to genuine political autonomy in But far from being an end this conflict in Mindanao and the 1974 Kuala Lumpur meeting outright separatist or secessionist, Sulu is to restore the Bangsamoro of the Organization of Islamic Ahmad Domocao Alonto nation’s independence. Conference (OIC) when he believed that some form of an declared that “…the demands accommodation or compromise Ahmad Domocao Alonto of the Moro National Liberation can still be worked out between the subscribed to the arguments of Front for a meaningful and Moro Muslims and the Filipinos the Moro youth, many of whom substantive autonomy within the within the Philippine nation- were inspired by his works and context of the sovereignty and state system. He did not succumb efforts. But he cautioned against territorial integrity of the Republic to the ‘radical views’ then of outright separation which he of the Philippines can bring about

______41. ‘Reversion to Islamic Shariah: The Only Way to Save the Contribution of Islam Towards the Development of Social Institution of the Muslim Communities in the Philippines’, Paper written by Dr. Ahmad D. Alonto for the National Hijrah Centenary Celebrations Committee (law Division) of the Government of Pakistan , page 17.

42. The Need for a National Community, Speech delivered by Delegate A.D. Alonto (Lanao del Sur) during the privilege hour before the 1971 Constitutional Convention on August, 1971, Con-Con Session Hall, Manila, page 1.

43. The Need for a National Community, Speech delivered by Delegate A.D. Alonto (Lanao del Sur) during the privilege hour before the 1971 Constitutional Convention on August, 1971, Con-Con Session Hall, Manila, page 10.

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the final and lasting solution of the out war unleashed by the regime they now share equal opportunities problem.” (44) This concept of of President Joseph Estrada “… with Christian Filipinos in autonomy had been adopted by the from where it had stopped before acquiring education and excelling Philippine government, but only April 27, 2000 until we shall have in all fields of discipline. on paper. reached a negotiated political settlement of the Bangsamoro In relation to this, he is It is worth mentioning that Problem”. (45) remembered as the author of the he also fully supported the creation bill that created the Commission of the MILF under Ustadz Salamat HIS LEGACY on National Integration (CNI) Hashim when the latter began to which, among others, provided separate from the MNLF of Nur Ahmad Domocao Alonto scholarships to many poor Muslim Misuari as early as 1975. Ahmad will always be remembered students to study in the different Domocao Alonto believed that especially by his brother Maranaws colleges and universities in the Salamat was a more worthy leader as the man who had touched country. Through his association of the Moro liberation movement their lives and given them much. with different foreign Muslim being an ‘alim (Islamic scholar) Professor Muhamadali M. Bantuas, leaders and organizations, whose devotion to the Islamic a Moro Maranaw, recalled: “I was he was able to foster closer ideology and cause was untainted in my high school days when I linkages between the Muslims by secularist and alien ideological first met him. I became one of his in the Philippines and the influences. listeners in his daily night lectures. global ideological community Everyone he met loved him. I still of Muslims. More Philippine It is also important to remembered those advices he had Muslim students enjoyed grants note that the late Ustadz Salamat frequently told us. He said ‘love and scholarships abroad especially Hashim, while chairman of the people because they will love you in the different universities in MILF, issued a principled policy back. The more knowledge you the Royal Kingdom of Saudi statement that “the best and give them, the more reward you Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, Malaysia, most civilized way to resolve the will be receiving from God.” (46) Indonesia, Libya and Qatar and conflict in Mindanao is through a more foreign Muslim missionaries negotiated political settlement”. In Apart from his political were sent to the Philippines mainly pursuit of this, in the “Agreement activities, foremost among his through his efforts. on the General Framework for accomplishments was in the field the Resumption of Peace talks of education. The establishment Ahmad Domocao Alonto is Between the GRP and the MILF” of the Mindanao State University also remembered as the man who signed on March 24, 2001 at Kuala and the Jamiatul Philippine al- strengthened Islamic awareness Lumpur, Malaysia between the Islamiyyah (Islamic University of among his people. Having MILF and the GRP delegations, the the Philippines) is living testimony organized the Ansar el Islam, parties agreed to resume the peace to this. Quality education was made he vigorously campaigned for negotiations stalled by the all- accessible to the Moros whereby improving Muslim society by ______44. Consensus on Proposed Formula for Final Solution of Minsupala Question submitted by A.D. Alonto on September 30, 1977, page 2.

45. Disclosed by Robert Maulana M. Alonto, member of the MILF Peace Negotiating Panel and nephew of Dr. Ahmad Domocao Alonto.

46. Quoted from the draft of the paper of Mohamadali M. Bantuas entitled “The Profile and Ideals of an Intellectual Visionary” page 2, JPI, Marawi City.

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exhorting the people to revert to of Egypt, Abul a’ala Maududi of His opinion on religious matters the pristine teachings of Islam Pakistan, Sayyid Nursi of Turkey, was very much sought after, that and to lead their lives according among others. the determining of the exact date to its lofty moral values. Many for celebrating the two Eids in the would remember him giving It could be said that he different mosques in the Lanao nightly lectures among the youth was obsessed with Muslim unity provinces was referred to him and during his stay in the province, in his homeland. He discussed at his decision was final. (48) trying to inculcate Islamic values. length the need for unity among During these sessions, he would the people. Despite his being a He was determined to ask everybody to speak his mind Maranaw, Ahmad Domocao Alonto strengthen Islam among the out. He encouraged them to be transcended the ethnic divide Maranaws that he undertook the assertive if they knew they were that separated the thirteen ethno- painstaking task of translating right. The participants would linguistic groups that constituted the Holy Qur’an from its original also recall his being emphatic in the Moro nation (Bangsamoro) Arabic to the Maranaw language advising them to shun the ‘crab in Mindanao and Sulu. His so the Maranaw masses would be mentality’ that was then prevalent leadership was not confined to the able to read it in their own tongue in society if they wanted to Maranaw group alone, which is the and understand it. For this purpose, succeed and improve their lot. second largest of the Moro ethno- he organized a group of ulama Similarly, he was openly critical of linguistic groups (next only to the and linguists who were experts what he called ‘amigo mentality’ Maguindanaon). He was always in Arabic and the nuances of the which prevailed among many concerned with the welfare of all Maranaw language. Moro leaders who obsequiously Muslims, and this was manifested followed without question the in his defense of the people of He himself was fluent dictates of Manila politicians so as Sulu during the Kamlon rebellion in both the ‘old’ and colloquial to be able to extract and be granted and the establishment of MSU. To Maranaw and had in fact also political and economic privileges him, being Muslim was first and translated Jose Rizal’s ‘Mi Ultimo and concessions at the expense of foremost. Adios’ in the classical Maranaw the general interest and welfare of dialect that became very popular the Muslims. (47) As such, many heard among the masses as it aroused him talk and he was respected deep feelings of love of freedom Because of his Islamic and obeyed. At the height of the and homeland. advocacy and determined effort to Mindanao war during the martial reform Moro society at large along law regime, even poor Muslims His faith, conviction and the ideological lines of Islam, he is in the mosques willingly shared idealism remained unshaken considered by his people and the their meager income to assist the even in times of adversity. His Muslim World as a mujadid, an mujahideen (literally meaning devotion to Islamic principles and Islamic reformer and liberationist, ‘strugglers in the way of Allah’ and values was impeccable that when who belonged to the genre of also referring to the Moro freedom President Marcos (who was his Islamic Movement thinkers and fighters) because the ‘Old Man’ contemporary at the University of leaders such as Hassan Al Bannah (Ahmad Domocao Alonto) said so. the Philippines and a ‘fraternity ______47. Narrated by Robert Maulana M. Alonto.

48. Narrated by several interviewees.

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brother’ in the Upsilon) attempted in Cairo, fondly remembered how Divine Wisdom when our to entice him to support his martial the Senator would send for him ancestors, belonging to a law regime by secretly offering him and they would meander together common racial strain but the position of Chief Justice of the among the pyramids of Egypt speaking different tongues, Supreme Court, Ahmad Domocao while discussing the challenges ventured through uncharted Alonto flatly rejected this offer by confronting the Muslims in seas, guided by the same humbly telling the dictator that he Mindanao. (50) Divine Providence, to these was not qualified for such a position beautiful islands separated and that he intended not to work Still, he advocated for by natural barriers yet with the Philippine government a united Philippines for both belonging to the same anymore after his retirement from the Christian Filipinos and the geographical region. For Philippine politics. (49) Even then, Moro Muslims. To this day, his the sake of the hundreds he vigorously opposed the Marcos advocacy for ‘Unity in Diversity’ of thousands, perhaps dictatorship despite the risks that still resonates among many Moro millions, of precious lives such opposition entailed to himself Muslims who share his views of of our kith and kin that and to his family and clan. working out a mutually beneficial were sacrificed in the political settlement with the fields of battle to defend Despite outwardly Christian Filipinos. He explained their newfound paradise disapproving ‘Muslim secession’, his perspective on this aspect thus: for us their progeny, let Ahmad Domocao Alonto loved us forge that unity on his Moro homeland very much. Under this situation, I dare the anvil of necessity, Championing the cause of the say that if to achieve unity perchance God Almighty, Muslims (he used the word Muslim we have to retrace our steps whose providence controls to refer to the Moro Muslims in and divide the country the destiny of men and Mindanao) in the Philippines, he into several autonomous nations, grants that we can travelled around the country and states bound together by preserve these ‘beautiful all over the world in search of a a common goal and sense isles’ for the generations lasting solution to the Mindanao of oneness, we should not yet to come. (51) Problem. hesitate to do so. If unity cannot be achieved in a Ahmad Domocao Alonto During his travels abroad, strictly unitary system as passed away on December 11, 2002 he consulted and shared his thoughts experience has taught us, in his home in Marawi City after a with Moro Muslim students then by all means let us brief bout with cancer. He endeared regarding the problems faced by revert to the only option himself to the men and women the Muslims in the Philippines. left open for us: Unity in who came to know him personally Ustadz Salamat Hashim, then a Diversity – which seems to and through his teachings, writings student at the Al Azhar University be the goal fixed for us by and advocacies. He was most ______49. Narrated by Robert Maulana M. Alonto.

50. Narrated by the late Ustadz Salamat Hashim to Robert Maulana M. Alonto and Prof. Ahboud Syed Lingga, Executive Director of the Institute of Bangsamoro Studies (IBS).

51. Basic Issues on the Mindanao Question by Dr. Ahmad D. Alonto prepared by request of the Mindanao Executive Development Academy (MEDA), 1975, pages 51-52.

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loved especially by his family, against them in the past, address founding of MSU and the great his children, and relatives. He current legitimate grievances, number of Muslim professionals was held as a living legend in his and thus resolve peacefully the that passed through its portals; lifetime (52), his name still revered conflict in Moroland. On this his efforts to send many scholars by Muslims. matter, he felt that the Filipino who were able to earn degrees in ruling elite betrayed the Moro reputable educational institutions Yet, “he died a sad man” Muslims, especially his father, the abroad; his political advocacy (53), knowing that the conflict in late Sultan, who supported and for the right of the Moros to self- Mindanao whose resolution he joined the founding fathers of the determination; and the preservation devoted his life to is still far from present-day Philippine Republic in and revival of Islam among the over. His greatest frustration the struggle for independence from Moro Muslim people have become stemmed from the fact that the United States of America (54). monuments to his leadership that, the Filipino ruling elite have despite its imperfection, today invariably ignored the reality that Ahmad Domocao Alonto remains unsurpassed and has only remedial justice for the Moro is an institution to his people. His become a guiding light for Muslim Muslims in Mindanao and Sulu accomplishments in the field of leaders of the younger generations. can rectify the wrongs committed education is exemplified by the ______52. 100 Great Muslim Leaders of the 20th Century © 2005 by Institute of Objective Studies, New Delhi (India)., page 363.

53. Disclosed by an interviewee who requested anonymity.

54. As disclosed by Ahmad Domocao Alonto to his nephews, Robert Maulana M. Alonto and Zafrullah M. Alonto when they visited him at the Makati Medical Center during his thigh operation in 1996. ______

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As part of his continuing advocacy for improved education, Ansano helped found several madrasahs in rural communities in Lanao del Sur, including his hometown Taraka. As his legacy and living memory to his hometown, a school under his name, the Ansano Memorial High School, had been built and is personally administered by his wife, Dr. Zainab Ansano.

INTRODUCTION In the 14th century, coincident with the formation of the Islamic history has Islamic community in Mindanao made known that the Prophet and Sulu, Islam had accordingly Mohammad and his four guided provided a learning process that Caliphs assumed political and transmitted moral values and spiritual leadership of the Muslim religious prescriptions passed on community. They developed as ’Arabic‘ education. The Arabs Muslim socio-political and who first came to the Philippines Alim Abdulmajeed educational institutions which included aulia or pious men, if not Ansano remain to this day. To ensure the plain traders-teachers, to whom continuance of Islamic leadership, could be attributed the formation author Abdul-Fazi Ezzati stated of an early Muslim community of The Humble and that: the faithful – ummatul muslimin. Dedicated Ulama This was followed by the rise of a The Prophet introduced the group called pandita in Mindanao ‘ulama’ of the community and Sulu who received religious as the successors of the instruction from neighboring Prophets, undertaking Muslim principalities. their responsibilities. He entrusted them with the With the Spanish- task of securing Islam American War in 1898 leading to This case was written by whenever and wherever it is the Treaty of Paris that ceded the Samira Gutoc and Susan Philippines to the United States, the Granada for the Asian Insti- endangered and promoting tute of Management-TeaM its cause. American policy articulated that Energy Center for Bridging “the Philippines are not (theirs) to Societal Divides. This case The ulama (singular, exploit, but to develop, to civilize, is prepared solely for the alim) and the ustadz (religious to educate, to train in the science purpose of class discussion. of self-government.” Henceforth It is neither designed nor leader) form the Arabic-educated intended as an illustration intelligentsia of today, its during this period, while the of correct or incorrect man- predecessor being the pandita, a Americans introduced the western agement of the problems member of an elite religio-social form of education, institutional or issues contained in the class. Muslim instruction embodied case. Copyright 2009.

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what are termed ‘pandita schools.’ Americans while Philippine an Islamic resurgence as seen in a These are schools conducted Muslims were showing their heightened consciousness among opposition to Filipino Christian the Bangsa Moro Muslims of by men, generally more or rule. their greater identity as Muslims less learned Mohammedans in a world order called Ummah called ‘panditas,’ who are Islam (Muslim Community). The ALONG CAME ANSANO distinguished in communities in American war-damage payments and back-pay awards during the which they live by reason of some It was during the post-World War II period given knowledge of the Koran, writers Commonwealth period that Alim to guerrillas - both to Philippine by Commentators thereon and Abdulmajeed Ansano was born Christians and Muslims - fighting on September 13, 1943 in Taraka, other books deemed sacred or the Japanese Imperial Army in one of the towns of Lanao del stimulated a surge in mosque- authoritative by Mohammedans. Sur. Three years after Ansano’s building, the establishment of These panditas also are generally birth, the United States officially madrasahs (Islamic schools) persons credited with ability to annexed Mindanao and Sulu into in Mindanao and Sulu and the territory of the Philippines with read the Arabic version of the pilgrimages to Mecca, among the grant of independence on July others. The haj (pilgrimage) almost Koran. The instruction given by 4, 1946. always deepened the Islamic them relates to the forms and consciousness of the Muslims, and principles of the Mohammedan Earlier, Muslim leaders they became models of Muslim of Sulu and Mindanao had religion as practiced in Mindanao- religiosity upon their return to their begun a peaceful movement that communities. Some expressed Sulu, reading the Koran, reading asserted their right to establish this further by organizing Muslim and writing the local dialect in their own nation-state and form brotherhood associations. a modified Arabic script, and a government of their choice. This included the issuance of some elementary principles of The impetus to provide various petitions, resolutions, and better Islamic education in the arithmetic. Some of these teachers manifestos prepared by Muslim madrasah was further enhanced have a decided inclination to leaders seeking to separate when the Muslim Association of mysticism and a pretense to magic. Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan the Philippines, an organization from the rest of the Philippines. founded in 1949 by mostly The period from 1913 to They also sought to establish in foreign-educated Muslims with the 1935 was known as the period those areas a separate and distinct primary aim to unify the Muslim of Filipinization. A law passed form of government directly under minorities in the Philippines and in 1916 established an elected American sovereignty. Ultimately promote their welfare, received Senate. There was the pledge of however, this movement proved to support from Muslim countries. independence for the Philippines be futile. Such support particularly came when judged that a stable from the United Arab Republic, government already existed. The By the 1950s, foreign extending assistance in the form following years saw Philippine Muslim preachers and missionaries of scholarships to Al Azhar Christians increasing assertion had begun arriving in Mindanao University and other universities of full independence from the and, by their teachings, there came in the Middle East.

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HIS GROWING UP YEARS brother-in-law’s rice mill, tasked a scholarship through the to manually carry off sacks of endorsement of senior Muslim- It was in this socio-political rice from one point to another. He Filipino leader Achmad Domocao context that Abdulmajeed Ansano lived simply to make ends meet; Alonto, who was then inviting grew up. Being one of the direct for instance, for one whole year he Filipino students to study in descendants of Datu Dianalan of only had a single pair of trousers Muslim universities overseas. Dalem a Masiu, one of the heirs to which he washed every other day. There was also a rising culture the throne of the Ranao Sultanates, He was firmly committed to finish of political activism during this Ansano’s mother initially did not school and would not let poverty period, especially among the allow him to have any formal be an issue. Filipino youth in Metro Manila, elementary education for fear and an unusual interest in Islam that he would be Christianized if In 1964, Ansano took was spreading among the Bangsa schooled in public schools run by his secondary education at the Moro youth. Lanao and Marawi Philippine Christians using the Preparatory High School of City served as epicenters of this American system of education. the Mindanao State University militant awakening. (MSU), also in Marawi City. As recounted by Ansano’s During this time, the Philippine Ansano was fortunate to wife, Dr. Hajjah Zainab Intan Muslim Mission (PHILMUSYM) have passed a scholarship exam Dimakuta, having only one was founded by Maranao religious to pursue BS Theology at the parent (mother) to tend for them, leaders and Western-educated Karyunish University in Libya, “Ansano, being the eldest among professionals. Immersed in Islamic completing his studies in 1973. A his siblings, played an important pursuit, the aim of PHILMUSYM year earlier, he also obtained his role in the family for survival. As was to spread Islam the Tableegh Certificate in Education from the a small boy, he gathered firewood way. The Tableegh way of same university. and bamboo for fuel. He picked teaching and preaching Islam does up vegetables and caught fish for not require any formal program Ansano’s moral foundation, food. But his interest to earn an or any venue for the preacher to which was based on religious education pushed him to study by reach out. The whole activity is precepts, was formed during his all means. Sometimes ’attending‘ either a personal initiative or a studies abroad. His interest in formal classes through observation group undertaking. Anybody is intellectual discourse, on the other and listening, he would stay at the encouraged to share his knowledge hand, was stirred by his exposure backyard of the school and peep of Islam and to spread the faith as to writings on communism, through the small hole of a window a man of peace and as a brother democracy and Islamic theology. while tending to the carabao of his to all. At that time, in Lanao, the His wife said he would use his brother-in-law.“ streets, cafes, and even social extra allowance to meet with other gatherings like weddings were fellow Moro student leaders abroad Self-studying would later turned to religious fora. (who would eventually become pay off when in 1960, Ansano his future political party mates) to study and analyze the problems was accepted into the Ma’had PURSUING HIS STUDIES Mindanao Al Arabi Al Islamie confronting Muslim minorities in ABROAD in Marawi, the capital city of the Philippines. Lanao del Sur. He worked his way through school as a laborer in his In 1968, Ansano earned It was also while Ansano

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was preparing to go overseas the communiqué stated that: dissolved Congress and postponed to study that the incident called indefinitely the congressional and “ … if the government shall presidential elections that would the Corregidor Massacre (now fail or refuse to perform have been held in 1973. With the popularly known as the Jabidah its fundamental duty to suspension of the writ of habeas Massacre) happened. The incident give equal protection to all corpus, several Filipinos, including involved the killing of 64 innocent citizens, whether Muslim or Muslim leaders, began leaving the Christian, if it fails to stop Philippines. Bangsamoro youths who were the criminal depredations enticed to join a clandestine in Muslim areas which RETURNING AS A SCHOLAR military operation yet went against are brazenly and openly AND EDUCATOR their officers when they came to committed with the very presence of the military learn that they were being trained and if we shall not get In 1974, during the height to invade Sabah. The Jabidah justice for our people thru of the Mindanao War, Ansano Massacre became the spark of the peaceful and legal means chose not to work abroad but return Mindanao War. – we hereby pledge today to Lanao. Upon his return, he was before God, that despite conferred the title Alim sa Masiu, As a prelude to this, in our present personal and which in the Muslim tradition was the early 70s hostilities between political positions, we considered as a ’semi-traditional, Christians and Muslims heightened shall do our utmost to semi-religious, and a resource when in-migration of people to preserve our community person whom people ask about Mindanao increased. A Christian- and land. Towards this end, for clarifications on intellectual led Ilaga armed group was formed we are willing and ready concerns.’ This title bestowed and had gone on a rampage across to sacrifice our worldly upon Ansano gave him the right Muslim villages, committing possessions and even our to be consulted on both public and all sorts of atrocities to terrify lives as our forebears have private matters. the whole Muslim population of done before us in defense Cotabato province. In Lanao del of freedom and Islam.” During that year, Ansano Norte, a Maranao armed group also worked as an instructor in known as Barracuda was organized On September 21, 1972, the Mindanao State University by local Maranao warlords who President Ferdinand Marcos Institute for Islamic, Arabic and were threatened by rival Christian declared Martial Law in the Asian Studies, believing in the leaders with political ambitions in Philippines. A month after the Islamic value that before serving or the 1971 local elections. declaration, the Moro National feeding others, one must feed and Liberation Front (MNLF) came help those within his immediate In July 1971, faced by out into the open, claiming the environment. threats to the existence of the leadership of the Moro secessionist ummah (Islamic community), a movement and leading the Aleem Elias Macarandas, ’Consensus of Unity‘ was issued Bangsamoro War in the 1970s in representative of the Muslim by Muslim leaders, mobilizing Mindanao and Sulu. World League in the Philippines, Islam for political action. On was mentored by Ansano in the account of past and recent events, President Marcos had 80s. He appreciated this move by

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Ansano, saying that “As graduates Together with the Qur’an and the grown four-fold to become from other countries, we were Sunnah (sayings of the Prophet 250,000-strong, were deployed in Muhammad), the consensus of the Mindanao as against an estimated expected to give our skill to ulama (called “ijma”) is considered military strength of some 20,000 foreign use or search for greener one source of Islamic law. Thus in armed men in the MNLF. Because pastures. Aleem Ansano was one Muslim society as a whole, the of this military imbalance, local of the very few who decided to (be ulama are highly regarded to this religious leaders who were day. graduates of Islamic universities in Mindanao) and focus on his own in the Middle East and trained in society first. He was one with such While the present crop da’wah or missionary work and level of intellectual competence of ulama are reformists who pedagogy were reported to have who did not use it for personal view education as a medium for been called in to the battle line Islamic da’wah (the call of faith), for the first time as either fighting gain but rather to help people the locally-educated ustadz tend commanders or fighting men. through reforming the society and to react militantly (more than the Given the support of the religious encouraging people to be both foreign-educated ustadz) toward leaders, it was easy then to call on good Muslims and good citizens the current state of secularizing the Muslim people for jihad (holy education that does not reflect war). - healthy, productive, and happy Islamic values and culture at all. without necessarily forgetting or Outside of his formal “killing” their culture.” academic life, Ansano involved MOBILIZING RELIGIOUS himself in radio broadcasting in Ansano was described LEADERS FOR JIHAD the 70s through a regular Islamic as the type of teacher who was radio program aired daily at the always ready and willing to share For returning Muslim government station Radio ng his knowledge to his students. “He scholars, only a fraction had Bayan in Marawi. At the time, was very active and was always landed in teaching jobs at academic radio was the most popular form enthusiastic to teach others,” said institutions such as the King Faisal of communication in Lanao Ansano’s former student, Prof. Institute at the Mindanao State because of its affordability and Sagola Tago. University and other privately-run accessibility to people in far-flung Arabic schools. Quite a number areas. Ansano’s radio broadcast Islamic university settled for staff positions in the displayed his Maranao wisdom graduates like Ansano are often Moro National Liberation Front and religious knowledge. placed on a pedestal by their (MNLF) for reasons other than communities because of their economic survival. It was believed “What I remember and profound knowledge of Prophet that scholars choosing the latter liked about him most is the way Muhammad’s teaching in his own helped expand the military arm he speaks. He was knowledgeable language, Arabic. These scholars of the Bangsa Moro revolutionary about Maranao culture, especially are now known as part of the movement by leaps and bounds. our language. In fact, he speaks communities of the ulama, the native Maranao fluently – religious authorities in Islam who By 1975, about three- something that the elders liked interpret the Word of God passed quarters of the government’s about him wherever he goes to on through the Holy Qur’an. combat forces, which had speak. He is such a convincing

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speaker,” said Aleem Abdulmalik During this fragmentation FORMING THE OMPIA Pacalna, Assistant-Principal of the in the Moro movement, Ansano PARTY had moved to Manila and Philippine Integrated School in completed a Master of Arts in It was in this context that in Marawi and a former ulama group Islamic Philosophy at the Institute the same year, the ulama in Lanao colleague of Ansano. of Asian and Islamic Studies at the del Sur conceived a political University of the Philippines in party. In Muslim belief, the ulama On January 20, 1977, Quezon City in 1983. influence all aspects of the life a formal ceasefire agreement of communities, from domestic between the Philippine government Three years later, on and clan decisions to political and the MNLF was signed February 25, 1986, Ferdinand affiliations. The ulama preach not following the Tripoli Agreement Marcos fell from power in only about religion. As authorities, made between Nur Misuari and a nonviolent People Power they are consulted on domestic Defense Undersecretary Carmelo Revolution that catapulted and political matters (for example, Barbero on December 23, 1976. Corazon Aquino to the Philippine whether women could be leaders). The agreement established presidency. The incoming autonomy for Muslims in 13 administration had inherited In the 1980s the ulama provinces and nine cities in the an economy devastated by were found divided on the issue of southern Philippines within the cronyism and marked by crippling religious leaders entering politics, realm of the sovereignty and dependence on foreign aid and and of Islam and democracy’s territorial integrity of the Republic investments. seemingly contrasting foundations of the Philippines. The Ceasefire – Islam as a law of God versus Agreement collapsed completely Guided by a newly drafted democracy as law of the people. towards the end of 1977 when Freedom Constitution, among government forces mounted President Aquino’s first acts was The conservative ulama massive offensives against all the dismantling of formal structures believed Islam (the divine law) known MNLF strongholds. of martial rule. In Proclamation and the present Philippine No. 3, Aquino outlined her plan Constitution (man-made law) Soon after, a leadership to reorganize the government to were incompatible. Thus, split within the MNLF occurred eradicate unjust and oppressive political participation in a secular between Chairman Nur Misuari structures; guarantee civil, democracy was discouraged. and Vice-Chairman Ustadz political, human, social, economic Philippine law maintains the Salamat Hashim. In 1984, Salamat and cultural rights and freedoms separation of Church and State, announced the formation of the of the Filipino people; rehabilitate while Islamic belief upholds the Moro Islamic Liberation Front the economy and promote the union of religion and governance. (MILF). The MILF’s emphasis nationalist aspirations of the The ulama were suspicious of was the establishment of Islam people; recover ill-gotten wealth the one-vote-one-person system, in Mindanao and saw itself as a amassed by the previous regime; especially where ’goons, guns religious movement, differing from eradicate graft and corruption in and gold‘ were used as part of the its mother organization, the MNLF, government; and restore peace election machinery. Democracy, with the latter being perceived as and order, settling the problem of based on the rule of the majority secular and left-leaning. insurgency and pursuing national is alien to Islam, which is based reconciliation based on justice. on “what is good or what is the

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straight path.” process being undertaken is and reforms Ansano proposed and called “kapepengompiya,” which introduced were supported by the But pro-active ulama means ’transformation.’ Thus, the organization’s leaders. He thought like Ansano believed in the term OMPIA connotes a stage of that the party platform should be reformative role of Islam. Sultan positive growth and development the focus of the campaign rather Ali Laguindab says that his cousin of a thing, person, group or society. than the personality of a political Ansano justified Islam in politics candidate, as was the usual with these words: “Politics is The OMPIA Party was campaign strategy. He believed in dirty but people who engage in formed on August 7, 1986 on the giving poor candidates a chance politics can be made honest and belief that ulama participation in by having them supported by the clean. They can be makatao (pro- the electoral process will bring well-funded candidates people), maka-Diyos (pro-God). about necessary reforms in the At the level of the leader and his society. The organization of the Lanao del Sur politics activity, one can sanitize them. party lies on Islamic faith and prior to the 80s was controlled Rules of the game are different but consciousness, with the belief that by traditional moneyed leaders, you can Islamize it. Because of this reform is in the hands of Allah and OMPIA hoped to change the teaching in Islam, for everything through people’s involvement. local political landscape. Ansano that you do, what is important is envisioned a political party that the intention. What we intend is On March 18, 1987 would change the attitudes of for the best. Shall we just look the Commission on Election people to promote the idea of “no at what’s happening? Can’t you (COMELEC) approved the gun, no men and no relatives.” As tell yourself: Can‘t you not steal? OMPIA Party as a political party former Mindanao State University Can’t you follow rules of law and with a regional constituency in Education Dean Pendililang government?” Regions IX and XII only. With his Gunting commented: “He wanted deep knowledge of Islam, Ansano to uphold a clean election in Henceforth, an ulama became the first Vice President Lanao del Sur that would ensure political party was formed using and Chairman of the Central political reform in this part of the an acronym that referred to a Committee of the OMPIA Party, country. He wanted to propagate common Maranao term, OMPIA with Dr. Mahid Mutilan, an ulama the ideals of Prophet Muhammad (Organization of Philippine who had impressive academic – to strengthen Islam where the Muslims for Islamic Advancement). credentials (he has a master’s Qur’an is the prime abiding law The term is derived from the word, degree and PhD in theology and that would eradicate the ills of the MAPIA, meaning “good.” Islamic philosophy at the Al-Azhar community.” The formation of University in Cairo, Egypt) its first the OMPIA Party constituted the It is said that if one uses the President. beginnings of a campaign to bring word OMPIA to refer to projects, into mainstream local politics the i.e., the construction of roads and The OMPIA Party was tenets of Islam. bridges, the correct term would based in Marawi City and recruited be “kiyaompiyaan,” which means religious leaders, religious Under the OMPIA Party, that the area is being transformed. teachers and the masses to support Ansano was slated to run for The one who works for the change its candidates, who were mostly governor of Lanao del Sur while is addressed as “mangompiya,” ulama. Ansano became the Party’s the more renowned, charismatic meaning ’reformer,’ and the standard-bearer. The causes, ideas, and articulate Aleem Mahid

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Mutilan was to vie for mayor in the It was during this period figures (like Mahid Mutilan) and 1988 Elections; Mutilan won for that the OMPIA Party helped Dr. by being one of its spokespersons Mutilan win as Governor of Lanao in media. He formulated the two consecutive terms. del Sur for three terms (from OMPIA platform and philosophy, 1991 to 1999).The elections were discouraging the use of vote- “Ansano remained simple phenomenal in the sense that what buying and the use of 3G’s – guns, and low-key. In riding a ship mattered during the campaign goons and gold – in elections. bound for Manila, Ansano took sorties was the mobilization of economy class. I was aghast people, not the usual ’guns, goons that my gubernatorial candidate RUNNING THE REGIONAL and gold.’ Threats to and bribes for would take an ordinary bed the electorate were not as prevalent DECS IN THE ARMM where everyone, including the at that time, unlike in previous Maranao voters, could see us,” elections. On August 1, 1989, the said his running mate, former ARMM was created by virtue Board Member Aleem Pandapat, Unfortunately, Ansano of Republic Act 6734, “An Act recalling their campaign sorties at never won a political seat despite Providing for an Organic Act for the time. the OMPIA Party’s high popularity. the Autonomous Region in Muslim He ran for several posts: as Mindanao,” when it was signed In explaining himself, governor, assemblyman in the into law by then President Corazon Ansano said that he rode economy ARMM (Autonomous Region of C. Aquino. This was in response class because he could not yet Muslim Mindanao), mayor, and to Muslim demands for local afford to ride business class. He was as congressman. The cause of autonomy in areas where Muslims sending a message that politicians his failure in elections could be represent a majority or a substantial should avoid the pomp and luxury attributed to several reasons: Some minority. The first Governor of that is usually perceived as coming say - “He lost because he did not the ARMM was Gov. Zacaria A. with the position i.e. moving have enough resources and did not Candao, duly elected on February about with armed bodyguards and have adequate connections. He has 17, 1990. The second Governor staying in classy places, away from also the general inexperience of was Lininding P. Pangandaman the reach of the masses. the religious leaders in traditional who took office on April 3, 1993. politics as seen in other OMPIA With a strong recommendation In 1991, the OMPIA Party candidates as well.” from the OMPIA Party, Governor allied itself with the national party Pangandaman appointed Ansano of the incumbent administration, Ansano learned the hard as Regional Secretary of the L A K A S - N U C D - U M D P . way on what he already knew Department of Education, Culture According to its party officer about “’dirty politics”’ in Lanao. and Sports (DECS) in the ARMM. Cabili Cali, OMPIA’s membership “He just validated what he knew,” had grown across Western Sultan Ali Laguindab, a writer on In his brief stint in the Mindanao and Central Mindanao, Sultanate system, said. then DECS-ARMM, Secretary particularly in the two districts of Ansano instituted in 1994 some Lanao del Sur and Marawi City. Ansano thus settled for educational reforms in the newly These districts have a combined being the moral figurehead of created autonomous government. voting population of more than the OMPIA Party by becoming a As the first Muslim cleric to hold 300,000 registered voters. political adviser to its charismatic a high position in the education

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department, his vision was to ensured.” He was referring to the It was in this setting mainstream Islamic education. He quality of teaching in the subject when the Ulama League of the areas of English and Math, which Philippines (ULP) was formed. worked hard for Islamic education were not the areas of specialization to be recognized in the law. He of Madid Ansano. Earlier, as talks with the pushed a Letter of Instruction (LOI) MNLF were winding down, the on the teaching of madaris by When Ansano left DECS, Ramos administration prepared to his colleagues best remembered talk peace with the MILF, with the drafting the supporting documents him as “the only secretary who President dispatching emissaries on integration of Islamic education came into office with a suitcase to conduct quiet exploratory in the Department programming. and left with only that suitcase.” talks with them. A parallel effort He was signatory to a project was likewise taking place when FOUNDING THE ULAMA Defense Secretary Renato de Villa that integrated Islam into the LEAGUE OF THE saw the potential of a meeting of DECS-ARMM Progress through PHILIPPINES faiths. Working with Lanao del Development and Decentralization Sur Governor Dr. Mahid Mutilan, (PRODED) textbooks, to reflect On September 2, 1996, the a leading ulama, De Villa planned Government of the Republic of the a first dialogue between ulama – Muslim values. This project was Philippines (GRP), represented those who did not espouse jihad funded by the Muslim World by President Fidel Ramos, and against the government – and League (MWL) and aimed at the MNLF, represented by Nur Catholic bishops. providing local context to the Misuari, finally forged a Peace Accord on the implementation De Villa supported Dr. realities of the citizens in their own of the Tripoli Agreement, known Mutilan in establishing the setting. For instance, textbooks as the GRP-MNLF Final Peace League. In mid-1995, the League’s would have images of mosques, Agreement (FPA). Mediated first General Assembly and Muslim heroes, Muslim names, by the Organization of Islamic first Islamic Summit was held Conference (OIC), this agreement in Davao City and attended by and Arabic words. was envisioned to bring much hope President Fidel Ramos. There, among Christians and Muslims in thirty three ulama were convened However, because of the process of finding a just and to draft the constitution and by limited experience in educational peaceful negotiated settlement to laws and conduct election of their administration, Ansano’s the centuries-old Bangsa Moro officers. The objectives of the ULP concentration in madaris problem in Mindanao. A new included the following: (1) to unite development did not translate to mode of relationship was hoped to the ulama in the country; (2) to improvement in the other aspects be effectively worked out among propagate Islam; and (3) to initiate of education in ARMM. The region all the peoples in this region. dialogue with others religions in was still considered one of the After several attempts at peace the Philippines. poorest in literacy in the country. negotiations to end an almost three- Another former DECS-ARMM decade civil war that had claimed Ansano did not get Secretary, Salipada Tamano, over 120,000 lives in the Southern involved in the elections nor did he observed that during Ansano’s term Philippines, this peace accord was seek to obtain any seat in the ULP “maximum development in all seen as a historic breakthrough. leadership. “That’s where I saw that aspects of education sector was not

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his involvement is iklas (sincere) On November 29, 1996, ANSANO’S LEGACY because he worked without any the first BUC Dialogue and general assembly was held in Cebu Aleem Elias Macarandas, thought of return,” said Aleem City. These influential religious member of the Ulama League of Ansary Mutia, Ansano’s colleague leaders - the bishops from the the Philippines and representative in the ULP. Dr. Mahid Mutilan was Catholic side and the ulama from of the Muslim World League to elected President of the League. the Muslim side - resolved to the Philippines, made this eulogy give a religious dimension to the about the esteemed religious The League was composed continuing search for peace in leader: of three regions, namely: Region Mindanao. It was during the third Ansano was one of the very 1 with 33 members and composed dialogue and general assembly few Ulama in Lanao who of ulama from Sulu, Region 2 in Marawi City on May 6, 1997 had encouraged the Ulama with 33 members and composed when the Mindanao bishops of participation in politics. of ulama from Maguindanao and the National Council of Churches He would always say that Davao, and Region 3 also with 33 in the Philippines (NCCP), the to reform our society, the members composed of ulama from major organization of the mainline Ulama needs to participate Lanao del Sur and del Norte. Protestants, were invited to join. in politics. In fact he was the one who came up with ENGAGING DIALOGUES The BUC is an umbrella the idea of organizing a WITH THE BISHOPS organization of religious clerics political group which is and preachers who were Muslims, composed and led by the Soon after, the ulama Protestants and Catholics, Ulama. He was also very (including Ansano) and bishops advocating interfaith cooperation. much ahead of Dr. Mahid from the Catholic Bishops As stated in the BUC primer: “In Mutilan in advocating and Conference of the Philippines a move to purify, substantiate campaigning for reforms. (CBCP) initiated the formation and strengthen their commitment He and Dr. Mutilan had of the Bishop-Ulama Conference to total human development, the organized the OMPIA (BUC) of the Philippines. The idea members of BUC regularly and Party, with Aleem Ansano for a dialogue was first brought up continuously hold dialogues on becoming the Secretary by Dr. Mutilan of the ULP to Bishop areas of common concern along General until his demise. Fernando Capalla, head of the the lines of the peace process. Ansano may not be very CBCP Ecumenical Commission The BUC coordinates all peace lucky in politics. When he for Inter-religious Dialogue in and dialogue partners throughout ran for Governor, he lost. July 1996. This came after the Mindanao, introduces dialogue He again ran for Congress, uproar over the formation of the and culture of peace in schools, but he also lost. Finally he Southern Philippines Council for and promotes dialogue of faith ran for mayor in Tamparan, Peace and Development (SPCPD), sharing with Shamans or religious but he lost yet again. a concession included in the leaders of the indigenous peoples.” proposed peace settlement between But in intellectual aspects, the Philippine government and The BUC has been meeting he was very much active. the MNLF that triggered renewed monthly ever since, with Ansano He wrote many books about hostilities between Christians and quietly working in the background. Islam in the Maranao Muslims in Mindanao. language. As Secretary

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for DECS in the ARMM, Ansano good citizen. a car. He devoted his time was very honest in his public in reforming the Maranao I’ve worked with Aleem Society. I consider him as a service. As far as I know, he Ansano for many years Reformist and my mentor. was very modest until he died and what I would never considering the fact that he’s forget about him was one of the most highly educated his simplicity, humility, As part of his continuing seriousness in his advocacy for improved education, Maranaos and a graduate from advocacies, and he never Ansano helped found several Libya. His education was never expects for any recognition madrasahs in rural communities used for money or gain but for in return but his heavenly in Lanao del Sur, including service. He became very active reward from God. He was his hometown Taraka. As his a very dedicated person, legacy and living memory to and enthusiastic in his advocacy not after any position or his hometown, a school under - to reform the Maranao society money. He’s the only person his name, the Ansano Memorial in the Islamic context. He firmly I know with such level of High School, had been built and believed that a good Muslim is a education and competence is personally administered by his who never own a house and wife, Dr. Zainab Ansano. ______

REFERENCES Larousse, William. Walking Together Seeking Peace: The Local Church of Mindanao-Sulu Journeying in Dialogue with the Muslim INTERVIEWS Community (1965-2000). Manila: Claretian Publications. 2001.

Dr. Hajjah Zainab Intan Dimakuta, wife of Alim Abdulmajeed Ansano Marohomsalic, Nasser A. Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A History of Aleem Elias Macarandas, Ulama League of the Philippines the Bangsamoro Muslims in the Philippines.

Mastura, Michael O. The Muslim Filipino Experience. Manila: BOOKS Ministry of Muslim Affairs. 1984.

Ezzati, Abdul-Fazi. The Revolutionary Islam and the Islamic McKenna, Thomas M. Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics Revolution. Iran: Ministry of Islamic Guidance. 1981. and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1998. Gomez, Hilario, M. Jr. The Moro Rebellion and the Search for Peace. Zamboanga City: Silsilah Publications. 2000. Vitug, Marites Danguilan and Gloria, Glenda M. Under the Crescent Moon: Rebellion in Mindanao. Ateneo Center for Social Gowing, Peter Gordon. Mandate in Moroland. Quezon City: New Day Policy and Public Affairs and Institute for Popular Publishers, 1983. Democracy. 2000.

Jubair, Salah. Bangsamoro: A Nation Under Endless Tyranny. Kuala THESIS Lumpur, Malaysia. 1999. Panda, Ali B. Ulama Political Participation: The Case of the OMPIA Party in Lanao del Sur. University of the Philippines: Institute of Islamic Studies. 1988-1989.

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Mayor Hadji Munib Estino is also a deeply religious man. He was able to initiate the repair and improvement of a madaris or Islamic school building in his town. Even before his administration, Panglima Estino was already declared an Islamic Municipality in 2002, when his brother served as mayor.

INTRODUCTION progressive and peaceful, vastly different from the general image of a war-torn Sulu. Panglima Estino is one of the 19 municipalities in the The Municipality of province of Sulu. Created in Panglima Estino today is headed 1981, it was carved out of the by Mayor Haji Munib Estino, who Municipality of Panamao and since 1987, had already served Haji Munib Estino was formerly known as New in various local government Panamao. A relatively small town positions. He has been a provincial with 35,600 households, Panglima Warrior, Politician, board member, a three-term Sulu Estino is a 5th class municipality Peace-maker vice-governor and, for a limited with a land area of only 45 square time, was even appointed acting kilometers. It consists of 12 provincial governor. barangays, and its residents are primarily engaged in farming and The history of Panglima fishing. The town is a strategic Estino as a town and community is trading point for farm products, closely intertwined with the history seaweeds and fish coming from the of Mayor Hadji Munib Estino and island municipality of Pata and the his clan. neighboring town of Kalingalang- Caluang. It is also at the crossroads HADJI MUNIB ESTINO’S of the towns of Panamao and Luuk. ROOTS

This case was written by Panglima Estino, located Hadji Munib Estino was Derkie T. Alfonso for the 30 kilometers from the provincial born to Hadji Abbas ‘Maas Bawang’ Asian Institute of Manage- capital of Jolo, was the scene Estino and Hadja Halima Sahibili- ment-TeaM Energy Center of one of the bloodiest episodes Estino in 1950. The Estino family for Bridging Societal Divides. of fighting between the Moro This case is prepared sole- is a big clan which historically ly for the purpose of class National Liberation Front (MNLF) held considerable influence in discussion. It is neither de- and the Philippine Government in the locality. It is said that the signed nor intended as an the 1970s. However, any visitor Estino family descended from the illustration of correct or in- would observe that the reality of panglima class. Panglimas, in the correct management of the Panglima Estino today is a far cry problems or issues contained Sultanate tradition, are the next in the case. Copyright 2009. from the days of old. The place is in rank to the Sultan of Sulu and

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usually serve as the warrior group YOUTH AND EARLY YEARS The ambush turned out to tasked to protect the Sultanate. The be a key event in young Munib’s town was even named Panglima Hadji Munib led a fairly life. Upon reaching the age Estino after the clan’s patriarch, comfortable life. During the pre- of eighteen, his mother gifted who traced his roots way back to Martial Law and MNLF rebellion him with a gun. The gift was the era of the Sultanate. years, he was a student at the Notre accompanied with solemn advice Dame of Jolo College (NDJC), from his mother: find and kill the Hadji Munib’s father was where he completed his elementary one who attacked him years ago. the local chieftain of Panglima and high school education. NDJC The young Munib did, and as a Estino’s central community of at that time was a known school result he became a fugitive from barangay Punay, when Panglima for the children of Sulu’s elite. the law with a court warrant for his Estino was still part of the arrest. Hadji Munib took refuge Municipality of Panamao. Maas At 14 years of age, Hadji in barangay Punay, his clan’s Bawang, also known as Kumander Munib experienced an incident that bailiwick, under the protection Bawang, was one of the major Sulu changed his life. While at home for of his father. He then became tribal leaders who joined the Moro a school break in barangay Punay, the clan’s designated enforcer as National Liberation Front after Munib Estino heard gunshots from he took on the responsibility of Martial Law was declared in 1972. a distance. He learned that his pursuing the Estino clan’s enemies. For years, he and his men fought father, along with several relatives, the government. In the mid 1970s, was ambushed while on the way Hadji Munib developed a Maas Bawang together with seven home from Panamao. He rushed reputation in the province of Sulu other major MNLF commanders to the scene and found his father as “the warrior from Panglima – infamously known as the Magic fighting back the attackers. The Estino”. In the Tausug culture, 8 – broke away from the MNLF elder Estino commanded his son a man who had proven himself and realigned themselves with the to get a vehicle to evacuate their in battle is worth the respect and side of the government. It was a bloodied relatives. Hadji Munib admiration of the people. known fact that the creation of the was on his way to get a truck when town of Panglima Estino was a he was attacked by one of the As a young man, politics gift from then President Ferdinand ambushers, a sharp utak (the local and guns influenced his life. Marcos to Maas Bawang Estino term for a machete) slicing his back Politicians courting the support for switching allegiances from the and knocking him unconscious. of his father would also meet the MNLF to the government. Hadji Munib later found himself in young Munib Estino. The elder the hospital and learned that four Estino would see to it that his son Maas Bawang became the of his relatives died in the ambush. was introduced to the powerful first mayor of Panglima Estino. personalities in Sulu every time Later on, Hadji Munib’s brother, It was Hadji Munib’s they dropped by for a visit. Later, Hadji Kadil Estino, succeed their first taste of violence in the even politicians directly sought father as town mayor. The political subsequent clan war in the locality. Munib’s help in getting votes, power and clout the Estinos held The incident was believed to be particularly in the clan’s stronghold in the locality remained with their politically motivated, as his family and its neighboring barangays. clan as Hadji Munib also became was accused of having caused the mayor in 2004. ousting of Panamao’s erstwhile According to Hadji Munib, mayor. “At my young age, I myself was

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surprised at the attention I was replaced Anni. rule, women stand behind getting from the big personalities in the men during prayers the province. Maybe it was because President Ferdinand and usually are separated of my father Maas Bawang, or my Marcos’s declaration of Martial by curtains. As the soldiers reputation as a ’hitman‘ was blown Law marked another turning point entered the mosque, out of proportion.” in Hadji Munib Estino’s life. they asked the women worshippers, who were In the late 1960s, one MARTIAL LAW AND LIFE AS standing in the back, if they particular politician who was an AN MNLF COMMANDER know people who owned early admirer of the young Munib firearms. Estino was Governor Indanan Two days after the Anni, a Siasi island-based political declaration, word spread out in Receiving no answer from clan. Governor Anni solicited Sulu that the Philippine military the women (it is a strict his help in delivering the votes and constabulary would be Islamic rule that no talking of barangay Punay in his favor. confiscating firearms in the or moving is allowed in Through the influence of young possession of civilians. Since the middle of a prayer), Munib Estino, Governor Anni won Hadji Munib and some of his one of the soldiers poked in Punay (which had a sizeable cousins (who were also serving as his rifle into the butt of number of votes) and subsequently provincial guards) owned personal one of the women, who at got elected to the governorship firearms, they decided to go home that time was in a prayer of Sulu. Says Hadi Munib, “ I to barangay Punay to bury their bending position (called realized that I can influence people guns. In the Tausug culture, guns ru’ku). Startled, the and help determine the outcome of replaced the utak or the vaunted woman shouted causing the elections.” Moro sword called kris. The gun a commotion inside the is an important part of the family mosque. At that point Because of Hadji Munib’s heirloom. bedlam broke inside the efforts, Governor Anni took mosque. The soldiers, personal custody of him. Using A few days later, on who I thought were his considerable influence, the a Friday, the Muslim day of themselves surprised by governor caused the dismissal of congregational prayer called the commotion, started Munib’s murder case. During the salat’ul jum’ah, government shooting at the people review of Munib’s case, it was soldiers entered barangay Estino. inside the mosque. Many discovered that the authorities did Hadji Munib recalled the incident worshippers died that day. not do a preliminary investigation, thus: My group and I were at the making the court’s arrest warrant nearby mosque when we on him void. Free of legal The mosques in our heard the shooting. Quickly impediments, Hadji Munib community are always we took out our firearms became Governor Anni’s close- full on Friday noon for (which we previously in security person and trustee. congregational prayers. buried), went to the place When Governor Anni became a It was in the middle of the of shooting, and attacked congressman, Hadji Munib was prayer ritual when a group the government troops. employed in the same capacity by of soldiers chanced upon Governor Murphy Sangkula, who a mosque. As an Islamic It was my first encounter

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with the government. I realized The MNLF pulled him out of projects and local development, later that we made enemies Sulu and assigned him to operate Maas Bawang and seven other already of the government. But we in Zamboanga del Norte. Hadji MNLF commanders and clan have to do so because, to my mind, Munib recalled: leaders such as Tupay Loong from Islam that day was attacked by Parang town and Ahmad Omar of the Christian soldiers when they My main motivation [for] Luuk left the MNLF and joined the touched our women and killed fighting the government is government. Following his father, the Muslim worshippers. I may be my firm belief at that time Hadji Munib left the MNLF as well infamously notorious but when it that the government will and went home to Punay. This time, comes to my religion, I will bear start converting Muslims the young Estino and his father arms to protect it. to Christianity. I will have fought alongside the government to defend my religion. and against their former comrades When the MNLF leadership Besides, the massacre at in the MNLF. The Estinos and heard about the bloody incident, the Punay mosque needs their men were deputized by the they approached Maas Bawang justice. Philippine government as local and invited them to join the MNLF militia and, for years, assisted the forces, which in those years was I led a small unit of MNLF military with its operations against just starting to gain its strength. fighting men. We were just the MNLF. Reaching an agreement, the few since I do not want to MNLF provided the elder Estino command a large group. It In 1981, the Municipality with weapons and ammunition to is better to operate in small of New Panamao was created by use against the government. His number[s] since we require Marcos. New Panamao was later group later became known as one only small resources and changed to Panglima Estino in of the best fighting units of the maneuvering is easier. honor of the head of the clan that MNLF with his son Hadji Munib More importantly, I will traced its roots back to the era of Estino, then still in his early 20s, be minimizing casualties the Sultanate. Hadji Abbas Estino, already considered as a brilliant among my men. I do the legendary Kumander Maas battle commander and tactician. not leave a man behind, Bawang, became its first Mayor. wounded or dead. However, Rene Jamih, who had many I told my troops in case I FROM WARRIOR TO relatives in the MNLF movement, get killed in battle, they POLITICIAN talked about how his relatives should leave me behind. spoke of Hadji Munib:“He is Their welfare and survival, In 1987, a year after known among the circle of MNLF even in war, is my priority the EDSA uprising, the Aquino forces as a fearless warrior. Munib concern. government under the so-called had the ability to endure hardships ’Cory Constitution‘ appointed and does not run from a fight. He is In 1974, President Marcos provincial and local officials as a legend in his own right.” had identified the big tribal leaders part of its transition strategy. in Sulu, and Hadji Abbas Estino Among the early appointees was Hadji Munib Estino’s was one of them. Marcos then Hadji Munib who was appointed battlefield exploits led the MNLF initiated a process of wooing these as a provincial board member of to form a special striking strike tribal leaders to return to the fold Sulu. His former patron, Indanan force, with him as the leader. of the government. Promising Anni, served as the provincial

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governor-appointee. However, I never left politics since in the middle of a shooting Hadji Munib was not excited about then. war. In one case, in the the appointment. He said: middle of the night, I held In 1989, after a lamp over my head in the I do not want to be a completing his appointed term midst of the coconut trees politician and have no as provincial board member, and literally placed myself interest in politics. What Hadji Munib ran for the same in the middle of two groups I wanted to do is lead a position and won. In 1992, he that were shooting at each simple and quiet life with ran as vice governor and also other. I have to shout for my family. The appointment won handily. He then went on them to stop as they might for a government position to win the next two re-election hit me. I will do anything to was a surprise. I just want bids, and was thus the first prevent deaths because of to continue with my rice vice governor in Sulu to run this rido. trading business. I even undefeated for three successive sold fish in the market elections. Many families I know have just to earn money. I was gone bankrupt because intent in staying away What characterized Hadji of this. They had to sell from the government that I Munib’s term as a provincial vice their lands and properties hid for two weeks, hoping governor was the mark he made in or take out a loan from it that the people around me addressing the perennial problem just to buy guns, bullets would help withdraw my of clan wars or pagdangaw (also and supplies to sustain appointment. called rido). During his time as their clan war. I have been a provincial official, he led the there and I know how However, Hadji Munib’s Provincial Mediation Council difficult it is. This is the mother, Halima Sahibili-Estino, which was tasked to mediate, settle, reason why I made it my convinced her son to accept and prevent clan conflicts. The personal responsibility as the government appointment. Provincial Mediation Council was vice governor to minimize According to Hadji Munib: established because of the festering as much as possible these clan conflicts in many parts of kinds of incidents. My mother, who is very Sulu. This council was established dear to me, asked me if I under the administration of Gov. It is one of the sayings of would do anything for her. Sakur Tan. However, the council the Prophet Muhammad, I said that I would give up was not sustained when a new peace and blessings be my life to make her happy. governor assumed office in 2001. upon him, that “a person My mother then said that Hadji Munib recalled: who was able to bring it is time for me lead a peace to warring groups new life. The appointment During my term as vice- or persons will receive to serve as a provincial governor of Sulu, I blessings from Allah board member was an mediated family conflicts in greater than the blessings opportunity to help the the province of Sulu. Some he will receive from one people. Since the request conflicts were in the early prayer”. came from my mother, I stages which we helped accepted the position. And prevent while others were For this effort, he was

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awarded as The Most Outstanding then Jolo Mayor Rashdi part of being a politician. What is Vice Governor by the Leadership Abubakar. I was ready for important is that “after the elections, Organization of the Philippines, any eventuality that day. If politics should stop. I value more Inc. there will be any shooting my personal relationships with the or explosion, I was ready people around me,” he remarked. One highlight of Hadji for it. I marched with Munib’s career as a political leader the other church leaders As a small entrepreneur was in 1997. During that year, he shoulder to shoulder. Thank Hadji Munib said he enjoyed his was appointed by the Department of God, nothing untoward short respite from politics and the Interior and Local Government happened that day. the demands of government. He as the acting Governor of Sulu was able to engage in rice trading, since the incumbent Governor, In my heart though, I need run a buy and sell operation with Sakur Tan, was suspended because to do something to bring items coming from Sandakan in of an election protest. his killer to justice. That Malaysia, and even sold fish in the opportunity came when the market. Munib said “business is During Hadji Munib’s ARMM Philippine National like politics, you deal with people watch as governor of Sulu, Bishop Police Regional Office had and make decisions everyday.” Ben de Jesus of the Sulu and Tawi- endorsed to me a police Tawi vicariate was murdered by a officer for the post of PNP In 2004, politics beckoned gunman. Bishop Ben, as he was Sulu Provincial Director. to him again and he ran for mayor commonly known, was a beloved I said I will confirm his in the municipality of Panglima figure even among the Tausug endorsement if he will Estino and won, succeeding his Muslims, as he was instrumental be able to get the killer brother Hadji Kadil Estino. In in initiating many projects in the of Bishop Ben within ten 2007, Mayor Munib Estino won a area. The biggest of these were the days. In less than ten days, second term as municipal mayor. housing projects that dotted Jolo the suspect was arrested. and parts of Patikul. Bishop Ben THE MAYOR-EXECUTIVE was also Hadji Munib’s friend. As acting governor, Hadji Munib continued with his work The man who used to be Hadji Munib recalled: as a mediator/ peace-maker to the armed enforcer of a small warring families. community, a known MNLF His death left me with commander-warrior, a leader much sadness and anger In 2001, Hadji Munib of government’s anti-insurgent at what had happened. Estino ran for Congress, for the militia, a political personality Bishop Ben was a good 2nd district of Sulu, but lost. In and peacemaker, had now came man. I received warnings the interim, he engaged in small back to the place of his roots, full and death threats that I businesses, primarily trading. of experience and knowledge in should not join his funeral governance and leadership. procession. However, to When he lost in the show my solidarity with the congressional race, he realized that What Hadji Munib saw Catholic church over this it is very difficult to run against in Panglima Estino was a place killing, I joined the funeral big money. However Munib that was left out by development. march together with accepted that losing an election is During rainy days, even the dirt

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road leading to the town center repair the heavy equipment assumed office, to being a 5th class would be rendered impassable. that the municipality municipality today. He claimed The people were economically has. Immediately we put that they were already progressing depressed. This situation, which the equipment to use to towards being classified as a 4th was known already to Mayor pave the road. Over the class municipality, which Munib Munib, was especially difficult for months, we slowly were hopes would happen during his him since his father and brother able to improve the road incumbency. ruled the municipality since its connecting the national creation. It saddened him to know highway to Panglima Under the five-year that members of his clan was were Estino. The people were mayoral term (to date) of Hadji not able to bring development to able to travel more easily to Munib, several organizations the locality. other parts of the province. converged on his municipality to The road also improved the provide development assistance. Mayor Estino was resolute transport of farm products, Munib Estino explained that in addressing this problem. He said especially copra, reducing “External organizations come that, “Even before I became the the transport cost. to a municipality if they see the mayor, I knew the things I have to leadership is sincere and present do. I already have a development Our next project was to in their area. They also look at the agenda outlined in my mind. The improve the municipal peace and order situation of the first things that I have to do are to wharf. Panglima Estino is place. Are they secure? Do they fix the road and repair the Panglima a drop-off point of marine feel safe? Can they trust the LGU? Estino wharf. I believe that if these products, such as seafoods Probably these organizations saw two projects are accomplished then and seaweeds coming these things in Panglima Estino. change would come to Panglima from the island of Pata I did not approach them. They Estino.” and nearby Kalingalang- approached me. My only condition Caluang municipality. As with them is that I will give them At the outset, he was faced a result, trading activity in my total support as long as they with a rather small municipal fund my municipality increased. deliver what they promise. You see, of only Php 1.3Million per month. The local government also it is my name and reputation that is The 20 percent development fund increased its earnings from at stake if they do not deliver.” that the state allotted to local the wharf fees. government units by law would Starting with the Joint amount to a little more than What followed, in a short Special Operations Task Force Php 250,000 for his envisioned span of time, was an of the United States military, projects. He recalled his first act as incredible development for they were able to jointly build a a local chief executive thus: a small municipality like health center and a four-classroom Panglima Estino. building for the town’s elementary What I did upon assuming graders. office in 2004 was to keep According to Mayor the Php250,000 per month Munib, the economic development From the ARMM Social for four months. We were that followed from these initiatives Fund, they were able to put up able to save 1 million moved Panglima Estino, from being a municipal storage building, a pesos which we used to a 6th class municipality when he new municipal social hall, a new

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administration building and a government in setting up a coastal food, and transportation to the public market which also served resource management project, technical team and its engineers. as the trading center for marine starting with the establishment The communities for the water products. The ARMM Social Fund of a fish sanctuary within the project likewise provided labor also supported the construction of coastal waters of the municipality. during the construction phase of artesian wells in eight of Panglima Recently, through the assistance of the water system as well as project Estino’s twelve barangays. LGSPA, multinational firm Nestle’ management after the project Philippines partnered with the turn-over. For the Gawad Kalinga In 2006, Tabang municipality in establishing a six- project, the LGU worked out Mindanaw, a consortium of hectare coffee nursery, since it was the land arrangement where the national and international non- noted that coffee production could housing project is located while the government organizations (NGOs) be a viable industry for Panglima community provided the manual with a mission to alleviate poverty, Estino. Another multinational labor requirements. The LGU also provide development assistance, corporation, DOLE Philippines, hosted the accommodation of the and emergency help to poor, also partnered with the local GK technical team. The LGSPA conflict-sensitive Mindanao government in putting up a four- project, on the other hand, had the communities, assisted Panglima hectare pilot pineapple plantation LGU pass the necessary municipal Estino with a water system project in the municipality. ordinance in establishing the fish for the municipality. Tabang sanctuary. The LGU also provided Mindanaw helped not only in The most recent project security for the sanctuary and putting up a water generation and implemented in Panglima Estino hosted community meetings. delivery system in the area and was with Gawad Kalinga, another repairing and upgrading existing national NGO with a mission of In all of the projects, water sources but also initiated “transforming poverty stricken Mayor Hadji Munib exercised a community organizing in its communities by way of building day-to-day, hands-on approach in barangays. In addition, the Tabang decent homes”. The initiative is project implementation. He does water system project also put up a an assisted housing project which not rely on the people around water laboratory building that was aims to construct 30 housing units him to monitor the projects as used to house water quality testing located in the town center. he personally attends to all its equipment. With the water project, concerns.“The project will move issues like good governance, basic These development faster if the people see me having a development rights, people’s initiatives and projects were all direct hand in the implementation. empowerment and participation done with counterpart resources More people would participate and peace-building were placed in from the local government unit and support the project if they see the forefront of Panglima Estino’s (LGU) of Panglima Estino their mayor working. Even the agenda. and its communities. The implementers would be inspired as counterparting scheme varies well,” declared Estino. In 2007, the municipality from project to project depending received assistance from the on the agreement with the lead Mayor Munib Estino said Canadian government through organization. For instance, in the with pride that they were able to the Local Government Support case of Tabang Mindanaw’s water accomplish in five years what his Program for ARMM (LGSPA). The project, the LGU provided for father and brother as mayors failed LGSPA was able to assist the local the logistics support i.e. lodging, to do in 23 years combined. “There

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are many organizations that are concerns facing their Relative peace - meaning, minimal willing to help develop Sulu and municipality and respective incidents of violence - was already its municipalities. It is just a matter communities. I laid down there even prior to the entry of of proving to these organizations my agenda to them and development projects. The relative that the local chief executive is my expectations. Explicitly peace in the municipality is one sincere and serious about these I told the community of the factors that led external projects,” he explained. “What leaders that they have the organizations to engage the these organizations are looking responsibility of checking municipality. for foremost is the presence of my performance as a leader. the mayor in the municipality If they find something is not The town is practically free and a mayor that has a hands-on right with what I am doing, of lawless elements and armed approach in partnering with these they should tell me right encounters in part due to the Estino organizations. You see, Sulu is away because if they did clan’s influence in the municipality. notorious in having municipal not and I commit a mistake, During a major shooting encounter mayors that cannot be seen in then I will look for them between the forces of the MNLF their municipalities but instead in the Day of Judgment and AFP, many evacuees from are staying either in Zamboanga before God. I also asked Panamao even took shelter in or Manila. I seldom travel outside my constituents to help me Panglima Estino. of my town or province. The last preserve the trust that they time I went out was to attend my gave me. Mayor Munib Estino puts son’s graduation from college in heavy emphasis on preserving Zamboanga.” This practice of masuara, relationships in his community. or Islamic consultation, has He said that “Beyond politics are THE MAYOR-LEADER already been institutionalized. relationships with family, relatives Every first Monday of the month, and friends. For me, preserving Beyond development there is a big municipal gathering goodwill in my town is more projects, Mayor Munib is a man of all officials, religious leaders important. Politics should end after considered by many as a good and the people, where they discuss the elections.” Tausug leader. all problems and concerns that are facing each barangay. THE OTHER SIDE OF MUNIB Mayor Munib’s leadership ESTINO style is one of consultation. During Hadji Munib’s personal his first term as local chief executive, mission of preserving the peace Over the years, Mayor he gathered the community leaders, and order, which he started when Estino had mellowed down. He is officials, religious leaders and the he was still a provincial official, more patient and more willing to constituents at large. According to he continued as the town’s mayor. listen compared to when he was him: Observers noted that aside from younger. Panglima Estino being a town It was a bull session, having the most development According to many, Mayor ‘anything goes’ community projects being implemented, it Hadji Munib is a humble, down- meeting which I myself was also the most peaceful town to-earth person and is accessible to presided. We were supposed in Sulu. In Panglima Estino, his constituents. What the people to discuss all issues and development did not lead to peace. especially like about Mayor Munib

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is that his office and even his house differences. I tell them I do not want expounded on this point, saying are open at all times for people any trouble in the municipality. that “The government court system seeking his help. Most of the time, they agree to does not work here. For one, it is One constituent narrated that settle. However I warn them that expensive for both the complainant on one occasion, a man went in whoever breaks what was agreed and defendant. Worse, it will his kitchen during his mealtime upon will have me as their enemy.” take years for a court decision. seeking help. Many could see The people of Panglima Estino the Mayor was irritated but said Mayor Hadji Munib Estino wanted swift result and the limited nothing. Mayor Munib reasoned is also a deeply religious man. implementation of the Shari’a was that a person would not approach He was able to initiate the repair the answer.” him in such a circumstance if he and improvement of a madaris or was not in dire need. It turned Islamic school building in his town. Mayor Estino fully out that the man’s wife had to be Even before his administration, endorses this municipal ordinance. rushed to the hospital because of Panglima Estino was already He continues to oversee the sickness. The mayor had a vehicle declared an Islamic Municipality implementation of its provisions, prepared and even asked his wife in 2002, when his brother served including the following: the for money to give to the man. as mayor. prohibition of male members of the family from being seen Mayor Munib admitted The declaration of Panglima outside the mosque, or travelling though that even now many people Estino as an Islamic municipality outside of the municipality during in his municipality still look at him gives the local leaders a legal basis Jum’ah or Friday prayers (except with fear because of his reputation in the limited implementation of for emergency situations, in the as a warrior in his early years. “The the Shari’a process. The reason latter case); the banning of public young generation, probably having behind the formal declaration is transport vehicles from plying heard stories from their parents, to allow the local government to municipal streets during Fridays; views me with apprehension. I settle cases that would otherwise and the wearing of tirong for the have changed my life already ever be settled in the regular courts. women, to cover their heads. since I realized that not all can be The said declaration was in achieved by force. However, this response to the slow or non- The local government has a is also good because this helps existent judicial system in the standing Shari’a court that hears maintain the peace in Panglima town. The declaration, achieved complaints. It is composed of Estino. No one will dare to do via municipal ordinance, enabled the local religious scholars, the something bad because it is me the local officials to facilitate Mayor, Vice mayor, Municipal who will run after them,” he noted. the administration of justice by Council and the Chairman of the “Even the Abu Sayyaf could not resolving local differences without barangay where the complaint establish a presence in Paglima going through the courts. originated. The Shari’a court Estino.” handles cases such as theft, land It also allows for the disputes, and disagreements This is the same tact that implementation of certain Islamic regarding inheritance. It was not he uses when mediating local adhab or etiquette such as wearing determined if the Shari’a was able conflicts. Mayor Munib explained of veils for women and mandatory to hear murder cases as this is quite that “In settling conflicts, I ask the attendance of the menfolk during sensitive an issue to probe. parties to forgive and settle their the Friday prayers. Hadji Munib

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He shares his insights comes into play. laws of God and morals regarding Islamic leadership, of Islam. Leadership his own leadership style, and his I have my share of mistakes. should be fair regardless leadership aspirations to wit: Nevertheless I tried to be of religion and it should fair to the people regardless be strong. A peaceful and Present day politics is not of faith. And as a leader I developed Sulu will not be consistent with Islamic have to set an example for possible unless the Shari’a leadership. Jihad whether my people. system and governance armed or against ones is in place. Islam is the desires should be for the I dream of Sulu where solution to all the trouble sake of Allah alone and in people have love for each and problems facing Sulu defense of Islam while in other. I dream of leaders now. politics personal ambition that are conscious of the ______

60 Fellows Stories

Until his demise in July 2003, Salamat Hashim was the chairman of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a liberation movement he founded after he severed relations with the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1977. Under his leadership the MILF embarked to strengthen its political organization, reorganize and train its military forces, gain economic self-reliance, and vigorously promote Islamic values and education. These initiatives led the MILF to become the biggest liberation movement in Southeast Asia and one of the biggest in the world, with functional political and military organs. Salamat Hashim Ustadz Salamat, as his contacts and connections in he is popularly known by the the Middle East in bringing to Bangsamoro masses, was the Muslim world’s attention the recognized not only as chairman of cause of the Bangsamoro struggle, the MILF but also acknowledged and in gaining moral, political and as an ideologue of the Bangsamoro material support for the MNLF. liberation movement and a Bangsamoro leader. Mujahideen Known but to a few people, and other Muslim leaders in Salamat was the one responsible Mindanao used to come to see him for covertly arranging the not only to offer bay’ah but also military training of the first batch to seek his guidance and opinion of trainees that was to become on military, political, social and the MNLF military core group. spiritual matters, thus earning for Working with a prominent political This case was written by Ab- him the title of Amirul Mujahideen. leader, he laid the groundwork for houd Syed M. Lingga for the organizing the armed struggle for Asian Institute of Manage- ment-TeaM Energy Center for His diplomatic acumen the liberation of the Bangsamoro Bridging Societal Divides. This earned for the Bangsamoro people people from what they percieved case is prepared solely for the the recognition by the United as Philippine colonial intrusion in purpose of class discussion. It States “that the Muslims of the their homeland. is neither designed nor intend- Southern Philippines have serious, ed as an illustration of correct or incorrect management of legitimate grievances that must be In the MNLF organization, 1 the problems or issues con- addressed.” When he was chairman Salamat served as the first chairman tained in the case. Copyright of the MNLF foreign relations of the Kutawato Revolutionary 2009. committee Ustadz Salamat used Committee (KRC), the regional ______1. Salamat Hashim wrote two letters to President George W. Bush, the first on January 20, 2003 and the second on May 20, 2003. On June 18, 2003 Assistant Secretary of State James A. Kelly replied outlining the U.S. policy with respect to the conflict between the Philippine Government and the Bangsamoro people.

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organ of the MNLF with a wide He started his formal Sulatiyah ad-Diniyah. area of jurisdiction covering education in a Philippine public the present day provinces of school also at age six. He finished In 1959, he went to Cairo, Maguindanao, Cotabato Province, his elementary education in 1954 Egypt, which at that time was Sultan Kudarat, South Cotabato, and his secondary education the center of political activism Sarangani, and the municipalities in 1958, completing both with in the Middle East. There, of Malabang, Balabagan, Sultan honors. Salamat enrolled at the most Gumander and Kapatagan in Lanao prestigious institution of learning Del Sur, and Karomatan in Lanao While pursuing his formal in the Muslim world, Al-Azhar del Norte. He was later elevated to education in the Philippine University. He graduated from the MNLF Central Committee as school system, he also enrolled Al-Azhar’s Ma-ahad al-Buuth al- foreign relations chairman. in the village madrasah where he Islamiyah as Sanawiyah in 1963. attended classes during Saturdays, SALAMAT HASHIM’S Sundays and holidays. He finished Immediately after PERSONAL BACKGROUND ibtida’iyah in the madrasah at about graduation, Salamat proceeded AND UPBRINGING the same time that he graduated to take up higher learning by from high school. Enrolling in both enrolling at Al-azhar College of Salamat Hashim was born systems of education at the same Theology. He majored in aqidah on July 7, 1942 in the Municipality time gave him the opportunity to and philosophy, and graduated in of Pagalungan, Maguindanao. obtain basic education in both the 1967. He came from a deeply religious Arabic and English languages, and family of seven: four boys and in religious and modern subjects Pursuing his scholastic three girls. like mathematics and science. inclination further, he took up graduate courses in the same Salamat’s first teacher was In 1958, Salamat joined university and finished his master’s his mother. She taught him how the pilgrims from the Philippines degree in 1969. He again enrolled to read the Qur’an and guided in journeying to Makkah for hajj. for a doctoral program but was him in memorizing its verses. With the desire to pursue further unable to write his dissertation Reading and memorization of the his studies on Islam he took the because he had to return to Qur’an was the traditional way of opportunity to stay behind and Mindanao in January 1970 to basic learning among Muslims in study in Makkah under the care of organize the MNLF. This was after Mindanao at that time. This system Shiekh Jawawi. the Jabidah incident where Muslim of basic learning enabled Salamat military trainees were reportedly to cite references in the Qur’an The stay in Makkah slaughtered in their training camp with facility. At the age of six, provided Ustadz Salamat with in Corregidor Island after refusing Salamat could already read the the opportunity to learn and grow to join the reported invasion of Holy Qur’an and had memorized intellectually. He attended the Sabah province in Malaysia. It was many of its verses. Thus, he was halakat (group study) regularly also during this time that the Ilaga often selected to lead groupings held at the Masjidul Haram movement started its rampage in of children of his age, he being under Shiekh Alawi, Shiekh Mindanao, when Muslims were the most active and most serious Abdulrahman, Shiekh Zacaria massacred and their houses and among them. and other religious personalities. mosques burned to the ground. He also enrolled at Madrasatu as-

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He became interested the Philippine Muslim Student HIS VISION FOR THE to learn the English language Association. He also became BANGSAMORO because he knew that the skill the Secretary-General of the was indispensible especially in Organization of Asian Students In the guidelines he issued communicating the Bangsamoro in Cairo whose members came to the Bangsamoro mujahideens grievances and aspirations to from Burma, Malaysia, Indonesia, and MILF members, he said: “Our both the Filipino audience and Philippines, Thailand, Singapore, duty is to establish a just social the international community. Japan, Vietnam, Cambodia and order under the stewardship of He thus enrolled in the British Brunei. While serving as officer leaders adhering to the Qur’an and International Correspondence of these student organizations he Sunnah.”2 course at the American University cultivated contacts and networks in Cairo. Aside from being an among student leaders from other To him a just social order excellent writer and speaker in countries which he used later in can only be achieved by making Arabic, he also became fluent in his campaign for support to the supreme the Word of Allah, which English, and ultimately he wrote a Bangsamoro struggle for self- meant that the community of book and articles on Islamic issues determination. Muslims must subordinate every and subjects in English. aspect of their life i.e. their political, While he was an active legal, economic, education and While in Cairo, Salamat student leader in Cairo he social systems to the Word of Allah. was an active student leader. His clandestinely organized a core To achieve this goal, he called association with students from group of Muslim students from for the establishment of a true other countries who were affiliated South Philippines that planned Muslim community and a genuine with similar revolutionary and the Moro liberation movement Islamic system of government, and liberation movements sharpened in the early sixties. To finance application of a real Islamic way his awareness of social and political the early activities of this core of life in all aspects of the Muslim issues. This exposure acquainted group, each member contributed community.3 Salamat believed him with the burning issues and half of his meager allowance to a that the objective of establishing a problems of the contemporary common fund.The contribution just social order in the Bangsamoro Muslim world. More significantly, was sustained for years because he homeland cannot be achieved this made him aware of the colonial showed the example of consistently unless the Bangsamoro are free and oppression his Muslim brothers giving his contribution on time unfettered in the exercise of their and sisters were suffering back and seeing to it that the money right to self-determination. The in Mindanao, an awareness that collected was kept intact. When methods he applied in pursuing gradually transformed him from they returned to the Philippines, this goal were da’wah (Islamic a scholar to a revolutionary leader they used this fund in organizing call) and jihad (struggle in the way later on in his life. and mobilizing constituents. Part of Allah). of the money was also invested in Among the several student businesses as a continuous source The objectives of organizations and groups he took of funds. the da’wah program that he part in, Salamat was active in implemented were as follows: ______2. Salamat Hashim, The Bangsamoro Mujahid: His Objectives and Responsibilities, Mindanao, Bangsamoro: Bangsamoro Publications, 1985, p. 5.

3. Ibid, p. 9.

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“(a) To transform every bringing about societal change, individual Muslim member As for jihad, his view was but he pointed out that individuals of the MILF into a true and that “(w)hen a Muslim community operate within the socio-political real Muslim whose beliefs, is persecuted, oppressed or denied framework of the community system of worshipping his liberty and freedom to perform its where the influence of the leader Creator, norm of discipline, obligatory duties to Allah which is immense. Salamat believed that character, conduct and include conducting Da’wah until no matter how small the size of a behaviour and his entire its final goal is achieved, then Muslim community, it must have life is in conformity with armed struggle, . . ., is permitted a government (or an organization the teachings of Islam for the purpose of repulsing to resemble a government) and a derived from the Qur’an such persecution or oppression, leader. He also added that: and Sunnah. paving an unhampered way for It is not possible to achieve Da’wah and saving the lives and the ends of Jihad as “(b) To transform homes properties of those persecuted and enjoined by the Qur’an of Muslim MILF members oppressed.” 5 through isolated individual into real Islamic homes efforts. Jihad must where beliefs among SALAMAT’S CONCEPT OF essentially be the concern members of the family, LEADERSHIP of an organized group. their system of worshipping Such organized group may Allah, behaviour, their Salamat believed that the partake of the nature of an relationships and their decisive factor in human affairs is Islamic state or government entire life are in conformity leadership. His view of leadership or, in the absence thereof, with the teachings of Islam is similar with that of Sayyid an Islamic body (al jama- as enunciated in the Qur’an Abul A’la Mawdudi, a Muslim ah) or organization.7 and Sunnah. thinker who founded the Jama’at-i Islami, an Islamic movement Salamat emphasized “(c) To transform . . . (the) based in Pakistan. Mawdudi that the just social order that he community into a truly said: “An objective appraisal of envisioned had to be under the Islamic one. A community this period in our history shows stewardship of leaders adhering to is considered truly Islamic that everything began to change the Qur’an and the Sunnah. In many if its social system, with the changes of leadership…. of his lectures he underscored the discipline, character, Changes in leadership and society importance of righteous and God- conduct, behaviour, have metamorphosed the entire fearing leadership. customs, traditions and life style of a people.”6 systems of worship are In his view the fundamental governed by Islamic He did not deny the problem of the Bangsamoro people Shariah.”4 role of individual initiative in was placing the leadership in the ______4. Salamat Hashim, Bangsamoro Mujahid, pp. 10-11.

5. Salamat Hashim, Bangsamoro Mujahid, p. 12-13.

6. Sayyid Abul A’la Mawdudi, The Islamic Movement: Dynamics of Values, Power and Change. Leicester, UK: The Islamic foundation, 1984, p. 78.

7. Salamat Hashim, Bangsamoro Mujahid, p. 24.

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hands of those who were in error. united by providing the vision and Salamat’s formulation of the basic He said that “Over the years, it has group norms. The leader, according qualifications of the leader were as become crystal-clear to all of us to Salamat, should strengthen the follows:12 that the root cause of all the ills and spirit of brotherhood among the tribulations of our people is largely members. He said: 1. He must be a Muslim attributable to callous and corrupt Our constraints in material of legal age leaders whose main obsession is to capability and other form 2. He must be just and fair stay in power at the expense of our of handicaps related to 3. His credibility as a legitimate rights and aspirations.”8 revolutionary movements witness is acceptable can be overcome by in accordance with the He urged the MILF the fortitude, loyalty, rules of Shariah members to develop their brotherhood and solidarity 4. He should be well- leadership capability to prepare of members under all versed in Islamic themselves to work for the transfer circumstances. laws and with a good of“leadership and authority from Our unshakeable solidarity understanding of Islam the hands of the wicked, advocates is by itself a form of victory 5. He should be morally of materialism and immorality, in our Jihad. For being pure, upright and clean who seem to be beyond reform, to indivisible and united our 6. He should be physically the hands of righteous and God- hopes for achieving our and mentally fit to carry fearing colleagues.”9 ultimate objectives as an out the burden of his organization is within our responsibilities To Ustadz Salamat, reach and within the realm 7. He should be free from promotion of virtue and what is of possibilities, with the anything that would right, and prohibition of evil, as help ofAllah.11 becloud and cast doubt defined by Divine prescription, upon his character or were the twin functions of the Finally, the most important personality leader. He also believed that function of the leader which he had leadership is a social responsibility kept on emphasizing in his talks Ustadz Salamat’s view was and as such the leader has to serve with MILF leaders was to provide that the leader is to be elected. The the people in conformity with what a good example in matters of manner of election will depend God prescribes. The leader assumes discipline, iman, taqwa and ethics. upon the political maturity of the responsibility for the welfare and people and the prevailing political security of the community.10 It is Based on his knowledge of conditions. If the situation is so also the function of the leader to Muslim political thought and that the people can freely choose ensure that the group is strong and his own experiences in life, the leader and they can judge fairly ______8. Ibid, p. 4.

9. Salamat Hashim, Bangsamoro Mujahid, p. 5.

10. Abhoud Syed M. Lingga, “The Political Thought of Salamat Hashim”. Master’s thesis submitted to the Institute of Islamic Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, 1995, p. 50.

11. Salamat Hashim, Bangsamoro Mujahid, p. 29-30.

12. Lingga, p. 52.

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who among the nominees is the He advocated the revival society so much so that he had best, he is for direct election. If not, of the true Islamic civilization adopted a self-imposed regimen of the election of the leader has to be as defined by the Qur’an and the researching deeper on Islam which, delegated to a council called ahl Sunnah of the Holy Prophet, peace he sincerely believed, offered the al-hal wa ‘al-aqad, which shall be be upon him. Nonetheless, he also only solution to the problems of composed of ulama, professionals, urged Muslims to acquire modern the Muslims in South Philippines thinkers, and sectoral leaders. The scientific and technological as well as to the sordid state of applicability of this principle of knowledge in consonance with affairs of the Muslim ummah. His selecting government officials the command of the Holy Prophet, dream was the realization of the in Mindanao today will be peace be upon him. For him, Qur’anic provisions: problematic because there are every Muslim has to acquire both “Ye are the best community sets of rules that are defined by revealed knowledge (knowledge that hath been raised up existing laws. However, there will derived from God’s revelation) and for mankind. Ye enjoin be no problem in its applicability acquired knowledge (knowledge right conduct and forbid in selecting leaders of Muslim gained by man through experience, indecency; and ye believe organizations. experimentation and intellectual in Allah.” {3:110) efforts like mathematics, “And there may spring BEHAVING AS A LEADER medicine, economics, astronomy, from you a nation who etc.). However, the application invite to goodness, and Grounded in his religious of acquired knowledge has to enjoin right conduct and background, Salamat took conform to the moral values forbid indecency. Such are everything seriously. He was well defined by revealed knowledge. they who are successful.” organized both with regard to his (3:103) family and his work. He loved His deep concern for learning so much that even in his Muslims was such that the poverty Salamat introduced and jungle base he maintained a library and sad state of his brethren around practiced the concept of consultative where he spent time contemplating, the world brought him tears of and collective leadership. In his studying, writing his messages, sadness either while leading the book, The Bangsamoro Mujahid, and doing other scholarly work. prayer or in solitude. As a leader, he said that the MILF policy Salamat loved the poor and the of consultative and collective His character was oppressed of whatever creed or leadership meant “that no major impeccable that even in his early belief. This being so, he had made it decisions could be formulated childhood he was never known to a part of his personal commitment and implemented without first have committed major infractions to Allah to struggle for social resorting to Shura (consultation) against Islam. justice. He died a poor man. Except in general meetings attended by As an alim, he was prolific for his personal belongings, his the Central Committee members in writer and lecturer in Arabic, family did not inherit any property the homeland and representatives English and Basa Magindanaon, when he passed away. from different regions.”13 When his native dialect. He also upheld he was in Camp Abubakre he haq (truth) at any cost and any He had made it his life’s expanded the consultation process means, even if this would entail mission to introduce social change to include other sectors which the loss of his life. and development to Bangsamoro were not organic to the MILF ______13. Salamat Hashim, Bangsamoro Mujahid, p. 57.

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like the academics, professionals, he consulted from time to time recognition as a scholar not only in traditional leaders, and leaders of when it would not be possible for his Bangsamoro homeland but in indigenous communities. the Central Committee and the the Muslim world as well. While General Assembly to meet. in the Middle East he participated Even in difficult situations, in various Islamic conferences he always found ways to conduct LEADERSHIP LEGITIMACY which gave him the opportunity consultations. During the all-out to engage Muslim scholars in war launched by the Armed Forces Salamat was a scholarly discourse. of the Philippines against the revolutionary, an alim and a datu. MILF in year 2000, he convened As founder and chairman of the He was born of a family the MILF General Assembly so MILF, he was a recognized leader that belonged to the Pendatun clan. that consultations could be made. of one of the biggest liberation He ordered the repositioning of the movements in the world. Although he had three MILF forces from Camp Abubakre strong supports to the legitimacy to new locations. Secretly he called A graduate degree at Al- of his leadership, often these three the members of the MILF General Azhar University, the prestigious support groups contradicted each Assembly to a three-day meeting to institution of learning in the other. Yet he was able to generate decide on the movement’s policies Muslim world, and his scholarly their support for the Bangsamoro and programs. He organized the contributions to international struggle, a skill which many were Jihad Executive Council which Islamic journals earned for him the not privileged to have. ______REFERENCES

Hashim, Salamat. 1985. The Bangsamoro Mujahid: His Objectives and Responsibilities. Mindanao, Bangsamoro: Bangsamoro Publications.

Hashim, Salamat. 2002. Referendum: Peaceful, civilized, diplomatic and Democratic Means of Solving the Mindanao Conflict. Mindanao, Bangsamoro Darul Jihad: Agency for Youth Affairs – MILF.

Hashim, Salamat. 2004. “We must win the struggle!” Mindanao, Bangsamoro Darul Jihad: Agency for Youth Affairs – MILF.

Lingga, Abhoud Syed M. 1995. “The Political Thought of Salamat Hashim”. Master’s thesis submitted to the Institute of Islamic Studies, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City.

Lingga, Abhoud Syed M. Lingga. 1995. “Salamat Hashim’s Concept of Bangsamoro State and Government”. Dansalan Quarterly, XV: 3-4, pp. 49 – 60.

Vitug, Marites Danguilan and Glenda M. Gloria. 2000. Under the Crescent Moon: Rebellion in Mindanao. Quezon City: Ateneo Center for Social Policy and Public Affairs, and Institute for Popular Democracy.

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“All religions teach good things. Muslims or Christians, if you believe and practice your religion faithfully, you will be a good leader. The only difference in the Muslim faith is that as a Muslim, you are obliged to serve the people. There should be no injustices to be done. In our faith, we are asked to be good to the people. Our service to the people is our service to Allah. These are my basic beliefs and practice.”

INTRODUCTION stone fort named after Queen Isabela II soon after. The Fort was Basilan is an island constructed on the very spot where province across the tip of the the new Capitol Building now Zamboanga Peninsula in western stands. Mindanao. The province consists Mujiv Hataman of the volcanic, hilly main island When Zamboanga became and 61 smaller islands surrounding a chartered city in 1936, it it. The island’s early settlers were included Basilan. On July 1, 1948, The Alternative Political the Orang Dampuans. They were Basilan itself became a separate Leader the ancestors of the Yakan, a city through Republic Act No. peace-loving people known for 288. The city was converted into their colorful hand-woven clothes a province on December 27, 1973 with intricate geometric designs. under Presidential Decree No. 356. Upland, the Yakans grow rice, corn, coconuts and rootcrops. Basilan is an agricultural Approximately 55% of the people province with a few industries. It in Basilan speak Chavacano. The is the country’s leading producer rest speak either the tribal dialects of rubber, with plantations such of Yakan, Tausug, and Samal, or as B.F. Goodrich’s in Latuan, east Cebuano and Tagalog. of Isabela and Menzi’s on the This case was written by road to Maluso town. Other major Susan Granada for the The legendary Sultan crops grown commercially in the Asian Institute of Manage- Kudarat maintained a stronghold province are coconut, coffee, black ment-TeaM Energy Center pepper and African palm oil. for Bridging Societal Di- in the town of Lamitan until the vides. This case is prepared Spaniards crushed it in 1637, and solely for the purpose of Jesuit missionaries arrived a few It was in this environment class discussion. It is nei- years later. The Dutch attacked that a Yakan political leader was ther designed nor intended Basilan in 1747 and the French born. Mujiv Hataman saw the as an illustration of correct light of day on Sept. 11, 1972 in or incorrect management of attempted to occupy the province the problems or issues con- in 1844, but the natives repulsed Buli-Buli, Sumisip, Basilan. A few tained in the case. Copy- both attempts. To strengthen its days after his birth, the Yakan’s right 2009. defense, the Spaniards built a peaceful homeland was jolted by

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the declaration of Martial Law. is not a political animal but he is structure. He is aided by the When members of the Moro an undefeated Barangay Captain Pendita, his religious adviser and National Liberation Front (MNLF) since the time of [former Philippine a man well-versed in the Qu’ran. came to Basilan from nearby Sulu president Ferdinand] Marcos,” he Given Mujiv’s heritage having a in the 70s, many natives joined the said. The older Hataman inherited father who is a Barangay Captain Muslim struggle for secession. The his position from his father, a and a grandfather who was a island’s economic fortunes took a Panglima (Yakan tribal leader) of Panglima, Mujiv’s emergence as a turn for the worse as peace and Sumisip when the place was just a leader was expected and seen as a order deteriorated and many began tribal village. natural occurrence. to bear arms against the Philippine government. Historically, Tausugs Such was further reinforced considered Basilan as an extension especially when Sumisip became It has been said that before of the Sultanate of Sulu. Basilan a town. In addition to being his martial rule was declared, a strong became part of the Sultanate’s father’s son and grandfather’s Christian elite ruled Basilan, not extended domain facilitated grandson, Mujiv became his because of religion but because of by Tausug migration into the brother’s brother when his elder the pre-martial law socio-cultural island. The Yakans came under brother, Jim Saliman (Hajiman and political situation. In the 1970s the influence of Islam and the Saliman-Hataman), the second however, when Basilan became a Sultanate’s political structure of the nine Hataman siblings province, a young generation of was superimposed on the Yakan (Mujiv was the seventh), became educated natives showed potential political structure. The Tausugs mayor. Saliman is also married for local leadership. Yakans who became the rulers and the Yakans to the daughter of former Public were educated in Christian schools became the ruled in their own Works and Highways Secretary began to assert themselves and territory. However, no Yakan and current Congressman Simeon tried to shed off their traditional rebellion was recorded. Such Datumanong of Maguindanao. timid attitude. absence was presumably because of the religious-cultural nationhood Gleaned from the above, Mujiv grew up in this that evolved and bound the two local politics in Basilan can be context. According to Mujiv, ethnic groups under the mantle of described as very clannish in its his life in Basilan during those Islam. Hence, the ethno-political set up. Father Angel Calvo, a days was uneventful. He was structure in Basilan gave way to present day Spanish missionary a simple student who took his the Tausug political structure with who spent almost three decades of elementary education at the Buli- Islamic trappings. Each village was his life doing development work in Buli Elementary School from governed by a new political head the island, said: “Basilan’s leaders 1980 to1986 and his secondary called Panglima, believed and reflect the kind of government education at the Basilan National understood to be the representative the province has. Once the head High School from 1986 to 1990. of the Sultan of Sulu. of the family becomes a leader, all the other members of the clan HIS EMERGENCE AS A To date, the Panglima take advantage of the resources LEADER in Basilan stands parallel to the that come under the control of the barangay political structure. At leader.” But Mujiv comes from a the district level, the Panglima is family of local leaders. “My father seen as the head of the religious One study on Basilan said

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said that the present social to pursue a Bachelor of Science belief by emphasizing similarities configuration of the Yakan degree in Computer Engineering between faiths, understanding population reveals a prevalence of at the AMA Computer University values, and committing to world traditional clan structures located in in Manila. After two years, he quit peace. It was in this setting that defined territories within or across school and got involved in student Mujiv grew to become cross- municipal boundaries. There is no activism, as his older brother cultural and interfaith-sensitive unified hierarchy that represents Jim was then a student council by closely coordinating with the the Yakans’ overall leadership on leader at Araneta University and different Christian councils that the island. Rather, major clans chairman of the Bangsamoro have active interfaith and inter- operate and exercise influence and Student Alliance (BSA) in Manila. religious programs such as the control over defined territories. In Accordingly, the BSA had a National Council of Churches Sumisip town, the most prominent Marxist orientation. When Mujiv in the Philippines (NCCP), the are the clans of Hataman, Latip, arrived in Manila, there were a lot Catholic Bishops Conference of and Hamsa. In Tipo-Tipo, there are of demonstrations going on – at the the Philippines (CBCP), and the the Janjakilan, Maturan, Ibrahim, US Embassy, protesting against Association of Major Religious and Aron clans. In Lamitan, there the autonomous region, and others. Superiors in the Philippines are the clans of Poregay (Christian- As a student activist, Mujiv began (AMRSP). Yakan), Hamja, Mamang, and his “political career” advocating Pamaran. And in Tuburan, there for Moro people’s right to self- A year later, Mujiv became are the Salapuddin and Muarip determination. the Program Coordinator of the clans. The coastal towns of Maluso Moro Human Rights Center and Lantawan are predominantly Mujiv was later assigned (MHRC). MHRC was formed to Tausug while the capital town of the task to organize Muslims in promote, protect and realize Moro Isabela is predominantly Christian. Metro Manila. This covered areas human rights in the Philippines. in Quiapo, Taguig, Tandang Sora, MHRC is a member of the Mujiv recalled that they and others. Philippine Alliance of Human came from a clan of warriors. He Rights Advocates (PAHRA), the asserted that “our ancestors became WORKING WITH CIVIL founding members of which are leaders because of rido (family SOCIETY organizations and individuals who wars). They had to kill and subdue were in the forefront of the struggle other clans, so other families will At twenty two years old, against the dictatorial regime respect us. Fortunately, our father Mujiv became a Community of former President Ferdinand was a peace-loving person and did Organizer and Coordinator Marcos. MHRC conducts fact- not want more bloodshed. He sold of Al Fatihah Foundation, a finding missions, documentation, his properties and sent us to Manila non-government organization and reporting of human rights to study. We became the new engaged in interfaith initiatives violations against Muslims. leaders because we were educated. which promoted cooperative Our relatives remain warriors.” efforts and positive interaction As Mujiv conducted between people of different alliance work with different YOUTH AND STUDENT religious traditions (i.e. “faiths”), civil society groups, he also ACTIVISM particularly between Muslims began to help develop reform- and Christians. The organization oriented programs, especially In 1990 Mujiv left Basilan aimed to find a common ground in as participatory mechanisms

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have become increasingly EXPLORING THE It was a leadership which had to institutionalized with the state’s POLITICAL PROCESSES survive the economic dominance of passage of the Local Government AND ENGAGEMENT WITH multinational corporations which Code of 1991 that allowed active THE POLITICOS owned almost all of Basilan’s involvement of civil society groups land, and the presence of guerillas in the country’s policy making Mujiv also joined party- and various local armed groups, processes. building processes initiated by the including the Abu Sayyaf bandits. progressive movement. Many from Father Angel Calvo described the In 1995 Mujiv went back among their ranks have participated situation as a perfect setting for to Basilan and, together with in electoral contests; In fact, even corruption. “Because of the war some Christian missionaries, if progressive candidates won and the unstable situation, the new established the Kilusan Para few local contests in May 1995, leaders have to get as much as they sa Hustisya at Kapayapaan ng campaign assessments revealed can in a short time,” Calvo said. Basilan Foundation (Kahapan) that it was not difficult to learn the to organize communities into technology of electoral politics. “Politics is a cancer that is cooperative units. “Change must slowly eating the soul of Basilan,” start in the grassroots,” Mujiv said, Mujiv’s skills were honed Mujiv reflected. “People have been adding that people empowerment in the electoral process when he looking for an alternative, but they must be realized first before peace became a campaign volunteer did not find it in Salapuddin and in Basilan can be achieved. Mujiv for former Congressman Candu Akbar. Maybe they would not find further said that Moro leaders must Muarip, a traditional Moro it in me (either),” he added. also address the rebellious reaction politician and the first Yakan of the community against the Congressman to represent According to him, the years of subjugation by Christians. Basilan Province in the House of present crop of Basilan leaders Basilan’s new leaders must Representatives (1995-1998). But looks at politics as a business perceive that the healing process Muarip became a perennial loser venture. Mujiv observed that in is an essential element to peace. in local elections in later years. the past, when there was still no “We have to hasten community Internal Revenue Allotment for initiatives and peace projects When Mujiv saw that municipalities, nobody would even before banditry and elections Muarip was not a viable candidate, want to become Barangay Captain. overtake us,” Mujiv said, adding he joined Rep. Abdulgani “Gerry” “Today, people invest thousands, that the root of Basilan’s problems Salapuddin as campaign manager. if not millions of pesos just to be is still the “politically immaturity” Mujiv also abandoned Salapuddin elected Barangay Councilor,” he of most Moro communities. later and became political strategist said. of Basilan Gov. Wahab Akbar. He Father Angel Calvo became Akbar’s senior executive Mujiv believed that, at commented: “He (Mujiv) is assistant until 2001 when the two present, there was no one leader “very hopeful” that an aggressive parted ways due to “disagreements who has really worked for the socioeconomic process and “a in strategy.” good of Basilan. “Everybody just very clear and determined way wants to have power,” he said. of giving the people the justice After the rule of the Corruption is rampant and even they need” will bring peace and Christian elite in Basilan in the 70s, the taxation system is not working. development to Basilan. a new kind of leadership emerged. “Basilan is not going anywhere.”

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He added that no official of the Henceforth, discussions change in the country, particularly Office of the Ombudsman or the on party formation from the in Mindanao. Commission on Audit dared to progressive movement included look into the anomalies in far-flung the need to answer questions such Its general objectives municipalities. as: What kind of Party? What kind include the following: (1) To effect of program and organizational reforms in the electoral and form of “Who will implement the strategy should the Party have? It governance in Mindanao and in the rule of law?” Mujiv asked. “We was a consensus that the image that rest of the country; (2) To promote need a strong and sincere leader,” one needs to build is that of a new genuine Peace and Sustainable he said. “There is a clamor for kind of party whose members take Development (PSD) in the country, change, but no one seems qualified its programs seriously, who are particularly in Mindanao; and (3) to lead.” anti-trapo (traditional politician), To work for a Just and Humane against corruption, against horse- Economic, Political and Cultural FORMING AND BUILDING A trading in the policy-making condition of all peoples, especially PARTY process, for good governance, the marginalized sectors. for fair and predictable legal and In 2001, Mujiv ran for administrative processes, and Specifically, AMIN hopes a seat in Congress as party-list are as capable of managing the to: (1) Work for the enhancement of representative of Anak Mindanao economy better than other parties. the electoral system in the country or AMIN. The formation of It was emphasized from the very by adapting the Party-List system AMIN was a product of several beginning that such a Party will to include the rest of Congress; (2) deliberations from the progressive not be the only political instrument Advance the issues and concerns movement as it began to engage the of the progressive movement. of the Tri-people on: a) Ancestral state’s formal political processes. It domain claims and agrarian reform took advantage of a new electoral Therefore, when for food security; b) Home for the law which provided for a “party progressive groups such as homeless, home for the aged, and; list” system in the election of BISIG, SANLAKAS, Pandayan, c) Right to self-determination of members of Congress. and Padayon established the all peoples; (3) Develop a self- multisectoral party Akbayan, the reliant agriculture-based economy At the House of Central Mindanao group also and adopt protectionist policies on Representatives, most of the 250 formed their own, which was Anak export-import control; (4) Promote members of Congress are elected Mindanao (AMIN). a scientific, people-oriented and in single-member constituencies, nationalist system of education; but 20% are to be elected AMIN is a political party and (5) Promote the interest of through a proportional ‘party- characterized as Tri-people (Moro, migrant workers and their right to list’ representation system. This Lumad, Filipino), multi-sectoral vote. ‘party list’ system is intended to (peasants, youth, urban poor, provide disadvantaged sections professionals, labor, fisher folks, AS A LEGISLATIVE LEADER of the population with access etc.), and multi-formation (POs, to a legislative agenda, and to federations, Coops, NGOs and During the 2001 elections, encourage the development of individuals), organized to respond Mujiv Hataman won a seat and at political parties based on programs to the Mindanao peoples’ growing 29 years old, became the youngest rather than personalities. sentiments of affecting positive member of Congress at the time as

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AMIN Party List Representative. beliefs on leadership, Mujiv But Mujiv acknowledges said: “The leader is only the that within the Muslim community To date, Mujiv is in his third representative of the community. there are misconceptions in the and last term as Congressman. The community’s voice should practice of the faith, especially When asked about his major be the leader’s voice and not so because at this point in time, contributions and achievements, the reverse.” Henceforth, if he he said: “we cannot yet identify a Mujiv was very modest and was confronts issues in the exercise model Islamic community based hesitant to enumerate any of them. of his legislative duties, he on religion. Even the world does But a visit to the AMIN website admonishes himself to observe the not have yet a model Islamic would reveal that Mujiv is with Islamic tenet: “Don’t ever decide society.” He also cited the example the following House Committees if you are not able to consult your of the Abu Sayyaf, whom he said as member for the minority: (1) constituency.” This is what he calls identify themselves as Muslims Accounts; (2) Agrarian Reform; (3) the principle of “maswara,” i.e., and claim to be advocating Appropriations; (4) Aquaculture “if your decision would be for the Islamic principles. But there are and Fisheries Resources; (5) East community, it should come from no teachings in Islam that say one Asian Growth Area; (6) Games the community.” can kill or one can kidnap. “Even and Amusement; (7) Human the Prophet,” Mujiv said, “during Rights; (8) Mindanao Affairs; (9) Mujiv also believes that their Jihad or Islamic War, at the Muslim Affairs; (10) National the Muslim community must learn time of the propagation of Islam, Cultural Communities; (11) how to differentiate the leader admonished, ’Do not kill women. National Defense and Security; from leadership. The former is Do not kill children. Do not kill the (12) Overseas Workers Affairs; a representative; the latter is a elderly.” Mujiv said: “It was very (13) Public Order and Safety. process in practice, which is to be specific. There is guidance. But consultative. this has not been practiced. We Mujiv has sponsored and do not have yet a perfect Islamic authored fourteen (14) House In general, there is no community.” Bills, the most significant of difference between a Muslim and which is House Bill HB03012 non-Muslim leader in terms of CHALLENGES TO HIS - AN ACT PROHIBITING faith and leadership. Mujiv said: LEADERSHIP DISCRIMINATION AGAINST “All religions teach good things. PERSONS ON ACCOUNT OF Muslims or Christians, if you One of the challenges ETHNIC ORIGIN AND/OR believe and practice your religion that Mujiv has faced in his RELIGIOUS BELIEF. He has also faithfully, you will be a good leadership was the death of elected co-authored sixty nine (69) House leader. The only difference in the Congressman Wahab Akbar. Bills. Muslim faith is that as a Muslim, In November 13, 2007, a few you are obliged to serve the people. months after having been elected, Mujiv became the voice of There should be no injustices to be Congressman Akbar was killed the Muslims in Congress. He tries done. In our faith, we are asked to by a bomb blast that exploded to be accessible to people. be good to the people. Our service as he was about to leave the to the people is our service to Congress Building in Quezon City. BELIEFS ON LEADERSHIP Allah. These are my basic beliefs Allegations behind the apparent and practice.” assassination were leveled against When asked about his Gerry Salapuddin and Mujiv

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Hataman. Tausug and Christian leaders. To a columnist. They have three them, the 2007 elections proved to children: Ahmed, Khaleed and The Akbar bloc and the be a debacle as they lost in nearly Amina. Salapuddin bloc are said to be the all fronts, save for Lamitan City. most formidable power blocs to HOPE FOR THE FUTURE have been formed since the 2004 On March 9, 2009, several general elections. Both blocs went improvised explosive devices Mujiv said: “I have great head-to-head in the 2007 local (IED) were found in two barangays reservations to be involved in local elections. in Zamboanga City. One of the politics now because my children bombs was accidentally found by are still very small. I don’t want The Akbar bloc (aligned a streetsweeper inside a trash can them to live within a violent with the Liberal Party- Atienza in Barangay Tumaga. Two likely culture of rido, which is a [cycle Wing), was led by the late Wahab targets for the bomb were said to of] revenge and counter-revenge Akbar, three-term Governor, be the Zamboanga bus terminal, between two conflicting parties. religious leader, former MNLF which is located a few meters And what if something happened stalwart and alleged Abu Sayyaf away from where the bomb was to me and they are still small? I co-founder. The bloc is composed found, and the residence of Mujiv don’t want hatred to be developed of his wives and his nephews and Hataman, which is also nearby. in them.” nieces, all of whom have been Meanwhile, two more improvised rewarded with a mayoralty post bombs were found by barangay Yet, on the other hand, in all the Basilan towns as well as officials in an abandoned lot in Mujiv said “I still want to engage the biggest electoral prize - Isabela Barangays Culianan Tumaga. in politics because I want to create City, which is under his second Barangay officials said that the a model community, even at the wife Cherrylyn Santos-Akbar. His bombs were found a few meters provincial level, and for people first wife is currently the Governor from Rep. Hataman’s youth center. to acknowledge that there is a of Basilan, Jum Jainuddin-Akbar, Muslim leader who can do this. who defeated former Deputy When asked whether the The problem in Mindanao is very Speaker Gerry Salapuddin. bomb threat was related to the complicated. There is failure from Wahab Akbar himself was elected killing of Akbar as revenge, Mujiv government to respond to the Congressman. said that it seems the incident present conflict. My authority at was masterminded by ’political‘ the moment is to legislate and at the The Salapuddin bloc enemies warning him not to run same time to influence legislation. (aligned with the Lakas-CMD/ as governor of Basilan after his But it would be better if you are Kampi), is led by Abdulgani ‘Gerry’ Congressional term is finished in involved in local politics, because Salapuddin, three-term Governor, 2010. you have authority. You have three-term Congressman and two- police power. You have funds. I term Deputy Speaker of the House When asked if he was also wish to empower people for of Representatives, and former running for governor, Mujiv said them to ask from government what MNLF member, with his allies that there is a difference in his they (authorities) have done to Hajiman Salliman Hataman of outlook now because his children them.” Sumisip and his brother, AMIN are still very young and politics in Party-list Representative Mujiv Basilan is really very dirty. Mujiv Mujiv continued: “What is Hataman, along with a mix of other is married to Sitti Djalia Turabin, now running in my mind is between

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the risk to my family and the risk I unity among different peoples local level, where what Islam says would take if I would heed the call of different faiths in a peaceful would be practiced and where to develop Muslim communities Mindanao who are enjoying there would be active participation in order to resolve the Mindanao recognition in their identity and from the community.” conflict. From a bigger picture of experiencing empowerment and the right to self-determination of good governance, what I would “All of this service to the the Bangsamoro people, where like to see now is to have a model people is one’s service to Allah,” there is peaceful coexistence and Muslim community, even at the he remarked.

______REFERENCES

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

1. Cong. Mujiv Hataman, Anak Mindanao (AMIN) Party List Representative 2. Amihilda J. Sangcopan, AMIN Party List Chief of Staff 3. Cris Gaerlan, Former staff of AMIN Party List 4. Atty. Soliman Santos, Peace Advocate 5. Mr. Ed Quitoriano, Mindanao Peace Researcher 6. Jose Torres, Journalist 7. Vim Santos, Philippine Global Exchange 8. Alvaro Senturias, Chairman, Mindanao Peoples Peace Movement (MPPM) 9. Dr. Linda Senturias, Anak Mindanao (AMIN) Party 4th Representative

LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Abinales, Patricio N. Fellow Traveler: Essays on Filipino Communism. University of the Philippines Press, 2001.

AFRIM, Mindanao Focus, November 3, 1999.

Coronel, Sheila, et al. The Rulemakers: How the Wealthy and Well-Born Dominate Congress. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. 2004.

Mindanao Readers

Pimentel, Benjamin, Jr. The Unusual Journey of Edgar Jopson. Quezon City: Ken Inc., 1989.

Pimentel, Benjamin, Jr. UG, An Underground Tale: The Journey of Edgar Jopson and the first Quarter Storm Generation. Manila: Anvil Publishing, 2006.

Transforming the Struggle: BISIG and Its Unfolding Narrative

Torres, Jose. Newsbreak Article.

INTERNET

Anak Mindanao Homepage: http://www.anakmindanao.com

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“The problem lies with the fact that there are limitations to Muslim women being assertive. However, we will still continue to advocate for gender education and awareness on Islamic perspectives in partnership with other women organizations. We would like to have a correct interpretation, for instance, of the polygamy system because this leads to the emotional battering of women.”

Across Mindanao, then, their culture dictated more especially in areas where Muslim confinement and isolation. Filipinos dominate, veiled women are a common sight in virtually all A descendant of Rajah public places. Presently, Muslim Buayan from the 15th century women even hold key positions sultanate, Hadja Bainon Karon, in government and private who rose up to become a HADJA BAINON institutions. The freedom these Commander of the Moro National women enjoy today was much less Liberation Front (MNLF)2, shared KARON available to them in the past. her own experience in this regard:

Bai Lanie de los Santos, “Growing up as a child and from the Autonomous Region for as a teenager, I couldn’t go Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)1, out without a chaperone. a product of Muslim-Christian It was a tradition among intermarriage, revealed that royal families not to “Before, when you roam around mingle with just about This case was written by here, you wouldn’t see many anyone. When we had Jasper Caesar Jampac for Muslim women because they are visitors, we were asked to the Asian Institute of Man- all confined to their homes. The go inside the house or to agement-TeaM Energy Cen- ter for Bridging Societal Di- houses were built to close them in; our rooms. Even in school, vides. This case is prepared the windows are very small. They we had to be brought in solely for the purpose of are not permitted to just interact and fetched. There were a class discussion. It is nei- with the people outside their select few whom we could ther designed nor intended homes.” mingle with. For me, it as an illustration of correct or incorrect management of For women born into was okay because it was Muslim royal families back part of the tradition and ______1. ARMM - The Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao region was first created on August 1, 1989 through Republic Act No. 6734 otherwise known as the Organic Act in pursuance with a constitutional mandate to provide for an autonomous area in Muslim Mindanao, which includes Lanao del Sur including Marawi City, Maguindanao, Sulu, Basilan and Tawi-Tawi.

The region is one of the most impoverished areas in the Philippines. It has a per capita gross regional domestic product of only PhP3,433 in 2005, 75.8 percent lo wer than the national average of PhP14,186. It is the lowest among the Philippines’ 17 regions, the second lowest region has a per capita income almost double the ARMM’s. ARMM has a population of 4.1 million based on the 2007 census. It is the country’s poorest region, where average annual income was just 89,000 pesos ($ 2,025) in 2006, less than 1/3 of Manila level.

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culture. However, it was difficult mother is also a community leader. sanctuary. About 8,000 metric because of the suppressed My grandfather is the first mayor tons of high-quality tuna (sashimi freedoms. I was born during the of Kalamansig, Sultan Kudarat.” grade) caught along the shores time when Muslim royal families of Kalamansig, Lebak, and had to follow protocols.” Sultan Kudarat, located Palimbang are exported to Japan at the southwestern part of and Europe per month. The soft-spoken, frail- Mindanao, spans 478,318.98 looking, petite lady, who grew up hectares and consists of 12 Yet in the past, Sultan as a privileged yet restricted child, municipalities: the coastal Kudarat was very much has enabled countless Muslim towns of Kalamansig, Lebak, underdeveloped and unpopulated. women to rise up, move and assert and Palimbang, and the inland Poverty incidence was 63% in 1991 their rights. In a culture where municipalities of Bagumbayan, (NSO Data), Human Development women are not easily accepted as Columbio, Esperanza, Isulan, Index was only 0.533 (1997 leaders, growing up in a time when Lutayan, Lambayong, President figures) and annual per capita Muslim women were relegated Quirino, Tacurong, and Senator income was merely 11,557 pesos to domestic confinement, Hadja Ninoy Aquino. Tacurong is the (1994 figures). Simple literacy in Bainon Karon stood as a symbol province’s commercial center; 1,000 was a mere 259 (1990 data). for women empowerment, Isulan is the provincial capital showing that effective leadership while Lebak is the other growth The major dialects spoken in has no gender bias. center where business and trade the entire province are Hiligaynon are flourishing, and population (Ilonggo), Maguindanao, Ilocano, WHO IS HADJA BAINON continues to rapidly increase. Cebuano, and Manobo. Sultan KARON Kudarat is a multicultural locality With more than half a with the tri-people (Christians, Hadja Bainon, a Muslim million residents, the people of Indigenous Peoples, and Muslims) royal blood distinguished by a Sultan Kudarat rely heavily on sharing one land – the cause of titular prefix, Bai, attached to her agriculture. The province has a much dissent and conflict starting name, tells her story. marketable surplus of rice, corn, in the 60s when the migration of “I was born in Lebak, Sultan beef, coffee, and vegetables, and Luzon-Visayas Filipinos displaced Kudarat province. We were 9 is self-sufficient in poultry, swine, Muslims and Indigenous Peoples siblings. I’m the sixth child in a and root crops. alike in Mindanao.3 brood of seven boys and two girls. My father is a community leader, Its coastal towns, where Hadja Bainon explained the a Maguindanao Datu. He is a Hadja Bainon grew up, are harmonious co-existence between descendant of Rajah Buayan. My considered the province’s tuna Christians and Muslims then:

______2 The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was conceptualized by Abul Khayr Alonto and Jallaludin Santos as early as 1969. While still part of the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO) organized by Rashid Lucman, Alonto and Misuari were able to draw the support of Libya away from the BMLO and towards the MNLF. Alonto took the Vice-Chairman position. Nur Misuari, a former professor of the University of the Philippines, activist and prominent leader for the Moro cause, took the top position. Another prominent leader was Hashim Salamat, who later became the Vice-Chairman after Alonto and his followers surrendered to the government. Aside from the political nature of the MNLF, it was able to carry out its armed struggle through its military operations with support from Muslim backers in Libya and Malaysia in terms of weapons and military training. The fighting reached its peak from 1973-1975 as the MNLF was able to field some 30,000 armed fighters. Muslim factionalism led to a further decline in MNLF. In 1977, Hashim Salamat broke away from the MNLF and formed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). This was due to loss of confidence on the leadership of Nur Misuari as well as ideological differences. While the MNLF had a more secular and nationalist stance, the MILF had a more Islamic orientation.

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“There were already Catholic schools, opened her eyes “My brothers asked me Christians then but the and ears to the realities she was about my decision. I told relationship with the protected from. them that I wanted to study Muslims was like that “From elementary and high instead. They reminded me of siblings and family. school, I already started that I would be breaking a Before the settlers from feeling the injustices and tradition. Women during Luzon and Visayas arrived discrimination against my time were encouraged to in Mindanao, it was still Muslims.” get married early instead of peaceful.” getting a degree. However, IMPORTANCE OF my brothers supported my Yet things changed with the EDUCATION VS. TRADITION decision and brought me influx of more Christian settlers to to Davao City without my Mindanao. Problems between the Seeing the importance of parents’ consent. They sent Muslims and Christians escalated. being educated, her parents sent me to school.” Tagging along with her father them all to school. in his community work exposed Although she broke her to the concepts of leadership, “Our family isn’t rich but a custom, her family did not service, justice and equality. we were all able to study in reprimand her for the decision she schools. From high school made. When she was about till I finished my degree, I “After a few months, my 12, Hadja Bainon had already went to Catholic schools. parents learned about been caught up in the work of a I finished my high school my whereabouts and my Datu and community leader by in Notre Dame University mother visited to see how happenstance. in Cotabato City. In my I was doing in Davao. On “Actually I didn’t think freshman year, I enrolled my second year, my mother about it. However, I am the in Immaculate Conception fetched me in Davao. I favorite of my dad. So my College in Davao City. moved back to Cotabato father always brings me to However, I earned my City and my parents his meetings. I was exposed degree in Liberal Arts at supported my education.” to their plans, what they Notre Dame University.” do, what the problems of JOURNEY TO MNLF the community were.” As was customary in Muslim families, she was Hadja Bainon started out This, together with the committed by her parents to marry as a student activist in the late 60s. knowledge she received from a son of another Datu right after Between the years 1968 and 1969, formal education, largely from high school. she was the Secretary-General of ______3 The migration of Christian settlers to the open frontiers of Mindanao in the 50s – 70s as encouraged by the national government to minimize overpopulation in Luzon and the Visayas eventually led to land disputes between the Christian settlers and the Muslims.

The Christian settlers claim that they bought land from one Muslim only to be refused by that Muslim’s relatives and asked to pay more money. The Muslims counter that land titling was an unheard off institution. Due to the large influx of settlers, however, the Muslims were eventually and systematically displaced from their ancestral lands. In time, the became a minority in their own homeland. As the settlers were increasing in number so did their economic wealth. These events led to distrust, animosity and resentment between the settlers and Muslims. Many Muslims believed that the solution to the problem was to have an independent state apart from the Republic. The means to achieve this goal was through armed struggle.

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the Federation of Muslim Students. one another.5 has to do all the fighting. The Federation had a similar That’s when I joined the cause with the Muslim Students This moved her to make the biggest movement.” Association4 organized nationally decision in her life. in the 60s. “I saw what was happening SYMBOL OF THE “We started organizing to the Muslims – the MOVEMENT communities with the killings, the rape, the Federation, and joined massacres. I was hoping She was fresh out of the student demonstrations to see organizations rise to University, a time when anti- with Kabataan Makabayan fight for the rights of the government protests prompted then (KM). My parents didn’t victims and their families. Philippine President Ferdinand know about this, otherwise If there was one, then I will Marcos to declare Martial Law they would not have join (them).” in 1972. It was in this setting that allowed me.” Hadja Bainon Karon joined the Despite her family’s stature Moro National Liberation Front. Kabataan Makabayan was and her sheltered life, she was “I left my family and joined founded in 1964 by Jose Maria prepared to take arms, move to the the MNLF. I was one of its Sison (founder of the Communist jungles and fight for principles and leaders, representing the Party of the Philippines and beliefs. women. That time it was the the New People’s Army). This “When you come from Social Welfare Women’s organization rallied Filipino youth a royal family, you do Committee, later changed against the Vietnam war, against not necessarily feel the to Bangsamoro Women’s the Marcos presidency and corrupt hardships and realities of Central Committee. In 1980 politicians. the common people. But I became its Chairperson.” when you look around you With the influx of Luzon- and see what’s happening Her education, family Visayas Christian migrants to the in your community, you background and dedication helped open frontiers of Mindanao, the ask yourself: why is this her move up the ranks in MNLF. conflicts between Muslims and happening, how will this “It’s a factor. I saw the Christians spread like wildfire. be resolved, who will respect among MNLF In the late 60s, violence was now resolve this, who will fight leaders since it’s very everywhere in Mindanao. Vigilante against the perpetrators? rare to see a Bai among groups from both Christians and That was planted in my Muslims turn away from Muslims were formed to attack head and heart. Someone all the comforts in life and

______4 The Muslim Students Association of the Philippines was organized even before the Jabidah Massacre in 1968. In 1965, because of the Vietnam War and massive influx of settlers to Mindanao, the militancy of the Muslim students started. The policy of “National Integration” was their first rallying point because Muslims believed that they can not be integrated culturally and socially to the Philippine society that is based on Christian values and acceptance. They supported the position of “unity in diversity” and possibly a “federal system of government” since amendments to the constitution was on the national agenda for 1971.

The Muslim Youth organized the National Coordinating Council for Islamic Affairs (NACCIA) and issued a Manifesto entitled “Al Wahid” in 1967 calling on the Filipino leadership to pay greater attention to the miserable situation of Muslims with the massive influx of settlers in Mindanao that displaced many Muslims and Lumads.

5 See Annex 1. Background Behind the Moro Struggle

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join MNLF. But it also took time convince the communities to join to Allah. before I was given a high position.” in the struggle. “When our MNLF CHAMPIONING WOMEN’S Her stature eventually brothers were in battle, we RIGHTS became a rallying point of the convinced the communities movement to influence thousands to be united in the fight Hadja Bainon’s work of Muslims to join the MNLF. with us, to explain to for the MNLF’s Bangsamoro “The MNLF leaders them the objectives of the Women’s Central Committee made me an example to organization. During the was not the only way of asserting persuade women to join the height of the revolution, women’s rights in a Muslim setting organization – that here’s a we had a big contribution where traditionally the males had Bai, a daughter of a Datu, especially in terms of the upper hand. This was her way someone from the royal financial support to our of getting the men’s approval family who has joined. I brothers. We provided regarding women empowerment became the symbol for the them medical aid. We and their recognition of their movement. The strategy were the ones doing the rights. She explained: worked and so many people propaganda. The women’s “When we were starting joined. This was also the committee looked into to advocate for women’s time that the organization all aspects of support we rights, the men would needed a lot of recruits.” can give them. In all the argue with me. They would plans and decisions I had, I ask their wives if what More than the recruitment, always made consultations I’m teaching is to fight Hadja Bainon was more concerned with the members before their husbands. So there about the plight of the Muslim implementation.” came a time when the women outside the organization. women no longer joined “This was also a time for It was in the middle of all our committee gatherings. the women to join because her work that Hadja Bainon Karon I had to seek them out and they had no other recourse. met her husband, a high-ranking talk to them individually. I Many of them were raped, MNLF leader, Datu Ibrahim Sema, also invited the men, so that even in front of their family brother of Cotabato City Mayor they would know what we and husbands. Pregnant Muslimen Sema. They married in were teaching their wives. women were cut open. The 1978 and she raised her children With our development only way out of the carnage in the forest. In all the fighting the programs, we made the was to join the movement. MNLF had with the Philippine husbands the project co- That was my role. I was the Government, she lost her husband makers. The men slowly one who showed them an and five brothers. Despite this appreciated what we were option.” unfortunate circumstance, Hadja doing. This also helped in Bainon continued on with the making the men understand Her committee played an movement, understanding that in that they are the women’s equal part in the armed conflict, armed struggle, death was always partners in home-making.” as much as what the Muslim near. Like most Muslims, she felt men were doing with their actual that the more suffering and pain Hadja Bainon is proudest fighting, because her role was to she undergoes, the closer she gets of this achievement considering

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that she was battling to change to continue what BWCC had Cabinet-level during people’s perspectives on women. started. They also formed the the SPCPD. At the “We were able to form Federation of United Mindanawan Executive Consultative and sustain the women Bangsamoro Women Multi- Assembly, we also had six organization especially Purpose Cooperative as a support representatives.” in our culture where organization to accommodate all supposedly women cannot the work they can do for the women “Then we had women- be leaders. We were able to and youth. Hadja Bainon presided mayors; Mayor Raida prove that the women can over these two organizations from Bansil-Maglangit is the also lead, and that we’ve 1997 to 2002, and again in 2005. In last one remaining of shown that the inaccurate the three-year gap between terms, them. Aside from the interpretation of the Islamic she served as the ARMM Regional representation in different teaching on leadership is Secretary of the Department of levels of government, corrected. Little by little, Social Welfare and Development we asserted to create the times have corrected (DSWD). a Muslim women’s some practices we have counterpart of the NCRFW. because of the assertiveness The focus of both Existing up to now, the of women.” organizations was on women Regional Commission of and the youth in all aspects of Bangsamoro Women was In 1996, the Moro National development. The goals of both also created. Also, the Liberation Front signed a peace organizations were for women to Bangsamoro Youth for agreement with the Philippine become assertive of their rights Development and Peace Government. The advocacies of and to participate in all levels of was organized. These are the Bangsamoro Women’s Central governance. what we have done, aside Committee (BWCC) that Hadja from the representations Bainon started were now continued She shared how far Muslim we have.” in civil society. women have reached at this point: “When Chairman Nur LEADERSHIP STYLE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THEIR Misuari assumed the ADVOCACIES governorship in SPCPD Hadja Pombaen Karon-Kader, (Southern Philippines current Assistant Regional After the signing of the Council for Peace and Secretary for DSWD-ARMM, peace agreement in 1996, the Development)6, we described Hadja Bainon as a BWCC members organized a became assertive. We leader: legal umbrella organization, had representatives in Bangsamoro Women Foundation the Regional Legislative “She is a visionary leader. for Peace and Development, Assembly and in the She has that courage and ______6 SPCPD The creation of the Southern Philippines Council for Peace and Development or SPCPD is meant to represent the “full implementation of the Tripoli Agreement”. This was an agreement entered into between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) signed in Tripoli, Libya, on December 23, 1976 - - with the participation of the Organization of Islamic Con- ference. Its objective was to end and settle the armed conflict between the GRP and the MNLF in Mindanao. It also provided the establishment of autonomy for Muslims in Mindanao within the realm of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Philippines.

The SPCPD is not a provisional government because it is not a governing authority. It does not have any law-making power. Neither is it an autonomous region, a political subdivision of GRP, nor a public corporation. It has no separate judicial personality; hence, it cannot sue nor be sued. It is a transitory administrative arm under the control and supervision of the President of the Philippines.

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fortitude to withstand trials and challenge that may come at CONTINUING WORK tribulation in the pursuit of her any particular time.” dream, for the general welfare of Even as their work her people. She had shown strong In the end, Hadja Bainon allowed Muslim women to assert leadership attributes even when she realized that what she had been themselves more and to find was still a revolutionary leader in doing from the beginning did not the veiled women of Mindanao the MNLF, showing an unyielding only work but also earned for her mingling freely with society, spirit to pursue the dream of people’s respect. Hadja Bainon acknowledged their the Bangsamoro. She has also limitations. consistently displayed those traits “First you see the respect in DSWD-ARMM as Regional already from the people, “The problem lies with the Secretary by pursuing toughly and then they appreciate fact that there are limitations the mandate of the department and follow what you say. to Muslim women being resulting in successes unparalleled Everything that we do, we assertive. However, in the history of the department.” have to consult the people. we will still continue What I did was to gather to advocate for gender On the other hand, Hadja all our women leaders, I education and awareness Bainon spoke about her kind of discuss my plan and I solicit on Islamic perspectives leadership: for their comments and in partnership with other “A leader, likened to a suggestions. The process women organizations. family, is the eldest. You of being transparent and We would like to have a are the one who guides participatory I brought with correct interpretation, for everyone and who gives me even to my tenure as instance, of the polygamy direction. When you are DSWD Regional Secretary. system because this leads in the community, it is With the ARMM Social to the emotional battering important to be tough and Fund, I made sure that the of women.” that at least somewhat program was community- feared. You show them driven.” As life moves on for Hadja what your direction is. Bainon Karon – the privileged I stayed consistent with What guided Hadja Bainon child from a royal family who my words and actions so to lead people was based on basic became an MNLF commander, that they will respect and values she had lived with as a a champion of women’s rights, a follow me.” Muslim. Hadja Pombaen offers an public official and a civil society insight: personality – her call for women Hadja Pombaen believes “The Islamic principles empowerment will never end. that Hadja Bainon was most on leadership require that respected because of her ways: major decisions that affect “People believe in her and public welfare interest shall follow her because she is be based on consultation unassuming, humble, and and majority rule. She honest, loves her people employed that principle as and has a brave heart to a leader in all her major face even the daunting decisions.”

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ANNEX 1. BACKGROUND colonize Mindanao as it did the already expressed their intention BEHIND THE MORO rest of the country. Likewise, the not to be part of the Philippines. STRUGGLE Americans were also met with Muslim datus and leaders also By Jasper Caesar Jampac armed resistance from the Muslims. voiced their distrust in Filipino The Americans though were government officials. They THE HISTORICAL successful in pacifying Mindanao were also against the granting of BACKGROUND to some degree through better arms independence for the country for and military tactics combined with fear of being handed over to Filipino Islam was introduced and effective government policies of government. The pleas however spread in Mindanao towards the suppressing the Muslim uprising. were not heeded and Philippine end of the 13th century by Arab More importantly, the American Independence was granted in traders and Muslim missionaries. and Filipino colonial government 1946. The Americans turned over Soon after, prominent Muslim were successful in rendering the all territories including Mindanao leaders from nearby sultanates Moro traditional power structure to the Filipino government. Not settled in the island and started obsolete. The datus and sultans a year has passed when violence the political element aside from became merely symbolic leaders broke out again between the the religious element of Islam. and were removed from power Muslims and Filipino Christians. By adopting Islam, the Mindanao replaced by Filipino officials. In Soon enough there was fighting Muslims established ties with the fact, the Muslims did not have between government forces and wider Muslim community. Islam proper representation or elected Muslims. also brought political organization, representatives in the government. laws and religious and ethical Unlike Luzon and Visayas, values which different tribes During the Second World Mindanao was never completely adopted and practiced at various War many Muslims enlisted under subjugated and did not absorb the degrees. the United States Armed Forces influence of the foreign powers of the Far East (USAFE) to fight which colonized the rest of the Islam also had more the Japanese. Those who could Philippines. Thus the Muslim than 2 centuries to ingrain itself not be accommodated joined the inhabitants were never fully among the early Muslims before guerilla movement. On the other absorbed into the mainstream the Spaniards came in the early hand, many Muslims also joined Filipino society. It kept itself 1500s. The Spanish colonizers the Japanese ranks believing that distant with centuries of resistance were met with armed resistance joining the Americans, the foreign and fierce loyalty to Islamic faith from the Muslims in Mindanao. power whom the Muslims fought, and practices while the rest of Despite 300 years of occupation was traitorous as well. There were the country was predominantly in the Philippines, the Spaniards times when both groups fought Christian who has come to accept were not able to totally colonize each other. After the war, President Western influence. Because of Mindanao but still included it as a Osmena instituted a policy of these differences, the Muslims part of their colonies. amnesty which brought some of do not regard themselves as the prominent guerilla leaders into Filipinos. They have come to After the Spaniards ceded office. regard the Filipinos as foreigners the Philippines to the United States and resisted any attempts for them towards the end of the 19th century, Even during the American to be assimilated or become part of the American came to pacify and occupation, the Muslims have the mainstream society. Injustices

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committed against the Muslims As the settlers were their desire to establish a separate further aggravated the already increasing in number so did government with Pakistan as the hostile situation. their economic wealth while the model. Muslims were deprived of the OTHER ISSUES LEADING TO economic benefits. The economic Then in 1968, the infamous THE CONFLICT policies during the Marcos regime Jabidah Massacre incident led favored the settlers (especially to the formation of the Muslim The north to south Marcos’ cronies) and foreign (later to be renamed as Mindanao) migration of Christian settlers multinational businesses that independence Movement (MIM) started during the time of the did not have to pay taxes while headed by Cotabato Gov. Datu American Occupation which lasted operating in the region. Many of Udtong Matalam. The aim of up to the 1970s. During the 1950s the natural resources and sources this movement was to form an and 1960s the national government of income were deprived from the Islamic Republic of Mindanao encouraged this migration as indigenous people as well. comprising the southern islands Luzon and the Visayas were getting of the Philippine Archipelago. populated and crowded. Seen as These events led to distrust, This group however, did not gain “A Land of Promise”, the settlers animosity and resentment between momentum and few outside of moved into the “open frontiers” of the settlers and Muslims. Because Cotabato listened to Gov. Matalam Mindanao settling in the Northern of this encroachment to their seriously enough. Mindanao regions including land, economic resources and the Cotabato and Lanao province. wide differences in beliefs, many By 1970 a vigilante group Muslims believed that the solution of Christian settlers known as the Eventually, land disputes to the problem was having an Ilagas (Rats) started operating in and ownership eventually became independent state apart from the the Cotabato regions. In response, the focal point of the conflict. Republic. The means to achieve the Blackshirts, a Muslim armed The Christian settlers claim this goal was through armed bandit group, appeared to counter that they bought land from one struggle. the Ilagas. The same thing Muslim only to be refused by that happened in the Lanao area where Muslim’s relatives and asked to ORGANIZED MUSLIM another Muslim armed group, the pay more money. The Muslims INSTITUTIONAL Barracudas, began fighting the counter that the settlers had land RESPONSES Ilagas. titles from government agencies which were unknown to them Amidst the distrust and Because of the social unrest and for whom land titling was an animosity between the Muslims and and armed hostilities in Mindanao unheard off institution. Due to the Christian settlers and the growing and the rest of the country, Martial large influx of settlers, however, problems facing Mindanao, many Law was declared in September the Muslims were eventually and Muslim student activists and 1972. As the government ordered systematically displaced from professionals in Manila, formed all weapons to be surrendered and their ancestral lands. In time, the groups and organized protests enforced strict rules and curfews, number of Muslims dwindled until condemning the injustices and this further worsened the acrimony they became a minority in their abuses made against the Muslims. with the Muslims who traditionally own homeland. In 1959 the Muslim Association of equated the right to carry arms as the Philippines (MAP) expressed part of their religious and historical

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heritage. Misuari, a former professor of encouraged factionalism and the University of the Philippines, defections in the Muslim ranks The Bangsa Moro activist and prominent leader by offering incentives such as Liberation Organization (BMLO) for the Moro cause, took the top amnesty and land. organized by Rashid Lucman, a position as the Chairman. Another former congressman and sultan prominent leader was Hashim By 1976, armed conflicts among his people in Lanao Salamat, who was a close second to began to wane. Talks between Province, and Salipada Pendatum, Misuari for chairmanship, decided the government, the MNLF an ex-congressman and member to give way and later became the and the Organization of Islamic of the Maguindanao nobility of Vice-Chairman after Alonto and Conference (OIC), led to the Tripoli Cotabato Province was organized his followers surrendered to the Agreement in 1976 providing for in 1970. It was supposed to be government. Moro autonomy in 13 provinces the umbrella organization for all and 9 cities in Mindanao and Muslim independence groups but The MNLF’s numbers grew, a cease fire. After a lull in the its prominence was diminished its prominence as the organization fighting, hostilities broke out again when international support shifted for Muslim Independence in 1977 amid Moro charges that to a new organization which was was further established by the the government’s autonomy plan secretly formed by two of BMLO’s recognition of the Organization of did not live up to the “spirit and top officers, Abul Khayr Alonto Islamic Countries (OIC), a union letter” of the agreement. and Nur Misuari, who eventually of Muslim nations to which the separated from the BMLO to lead Moros look for support, as well Muslim factionalism led the new organization. In 1984, as receiving direct international to a further decline in MNLF. In the BMLO was renamed Bangsa aid from countries such as Libya, 1977, Hashim Salamat broke away Muslimin Islamic Liberation Malaysia and Iran. from the MNLF and formed the Organization. It frowned upon the Moro Islamic Liberation Front use of the term Moro, which was Aside from the political (MILF). This was due to loss of given by the enemies of Islam, and nature of the MNLF, it was able to confidence on the leadership of in its stead Muslimin was chosen. carry out its armed struggle through Nur Misuari as well as ideological its military operations with support differences. While the MNLF The Moro National from Muslim backers in Libya and had a more secular and nationalist Liberation Front (MNLF) was Malaysia in terms of weapons and stance, the MILF had a more conceptualized by Abul Khayr military training. The fighting Islamic orientation. Another Alonto and Jallaludin Santos as reached its peak from 1973-1975 as splinter group broke away from early as 1969. While still part of the MNLF was able to field some the MNLF after Hashim Salamat. the BMLO, Alonto and Misuari 30,000 armed fighters. The Armed This group consisted of former were able to draw the support of Forces of the Philippines (AFP) officers of the MNLF who Libya away from the BMLO and deployed around 70% – 80% of its presented a nine-point proposal towards the MNLF which caused combat forces against the Moros. to reform and improve the MNLF. a rift with the two organizations. Destruction and casualties both Their proposal was rejected and Despite being one of the founding military and civilian were heavy. the officers who petitioned were members of the MNLF, Alonto Aside from military tactics, the dismissed. They later formed the refused leadership and took the government announced economic Moro National Liberation Front/ Vice-Chairman position. Nur aid, political concessions and Reform Movement in 1982 but was

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short lived as most of the officers the 1996 Final Peace Agreement. several hundred active fighters, accepted amnesty and government The MILF though still refuses to largely based in the islands of positions. Moro fighting strength recognize the ARMM and was not Basilan, Sulu and Tawi-Tawi in declined to about 15,000 in 1983 included in the peace agreement. the Philippines’ southernmost after the breaking up of the MNLF To this day, both the MNLF and section. It is believed to have into factions and declining foreign the MILF still remain to be a force roughly a thousand supporters in support. There was only occasional to be reckoned with in Mindanao. the southern islands. The group fighting between the Moros and finances its operations mainly government forces. Despite the lessened through robbery, piracy and fighting with the creation of the ransom kidnappings. Abu Sayyaf During the late 1980s, the ARMM, many Muslims still may also receive funding from the MNLF and MILF, the two largest wanted to continue the armed international terrorist network of Muslim separatist groups, were in struggle for an Islamic State, Osama bin Ladin. regular talks with the government unhappy with the peace process for a cease fire. The cease fire with the government. One such GOVERNMENT RESPONSE talks achieved some measure of faction was the radical group, Abu TO ORGANIZED MUSLIM peace in the region and kept the Sayyaf (Bearer of the Sword) who INSTITUTIONS two Muslim separatist groups in gained international notoriety for the negotiating table but sporadic its high profile kidnapping and MARCOS REGIME fighting still continued to brake murder of foreign tourists as well out after the cease fire talks. Talks as local citizens. The members It was during this time for autonomy also resumed which composed of former MNLF and that the armed conflict started resulted in a deadlock. Despite MILF who broke away in order to and reached its peak. Marcos the deadlocks, a plebiscite was continue the holy war (jihad) for a saw the escalation of civil unrest held in 1989 to determine the Muslim state. and hostilities around the country number of provinces who accepted and in Mindanao as a reason for the autonomy measure. Thus, The founder and the leader implementing Martial Law in Maguindanao, Lanao del Sur, of Abu Sayyaf until 1998 was September 21, 1972. Seeing the Sulu and Tawi-Tawi became the Abduragak Abubakar Janjalani. Muslim uprising as a threat to Autonomous Region for Muslim In December 1998, Janjalani was national security, Marcos’ initial Mindanao (ARMM) which killed in a firefight with police in response was primarily military in was officially inaugurated on the village Lamitan in Basilan nature. The result was widespread November 6, 1990. Island. destruction of lives and property in the war zones. From 1971-1976, Nur Misuari and the MNLF A veteran of the estimates of deaths were around refused to recognize the ARMM Afghanistan war, Janjalani kept 60,000 – 120,000, as well as because it went against the Tripoli close ties with other Islamic radical 300,000 refugees to neighboring Agreement of 1976 which had leaders. After Janjalani’s death a Sabah and some $3B worth of previously set 13 provinces and power struggle took place within damage. 9 cities for autonomy. It took the organization, with the former another six years of negotiation leader’s brother, Khadafy Janjalani By the mid1970s, Marcos until the government and the finally emerging as the new leader. went into negotiation with the MNLF settled their differences in Abu Sayyaf is estimated to have MNLF with the involvement of the

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OIC after the military means did was done without the participation - Creation of the Southern not put down the insurgency. The of the OIC or the MNLF which Philippine Council for Peace result was the Tripoli Agreement of did not recognize the ARMM. and Development (SPCPD), a 1976 and a Ceasefire Agreement in Sporadic clashes between the transitional body to coordinate 1977. The peaceful breakthrough Muslims and government forces peace and economic development did not prosper however as occurred during this time. efforts. Marcos implemented the Tripoli - Appointment of the MNLF or Agreement unilaterally without RAMOS ADMINISTRATION their representatives in the SPCPD the involvement of the MNLF or and certain offices under the Office the OIC. The MNLF and OIC When Fidel Ramos became of the President rejected the outcome of Marcos’ President in 1992, the peace talks - Establishment of the Special Zone implementation of the Tripoli with the Muslims were resumed of Peace and Development Social Agreement. With the breakdown but not many believed it would Fund (SZOPAD), whose purpose of relations and the ambush of succeed. Unlike the negotiation is to provide basic infrastructure an army general in Sulu, Marcos of the Aquino administration, this projects to MNLF ex-combatants resumed military operations again time the OIC was heavily involved and marginalized members of the in Mindanao. in mediating, brokering and community in Southern Mindanao observing the talks as well as the - Passage of the New Autonomy AQUINO ADMINISTRATION implementation of the agreements. Law to repeal/amend the existing The talks took several rounds and ARMM law In 1986, with Corazon lasted from 1992 – 1996. The first - Continuing presence of the OIC C. Aquino as the new president, round of the talks focused on ceasing in the Joint Monitoring Committee she resumed peace talks with hostilities between the MNLF and - Provisions of the Agreement not the MNLF and personally went the government forces. In 1993 an requiring legislative action shall be to Sulu to meet Nur Misuari in Interim Ceasefire Agreement was implemented September of the same year. That signed and in 1994 the Ceasefire - The joining of the MNLF into the historic meeting was followed by Guidelines and Ground Rules was AFP and PNP talks between the government and signed. The second round of talks - Special socio-economic and the MNLF witnessed by the OIC was about implementing of the cultural programs Secretary in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia Tripoli Agreement to the “spirit in January 1987 which produced and letter”, finding consensus and The Peace Agreement the Jeddah Accord. Further talks resolving disagreements on policy was thus carried out which broke down in the same year since and implementation. It would take involved Two Phases. The first the government was working another two years from 1994 until phase established the SPCPD within the framework of the 1987 the disagreements were settled and SZOPAD. The second phase Constitution which the MNLF Final Peace Agreement was signed involved the Congressional could not accept. In accordance in 1996. amendment or repeal of Republic with the constitutional mandate, Act 6734 of Organic Act of the the government proceeded with With the signing of the Autonomous Region of Muslim the plebiscite and inaugurated the Final Peace Agreement the Mindanao, after which a plebiscite Autonomous Region of Muslim following measures were put into will be held to determine the Mindanao (ARMM), which place: shape of the new autonomous included 4 provinces, in 1990. This government and its specific area of

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jurisdiction. Meanwhile, the government The Arroyo administration carried out an unsuccessful pushed through with the plebiscite Despite the highly negotiation with the MILF which which resulted in the inclusion of successful breakthrough in led to a brief all-out-war with the Basilan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Lanao bringing lasting peace in MILF resulting in the capture of del Sur and Maguindanao as part Mindanao, the MILF and other Camp Abubakar, MILF’s largest of the ARMM. factions do not recognize the camp. Estrada also sent a massive Peace Agreement and question force in order to eradicate the Abu The current administration the leadership of Nur Misuari and Sayyaf group which kidnapped is implementing the second phase whether he represents the Muslim several local and foreign tourists of the Peace Agreement through people. Many Christians, who live in a resort in Palawan. This drew its Mindanao National Initiative in the area covered by the ARMM, heavy criticism from the Muslim or “Mindanao Natin”. It is the distrust Misuari as well. world which severely tarnished strategy for peace and development Estrada’s credibility as one who in Mindanao that is being ESTRADA ADMINISTRATION is committed in to bringing peace implemented across many areas and development in Mindanao. from security to infrastructure to The first phase of transition education to economic growth came to an end and the second ARROYO ADMINISTRATION to poverty reduction to law phase of integration and economic enforcement. Mindanao Natin aims development continued. In 2001, Nur Misuari to mobilize the local governments, was replaced by his own MNLF civil society and the business Aside from being appointed colleagues who formed the community for development for as chairman of the SPCPD, Nur Committee of Fifteen. Misuari Muslim Mindanao. Misuari ran for the governor of then declared war on the Arroyo ARMM and was elected. Through government and attacked an Army It is also guided by four the SZOPAD and other foreign camp in Sulu in order to disrupt principles: and local institutions, funding the ARMM plebiscite. This - Peace and development must go was made available to Mindanao resulted in the death of many of together; for infrastructure and economic his loyal followers. He escaped - The development of development projects to be to Malaysia but was captured and Mindanao must be anchored implemented. incarcerated in Fort Sto. Domingo on constitutionality, national in Sta. Rosa, Laguna. It was later sovereignty and territorial integrity Despite the available revealed that much of the funds of the country; funding, Nur Misuari claims that that were channeled to the ARMM - There must be social justice for the government has delayed in were unaccounted for. Misuari all, regardless of one’s belief or releasing the funds thus delaying was also accused of pocketing a station in life; the much needed development large portion of the funds for his - All acts of terrorism and projects while has been accused personal use and for the purchase lawlessness should be condemned. of being an inept administrator. of arms for his followers. From the Furthermore, Nur Misuari called Committee of Fifteen, Dr. Parouk The government is set for the postponement of the S Hussin emerged as the leader to earmark P5.5-billion for the plebiscite unless it can deliver and was appointed as ARMM regional initiative Mindanao Natin genuine autonomy governor. would also receive some $1.3

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billion in official development the Carmen-President Roxas- education and specialty training assistance to bankroll high-impact Damulog cluster in Cotabato; courses; priority infrastructure project. - Formation of a new breed - Conduct of youth and culture- of soldiers called the Sala’am sensitive programs on sports and A 10-point program (zone of peace) soldiers, half of the arts; has been drawn in view of the whom are Muslims, to protect - Implementation of community- Tripoli Agreement reached by the Muslim communities and assist scale, quick-gestation Government of the Republic of the in the delivery of socio-economic infrastructure projects that include Philippines and the Moro National services to the latter; an P281 million worth of projects Liberation Front. - Financing and conduct of in the ARMM, P71 million for livelihood training programs for Western Mindanao, and P73 - Substantial implementation of conflict-affected families; million in South central Mindanao; the Tripoli Agreement; - Implementation of a rebel - Implementation of the - Strengthening of local returnees program; $1.3-billion ODA to finance roads monitoring teams looking into the - Creation of one-stop action and bridges, irrigation and water rehabilitation of conflict-affected centers for land documentation resource facilities and maritime villages in the Pikit-Pagalungan- and titling; safety facilities. Pagagawan cluster in Cotabato - Conduct of a distance-learning and Maguindanao provinces and program that will provide basic ______REFERENCES:

Jubair, Salah (1999), Bansgsamoro: A Nation Under Endless Tyranny, IQ Marin SDN BHD, Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur

Rasul, Amina (2003), Road to Peace and Reconciliation: Muslim Perspective on the Mindando Conflict, Asian Institute of Management, Makati City

INTERNET SOURCES: http://mcministries1.tripod.com/mindanao.htm - map of Mindanao http://www.dti.gov.ph/contentment/9/60/64/389.jsp - Department of Trade and Industry http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mindanao www.nscb.gov.ph/ - National Statistical Coordination Board www.census.gov.ph/ - National Statistics Office http://hdr.undp.org/hd/ - United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) http://www.bangsamoro.com/ http://bugsnbytes.tripod.com/bb_newsletter_0004_02.html - (Understanding The Mindanao Conflict: Mindanao at the Crossroad is a paper prepared and presented by Dr. Samuel Tan at the Cotabato City Peace and Development Forum, July 20,2000) http://dfait-maeci.gc.ca/arms/ - download of paper: Makinano, Merliza M. and Lubang, Alfredo (2001), Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration: The Mindanao Experience, International Security Research and Outreach Programme, International Security Bureau, Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade (Canada) www.szopadsocialfund.gov.ph http://www.op.gov.ph/

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My dream for the people of Patikul Higad is simple. For them to have the things that I have and enjoyed. If I live in a stone house, I want them to have stone houses also. If I eat three times a day, I want them to have three meals a day as well. We are all equal because we are created equally.

PATIKUL: LAND OF FRUITS Mindanao, Sulu is considered AND WARRIORS as their homeland. Tausugs are known seafarers, artists, and fierce The Municipality of Patikul warriors. Tausugs pride themselves is one of the 19 municipalities as the center of pre-Hispanic in the island province of Sulu. Sultanate rule over North Borneo It is composed of 30 barangays and parts of Mindanao. with 6,000 estimated households, according to the 2000 National Patikul is economically Statistics Office census. The significant to the province of Sulu Kapitan Ibnu Kudalat center of Patikul, Barangay since it is an important source of Taglibi, is 20 kilometers from native organic coffee, copra and Tau Maas (Old Man) of Sulu’s capital Jolo. Patikul is an fish. Likewise, during fruiting Patikul important municipality inasmuch season, the mountain communities as the seat of the Sulu Provincial of Patikul are known major Government is located within its suppliers of durian, mangosteen political boundary, even though and marang. According to the it is geographically nearer to the Sulu Chamber of Commerce and Municipality of Jolo. Patikul is Industry, although no factual data also home to the Mindanao State is available, local fruit traders are University – Sulu campus and the known to seasonally supply fruits Sulu State College. to Zamboanga and Manila.

Like the rest of Sulu, However, the volatile This case was written by Patikul is mainly populated by the peace and security situation in Derkie T. Alfonso for the Tausug. Tausug means tau (person the municipality belies its serene Asian Institute of Manage- or people) and sug (sea current); demeanor. Patikul was the site of ment-TeaM Energy Center literally they are referred to as ‘the major battles between the Moro for Bridging Societal Divides. This case is prepared solely people of the current.’ It is one National Liberation Front (MNLF) for the purpose of class dis- of the major ethnic groups in the and the Philippine government cussion. It is neither designed Philippines and part of the bigger until the signing of the final nor intended as an illustration Moro ethnic cluster in Muslim peace agreement in 1994. In the of correct or incorrect man- Mindanao. Although Tausugs can last 3 years however, Patikul has agement of the problems or issues contained in the case. be found in the islands of Basilan, experienced intermittent armed Copyright 2009. Tawi-Tawi and parts of mainland skirmishes between elements of

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the MNLF and the Armed Forces PATIKUL HIGAD’S IBNU by awarding tracts of land in of the Philippines (AFP). The main KUDALAT Patikul Higad under his father’s trigger of such events is the AFP’s name. As such the elder Kudalat operation against the notorious Residing in this community became a landed farmer in the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG) which at is sixty year-old Ibnu Kudalat, a community. He trained Ibnu in times would come close to known respected community leader and the ways of the land and sea, with MNLF camps. barangay chairman considered the younger Kudalat becoming an by many as a tau ma-as. In Tausig accomplished farmer and fisher. Patikul is a known culture, tau ma-as (literally an ’old stronghold of the ASG as the place man‘) is a title bestowed upon a On account of his being a was made infamous by the two recognized community elder. A landlord, the elder Kudalat also kidnapping incidents; at Sippadan tau ma-as is sought by community become a community tau main 2000 and at Dos Palmas Resorts members for advice, mediating as, sought after to mediate local in 2001. In 2008, Patikul and its conflicts, and assistance. conflicts and settle domestic neighboring municipality Indanan problems. Thus, Kapitan Ibnu had again made the headlines when Ibnu Kudalat was born witnessed at an early age how his the ASG abducted Ces Drilon, a in 1949. His father was a farmer/ father exercised leadership over known broadcast journalist. In fisherman named Kudalat while their community. addition, the three members of the his mother was a simple woman International Committee of the Red named Aming. In the old days of In 1969, Ibnu’s life was Cross who were kidnapped by the Sulu, people were mostly known forever changed when his father ASG were abducted in Barangay only by their first names. Kapitan was shot and killed by one of their Bang-kal in Patikul, although they Ibnu also has four other brothers, tenants. According to Ibnu, the were later brought to the mountains all of whom are still living in killing of his father was triggered of Indanan. Only recently, the Patikul Higad. He is married with by a local family wanting to take ASG ambushed a military convoy one child. over their land. and claimed responsibility for a roadside bombing. Ibnu received no formal Driven by the Tausug schooling although he has been a brand of justice and honor, the In the midst of this relatively successful entrepreneur, young Ibnu Kudalat sought out untoward environment is a sleepy farmer, and fisherman. However, his father’s killer and shot him to community called Patikul Higad, he is best known as a barangay death. Ibnu asserted that he did tucked in a tiny cove along sugar- councilor and a full-term barangay it to serve justice and preserve white shores. Higad in the Tausug chairman. Nowadays, he is simply his family’s honor. In traditional language means “close to” or known as the community tau maas. Tausug culture, a killing merits “beside” which accounts for its instant retaliation or the family name as the place is very close In the early 1950s Ibnu’s suffers from public ridicule. to the sea. Patikul Higad is an father used to guide land surveyors agricultural community and is from the national government in Ibnu Kudalat’s action home to around 160 households. moving around the municipality triggered a full-scale pag-dangaw Its people are mostly engaged in for mapping and cadastral surveys. or clan war. According to Ibnu, his coconut and cassava farming and According to Kapitan Ibnu, the family was at war with two other fishing. surveyors compensated his father clans who joined forces against

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theirs. During one clan war, Kapitan his brothers allowed them to use a frontline combatant since he Ibnu only had himself and his four the lands that were being disputed. was mostly involved in running brothers going against twenty Today his former adversaries are the affairs of the local MNLF combatants. Still they managed to his strongest allies. Ibnu believed group. However, Ibnu asserted beat back the overwhelming force that “Every person must find that government troops considered of the opposition with him leading forgiveness in their hearts. It is not Patikul as a ’no-man’s land‘ back his brothers. This episode made good to have enemies. Clan wars then and would shoot anybody on him a local legend in Patikul. In the destroy many lives and are a waste sight, civilians included. Because Tausug culture, the most admirable of resources that could have been of this, he was often in combat with trait in a person is courage in battle. put to better use.” government soldiers every time they entered the territory of Patikul IBNU’S EARLY LEADERSHIP IBNU AND THE WAR IN SULU Higad. On several occasions he EXPERIENCE was wounded in these encounters, In 1974, government and he had the scars to show for it, The above episode established troops under the administration of being a five-year MNLF combatant Ibnu Kudalat as a recognized albeit then President Ferdinand Marcos and leader. In 1980 however, his informal community leader. His waged an all-out war against the MNLF commander named Barani stature in the community further Moro National Liberation Front of decided to give up the armed grew when in 1970, Governor Nur Misuari. Suluanons remember struggle against the government, Murphy Sangkula heard about his this chapter in their history with and Ibnu Kudalat and his men exploits and hired him to serve as much bitterness, as the year was followed suit. one of the provincial government’s known in Sulu history as the security personnel. Later on, Ibnu burning of Jolo. Ibnu Kudalat then led a became the governor’s personal quiet life, raising a family of his close-in security. For Ibnu, this meant taking own and going back to full-time up armed struggle again, although coconut farming and fishing. His affiliation with Governor this time it against the government Sangkula legitimized his standing itself. During the war of 1974, he IBNU’S ESTABLISHMENT in Patikul Higad. At this point, and his family had to evacuate to AS A LEGITIMATE people in the community started another municipality to escape COMMUNITY LEADER coming to him for help. According the brutal fighting in Patikul. Ibnu to Ibnu Kudalat, “People started Kudalat recalled that many people Ibnu’s reputation as an seeking my help in many matters. died in those days as government MNLF fighter and political leader They saw me as a person of soldiers ransacked their homes, had firmed up his leadership status position because of my affinity pillaged their properties, and stole in barangay Patikul Higad, and he with the governor. I also think that the produce from their farms. It was adored by his people because my exploits as a warrior gained the was then that he decided to go his generosity to those in need. respect of the whole community.” back to Patikul Higad “to defend According to Haji Faisal Jul, a the land of my family”, he stated. former Patikul municipal councilor After two years, even Kapitan and MNLF warrior: Ibnu’s enemies approached him He joined the MNLF as and forged peace between their the chairman of the Patikul Higad It was common knowledge families and his. In return, he and Barangay committee. He was not to anyone familiar with

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Patikul Higad how Kapitan seat. This time, he had an electoral of the ASG was to ambush Ibnu would come home mandate from community residents a convoy of government from one of his overnight to serve as their local leader. soldiers. The presence of fishing [sic], open up his armed groups within the net and ask his neighbors to In 1991, Ibnu Kudalat area of Patikul Higad was get some of his catch. For became known as Kapitan Ibnu enough for Kapitan Ibnu to free. when he assumed the position arm himself and confront of barangay chairman of Patikul the ASG. His intention was ‘Panlamay-lamay hadja Higad under unique circumstances. to tell the ASG elements para kanyu,’ (just for a When the incumbent chairman to position themselves simple viand for your died, the law states that the first somewhere else outside of family) Ibnu would say. councilor should assume the Patikul Higad. Ibnu told Many times, people in need vacated position. According to the ASG that if they want of money for a sick child sources however, residents and to ambush the military or birthing mother would the barangay council decided to they should do it further come knocking at his door make Ibnu Kudalat their barangay down the road as long as for help. Most do not go chairman by consensus, and he it is outside his barangay. away empty-handed served for a full three terms until He wanted to keep his 2007. barangay out of trouble Some residents of Patikul with the military. The ASG Higad have nothing but praise for KAPITAN IBNU’S left with out an incident. Ibnu’s generosity. Ibnu confides LEADERSHIP that he allows his neighbors and The following day, a relatives to plant crops within his Kapitan Ibnu’s work band of around 80 ASG lands with him asking for no share as barangay chairman simply fighters decided to enter at all. Even residents from the formalized what he has been doing Patikul Higad supposedly nearby barangays often flock to since his early years as an informal to confront Kapitan Ibnu his doorstep for help. According to community leader. His governance regarding the previous Ibnu, “Each person has the right to style was marked by anecdotes day’s event. Kapitan Ibnu earn an honest living and nobody of how he was much loved by made preparations to meet should spend the day being hungry. his people, such as the following the band of armed ASG If I have anything to share, those in narrative from his elder brother men. When the community need will be able to partake from Ammang Kudalat: members heard about this, it.” a big number of them went During the early years of the out to accompany Kapitan Since he was already an feared Abu Sayyaf Group Ibnu. Ibnu advised them informal community leader, the (ASG) under the infamous to stay in their homes as next logical step for Ibnu was to Radulan Sahiron aka he will confront the group join the barangay government Kumander Putol, a small on his own. However, his of Patikul Higad. Spurred by the band of ASG positioned constituents insisted that people of the barangay, he ran for themselves along the they come with him. At a local government post in the mid highway leading to the town this point the community 1980s and easily won a councilor’s of Jolo. Allegedly the intent members of a neighboring

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barangay called Kadday Patikul Higad from any as I have”. Mampalam also heard ASG activities. From then about what was about on, no ASG sighting or Meanwhile Kapitan Ibnu to happen. A contingent activity happened in their continued to be his constituents’ of people from Kadday community. source of help and assistance, to be Mampalam joined the there for them in times of sickness, group of Patikul Higad This incident showed how deaths, and weddings. A local constituents. The contingent the community was unwilling to resident shared the following story from the two barangays leave Kapitan Ibnu during the about how he would be the first was large, but only Kapitan tense confrontation with the Abu on the scene during conflicts with Ibnu was armed. Sayyaf. neighbours:

As one group, they Another community Two local farmers were confronted the ASG. The resident related how Kapitan Ibnu arguing about a parcel latter, upon seeing the cared for his constituents: of land and its produce. large contingent that Ibnu’s attempt to broker an accompanied Kudalat, Kapitan Ibnu was a skilled amicable settlement failed. decided to withdraw from carpenter who helped In exasperation, he offered the area. Kapitan Ibnu’s families in his community his own land, including group pursued the ASG build their own houses. He the coconuts produced, to up to the foot of a forested would personally help out the disputing farmers. The mountain. Their sole in the actual construction disagreement ended on the purpose was to talk to the of houses, lending his spot and the embarrassed ASG and ask them to leave skills as a carpenter. The farmers apologized. their communities alone. Kapitan would see to it However, the armed band that a particular house Kapitan Ibnu explained of ASG fighters disappeared under construction is that “I was serious about letting into the forest. completed. Many times he them use my land for their farming. would also lend out money I would rather lose part of my After three days, wanting to buy housing materials. livelihood than see my constituents to finally put the matter To date Kapitan Ibnu was fight among themselves.” to rest, Kapitan Ibnu went able to help build no less up to the forest stronghold than 10 houses in Patikul There were also instances of ASG leader Radulan Higad. Kapitan Ibnu’s when he would borrow money Sahiron and met with the small hollow block making only to loan it to a member of his ASG strongman. Ibnu and livelihood is also open for community, even at the risk of Radullan Sahiron were his constituents to loan incurring debts himself. He would incidentally old friends hollow blocks for house do this because he could not turn [from] way back during repairs or construction. down a constituent needing help. their MNLF days. During their meeting, Kapitan When asked about this, he Ibnu was able to convince simply said with a smile, “I want the ASG leader to leave my people to have the same house

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KAPITAN IBNU’S development fund and openly his community who had to walk GOVERNANCE discuss how to use the funds. The several kilometers to reach the process of project identification nearest school in the neighboring Ibnu Kudalat confided that means discussing problems in barangay. In 2001, Patikul Higad he never wanted to be a barangay the community, identifying how had only two classrooms with a chairman. He said he would rather to address these problems, and lone teacher serving Grades 1 to 3. live quietly, making a living for prioritizing activities based on Given this situation, Kapitan Ibnu his wife and only son. However, what their funds can afford. negotiated with the Department he was pressed by fellow residents of Education (DepED) District who would often visit him at As a result, Patikul Higad Office to have additional teachers his house by the sea. Ibnu said it was able to raise counterpart funds assigned to his barangay. The would feel like a betrayal if he for the construction of a multi- DepEd supervisor said he will did not give in to the demand for purpose hall supported by the assign additional teachers if there leadership of his small barangay. SZOPAD (Special Zone for Peace will be additional classrooms in the and Development) Social Fund community’s school. Kapitan Ibnu Barangay governance Project, a barangay health center immediately went to work using in Sulu, according to Lupah supported by the USAID funded local resources to construct three Sug Advocates for Peace and project called Enhanced Rapid new classrooms in Patikul Higad. Development community Improvement through Community He also repaired the existing organizers Alhajar Abdulgafur and Health and Development classrooms and comfort rooms, Ibrahim Lakibul, is “Akin to the (EnRICH) and a new barangay and constructed a school stage. reign of the sultans and panglimas hall funded partially by the Sulu of old. Barangay chairmen are Provincial Government. When the DepEd sent ad- more like local chieftains and ditional teachers, the barangay warlords. They hold absolute Interestingly, aside council hired an additional volun- power in their communities and from the barangay’s 20 percent teer teacher paid for by barangay have total control over their development funds, Kapitan Ibnu funds. Despite the persistent lack barangay’s priorities, resources also put up his own money for of teachers and classrooms, Pa- and funds”. these projects. He estimated that tikul Higad is now able to serve he contributed no less than Php additional schoolchildren ranging But Kapitan Ibnu was not like that. 200,000 of his personal funds into from grades 1 to 6. He fully consulted his council for these projects. Being a skilled major community decisions and carpenter, he also volunteered Also through Kapitan many times held public meetings his own labor during the actual Ibnu’s insistence, he was able to for community projects. construction of the projects. Being convince the barangay council to in the sand, gravel and hollow set aside a portion of its funds as An example of this was blocks business he also donated financial assistance for their- con his annual meeting held in the construction materials for the stituents during times of death in local mosque where he declares projects. the family, marriages, and hospi- the barangay fund from national talization. Although the barangay government’s internal revenue Kapitan Ibnu had education has no proper financial records, all allocation (IRA). From this, closest to his heart. He said he the financial transactions are docu- they calculate the 20 percent felt sympathy for the children of mented in a logbook open for all to

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review. does not act as a strongman Higad, all monies received from but is full of humility and politicians regardless of political While the municipality of smiles for everyone. In affiliations are pooled under the Patikul is synonymous with the all of the three elections guardianship of Kapitan Ibnu. Abu Sayyaf, military operations that Kapitan Ibnu and his After elections, the total funds and internally displaced persons, councilors participated received from the politicians are Barangay Patikul Higad prides in, there was no opponent reported to the community who itself as a peaceful community. who challenged them. All then decide collectively on what Kapitan Ibnu had this to say about of them ran unopposed for to do with the funds. This political his locality: many years. tradition started only recently, during Kudalat’s administration. Patikul Higad is known as Patikul Higad exercises the evacuation destination a unique political tradition. Each Ibnu Kudalat does not of the people coming from barangay election is preceded interfere in or dictate the choices other barangays in Patikul by a large community gathering. of his constituents. He also does during incidents of military- The purpose of such a gathering not overtly show support for a ASG clashes. The evacuees is for the community to select particular candidate. Because find safety and security their political leaders for the next if this, Kapitan Ibnu is not in Patikul Higad. Many three years (which is the term limit accountable or beholden to any even opt to stay for good of local government officials). local politician. in this barangay. Maybe The set of persons selected by this was the result of the community consensus will form In 2007, when Kapitan Ibnu incident when we drove the the line-up of councilors and the completed the maximum three ASG away and my striking barangay chairman. This line-up consecutive terms, the community a deal with Radullan will then file its candidacy and held a big gathering inside the Sahiron not to operate in run unopposed. The election is local mosque. The agenda of the my community. Even the primarily a ceremonial process meeting was to select the next Philippine military leaves to formalize the status of their group of community councilors us alone. barangay leaders. This is the and the new barangay chairman. community’s way of manifesting Many in the crowd insisted that According to Pah Salih its unity in what is usually Kapitan Ibnu be allowed to serve Ahalul, a known Sulu old timer, perceived as a divisive political again. However when it was Patikul native and an active civil process. explained to them that he would society member: not be allowed to run anymore, The consultative process one barangay resident noted that Kapitan Ibnu’s governance exercised under Ibnu Kudalat’s many in the crowd received the is unique in Sulu leadership is evident during local news with tears in their eyes. since he was able to elections. Traditionally, politician- exercise transparency candidates at all levels dole According to Kapitan Ibnu, in governance, and the out money to voters in Patikul, he gave the residents of Patikul services of the barangay usually coursed through the local Higad three days to come up with council can be felt by the community leaders and barangay nominees for the new barangay people. Ibnu Kudalat also captains. In the case of Patikul officials, as many of the incumbent

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councilors had also served their KAPITAN IBNU: TAU MAAS When asked about his full three terms. vision for his community, Ibnu Nowadays, Kapitan Ibnu explains: When the deadline came, leads a quiet life. He has gone back the gathering put forward the to fishing and overseeing his small My dream for the people name of his son – who was 22 hollow block-making business. of Patikul Higad is simple. years old at the time – as the next He is still the person being sought For them to have the things barangay chairman. Ibnu Kudalat out by the community for help and that I have and enjoyed. If I did not agree with the choice and other concerns. He continues to live in a stone house, I want expressed his opposition to the mediate conflicts, settle marriages, them to have stone houses community’s decision. However, and assist his fellow residents. also. If I eat three times a Kapitan Ibnu said that “ I have to His advice is much valued by day, I want them to have bow down to decision of the people the people, his wisdom equally three meals a day as well. of Patikul Higad. They made their treasured. We are all equal because choice and I have to follow it.” we are created equally. Kapitan Ibnu also serves Incidentally, the as the personal adviser and coach Reflecting on his community also nominated the to his son, the young barangay experience as barangay chairman children of the retiring barangay chairman. “I want my son to serve and the leadership values he councilors to replace them. Today, as faithfully as I did but he has to brought to the position, he states the barangay government of find his own way eventually. As that “I try to feel what they feel. I Patikul Higad is made up of the long as I am here I will guide him,” put myself in their place. I simply successor generation of its old he declares. did the things that I want done to local leaders. me if I am the one in need”.

______

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INTRODUCTION So much different from the A Muslim high ranking usual Maguindanao leader which official or any leader who holds a hails from the datu lineage of position in the government usually traditional politicians, Langkuno hails from the line of a royal did not have the backing of guns, family. Maguindanao traditional goons and gold to catapult him politics dictate that elder datus of to the top of the difficult political a political clan pass on their hold arena that is Maguindanao. of power to younger generations of datus. Since datus already have Rooted in a solid education, a loyal following it is understood a clear-cut agenda for development that the leader is assured of votes and hard work, and following a when election time comes. The non-traditional path to leadership, intermarriage of royal families Langkuno transformed the once Abdul Karim also adds to a solid voter’s base for sleepy, unproductive town of Langkuno the political leader. Paglat into what is now known as Darussalam or Abode of Peace, Abdul Karim Langkuno the most peaceful and progressive was not born into Maguindanao municipality in Maguindanao to royalty. He was not born a datu nor date. were his parents of royal descent. Abdul Karim was an ordinary THE MUNICIPALITY OF This case was written by Maguindanaoan from humble PAGLAT: CONDITIONS, Sarah Matalam for the Asian beginnings who excelled in school ISSUES AND CHALLENGES Institute of Management- TeaM Energy Center for and was an active participant in Bridging Societal Divides. the Bangsamoro cause, and who Under the second district This case is prepared sole- later became a devout fighter of of Maguindanao, the municipality ly for the purpose of class the Moro National Liberation of Paglat was created out of four discussion. It is neither de- Front. An ordinary man and a (4) barangays and four former signed nor intended as an illustration of correct or in- loyal follower to the teachings sitios of the municipality of correct management of the of Islam, Abdul Karim invested General Salipada K. Pendatun problems or issues con- in his education as a means to (SKP), Maguindanao on July tained in the case. Copy- uplift himself and his family from 9, 2001 by virtue of Muslim right 2009. poverty. Mindanao Autonomy Act No.

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112. The Act was signed by then Maguindanao where some of the the correct fees for issuing permits Autonomous Region in Muslim most intense conflict has played and licenses, while a proper Mindanao (ARMM) Regional itself out. Datu Pong Pangilamen accounting and auditing system, Governor Nur P. Misuari. Eligible Pendatun, incumbent vice mayor the timely reporting of financial as a 5th class municipality, Paglat of SKP recalls: transactions, and an overarching had an average annual income of First appointed mayor of Revenue Generation Plan was also P10,000,000 or more but less than SKP was my grandfather considered necessary2. P20,000,000.1 Hadji Datu Abubakar Pendatun followed by my In the social services First appointed mayor of father, Datu Saidona M. sector, the municipality lacked Paglat was Bai Zulaika Pendatun- Pendatun who was elected health workers and health service Langkuno, niece of the late Gen. into office and served for facilities needed by the people. In Salipada K. Pendatun and sister three terms. My father’s 2004, there was no assigned doctor of then SKP mayor Datu Saidona sister, Sakina Pendatun- or nurse to the municipality and Pendatun. She served for three Bernan assumed office only two barangay health workers months and was replaced by her when he died in 2005 served the population of 10,932 3. cousin Datu Conti Mangelen, and served for one term A high incidence of malnutrition son of then Congressman Datu followed by Bonnie Talusan was prevalent among children Luminog Mangelen of Cotabato Kali, present mayor of specifically those aged 0 to 6 Province, through an appointment SKP. Kali is not in any way years. The lack of an information by Regional Governor Nur Misuari. related to the Pendatuns. drive on health and sanitation The May 2004 ARMM elections among residents was apparent and paved the way for Abdul Karim Prior to Mayor Langkuno’s eventually limited treatment of Langkuno to serve as Paglat’s term, Paglat was embroiled in the sick to the curative aspect of municipal mayor. He is presently various issues and concerns that healthcare rather than extending on his second consecutive term. cut across its different sectors. In such to its preventive aspect. The governance and administration sick treated themselves in the On the other hand, SKP there was the deficiency in traditional way by using variable was made into a municipality transparency, accountability and medicines or consulting with the on April 7, 1991. Taken from participation, as well as very local manggagamot (healer). the town of Buluan through the rare instances of community Muslim Mindanao Autonomy involvement and consultations. In education, the teaching Act (MMAA) No. 3, it is the first No performance indicators can be force and facilities did not meet the local government unit created by measured since the legislative body municipality’s growing school age the ARMM Regional Legislative did not have an existing agenda population. In 2004, overcrowding Assembly (RLA). and legislative tracking system. in school rooms, lack of teachers Office equipment and facilities and insufficiency of learning The municipality of SKP were inadequate. There was also materials were the sector’s pressing is in the southeastern area of the need to inform constituents of problems.4 ______1. Municipalities are divided into income classes according to their average annual income during the last three calendar years (see also Table 6).

2. Paglat Comprehensive Development Plan Executive Legislative Agenda 2004-2007

3. NSO 2004 Data

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In terms of agricultural methods6. The raisers also needed as natural resource management development, Paglat - despite its financial assistance to be able to and ecological solid waste vast agricultural lands – could expand their businesses. Thus, the management, and the lack of not claim food sufficiency since raisers needed support of the local facilities and human resources, its production did not meet the government to access technical coupled with the growing local population’s need for staple and financial support in order to population in the barangay centers food such as rice and corn. About improve their livestock and poultry compounded Paglat’s difficulty to 117 hectares of the municipality’s production.” improve its capacities to mobilize agricultural land were devoted to resources for program and project high value crops, while a bigger Despite rich fishing implementation, including portion (estimated to be about grounds, fish production was still addressing the costs of enforcing 3,422 hectares) was planted with low due to lack of technology. environmental policies. seasonal crops, and the remaining In addition, there was a lack 6, 903 hectares were found to of extension workers who can Finally, the peace and be idle land. The insufficient provide guidance, preservation order condition was much worse production and supply of these and maintenance of fish supply- in Paglat. Drug users and pushers valued crops can be attributed to especially the endemic species were rampant in the municipality. the following factors: (1) lack of - in the municipality. Barangay The drug problem was tolerated appropriate farming technology Damakling fisherman Maidza since constituents were scared to and farm inputs; (2) inadequate Luminog explained that “Illegal report the perpetrators to the police agriculture-support facilities and fishing practices such as use or military personnel. The strong insufficient agricultural extension of electricity and poisons were presence of rogue rebel groups services of technicians; and (3) a common practice among in the barangays also added to inadequate infrastructure such as fishermen. Fisher folks were not the poor state of security in the farm-to-market roads and roads aware on how to properly preserve municipality. Barangays Kakal interconnecting barangays5 . endangered fish species and other and Upper Idtig were such areas of marine life. My father told us to high criminality. “We were scared Livestock and poultry fish responsibly. Even if we are to go out since there were a lot production was another sector poor we do not fish in areas where of drug addicts awake at night,“ that needed attention. There was we know there are endangered said Macarambon Duldul elder a shortage of supply of meat marine life.” and resident of Barangay Kakal. and poultry products in the area. Bacaraman Ondo of the Paglat In the area of natural THE EMERGENT LEADER Farmer’s Association lamented resource conservation, the the fact that “The farmers had to local government needed to EDUCATION AND abandon their traditional methods implement existing laws on UPBRINGING of raising livestock and poultry protected areas and ecological by learning new ones from solid waste management. The Mayor Langkuno spent other service providers of new lack of environmental plans such his early years growing up in a ______4. Paglat Comprehensive Development Plan Executive Legislative Agenda 2004-2007

5. Paglat Comprehensive Development Plan Executive Legislative Agenda 2004-2007

6. Bacaraman Ondo, Paglat Farmers Association

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simple household in Tacurong, a Abdul Karim always had The mayor’s leadership municipality of Sultan Kudarat. the drive to excel. He had capability was honed in his college He excelled in school; he was the that fire in him that even years as he was an active Muslim class salutatorian upon graduating his father’s death could not student leader. Serving as an MNLF from elementary school and was put out. I always reminded student coordinator, he was also a among the top five students of him that education was working member of the Alpha Phi his batch when he finished his the only thing that could Omega (APO) fraternity, President secondary education. During his make his and his family’s of the National Integration (NI) early education he was already life better. That it was what Indigent Scholars Group, and very active in school activities will make him stand out other school organizations. and was always president of his from the rest of his peers class while being an active student who fought with the MNLF. Networking with different organizer. Losing his father at the He was a good student, he student organization leaders, and age of three, Mayor Langkuno excelled in everything he attending forums and workshops decided early on that he had to put his mind into. Laziness proved to be a big help in cementing push himself to be a better student. was never his problem. his leadership capabilities. Open minded and very willing to learn As the Moro National Education became a from his superiors, Langkuno Liberation Front (MNLF), which priority for Langkuno as he absorbed every experience, from was fighting for an independent vigorously applied for and was rallying in the streets of Manila Moro nation, escalated its anti- granted a Department of Education with fellow Muslim activists to government attacks in 1973 and full scholarship to take up Civil attending clandestine meetings of as the MNLF received support Engineering at the Technological MNLF leaders in Taguig. from Muslim backers in Libya and Institute of the Philippines (TIP) Malaysia, the military arm of the in Manila. He worked as a part- WORKING OVERSEAS: MNLF, the Bangsa Moro Army, time instructor at the same school LESSONS AND was able to field some 30,000 and at the Manuel L. Quezon PERSPECTIVES armed fighters in their offensives. University (MLQU) while taking Senior high school student Abdul a full academic load. During his While at NAWASA, British Karim Langkuno was one of these last year in college and through engineers contracted his services fighters. Along with his comrades a recommendation given by then for a water system project they he took up arms and went to battle Senator Salipada K. Pendatun, were putting up in Saudi Arabia. in various encounters around he was able to obtain part-time He left for the Kingdom of Saudi Maguindanao. After a year of employment with the National Arabia (KSA) and worked as a furious fighting, Mayor Langkuno Water and Sewerage Authority Water System Engineer in 1980. He decided that it was time to (NAWASA),which later absorbed rose up the company ranks and by concentrate on his lifelong dream him into its workforce when he 1987, he became the first foreigner and go back to school. His mother’s finished his engineering course. to act as head of the Water System cousin, Mohamad Adil was a very He passed the Civil Engineering Department of the Ministry of big influence in Langkuno’s life. Licensure Exams in 1976 and was Agriculture and Water in Jeddah, His uncle had this to say about this ranked 17th among all examinees KSA. A first in the history of the decision thus: that year. ministry, this was a big factor in forming his leadership style.

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While in the KSA he continued Misuari, and once the Final Peace (RLA), the lawmaking body of the to be an MNLF leader and was in Agreement Signing of the MNLF Autonomous Region in Muslim constant contact with Chairman and the government of President Mindanao (ARMM). He served as Nur Misuari and other MNLF Fidel V. Ramos was consummated RLA Assemblyman from 1996 to commanders. A few times a year, in 1996, he decided to return to the 2000. he would be sent by Misuari to Philippines. attend forums in different Islamic In 2000, Langkuno saw countries. Such forums in Ethiopia, The Agreement officially that there was a possibility to Cairo, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, and put an end to the 24-year old continue his service to the people Afghanistan were a good source of war that had claimed the lives through the creation of a new information for Langkuno. It was of over 120,000 persons, caused municipality by separating a few there that he met influential rebel the displacement and destitution of SKP’s barangays. Langkuno, leaders and Islamic scholars from of an estimated 300,000 Muslim together with his wife Bai all over the world. refugees and the commitment of as Zulaika Pendatun-Langkuno (who much as 80 per cent of the Armed considered SKP her hometown), I learned a lot from my 15 Forces of the Philippines (AFP) half-sister to then SKP Mayor Datu years abroad. I gained a to the Mindanao conflict. By the Saidona Pendatun, and Misuari, bigger perspective of the time the Agreement was signed, spoke with his brother -in-law the rebel cause from resource the war was estimated to have cost mayor about establishing this new persons in the different the GRP over US$3 Billion since it municipality, which was eventually events I attended in behalf began in 1972. created in 2001. of the MNLF. I met Islamic scholars from Al Hazar COMING BACK Even though Mayor University in Egypt who Langkuno did not belong to taught me that economics With the intervention royal Maguindanaon lineage, his plays a major role in the of the Organization of Islamic experience as an MNLF leader, a rebel cause so one should Countries KSA coordinator, certified engineer, a political figure be educated to play a role Abdul Karim Langkuno returned and as a husband to a legitimate in the revolutionary fight. to the Philippines in 1995. Nur Maguindanaon bai7 (princess) Misuari played a vital role in his propelled him to a status that is Simultaneous with his return to the Philippines and as comparable to being a datu8. work in the KSA and as the MNLF the newly appointed Governor coordinator in his region, he of the ARMM in 1996, Misuari Upon personally observing also gave lectures to and hosted appointed Abdul Langkuno as Paglat, Langkuno saw three major forums for fellow Moros who one of the assemblymen who areas that needed to be addressed: wanted to know more about the assumed office as representative cause. After fifteen years in KSA, of District 1 of Maguindanao in 1. The proper engagement upon the prodding of Chairman the Regional Legislative Assembly of constituents in the ______7. Is a name for Muslim girls of royal status in the Philippines. Source: http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=bai

8. Bai Sakina Pendatun-Bernan, sister-in-law of Mayor Langkuno, former Mayor of the Municipality of Gen. Salipada K. Pendatun

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1. processes/dealings of mayor in 2004. Seeing the poor with a 2.78 productivity index; the local government condition of the different sectors (2) Administration with a 2.42 of Paglat to ensure of the municipality, he directed productivity index (3) Social transparency and a thorough analysis and study of Services with a 2.33 productivity accountability; the areas of concern and identified index; (4) Economic Development priority areas for attention. with a 2.88 productivity index; and 2. A detailed and (5) Environmental Management c o m p r e h e n s i v e They then approached with a 2.50 productivity index. Municipal Master Plan the Development Academy of These gave the municipality an of what needs to be done the Philippines (DAP), who overall productivity index of 2.58 for the municipality, endorsed them to the University (or an adjectival equivalent of with a clear declaration of the Philippines (UP) and the LOW) for the year 2002-2004. of the amount of time University of Southern Mindanao and resources it will (USM) to help the municipality The CDP also noted that take to realistically with the proper agricultural Paglat had a low State of Social achieve those plans. studies, soil examination, and Development. Relative to social Accountability for a irrigation plans in the different development, four service areas vision of the future barangays. With local counterpart have the lowest development needed to start on a funds of the municipality and with indices, specifically: (1) Health drawing board, with added funding from the National and Nutrition; (2) Education; (3) detailed writings of Economic Development Authority Housing and Basic Utilities; and the master plan for (NEDA), the proper agricultural (4) Peace, Security and Disaster proper infrastructure, studies were done. The DAP studies Risk Management. The Social education, commerce, – with added input from Mayor Development Index was at a municipal services, and Langkuno’s administration as well low 2.54. The indices of the four tourism initiatives; and as from scheduled public hearings service areas ranged from 0.50 or and consultations conducted in very low to 3.76 or medium. Health 3. An authentic peace the municipal hall – resulted in a and Nutrition got the highest index agenda that forges master plan which highlighted good at 2.98 and Basic Utilities got affirmative action for governance, local participation, .50, or very low. The low index the municipality and decentralization of authority, urban in social development was caused neighboring areas.9 reform, and measures to eliminate by factors such as limited LGU the traditional style of leadership. resources (human and financial) BUCKLING DOWN TO WORK to support social development The CDP stressed that the programs and projects, and limited The formulation of a municipality’s Local Government municipal government capacity to Comprehensive Development Plan Productivity Index was at its serve its mandate since human and (CDP) and a Master Development lowest level and priority areas financial resources were still with Plan was a priority for Langkuno for concern were identified in the regional government. as soon as he was re-elected the sectors of: (1) Governance ______9. Notes from Mayor Langkuno’s May interview

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The Economic sanitary toilets; Productivity; Provision Development Index also percentage of of irrigation facilities, showed very low results at 1.50. households with and fishery extension Entrepreneurship, Business and electricity. and research services Industry Promotion was very · Agricultural and or facilities; low at 1.00 and Agricultural and Fisheries Development: 4. The development of an Fisheries Development was at percentage of irrigated Investment Promotion 2.00. land over total Plan that will In so far as the State of agricultural land; crop emphasize the “One- the Environment was concerned, yield Town-One-Product” Paglat’s environmental · E n t r e p r e n e u r s h i p , approach; development index was at 2.67. Business and 5. The development of a Natural Resource Management Industry Promotion: Comprehensive Social was low at 2.33 and medium Unemployment rate; Services Support at 3.00 in Waste Management, income per capita Program that will Pollution Control and Urban Land include: Quality. Given Paglat’s state of a. Health and The CDP then summarized performance, productivity and N u t r i t i o n . the following priority areas for development, the following priority P r o v i s i o n attention: strategies were recommended by of health · Health and Nutrition: the CDP: infrastructure The percentage of 1. The formulation of a with basic children aged 0-71 capacity development facilities in all months with below plan that allows b a r a n g a y s , normal weights and p r o p o r t i o n a t e incentives to morbidity rate participation of health workers, · Education: secondary plantilla staff in health and school completion capacity development nutrition IEC rate; tertiary school opportunities; and water- completion rate; 2. The integration of sealed toilet vocational school Peace, Security facilities; completion rate; and Disaster Risk b. E d u c a t i o n a l literacy rate M a n a g e m e n t , Support that · Housing and Basic particularly in the i n c l u d e s Utilities: percentage of development of a d d i t i o n a l households living in effective disaster s c h o o l s , informal settlements mitigation and t e a c h e r s , or makeshift houses; preparedness; t e x t b o o k s percentage of 3. The crafting of a in order to households with Local Agricultural and increase access sustainable water Fisheries Development to secondary, supply; percentage Support Program e l e m e n t a r y of households with that included: Farm and primary

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education. A offices for possible partnerships. participation was of utmost literacy and Various international importance in Langkuno’s agenda technical skills donors approved of the Paglat as he enjoined all groups to development CDP and gradually poured in attend municipal sessions which p r o g r a m funding. These include the United were held in various parts of the was also States Agency for International municipality (such as barangay recommended; Development’s (USAID) Growth halls, market areas, and the houses c. Access to with Equity in Mindanao (GEM) of women leaders) and to take potable water Program for infrastructure, part in decision-making measures, and electricity; OXFAM International for structures or processes that were and infrastructure (school buildings), to be established. He made sure d. Housing and the livelihood assistance, capability that marginalized groups were formulation of building and trainings, Japan heard and their interests included a Shelter Plan International Cooperation Agency in major decisions11. Municipal and policies, (JICA) and Japan-Bangsamoro sessions were ’open to the public‘ m o b i l i z i n g Initiatives for Reconstruction and a specific amount of time support for and Development (J-BIRD) also was allotted for them to give h o u s i n g for infrastructure and education suggestions, comments, and to projects all initiatives10 and AusAid for post voice out their sentiments. These over the harvest facilities and equipment consultations were properly municipality. and support for multi-purpose documented and were reviewed by cooperatives. the LGU staff. The overarching strategies of the Paglat CDP showed clear N o n - g o v e r n m e n t “I suggested that our area development directions, intensive organizations such as Habitat for be given toilet bowls since our resource mobilization, staff Humanity and the Autonomous surrounding areas were getting to support and incentives, transparent Region in Muslim Mindanao be very dirty. The mayor listened and accountable program/project (ARMM) Social Fund, Philippine and reassured us that he would implementation and a responsive Business for Social Progress do something about the sanitation mechanism for monitoring, (PBSP), Catholic Relief Services situation. That was the first time a evaluation and reportage. (through the Kadtuntaya mayor talked and listened to us,” Foundation, Inc.), USAIDs Said Amina Tacumbol, mother and Armed with the CDP, Alliance for Mindanao Off-Grid resident of Barangay Kakal. the mayor personally visited Renewable Energy Program different international donor and (AMORE) and a few more “Our crops lacked water. non-government organizations institutions gave funding support Other farmers and I would walk and government line agencies, for infrastructure, education health far just to get water from a well. I and lobbied for assistance to the capability building, agriculture, told our councilor that we needed municipality. He left copies of and energy initiatives. water facilities,” added Abdila the CDP in all these agencies Mangandog, another local who and constantly followed up these Priority setting and local participated in these consultations. ______10. Mangoda T. Haji Usop, MPDC, Municipality of Paglat

11. Atty. Virgilio B. Torres, SB Secretary, Municipality of Paglat

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Even the local youth aired as Darussalam or Abode of Peace. period of time. After crafting their concerns, as fifteen year “I tried so many times to do this the details of SLAM, Mayor old student Mahendra Masacal but I failed. I am deeply moved Langkuno convened the initial lamented that “My classmates and by the warm response and active alliance meetings and personally I walked through the dirty waters participation of my community in met with the Mayors of the other of Kakal River to get to school. this forum,” Langkuno declared in three municipalities (Mayor Boni Our feet were always wet when we his speech for the occasion. Kali of SKP, Mayor Tong Paglas got to class. A lot of us would get of Paglas and Datu Allandatu sick especially when it rained hard The MNLF and MILF Angas of Sultan sa Barongis) to since we had to cross the river even leaders promised they would streamline the proposed projects if it was waist deep. My father said lessen their presence in Paglat. In for their areas. our place needed a bridge.” early 2007, they eventually pulled out all troops in the municipality. With the assistance of ADVOCATING PEACE AND Former MNLF combatants were LGSPA, which also helped out with ORDER given livelihood projects by the PALMA Alliance creation, a various NGOs and were trained study tour for the four mayors and One of Langkuno’s in various vegetable and crop their key staff was arranged. This milestones as local chief executive production endeavors by USAID’s was considered the first Alliance- was the Peace Forum which was GEM Program. to-Alliance visit for both PALMA done in 2006. Various stakeholders and SLAM. Aleosan town Mayor of different armed groups and Another high point in Cabaya, who was also the current the military, police, NGOs, and Mayor Langkuno’s leadership was chair of PALMA, updated the donor agencies involved in the his crafting and creation of the ARMM mayors regarding a total of municipality were invited, with Southwestern Ligwasan Alliance 281.45 km of farm to market roads with the central committee of of Municipalities (SLAM) which that have been constructed with MILF, MNLF, GRP Panel, OPAPP replicated the Kabalikat PALMA a total cost of Php8.47 Million, and the International Monitoring Infrastructure Project12. through their pooled efforts. The Team (IMT) also in attendance. Mayors of SLAM learned that this Four member LGUs in strategy was also being used to The representatives of the Maguindanao, namely: Paglat, pursue other related development major organizations present during Datu Paglas, Sultan sa Barongis initiatives in environmental the forum affixed their respective and General S.K. Pendatun, protection and health, and they had signatures to the document came together to find common a chance to interact with fellow “Affirmation of Support for solutions to common problems mayors, LGU staff, barangay Peace and Development” which with the objective of facilitating officials and residents of PALMA appealed to the conflicting parties development in their respective in this regard. for patience and compassion in towns through the pooling and the light of the renewed impasse sharing of resources. The four Through the study visit, in the peace process. The forum LGUs agreed on the basic principle the members of SLAM heard from also endorsed the declaration of that with combined resources, much their peers about the importance of the entire municipality of Paglat can be accomplished in a shorter barangay development planning, ______12. PALMA Alliance is the working alliance of the contiguous municipalities of Pigcawayan, Alamada, Libungan, Midsayap and Aleosan in the 1st Congressional District of North Cotabato Province, Region XII.

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revenue generation strategies, and through Memoranda of Agreement aspects of governance such as the computerization of the real (MOA).” health, education, economics and property tax system, all processes livelihood, and infrastructure, that LGSP II had supported in Inspired by PALMA among others. PALMA and which LGSPA was Alliance’s simple yet successful currently strengthening in SLAM sharing of resources, Mayor This amount was later municipalities. The PALMA Langkuno was convinced it could raised to Php25,000 when the leadership pledged to assist SLAM be done in Maguindanao. He Alliance’s activities began picking in getting established, offered to discussed the idea of working up momentum. The fund was to share their manual of operations together in a similar manner be used to support the Alliance’s and other information, and sent with fellow mayors and with development projects as well as their team to help facilitate the LGSPA assistance, and hosted the Project Management Office’s setting up of the SLAM alliance an orientation session on the (PMO) operations. Monthly and implementation of priority Kabalikat PALMA Infrastructure meetings were held with each projects.13 “The Alliance was Project. Board member Pader, the LGU taking turns hosting the formed with the agenda of helping first Chair of PALMA, shared how meeting. Mayor Langkuno was one another’s municipality. A big they jointly and effectively worked selected Chairperson of the SLAM brother helping a small brother,” on addressing common priorities Board and the other members were was how Mayor Boni Kali of SKP of the five LGUs since 2002. composed of four Sangguniang described the arrangement. PALMA won a Galing Pook award Bayan members, four CSO in 2007 for its Kabalikat PALMA representatives (i.e. one from “The SLAM follows Infrastructure Project which each town) and the DILG-ARMM PALMA Alliance’s method, while pooled municipal equipment, Provincial Director. The town of it gets its mandate from Section machinery, personnel and expertise Datu Paglas was identified as the 33, Art. 3, Chapter 3, of RA 7160,” from five contiguous towns for location of the Project Management explained Vice Mayor Amed Piglas. farm-to-market road construction. Office, with Vice Mayor Amed The act states that “LGUs may, Paglas designated as the Interim through appropriate ordinances, Mayor Langkuno and Project Manager until a full-time group themselves, consolidate, or the other three mayors of SLAM manager was hired. Also in the ordinate their efforts, services, and pursued its formalization. A interim, each LGU assigned one resources for purposes commonly MOA was signed among the of their staff to report to the PMO beneficial of them. In support four municipalities committing on a rotational basis and a full-time to such undertakings, the LGUs their participation in SLAM technical officer was hired to work involved may, upon approval by and defining their roles and with Vice Mayor Paglas. the Sanggunian concerned after a responsibilities. The Provincial public hearing conducted for the Government of Maguindanao, A Technical Working purpose, contribute funds, real DILG-ARMM and LGSPA Group composed of the four estate, equipment and other kinds served as witnesses to the MOA. municipal planning coordinators, of property and appoint or assign, Each mayor agreed to initially municipal engineers and municipal personnel under such terms and provide a monthly contribution of agriculture officers from the four conditions as may be agreed upon Php15,000 to a common SLAM towns served as the implementing by the participating local units fund. The Alliance covered all arm of the SLAM Board. With the ______13. www.lgspa.org.ph

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mentoring support of PALMA, a road in one of the barangays in communication gap between the Strategic Plan was developed and the municipality of General S.K. upper and lower classes of society a manual of operations completed Pendatun was also done. was diminished, thus creating open to guide the SLAM Alliance in lines of dialogue and a clearer their operations, systems and “Bapa14 Mayor is very exchange of ideas with proper procedures, including the pooling enthusiastic and he constantly consultation at the grassroots level. of human, financial and material searches for ways to better the lives resources (e.g. equipment), of his people. Bapa Mayor reminds Early on in his tenure, prioritizing activities, external me so much of ama (father who Mayor Langkuno saw that resource generation, and others. is the late Ibrahim “Toto” Paglas), municipal funds were not enough when he says, “You have to be to fund and fast track development “The only constraint that thick-skinned when asking project in his area. He thus personally we have experienced so far is the assistance for your municipality. visited donor agency offices, monthly contributions of each For the end result is for the good international government agencies, municipality. With sometimes of the people and not for personal line offices and non-government late releases of our supplemental gains,” said Vice Mayor Datu offices to seek their assistance in budget we are also late in giving Amed Paglas, eldest son of the the form of projects and programs. the needed monthly contribution. late Datu Ibrahim “Toto” Paglas, This pro-active approach, together But we do complete the amount when asked to describe Mayor with a sincere commitment to promised,” explained Padido Langkuno. counterpart funding from the Usman, Municipal Planning local government, was one of the and Development Coordinator Mayor Langkuno’s reasons why Paglat has the most (MPDC) of Paglas. approaches to attain development projects and assistance received in his municipality follow the non- among the LGUs in Maguindanao. Under the leadership of traditional route. He employs an “In some international donor Mayor Langkuno and with the open door policy in his office in agencies I had to wait a few hours shared vision of the three other the municipal hall and most of the to speak to the heads of offices but mayors, a number of activities were time he sits at a table in the lobby I did not mind the wait. I went to conducted with the participation of the building so as to be closer to all offices of all the donors and of vice mayors, planning officers, his constituents.“Easier access to was never shy to approach them. and senior staff. In response the head of legislature makes for I was doing everything to get my to the immediate need of the easier communication and faster municipality back on the map,” municipality of Sultan sa Barongis output,” he explained. Langkuno recalled. - where twelve barangays had been heavily flooded for several For security reasons and PAGLAT TODAY: months - a Medical Outreach following the protocol when ACHIEVEMENTS AND Relief Operation, Vegetable speaking with a datu leader, the MILESTONES Seed Distribution and Animal open-door policy is rarely done. Vaccination campaign were Staff and bodyguards are the Five years after Langkuno extended to 1,300 affected usual front- liners in offices of sat as Municipal Mayor, Paglat now families. The rehabilitation of these government officials. In this boasts of a complete turnaround for a one kilometer farm-to-market aspect of his leadership style, the the better. As per reportage from ______14. Bapa means Uncle in the Maguindanao dialect

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the 2008-2010 Comprehensive competencies of local legislators by various donor agencies such Development Plan and Executive by investing in trainings and as the USAID, JICA, J-BIRD, Legislative Agenda, Paglat is now forums. An effective and efficient Habitat for Humanity, Consuelo a 3rd class municipality as it has local government administration Foundation, Synergia Foundation, risen from its classification as a 5th was also achieved by enhancing Ateneo De Manila University, class municipality in 200215. the level of knowledge, skills and GMA Kapuso Foundation and competencies of technical staff other non-government agencies; The Municipal Government on land use planning. As early (6) improved sanitation facilities of Paglat had higher capacity as 2006 a 30 percent increase with assistance from the local levels in five performance areas in LGU income was realized municipal funds; (7) the settlement of Governance, Administration, with the establishment of these of political and family feuds (rido) Social Services, Economic mechanisms.16 by tapping informal structures and Development and Environmental mechanisms such as the Council Management. In the area of Social of Elders and Ulamas to mediate Services there was: (1) a measurable and broker such conflicts; (8) According to the 2006 improvement in the health and a strengthened Barangay Overall State of Performance condition of Paglat constituents Justice System (Katarungang Index, Governance was at a very which was apparent in the reduced Pambarangay) to settle minor rifts high level with a performance bed occupancy in the municipal and issues at the community level. index of 5. Administration and hospital and less frequent check- Social Services was high at 4.30 ups at the health centers. A hospital In the area of Economic and 4.34, respectively. Social facility was constructed with Development, an improvement in Services, Economic Development counterpart funding from the LGU economic activity and productivity and Environmental Management and majority contribution from the was noticeable. There was an also shared a high numerical Alfonso Yuchengco Foundation increase in farming productivity equivalent with 4.34, 4.83 and (AYF). AYF also funded the and livelihood projects due to 4.83 respectively. This resulted in honoraria for one hospital doctor, various trainings given by a an overall Performance Index of two nurses and two midwives; (2) number of donors, line agencies 4.66. reduced malnutrition rate of 0-5 and NGOs such as Catholic Relief year old children from 48 percent Services (through the Kadtuntaya In the area of Governance, to 25 percent by the end of 200717; Foundation, Inc.), University of mechanisms were established (3) an increase in secondary Southern Mindanao and others. to inform constituents on LGU education participation rate from Employment opportunities performance and effective CSO 48 percent to 60 percent by 2007; increased due to training and participation. The LGU was able to (4) improved access to potable capacity building programs operationalize an effective financial water supply by 30 percent also in targeted at specific sectors of the management system and legislative 2007; (5) an improved educational municipality. tracking system and enhanced system with teaching and learning the level of knowledge, skills and facilities and services provided In the area of ______15. Please see table 3 for Municipality Income Classification

16. 2006 Overall Performance Indices

17. 2007 Municipal Performance Indicators

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Environmental Management, the Executive and Legislative The Local Government an effective environmental Agenda (ELA); (2) a functioning of Paglat, with the pro-active protection and management bureaucracy wherein key positions leadership of Mayor Abdul Karim agenda was implemented. An in the local government unit Langkuno and in partnership with Agro-Reforestation Program are filled up and personnel are civil society, government agencies with capability training for LGU assigned to report to the office and development organizations, counterparts was conducted and a and perform their tasks; (3) the worked under the principle of Solid Waste Management program presence of productivity tools and transparent, corruption-free, and was put into effect. the establishment of offices that are participatory governance. This conducive for work ; (4) the proper enabled an environment for local The high level of capacity financial support where the LGU development that encouraged of Paglat can be attributed to receives its share from the Internal its people to be industrious, factors such as: (1) the LGU’s Revenue Allotment regularly; and disciplined, resourceful, vigilant clear development direction (5) significant external support for and committed to peace. which spelled out its plans in the LGU’s programs and projects.

TABLE 1: Population of Maguindanao, ARMM (as of August 2007) Municipality No. of Barangays Population 1 Ampatuan 11 33,702 2 Barira 14 27,607 3 Buldon 15 36,937 4 Buluan 7 32,310 5 Datu Abdullah Sangki 10 33,259 6 Datu Anggal Midtimbang 7 23,713 7 Datu Blah T. Sinsuat 12 22,656 8 Datu Odin Sinsuat (Dinaig) 34 103,765 9 Datu Paglas 23 29,979 10 Datu Piang 20 49,971 11 Datu Saudi-Ampatuan 14 45,126 12 Datu Unsay 9 38,891 13 Gen. S. K. Pendatun 19 36,038 14 Guindulungan 11 23,777 15 Kabuntalan (Tumbao) 17 22,363 16 Mamasapano 18 29,285 17 Mangudadatu 8 24,300 18 Matanog 8 36,319 19 Northern Kabuntalan 11 22,170 20 Pagagawan 11 32,995 21 Pagalungan 12 31,052

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TABLE 1 cont: Population of Maguindanao, ARMM (as of August 2007) Municipality No. of Barangays Population 22 PAGLAT 8 23,432 23 Pandag 8 20,557 24 Parang 23 102,247 25 Rajah Buayan 11 24,973 26 Shariff Aguak (Maganoy) 25 71,971 27 South Upi 11 32,014 28 Sultan Kudarat (Nuling) 39 121,324 29 Sultan Mastura 13 25,741 30 Sultan sa Barongis (Lambayong) 12 25,767 31 Talayan 15 25,753 32 Talitay 9 21,964 33 Upi 23 41,757

Table 2: PAGLAT, MAGUINDANAO Barangays and Population per Barangay Name Population (as of Aug 1, 2007) 1 Damakling Rural 4038 2 Damalusay Rural 2819 3 Paglat Urban 4024 4 Upper Idtig Rural 3441 5 Campo Rural 1920 6 Kakal Rural 2673 7 Salam Rural 1750 8 Tual Rural 2767 TOTAL 23,432 Source: National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), Philippine Standard Geographic Codes Interactive

Table 3: Income Classification 1st class P50,000,000 or more. 2nd class P40,000,000 or more but less than P50,000,000. 3rd class P30,000,000 or more but less than P40,000,000. 4th class P20,000,000 or more but less than P30,000,000. 5th class P10,000,000 or more but less than P20,000,000. 6th class Below P10,000,000 Source: Municipalities of the Philippines

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Princess Tarhata is one of the Mindanao women who have been active initiators and movers of peace and development in the island. Even as a mother who has to balance work and maintain a harmonious family amid an environment of sporadic conflict, Princess Tarhata, now in her 80s, has made her mark in Philippine and Muslim history whether as woman leader, politician, pioneer, and peace negotiator – co-equal with men and with a voice.

INTRODUCTION The spread of the Islamic religion in Lanao followed the Lanao comes from the pattern in Indonesia and other word ranao, meaning ’lake.’ The Malay areas. It started with the region is located in Northern coming of Arab traders who Mindanao around the basin of Lake intermingled with the Maranaos, Lanao. It is thus known as the land thereby establishing communities Princess Tarhata of the Maranaos, or the “people locally. Historically, the Maranaos of the lake.” The lake measures were the last to be Islamized among Alonto Lucman some 25 kilometers from south the three major Muslim groups in to north and twenty kilometers the Philippines, the other two being the Maguindanaons of Cotabato A Princess Who Defied from east to west, filling the crater of a dead volcano. The Lanao and the Tausugs of Sulu. During Tradition region, dominated by the lake and these early times, the Lanao region still relatively unblemished by and the rest of Mindanao and Sulu industrial landmarks, is a beauty to were geographically distinct from behold. other parts of the Philippines.

The people of the Lanao The first contacts made by region are known for their artistry: the Arab traders with the Maranaos from artifacts and tools adorned were primarily economic in nature. with okir (carvings) and nagas But Muslim teachers and Islamic missionaries introduced their This case was written by (serpent figures) to boats and Samira Gutoc and Susan malongs of brilliant colors. The religion and pursued the native Granada for the Asian Insti- Maranaos further express their Maranao traders with intensity. tute of Management-TeaM artistry in their brasswork, woven Finally, the Maranao chieftains Energy Center for Bridging tapestry, fine mosques, antiques, embraced Islam with the people Societal Divides. This case following suit. Shortly thereafter is prepared solely for the elegant torogans (royal houses), purpose of class discussion. rich raiment, exotic dances, and Islam spread throughout the south. It is neither designed nor musicality. Most of Mindanao’s intended as an illustration beautiful mosques can be found By the time the Spaniards of correct or incorrect man- in Dansalan, now called Marawi, arrived in the 16th century, they agement of the problems found well settled, small local or issues contained in the Lanao’s capital city. case. Copyright 2009. communities in Lanao. Islam had

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already taken deep root among the and tribal people into the larger municipalities and ’tribal wards‘: Maranaos. When the Spaniards Christian, Philippine society. Sulu (3 municipalities and 9 Tribal attempted to conquer Lanao, they Guided by the rule that was found Wards), Cotabato (2 municipalities were met with much ferocity by its useful in governing the Indians and 18 Tribal Wards), Davao (5 people. Soon the Spanish presence of the American western frontier, municipalities and 6 Tribal Wards), was felt along the northern coast the Americans showed respect Zamboanga (2 municipalities of Mindanao. But the Spaniards and recognition of the right of the and 5 Tribal Wards), and Lanao did not succeed in establishing Maranaos to regulate their own (2 municipalities and 13 Tribal sovereignty over the Maranao internal affairs according to their Wards). people. own laws and customs as they exercised governance in Lanao. In 1914, with the inclusion In 1898, the Philippines The Americans did not interfere of the districts of Bukidnon and was ceded by Spain to the United with their religious beliefs and Agusan, the administration of the States (US). Mindanao, along with worship. Moro Province shifted to a civilian the Lanao region, was included in governor under the Department of this transfer of sovereignty, despite Another attempt at Mindanao and Sulu, and then in the strong protests of Muslim integration was the passage by 1920, with increasing Filipinization leaders and the reservations of the US Congress of the so-called of the civil service, to a Bureau of some Americans. Beginning ’Philippine Bill‘ on July 1, 1902, Non-Christian Tribes within the 1899, the Americans took over recognizing the distinction among Department of Interior. as invading forces in Lanao, and the Moros, pagans and Christian the Maranaos likewise met them Filipinos and the consequent While these rapid political with fierce resistance. There were necessity to provide different changes have been taking place, bloody encounters but soon the forms of government for the there existed in Lanao a traditional, Americans prevailed and the cotta different groups of people. indigenous socio-political (fort) of the Maranaos fell. organization and territorial division A year later, on July 15, of the Maranao society called Because of their 1903, the Moro Province was pengampong. The pengampong geographical location and created with the same offices and can be singly or collectively applied historical circumstances, the functions of a civilian government to the four states, principalities Maranaos became the last Muslim at the provincial level but governed or encampments in Lanao known group to surrender to the American under military rule, controlled as the Pat a Pengampong Ko authority and were considered the and staffed by military personnel. Ranao (literally translated as least affected by modern Western Municipal districts were organized, ’four encampments of the lake‘ civilization. The Maranaos remain but for territories inhabited by or ’four states of the lake‘) which to be one among the most devout the ’Moros‘ and ’pagans,’ ’tribal the Maranaos divided themselves and most traditional of the Muslim wards‘ were formed, with each traditionally into the territories groups. ward comprising a single ethnic of Bayabao, Masiu, Unayan and group or homogenous division Balo-i. Under a ’policy of thereof (as far as this was attraction,’ the Americans began practicable). The Moro Province The story of the founding their attempts to integrate the was composed of five districts, of the Maranao society is told and Maranaos and other Muslim with corresponding organized retold among the Maranaos in the

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epic, the darangen. The narrative each township into several agamas of Maranaos traces their line is believed to be the earliest (communities). The agama is the of descent through the salsila, account of the ancestors of the focal point of authority system, the defined to mean the written ’chain Maranaos who established the Pat core of the Maranao’s early societal of descent‘ or ’genealogy‘ of a a Pengampong ko Ranao. organization. The traditional people. officials of theagama included the As the author, Melvin Sultan, the highest rank within the Today, the Maranaos Mednick, puts it: The Pat a community, or a number of sultans classify themselves socially Pengampong Ko Ranao “is a who served and ruled over the into two groups: (1) the mala i bounded territory within which agama. (big) bangensa or mapia a tao are to be found a body of custom (good people) with royal descent and usage which define legitimate The presence of a sultan and (2) the mabeba a tao (low residence and membership in indicates the independence of this people) or the commoners. The society, states norms of behavior agama from the other agama. most important thing about these intended to regulate the relations Below the rank of the sultan classes is that both are included between persons and groups as was the Rajah Muda, or Datu a in the salsila from which the members of the larger society, Kabugatan, a position equivalent Maranaos can trace their rights and provides the sanctioning to the rank of a prime minister. and obligations according to their sentiments which cement the There was always the Imam or status. whole. Separate, yet nevertheless religious minister in every agama very much part of this, is the who performed religious and The Maranaos are also consciousness of sharing a single social functions and ceremonies. sensitive to maratabat, a code of language, a universal religion, and There was also the Kali, the judge conduct that controls their behavior. of being bound to each other by the of the agama court who settled all Maratabat is about honor, rank injunctions of their beliefs.” civil and criminal disputes. The sensitivity, ’face‘, dignity, sense Council of Datus assisted and of shame, sense of pride, ethics, The four states or advised the sultan regarding social, etiquette, protocol, and self- encampments constituting the religious, economic, political and esteem. It is an age-old guide to Pat a Pengampong Ko Ranao cultural aspects of the agama and social relations and individual are co-equal in power, authority its relation with other agamas, and collective action. These two and prestige, and are bound the pengampong. The Council of institutions, the maratabat and together into a sort of alliance or Datus legislated ordinances, or taritib, assure the continuity of the confederation and governed by ijma (consensus), approved by the Maranao society, the latter being the ancient unwritten order called members of the agama concerned. the original agreement of the four the Taritib. Unlike Maguindanao In the course of time, this ijma was ancestors of Lanao that became and Sulu, Lanao has never been handed down from one generation their ’codes of organization and united under the rule of one ruler to another and became traditional protocol.’ or Sultan. law and part of the adat and taritib. With regard to the status Accordingly, each The founding fathers and place of women in Philippine Pengampong is divided into suku of these pengampongs were Muslim society, customary laws (districts). These districts are again considered siblings and it is from or adat vary in the degree of their divided into inged (townships) and this that the present generation rigidity and strictness among

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the different Muslim groups in Alonto. Tarhata’s maternal side, commoners often. At first, her the Philippines. Generally, there the Alangadi Clan, controlled parents were unwilling to send her is an agreement that a woman’s vast estates and was said to have to a public school. Henceforth, the place is in the home and that descended from the royalties of princess was personally tutored she is subordinate to the male. Johore and Brunei. On the other and handled by American teachers, Fortunately among the Maranaos hand, Tarhata’s father, Sultan notably her adopted mother, Mrs. of Lanao, customary laws grant Alauya Alonto was said to have Spencer, who was part of the women equality with men in come down from the royal blood Thomasites sent by the US to some very specific cases where line of the great Sultan Kudarat of conduct humanitarian work in the genealogical descent warrants Lanao and Maguindanao. Philippines and provide education. it. Maranao Muslim women, Later, her parents relented and the for instance, can be installed in princess was able to pursue public PRINCESS TARHATA: HER titular positions equivalent to education, further enhancing her those of their male counterparts, EDUCATIONAL FORMATION confidence in interacting with such as being a Bai a Labi or Bai other people. Within one year of a Dalongancob. Once installed In the 1930s, an American attending school in her hometown, in these positions, women are Protestant missionary and educator she was accelerated to grade 4 at allowed to take part in policy- and designed a literacy program for the age of 6 years. decision-making, settling disputes, Lanao, aimed at teaching the enforcing Muslim laws, and Maranaos to read and write in Princess Tarhata had protecting the rights of women. To their own dialect using the English always looked up to other occupy such titular positions, they alphabet instead of the Arabic pioneering Muslim ladies like must show genealogical proof that characters. Before such was Princess Tarhata Kiram and they were descended from a royal introduced, education among the Dayang Dayang Piandao of Sulu, blood line of the title they wish to Maranaos was done informally in who were able to get educated and occupy. homes or mosques where children travel to the capital and overseas. were taught the basic dialect For Muslim women, this was an It is in this highly mixed with Arabic text and Qur’an achievement because women at sophisticated culture and reading. Under American tutelage, this time were discouraged from fast changing socio-political public education was given free traveling far for fear that they environment of royalty, rank, and encouraged for everyone, a would be modernized and thus privilege and obligation, that a set-up which was different from the Christianized, something that was Maranao princess was born. elitist climate during the Spanish taboo in local culture. Muslim period. A campaign was therefore women were also ’protected‘ from Princess Tarhata Alonto launched among parents to enroll stressful activities such as long- was born on June 26, 1926 at their children in public schools. distance travel. Ramain, Lanao del Sur. She was the fourth child among the Princess Tarhata was The growing years of seven children of two royalties, fortunate to belong to a political Princess Tarhata (until 1935) Bai Alangadi-Alonto and then family that had access to both saw the rise of Filipino Christian Lieutenant Governor and Sultan informal and formal education. nationalism, campaigning for sa Ramain of the Pengampong However, local culture sheltered complete independence of the of Bayabao, Alauya Adiong royalty from being seen with Philippine Islands from American

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rule. However, Muslim leaders HAILING FROM A FAMILY women were discouraged from of Sulu and Mindanao began a OF POLITICAL LEADERS traveling. peaceful movement that asserted their right to establish their own When at home in Marawi Princess Tarhata’s father. nation-state and form a government City, Princess Tarhata remembered Sultan Alauya Alonto, had of their choice. There were entertaining visitors of her father served as delegate from Lanao various petitions, resolutions, and the Sultan, who came from all to the Philippine Constitutional manifestos from Muslim leaders walks of life, from soldiers to Convention of 1934. In his seeking to separate Mindanao, farmers, from Muslims to non- speech before the convention, Sulu and Palawan from the rest of Muslims. She recalled that many Alonto implored his fellow the Philippines and to establish in locals would warm up to her delegates to stop referring to those areas a separate and distinct because of her amiable nature, “I Muslims as ’Moros,’ but instead form of government directly was friendly. Teachers come to as ’Mohammedan Filipinos.’ under American sovereignty. me, asking for favors, wanting of Sultan Alonto then proposed that While the early Muslim leaders my Manila connections. They ask a ’permanent and final solution‘ did not use the term ’right to self- for coconut, food. Our house was to the ’Moro problem‘ would determination,’ those petitions and an open home where anyone could come only by giving Mindanao declarations were expressions of eat and where visitors can ask for its appropriate share of economic that right. anything that could be offered.” and infrastructural aid and by This would serve as her training granting ’Mohammedan Filipinos‘ On March 24, 1934, ground in the male-dominated equal status with Filipinos under the Tydings-McDuffie Act political world. the constitution, beginning with (officially known as the Philippine the right to full suffrage. This Independence Act) was approved Sultan Alauya Alonto, position was an expression of the as a United States federal law which together with Hadji Butu Rasul of willingness for Muslims to support provided for self-government of Sulu and Datu Piang of Cotabato, the Filipinization policy of the the Philippines and for Filipino cooperated closely with Filipino Americans if they were allowed independence (from the United national leaders Manuel Quezon to retain the identity of ’Muslim‘ States) after a period of ten years. and Sergio Osmena not only in alongside that of being ’Filipino.’ The law contained provisions educational programs and related which specified the various steps as social welfare projects, but also Princess Tarhata’s father preconditions to the establishment in such national goals as the became the first Maranao to of the Commonwealth, which campaign for independence from be elected senator under the included the holding of a American rule. It could be said that Philippine Commonwealth in convention to draft a Constitution Alauya Alonto’s generation laid 1935. Tarhata was nine years old which would be forwarded to the the foundation for future Muslim then. While serving as Senator, US President for approval. After participation in Philippine politics. her father had her in tow while the approval, the Filipino people meeting with important Filipino were to elect the officials of the After the Philippines leaders in Manila, initiating her Commonwealth government. After became independent in 1946, Moro into a different kind of life, the life the ten-year transition, the United political participation increased of politics. Only a few Muslims States would grant independence considerably. In the national scene, have had the opportunity to do so to the Philippines. many Moro leaders were either during her time, and again because

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elected to the Philippine Congress Congressional Committee was Sur in 1963. Earlier, Sheik Madki or appointed to key positions formed to investigate renewed Alonto served as Commissioner in the government. Prominent unrest in Mindanao and Domocao of National Integration. Sometime among them was the illustrious Alonto was named a member later, Madki Alonto was appointed son of Sultan Alauya Alonto and of this body. Soon the special Philippine ambassador to Egypt Tarhata’s eldest brother, lawyer congressional body was able to and other Muslim countries. Achmad Domocao Alonto. He unearth cases of usurpation by eventually became congressman Christian settlers of Muslim lands THE ALONTO – LUCMAN in 1953, unseating Ali Dimaporo, in Cotabato and the complicity of the incumbent representative from government men in this injustice. POLITICAL ALLIANCE the Liberal Party in the undivided Lanao. As a result of this In Muslim Mindanao, investigation, the Commission marriages are a form of clan In Congress, Domocao on National Integration (CNI) alliance that expand the influence Alonto fought for minority rights was created in 1957, with the of families and allow them by working on what was then task of “effecting in a more to consolidate resources. The referred to as the ’Moro problem.’ rapid and complete manner the marriage of Princess Tarhata During the immediate post-war economic, social, moral and Alonto to a man of her choice, years, there was a sharp upsurge of political advancement of non- her mentor, Haroun al-Rashid in-migration to Mindanao. There Christian Filipinos and to render Lucman, Sultan of Bayang, were reports of clashes between real, complete and permanent the united not only two political Christian migrant settlers and both integration of all said minorities dynasties but also two pre-ordinate Muslim and tribal people. into the body politic.” Two years (‘supported‘) sultanates of Lanao. earlier, Domocao Alonto won a They undoubtedly brought in Princess Tarhata would landslide victory in the Senatorial many families to this marital and assist her brother, Domocao Elections of 1955. political alliance. Alonto, as emissary to intercede, pacify and help broker peace In 1959, the political Because of their wealth among blood-feuding families in landscape in Lanao changed and control of the economy Mindanao and Sulu. Together with dramatically when the province (both local and national), elite her husband, Congressman Sultan was divided into Lanao del Norte families such as the Alontos Rashid Lucman, they would urge and Lanao del Sur. Such partition and the Lucmans possess the notorious outlaws to surrender, gave contending Christian and values necessary to exercise their among which was the famous Muslim dynasties in Lanao influence, giving them more outlaw Kamlon of Sulu during the separate domains. Of the two advantages to acquire political 1950s. “This tempered Tarhata’s new provinces, the population of power. In addition to wealth qualities and made her aware of Lanao del Sur was more than 90 and other resources, such values the public nature of a government percent Muslim, and of Lanao include education, prestige and official’s life,” former Provincial del Norte, 70 percent Christian. skill. Oftentimes, traditional Government Chief of Staff Pesigue Princess Tarhata’s other older politicians from political dynasties Camid said. brother, Abdul Ghaffur Madki would hold public office and use Alonto, also a lawyer, was elected their authority to enact favorable In 1954, a Special the first Governor of Lanao del and protective legislation for

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their family-owned businesses, of Basilan (Abdullah Camlian), State.” amassing additional privileges. and sent to Egypt for military But the Alontos and the Lucmans education and training as part of an The Malaysian government did not do these. With their wealth overall plan to stage a revolution of Tunku Abdul Rahman, on and political connections, the for an independent homeland for the other hand, responded to the Alontos and the Lucmans served the Philippine Muslims. Involved Corregidor incident by promising beyond themselves and became the in this project were other Muslim Muslim leaders, especially to ’patriarchs‘ or the ’godfathers‘ of leaders, notably Sheik Hamid Princess Tarhata’s husband, Sultan the Bangsamoro Islamic resistance Camlian of Basilan and Princess Haroun Al-Raschid Lucman, that movement in the Philippines. Tarhata’s husband. he would help train and provide arms to dedicated young Muslims PRINCESS TARHATA’S In March 1968, news broke from the Philippines. At that time, ROLE IN GAINING AN out on the so called Corregidor Rashid Lucman just lost his Lanao INDEPENDENT HOMELAND Massacre (now popularly known Congressional seat to Macacuna FOR THE PHILIPPINE as the Jabidah Massacre). The Dimaporo in the 1969 elections. MUSLIMS incident involved the killing of 64 innocent Bangsamoro The first batch of 90 young youths who were lured to join Muslims recruited by Rashid It was after the meeting a clandestine military operation Lucman and the MIM leaders with President Gamal Abdel and who mutinied against their were composed of 67 Maranaos, Nasser of Egypt in 1955 at the officers when they came to learn 8 Maguindanaos, and 15 Tausug- Afro-Asian Conference held that they were being trained to Samal, who began military training in Bandung, Jakarta, Indonesia invade Sabah and would possibly under Malaysian officers in 1969 when Princess Tarhata’s brother, be killing fellow Muslim brothers in Pulao Pangkor, Malaysia. Domocao Alonto, together with and relatives living there. Included in this batch were Nur Salipada K. Pendatun of Cotabato, Misuari and Abul Khayr Alonto, other Moro leaders and foreign Hardly two months Princess Tarhata’s nephew, the Muslims, revitalized the Muslim after the Corregidor bloodbath, son of her brother, Abdul Madki Association of the Philippines on May 1, 1968, Datu Udtog Alonto, Almost all of the Maranao (MAP). This was an organization Matalam organized the Muslim members of the so called Top 90 founded in 1949 by mostly foreign (which later was changed to hailed in most parts from Ramain- Muslims, with the primary aim of Mindanao) Independence Ditsaan and Bayang, hometowns unifying the Muslim minorities in Movement (MIM), that sought of the Alontos and the Lucmans, the Philippines to promote their to form a state comprising the respectively. welfare. contiguous southern portion of the Philippine archipelago. Its During the same year, In 1961, with the support manifesto accused the Philippine Domocao Alonto and his family of influential members among government of pursuing a policy founded the Ansar El Islam the ulama especially in the Lanao of “extermination” of the Muslims (Helper of Islam) to further area and of his family, including and made “manifest to the whole Islamic awakening and reform Princess Tarhata, Domocao world its desire to secede from society according to the Qur’an Alonto recruited 15 Moro youth, the Republic of the Philippines, and the Sunnah or Traditions of 14 of whom were Maranaos and in order to establish an Islamic the Prophet. At that time, then one from the Sama-Tausug tribe

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President Ferdinand Marcos was MNLF, and accused Misuari and 90 helped secure their candidacies. grooming different political clans his people of betrayal. When Princess Tarhata decided to in Lanao, like the Dimaporos run as the Liberal Party candidate and the Dianalans, to take THE ESCALATING for governorship of Lanao del ascendancy in the local structures Sur against incumbent Linang CHRISTIAN – MUSLIM of government. Mandangan, a Nationalista and a CONFLICT brother in law of political stalwart While under training, and Ali Dimaporo - a close ally of without the knowledge of Rashid Cotabato was already in then President Ferdinand Marcos Lucman and the MIM leaders who flames when the 90 Moro youth - the Top 90 again assisted in her had recruited them, the group of arrived in Mindanao after a year of campaign. 90 conceived the Moro National training in Malaysia. During that Liberation Front (MNLF) and time, Christian-led Ilaga armed THE PRINCESS AS organized a seven-man Provisional bands had gone on a rampage, GOVERNOR Central Committee, electing Nur raiding Muslim villages and Misuari as Chairman and Abul committing all sorts of atrocities It was said that Princess Khayr Alonto as Vice Chairman. to terrify the whole Muslim Tarhata’s chances for election population of Cotabato province. hinged on a strong showing in When this first batch of Malabang, the Lanao del Sur trained guerillas returned to the In Lanao del Norte, a municipality directly adjacent Philippines, Rashid Lucman, Maranao armed band known as to Dimaporo’s Karomatan together with Matalam’s brother- Barracuda was organized by stronghold. Princess Tarhata in-law, Congressman Salipada local Maranao warlords whose recounted her encounter with Ali Pendatun, formed the Bangsa political turfs were threatened by during the campaign: Moro Liberation Organization rival Christian leaders who made (BMLO) in 1970. The BMLO no secret about their political The people liked me when considered itself to be the umbrella ambitions to topple Muslim I talked. People were organization of all Muslim leadership in the province by any laughing. I point to people liberation forces in the Philippines. means in the 1971 local elections. who are leaving the hall Tarhata’s husband became the and ask them why they are head of the Supreme Executive Members of the Top 90 leaving. In one campaign in Council with Macapanton Abbas and their local trainees in Lanao Malabang, Ali Dimaporo as secretary. Nur Misuari was and Cotabato, on the other hand, was there. I took him to appointed as head of the military organized and called themselves the side and I asked him to committee for Sulu, Abul Khayr Blackshirts. They were regarded support me instead of his Alonto, Tarhata’s nephew, as as a private army of the Mindanao brother (in law). I will win the head for Ranao, and Udtog Independence Movement of and the brother (in law) Matalam, Jr. for Cotabato. Matalam and the Ansar El Islam of would lose, I told him. Yes, I the Lucmans and the Alontos. will support you, (Ali said) However, Rashid Lucman and I announced it. People and Nur Misuari soon parted In the 1970 election bid were amused and cheered ways when the former learned of of some delegates to the 1971 (seeing that political rivals the underground organization, the Constitutional Convention, the Top could unite).

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Soon Princess Tarhata joint undertaking of the national office. The Lucman and Alonto was elected and became first government and the United families surrounded themselves female Governor of Lanao del States Agency for International with Christians who worked for Sur. In addition to hiring fresh Development (USAID). The their administration as trusted and aggressive graduates from the objective of PDAP was to enhance personnel. The Governor valued Mindanao State University (MSU) agricultural production as part of the Christian settlers in Marawi - many of whom were activists - to the national government’s Green by respecting their festivities and staff her office, some members of Revolution project. This project church practices despite the fact the Top 90 became her key allies in was timely as the province started that they were at the heart of a the provincial government, These to utilize its agricultural granaries Muslim homeland. Back then, included Dimas Pundato (Chief to export rice and high-yielding one can thus see Muslims and Provincial Jail Warden), and Jamil crops. Christians walking alongside each ‘Jungle Fox’ Lucman (Chief of other even until the wee hours. the Provincial Guards). During Princess Tarhata also Nowadays, such is not possible that period, Governor Tarhata’s initiated a planning process where because of the unstable peace and nephew, Abul Khayr Alonto, also 20 percent of the local government order situation that has driven won in the election as Vice Mayor budget was allocated for many Christians away for fear of of Marawi City. development. She institutionalized being kidnapped. “Everyone was a performance-based budget part of the community. Christians While in government planning process, where programs felt secure under the Alontos office, Princess Tarhata always were approved according to outputs and Lucmans,” recalled Sultan wore a malong, symbolic of her and outcomes. As Governor Laguindab. deep attachment to her people Tarhata’s former Provincial and her culture. As a trailblazer in Planner Sultan Ali Laguindab Though it was normal for fighting for equal rights for Moro recalled, “It used to be that an office politicians to publicly display their women, she was among the last few had to give commission before power through the presence of Maranao women who still proudly funds could be released. But with armed men around them, Tarhata wore their malongs everywhere. the consciousness brought about did not want to be perceived While at first she broke tradition, by her administration against as a warlord. ”Islam is peace,” she also defied trends by opting corruption, you have to ‘behave’ she declared, exercising this by to display her malong regally as or else you could be charged in decreasing the public display of only a princess could when the court.” Governor Tarhata was guns. To do this, she shunned penchant for non-traditional attire found strict in implementing the bodyguards and confiscated arms became the trend among Muslim budget as appropriated, by refusing in far-flung municipalities. women. to realign appropriated budgets to other purposes. From 1973 to 1975, the Governor Tarhata’s vision national government initiated a was to make her province rise balik baril program where civilians THE PRINCESS AS PACIFIER above its poverty. She worked and rebels were encouraged to turn for the inclusion of Lanao del Sur in their guns in exchange for their in the list of 22 pilot provinces Muslim-Christian relations boat fare to do pilgrimage to the of the Provincial Development were peaceful and strong during holy lands of Mecca and Medina. Assistance Program (PDAP), a Governor Tarhata’s term in The performance of pilgrimage

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is one of the five pillars of Islam asked for her assistance on serious enjoined by all Muslims who situations such as the fratricidal Her provincial planner, can afford it. With government warring among their people. Sultan Ali Laguindab, said: undertaking this project, thousands “Tarhata would arbitrate of Muslims availed of this She also consulted with competing interests by consulting opportunity and went on haj. close politician friends like Maria the experienced politicians in her Clara Lobregat of Zamboanga, and midst, among which are her elder Governor Tarhata the Cabilis, Lluch and Badelles brothers who were more seasoned supported this program by families of Lanao del Norte and in politics. Everyone on top personally talking people into Iligan City. These personalities such as the Board Members was agreeing to lay down their arms and formed part of the powerful cluster assigned special tasks and urged being integrated back to society. of families who owned lands to keep us updated of each other’s She also helped find solutions to and held positions in Mindanao initiatives.” settle clan wars, even to the extent government. They would consult of putting herself in harm’s way in with each other like close family, To be in touch with her order to make rebels and soldiers seriously tackling and deciding employees, the Governor asserted cease firing, “a feat no one will on what best courses of action that she would go to work before dare get enmeshed,” described to take when hostilities among everyone else did so that she would Aminullah Lucman. their people broke out. Governor have time to visit every office. Tarhata would likewise consult Tarhata’s Chief Secretary with important Muslim family “I go around and urge the Engr. Dibolawan Banucag related friends and relatives in Jolo, Sulu employees not to just sit,” Tarhata that “Governor Tarhata and her and Cotabato. said, imploring her staff to move husband would even go as far around so that they can see the as dipping into their personal province’s needs more objectively. HER LEADERSHIP STYLE savings to settle vendetta (rido),” She was seen as always on the In vendetta settlement, there are go to serve as a model to her times when some amount of money In terms of style in organization. She also provided is required to pacify conflicting leadership, “Governor Tarhata is for the financial problems of her parties so that the violation of democratic,” Pango Tomawis, a employees, especially when their honor and pride (maratabat) is colleague, described. “She values salaries were not enough to pay for compensated for. inputs and listens to both the bad their various needs. and the good news. When sought Governor Tarhata would for advice, she first asks visitors The Governor visited also give additional time and how they themselves would solve municipalities every Saturday so effort to consult with her political their problems before she suggests that she could get “closer to the peers. Sometimes she would meet a solution,” Tomawis further people.” She saw the reality of discreetly with some leaders in said. “She is also an affiliative poverty in the towns where there some desolate places to avoid leader who creates people were no industries to employ other parties from jeopardizing connections and thus harmony residents. Because many were her unifying efforts. Such was the within the organization. Her style dependent on the local government case with then Governor Manolo is collaborative which focused on for their social-economic needs, Fortich of Bukidnon who had emotional needs over work needs.” Princess Tarhata said she allotted

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a part of her salary as donation THE PRINCESS DURING Thank you. God bless you and the to those who came to her. She TRYING TIMES: LIVING Filipino people.” also made people settle in her THROUGH MARTIAL LAW plantations. To this day, she still With the country under resides in her worn-out ancestral martial rule, then President Marcos home in Lanao. On September 21, 1972, dissolved Congress and postponed President Marcos declared Martial indefinitely the congressional and Yet even as she was seen Law. In his Statement to the presidential elections that would as caring to her people and having Nation on the night of September have been held in 1973. The a ’personal touch,‘ Tarhata also 22, he referred to the conflict offices of governor and mayor admitted to berating erring staff. in Mindanao as one among the were retained but with reduced She called them inside her office prominent reasons for his action. powers. Incumbents now held and treated them as a mother would their positions at the president’s scold an errant child. Laguindab Prior to this proclamation, pleasure. observed that such became a then President Ferdinand Marcos weakness in her governance style, called datus and politicians to Marcos also banned especially when her personal and Malacanang to consult them on political groups and caused the ’very humane‘ nature led her declaring martial law. Advisers dissolution of such aboveground to solve problems even without and kin of Governor Tarhata Muslim organizations as the MIM. available governmental resources, advised her against going to One month after the declaration, by using her own personal Manila to face the fearsome and the first organized Moro resources. “Her feelings got in notorious Marcos. But her decision counteroffensive was launched in the way,” he said, referring to prevailed. The only lady in the Marawi City. The MNLF came out how she would accommodate entourage, the Governor went with into the open, claimed leadership of personal problems of residents and other political kingpins such as the Moro secessionist movement, employees even if there was no Tamano, Dimaporo and Pendatun, and led the Bangsamoro War in the available budget for them. to Manila. When Marcos asked 1970s. Governor Tarhata’s nephew, them, “What could you say about Abul Khayr Alonto, who was then Governor Tarhata’s strong my proposal for martial law?” elected Vice-Mayor of Marawi leadership was felt not only in After a long silence, Governor City, had to go underground, being her province but also throughout Tarhata stood up among the datus Vice Chairman of the MNLF Mindanao. She became the who then could not oppose the and overall commander of the chairperson of governors in forthcoming militarization of the Bangsamoro Army (BMA). Mindanao in 1972, a feat which South. She spoke sarcastically and was not easy, especially for any said: “Even as I am an ordinary LIFE IN EXILE opposition leader during the woman, I have to raise my hand. Martial Law years, and certainly Thank you for inviting this group. In 1975, Princess Tarhata not for a lady. It was a challenge As governor, I should be here to was unceremoniously removed as she easily and proudly tackled. answer your call for a meeting Governor of Lanao del Sur by the She said she was not going to be with Muslims. What I can say with dictatorship. She, together with her intimidated by a dictator. all the datus here is that they are husband and children, had to leave united in agreement to support you the Philippines and become exiles in the announcement for reform. in Saudi Arabia.

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Given this, the princess Revolutionary Committee (KRC), known MNLF strongholds. had to grapple with her new left Mindanao and proceeded to environment where as exiles in Tripoli, Libya (via Sabah) for Also during that year, another country, every aspect of her consultations and to assume a new the first major split in the MNLF day to day life was preordained and assignment in the MNLF Foreign occurred when Salamat Hashim, extraneously difficult. “She began Affairs. a Maguindanaoan, broke away learning how to cook and change from Tausug-dominated MNLF. diapers for her grandchildren that Datu Matalam’s brother- Moro leaders such as Salipada she never had to do back home in-law, Salipada Pendatun, also Pendatun, Rashid Lucman, and where help was aplenty,” recalled left the Philippines and joined Domocao Alonto supported the her son Aminullah. Rashid Lucman in the Middle split in favor of Salamat. Hashim East. Together they offered their founded the ‘New MNLF’ which Princess Tarhata also spent assistance to Nur Misuari, who advocated autonomy rather than her time in exile to learn about created an advisory council in the independence. This was later her religion by going on Islamic MNLF for them to head. renamed MILF or Moro Islamic pilgrimages to Mecca. To Tarhata, Liberation Front in 1984, making embracing a spiritual journey away On December 23, 1976, Islam its official ideology. from the secular world of politics the Tripoli Agreement was signed better influenced her approach by Nur Misuari and Defense While these were going to society. She commented that Undersecretary Carmelo Barbero. on, an anti-Marcos dictatorship “Connecting to God gives meaning Entitled “Agreement Between alliance was growing between to serving the people. Being a the Government of the Republic and among Muslim and Christian servant of God and accepting his of the Philippines and the Moro Filipinos in exile. This was commandments makes me a better National Liberation Front With the further strengthened when Senator servant of the people.” Participation of the Quadripartite Benigno ’Ninoy‘ Aquino was Ministerial Commission Members allowed by President Marcos to Amid all these, she of the Islamic Conference go to the United States in 1980 for continued to support the work and the Secretary-General of heart surgery after seven years of of her husband who carried on the Organization of Islamic imprisonment in the Philippines. the struggle of the Bangsamoro Conference”, it established Three months after his operation, secessionist movement even while autonomy for Muslims in 13 Ninoy Aquino assumed leadership in another country. provinces and nine cities in the of the exile movement and was southern Philippines within the in constant conference with allies Two years earlier, Nur realm of the sovereignty and in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Misuari, Chairman of the Central territorial integrity of the Republic Chicago, New York, Washington, Committee of the MNLF, of the Philippines. A formal Hongkong, and Manila. Ninoy also moved to Sabah, Malaysia, ceasefire agreement between the began exploring a new ’Christian- where he established the MNLF Philippine government and the Muslim alliance‘ with leader headquarters. From there he MNLF was signed on January 20, Rashid Lucman when the latter directed much of the early fighting 1977, but it collapsed completely was in the US, and with MNLF in the war theatre in Mindanao and towards the end of the year when leader Misuari in Damascus, Syria. Sulu. A few months later, Salamat the government forces mounted Hashim, Chairman of the Kutawato massive offensives against all On February 11, 1981,

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Ninoy wrote a letter to Rashid and this passport carried his name, del Sur during Cory’s Freedom Lucman committing himself and Benigno S. Aquino Jr. Administration. However, the UNIDO (United Nationalist incumbent Lanao del Sur Governor Democratic Organization), the On August 21, 1983, the Saidamen Pangarungan (of the umbrella organization of then news that Ninoy Aquino had LABAN Party) resisted and fought political oppositionists, to the indeed arrived in Manila reached this in Manila. cause of the Bangsa Moro. On May the Lucmans in Saudi Arabia, but 12, 1981, Ninoy Aquino reiterated he was also shot dead while going On June 4, 1986, the this commitment in concrete down the China Air Lines plane. day President Aquino appointed terms in his impromptu lecture at “My father (Rashid Lucman) was Princess Tarhata’s nephew, Dr. the King Abdulasiz University in devastated. He started losing hope Ahmad Alonto, Jr., as President Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. During the about the country … I think he of the Mindanao State University same year, Marcos lifted martial started preparing for his death,” (MSU), its Catholic Chaplain, Fr. law in the Philippines but retained the younger Lucman said. Michael de Gigord, was kidnapped extralegal powers. from his home on campus. Accordingly, the Fr. Gigord was the first priest By 1983, the political friendship between the Lucmans kidnapped during the Aquino condition in the Philippines and Ninoy Aquino stemmed from Administration. Upon learning had further deteriorated amid the friendship of Aquino’s father, this incident, Princess Tarhata flew rumors of the declining health Assemblyman Benigno Aquino to Marawi to seek for Fr. Gigord’s of President Marcos. With great Sr., with Princess Tarhata’s father, release. concern that extremists may Senator Alauya Alonto. Rashid exploit the situation and take over Lucman died in the King Faisal Fr. Gigord was released government, Aquino decided to Specialist Hospital in Riyadh, in the evening of June 25, but to go back to the Philippines, fully Saudi Arabia on July 21, 1984, the custody of Ali Dimaporo, then aware of the dangers that awaited exactly 11 months after Aquino’s Governor of Lanao del Norte. him. His family, however, learned assassination on the tarmac of A few days later, on July 11, ten from a Philippine Consulate the Manila International Airport, Filipino nuns were abducted from official that there were orders from now known as the Ninoy Aquino Marawi. The following day, on July the Ministry of Foreign Affairs International Airport (NAIA). 12, Brian Lawrence, a Protestant not to issue any passports for missionary stationed at MSU, was them. Despite the government’s also kidnapped. Princess Tarhata THE PRINCESS RETURNS ban on issuing him a passport, helped arrange for the release of Aquino was able to acquire one HOME AND CONTINUES the Protestant missionary and the with the help of Princess Tarhata’s WITH HER PEACEMAKING ten nuns, and TIME magazine had husband. It carried his alias, noted her peacemaking role for Marcial Bonifacio (Marcial for When President Corazon helping the release of kidnapped martial law and Bonifacio for Fort ‘Cory’ Aquino assumed the victims. Bonifacio, his erstwhile prison). presidency after the People Power Ninoy eventually was able to get Revolution in February 1986, she In September 1986, a second passport from a friend invited Princess Tarhata to return Princess Tarhata Lucman officially and sympathizer in one of the to the Philippines and appointed replaced Pangarungan as OIC Philippine consulates in America her back as Governor of Lanao governor of Lanao del Sur. After

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serving her term as Lanao del and a number of inter-generational into the limelight, like when she Sur’s appointed chief executive, feuds which have run for decades. became the first female Governor she continued her life in public She was effective as a woman, of Lanao del Sur, and later on service as a rido (vendetta) settler, elder, traditional leader and former when she accepted the role of rido an informal position bestowed on politician. The people who are settler. The general public had a respected individual, much more usually chosen to mediate in the found that her family - from her on someone coming from a royal process of conflict settlement are parents, her husband, and siblings lineage. ”women and (most of the time) - had mentored her well. men who are highly respected by Princess Tarhata used both parties,” she noted. Now the saying has evolved her influence and her gift of gab to “Behind every success there is to pacify aggrieved parties by HER LEGACY the woman”. Princess Tarhata is extolling on the Maranao virtues one of the Mindanao women who of kinship. The princess also talked There is a saying that have been active initiators and of kasusulai (respect), solidarity, “Behind every man’s success movers of peace and development unity and humility. “I talk to the there is a woman.” Indeed this in the island. Even as a mother who oppositor first. I give him money. has been found true in the case has to balance work and maintain I talk to all of them. I make them of the Alontos and the Lucmans. a harmonious family amid an confront each other. I make them Princess Tarhata, as the spouse of environment of sporadic conflict, kiss each other. That is how I end a renowned Muslim figure, Sultan Princess Tarhata, now in her 80s, the conflict,” Princess Tarhata said. Rashid Lucman, had a unique role has made her mark in Philippine Also by literally standing between in local governance. She was more and Muslim history whether as shooting clans, Tarhata Lucman than a trophy wife consigned to woman leader, politician, pioneer, was able to settle most bloody raising children and making coffee. and peace negotiator – co-equal conflicts. She had supported and had helped with men and with a voice. This in her husband’s political career she leaves behind to the Maranao She had settled several and revolutionary endeavors. Most society, but more specifically, to common feuds, mostly based on of the time, the princess had stayed her children and her children’s land-disputes, murder, politics and in the background. But there were children. domestic and marital problems, circumstances that had forced her ______REFERENCES

A. INTERVIEWS

Interview with Princess Tarhata Lucman conducted by Roselaine Pacasum Hadji Asis

B. BOOKS

Coronel, Sheila S., Chua, Yvonne T., Rimba, Luz, Cruz, Booma R. The Rulemakers: How the Wealthy and Well-Born Dominate Congress. Quezon City: Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism. 2004.

Diaz, Patricio P. Understanding Mindanao Conflict. Davao City: MindaNews Publication. 2003.

Gomez, Hilario, M. Jr. The Moro Rebellion and the Search for Peace. Zamboanga City: Silsilah Publications. 2000.

Gowing, Peter Gordon. Mandate in Moroland. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1983.

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______Iribani, Abraham. Give Peace A Chance: The Story of the GRP-MNLF Peace Talks. Philippines: Magbassa Kita Foundation. 2006.

Jubair, Salah. Bangsamoro: A Nation Under endless Tyranny. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 1999.

Lacaba, Jose. Ed. Boss: 5 Case Studies of Local Politics in the Philippines. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and the Institute for Popular Democracy. 1995.

Marohomsalic, Nasser A. Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A History of the Bangsamoro Muslims in the Philippines.

McCoy, Alfred W., Ed. An Anarchy of Families: State and Families in the Philippines. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. 1995.

McKenna, Thomas M. Muslim Rulers and Rebels: Everyday Politics and Armed Separatism in the Southern Philippines. Manila: Anvil Publishing, Inc. 1998.

Saber, Mamitua. Marginal Leadership in a Culture Contact Situation. Marawi City: Marawi State University. Mindanao Journal: Vol. XVIII, Nos. 1-2. July – October 1991.

Tawagon, Manuel R. The Pengampong: Multiple Sultanates of Lanao. Marawi City: Marawi State University. Mindanao Journal: Vol. XVI. Nos. 1-4. 1989-1990.

Turner, Mark, Ed. Mindanao: Land of Unfulfilled Promise. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1982.

C. INTERNET SOURCES http://services.inquirer.net/print/print.php?article_id=16347 http://www.biographicon.com/view/uifku http://www.geocities.com/mindanaoproblem/new_page_14.htm http://www.ranaocouncil.com/articles/?art_id=61 http://www.travelsmart.net/article/100042/ ______

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“I am doing all my best as a dedicated leader because ARMM has such a bad reputation and I want to erase the stigma associated with the region – that the area cannot be trusted supposedly because the funds funneled here go to the pockets of the local governments.”

It is dawn in Kapatagan, have been deprived of Lanao del Sur. Everyone wakes government support. You up to a taped voice of a woman wouldn’t see the presence reading the Holy Qur’an. The of governance.” Morning Prayer has begun. The woman, whose voice rings out to Bai Lanie de los Santos, outlying barangays, is not only an Mayor Raida Bansil-Maglangit’s internationally-acclaimed Holy childhood friend, classmate and Qur’an reader1; she is also the same closest staff, briefly described the woman who brought Kapatagan, leadership style of the Mayor: Lanao del Sur out of the ashes of RAIDA BANSIL- war and into the wings of rural “Her vision for real change MAGLANGIT development beginning in the year amidst the impoverished 2001. state of a war-ravaged community did not deter Raida Bansil-Maglangit, her resolve and will power the Local Chief Executive (2001- to bring development to 2010) of Kapatagan, Lanao del Sur her land. Through sheer shared her dream for Kapatagan: hard work, dedication, commitment as a Municipal “I want everything to Mayor, she made things change in Kapatagan. I happen. At the start of her want our people to see real tenure, she had to literally progress and development knock on the doors of line This case was written by Jasper Caesar Jampac for the Asian here. I want to change agencies in Manila and Institute of Management-TeaM the living conditions of beg for assistance from Energy Center for Bridging So- the people – for them to various organizations cietal Divides. This case is pre- have access to roads and because Kapatagan had pared solely for the purpose of infrastructure facilities, nothing. The first order class discussion. It is neither designed nor intended as an education, basic health of her term was to make illustration of correct or incor- and a lot more. Before, some sense of organization rect management of the prob- Kapatagan had nothing. at the (municipal) hall lems or issues contained in the There was nothing to see and to make the offices case. Copyright 2009. here. For many years, we functioning. She had to ______1. Third Place, 2005 International Holy Qur’An Reading Competition, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. National Champion, Philippines.

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make the people see and feel the Even the Mayor herself Mayor Raida explained further: real changes.” experienced the hardships of having no roads, walking daily in “Development projects However, the story of great lengths: did not reach the people. Kapatagan’s transformations, Because the schools were under the care of Mayor Raida “Everyday, we would walk far, and the people were Bansil-Maglangit, started way to school for 3 hours along poor, they would rather beyond the birth of this Lanao del foot trails. It was very look for sources of income Sur municipality, when Kapatagan difficult. That’s why our than attend classes. If one was a totally different picture from feet have grown huge with fell ill, the best alternative today. walking.” was to consult the quack doctors.” KAPATAGAN THEN Bai Lanie de los Santos added: Because they were so The municipality was born “Mayor Raida then would detached from modern realities, in 1981, through Parliamentary only attend the day class Kapatagan residents considered Bill No. 1087, when it broke during Fridays. Otherwise, Cotabato City as a Mecca of away from the Municipality of she would arrive home all things cosmopolitan: there Balabagan. late at 8-9PM. It was not were restaurants where people safe here then. Robbery ate with fork and spoon, there Mrs. Soledad was rampant, clan wars were hospitals with doctors who Dirumpongan, a Manilena who (locally called rido) were diagnosed illnesses properly, there married into a native Maranao intense and a lot of people were movies which seemed to them family, now Kapatagan’s Planning were engaged in the armed almost real inside cinemas, and the and Development Officer, painted training. Majority were tertiary schools, which Kapatagan a picture of the old Kapatagan: very poor and uneducated.” has none, were found here.

“We didn’t have an LGU The Human Development The Mayor fondly area here. There was Index2 of Lanao del Sur in both remembered her first movie theater zero data on absolutely years 1997 and 2000 support experience in Cotabato: everything. There were no these testimonials and show that roads, only footpaths. This Lanao del Sur, where Kapatagan “It was my first time to was a very remote area: belongs, is lagging behind in terms get inside a cinema. They no electricity, no water, of development. In both years, the were showing a Fernando and no toilets, no health HDI were a low 0.464 and 0.415, Poe, Jr. (FPJ) movie. centers. The only mode of respectively. They ranked in the When the scene had FPJ transportation was through mid-70s (scale considers three pointing a gun directly at riding horses. Otherwise, factors which are life expectancy, the moviegoers, I really we would all walk for hours education and income) across all jumped out of my seat and through thick foliage.” Philippine provinces. ducked to hide! I thought ______2 The Human Development Index (HDI) takes into consideration three factors which are life expectancy, education and income. These three measures tell us if people live long and healthy lives; receive enough education to be able to lead productive and creative lives and enjoy a decent standard of living. A high HDI reflects that a people have a wide variety choices available to them in their pursuit of leading lives that they value. On the other hand, a poor HDI shows that people have limited access or restricted choices that would enable them to lead a meaningful life.

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I’d get shot. We were so naive then Kapatagan, strategically sitting at In its new town Centro of because we were raised in a very midpoint along the Narciso Marcos Barangay Daguan, a flourishing rural and remote place.” Highway that links the bustling community rises. The new cities of Cotabato (southwards) Municipal Hall with all of its It did not help that most and Marawi (northwards), is functioning offices sits in the of the people in Kapatagan relied touted as the ‘Show Window’ of middle of Barangay Daguan with on farming, and the women were Lanao del Sur in terms of peace a huge field shared by the adjacent usually kept inside their homes. and development. concrete stage. The covered sports Tilling the land, training for armed court is close by. A working health groups, fishing, and walking across Kapatagan is the first center is just behind. The Mosque barangays on foot defined their municipality in the mountainous is a stone’s throw away. Across lives then. province of Lanao del Sur, right the field is the police station. Two after Maguindanao, within the schools sit across each other along Clan wars among Muslim Autonomous Region of Muslim the national highway. The wet and families and the armed struggle Mindanao (ARMM). Spanning dry goods market stands across between the Government of over 28,813 hectares across 11 the high school. Houses erected in the Republic of the Philippines upland and 4 coastal barangays, it a linear pattern are found around (GRP) and the Moro National is located at the southeastern part the Centro. A housing project by Liberation Front (MNLF),3 and of Lanao del Sur, sharing the coast Non-Government Organizations thereafter, between the GRP and of Illana Bay. It is a one-and-a-half (NGOs) lies beside the grade the Moro Islamic Liberation Front hour land trip from Cotabato City school. (MILF)4 further stalled economic or about three hours travel from development in the area. Marawi City. There is water flowing out of the faucets. Electricity Mayor Raida Bansil- Considered a progressing is supplied by the Lanao del Maglangit saw and experienced fifth-class municipality, Kapatagan Sur Electric Cooperative all these and compared the living boasts of paved and concrete (LASURECO). Globe and Smart conditions of Kapatagan with roads, connecting its 15 barangays telecommunication companies Cotabato City. In her young mind, to the Local Government Unit both built communication towers she believed that life had to change (LGU) area of Barangay Daguan. within shouting distance from in Kapatagan. Government and community each other. The Municipal Hall structures stand to greet incoming has Dream satellite television KAPATAGAN TODAY and passing visitors along the connection. Narciso Marcos Highway. Today, the Municipality of Each barangay now has ______3 - 4 The Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) was conceptualized by Abul Khayr Alonto and Jallaludin Santos as early as 1969. While still part of the Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization (BMLO) organized by Rashid Lucman, Alonto and Misuari were able to draw the support of Lib- ya away from the BMLO and towards the MNLF. Alonto took the Vice-Chairman position. Nur Misuari, a former professor of the University of the Philippines, activist and prominent leader for the Moro cause, took the top position. Another prominent leader was Hashim Salamat, who later became the Vice-Chairman after Alonto and his followers surrendered to the government. Aside from the political nature of the MNLF, it was able to carry out its armed struggle through its military operations with support from Muslim backers in Libya and Malaysia in terms of weapons and military training. The fighting reached its peak from 1973-1975 as the MNLF was able to field some 30,000 armed fighters. Muslim factionalism led to a further decline in MNLF. In 1977, Hashim Salamat broke away from the MNLF and formed the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). This was due to loss of confidence on the leadership of Nur Misuari as well as ideological differences. While the MNLF had a more secular and nationalist stance, the MILF had a more Islamic orientation.

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a new concrete council hall. Zones8 in 2002. him. He lived the saying Today, one Ustadz5 is assigned to ‘All for one, one for all.’ each barangay to bring Islamic WHO IS RAIDA BANSIL- He was always fair and education closer to the people MAGLANGIT? he treated everyone as his since there are only 6 Madrasah6 co-equals. What he gave schools in the entire municipality. Born into a political to one, he also gave to Muslims comprise ninety-five Maranao family in the everyone else. That’s why percent (95%) of the total 15,635 municipality of Balabagan, Lanao the people responded to population7; the remaining 5% del Sur in 1965 but lived in Proper him positively.” are Christians. Literacy rate is Kapatagan. Mayor Raida wasn’t estimated at over 60%. poor. Her father, Sultan Barodi Tragedy befell the family. Bansil, was then Vice-Mayor Before his father saw his dream of The predominantly of Balabagan, who initiated the a separate Kapatagan municipality, farming people now have farm-to- efforts towards making Kapatagan he was murdered due to political market roads, ensuring that food a separate municipality. The reasons. The Bansil clan mourned is brought to homes fresher, and Bansils have long been Sultans of with the people and engaged merchandise turnover and income Kapatagan. Her father was once its extensively in a rido. The mayor flow are quicker. People living Sultan, now it’s her brother’s turn. who was in fifth grade then, below the poverty line are now Her mother, Hadji Raisa Saglayan although devastated, continued down to 37% from 68.8% (2000 Bansil, unlettered then, tendered on with her studies and kept away ARMM estimates). their farms and raised the family. from the rido conflicts. Finally, when the murder mastermind was Multi-cab vans and She grew up to see her neutralized, the warring clans went motorcycles (locally called habal- father fight with the MNLF until into negotiations and settled the habal in most areas of Mindanao) he left the group and joined the conflict. for the riding public ply between government. During his term, she towns and across barangays. saw how much of a beloved leader Growing up under a her father was. traditional Muslim mother, Mayor There is now peace and Raida was sent to a regular school harmony - with countryside “I admire my father for and to a Madrasah. development clearly seen and felt, being very close to the attributed as well to the peace people. Before, it made She related: covenants signed – by declaring me wonder why the people Kapatagan’s Poblacion Daguan obey him. He only says a “The only things I occupied and other barangays as Peace word, and they’d all follow myself with were my ______5. An Ustad/Ustadz is used to mean a teacher. In modern Arabic it is used generically to mean college professor or teacher. But it can also be an honorific form of address for anyone of superior wisdom or learning. In the Philippines, it usually means a teacher in a Madrasah.

6. Madrasah (pl. madaris) generally refers to Muslim private schools with core emphasis on Islamic studies and Arabic literacy. The word madrasah literally means “school.”

7. 2007 Estimates

8. Peace zones are people-initiated, community-based responses to armed conflict, contributing to build a constituency for stability and security at the barangay (village) level.

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studies and the Madrasah school. to become Office-In-Charge (OIC) Department of Health and joined The remoteness of our place left Mayor for Kapatagan. However, government service. us with not many choices. I’m glad at 21, she thought of giving way that that’s how I learned how to to her brother who had wished to Like her mother, Mayor read the Holy Qur’an.” lead Kapatagan, too, and instead Raida was also lured into farming concentrate on her family life. and expanded her mother’s coffee She later realized that plantation. While she still had spare through her exposure to the verses The young couple decided time on her hands, Mayor Raida of the Holy Qur’an, she picked to return to Mindanao, raise their became an Ustadz and taught in up the virtues of compassion, growing family of five children, Barangay Daguan’s Madrasah. justice and the value of public and set up business in Parang, After all, she was Madrasah- consultations. Maguindanao – a progressive town trained and was a Holy Qur’an next to Kapatagan. champion reader. When Mayor Raida entered junior year in high school, her For five years, they went Her love for Kapatagan had mother deemed her prepared for into the buy-and-sell business, always burned in her. She observed marriage. She eventually married trading copra and corn. Three times that life can still be better because Jun Maglangit, a Manila-bred they switched businesses from the of her exposures in Cotabato and Maranao, who went back to Lanao corn-and-copra, to fresh rattan to Manila. for business ventures. coffee. Twice they failed because they trusted people too much by Since no one in her area rose After she finished high selling goods on credit that were up to the occasion to do something school, Mr. and Mrs. Maglangit never paid back to them. about their plight, she went ahead transferred to Manila where he and did her share of making things worked while she studied Nursing In retrospect, Mayor Raida happen, even as an ordinary for three years at the Philippine only sees the positive aspect of it: citizen. She went to see their Women’s University. However, Congressman, Mamintal Adiong, her pregnancies and duties as a “We never gave up even if whom she wasn’t acquainted with, wife and mother prevented her our partners duped us, or and solicited support and funding from completing her degree. the buyers on credit did not for roads and culverts for a few pay us back. These were remote areas in Kapatagan. She In 1986, during the Aquino the years that I started to be used her own time, money and Administration, after Martial Rule with the masses, the time I effort to prepare the papers and do finally found its end, Mayor Raida was gradually recognized follow-throughs. She was merely a already had a political calling – she by the people.” concerned individual, only hoping wanted to transform Kapatagan. for their place to improve. Despite the favorable political Because they extended climate of the times, it was her credit to just about anyone, she Mayor Raida wanted roads first-hand experiences in the gained some degree of recognition to expedite people’s mobility and impoverished town of Kapatagan for her compassionate heart but access into their locality. She that solidified her resolve to take the lost her business to bankruptcy successfully lobbied for funding, path of public service. She decided eventually. Mr. Maglangit, on and did not stop until the small to send her papers to Malacanang the other hand, found work in the infrastructure projects were

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completed. distributed to the people. Life in the evacuation I also asked my family to “I personally supervised camps was no better. They were donate for the people, and the construction – buying cramped, full of people. Sanitation even spent my salary as materials and renting the was poor. People were getting sick. Ustadz to buy the people equipment. I wanted this Relief goods were not equitably food.” project to succeed.” distributed. Aggravating the situation Although the project succeeded, it According to the May 2000 was the fact that Mayor Raida was not long after that that a great UNDP Report, 145,733 persons discovered that some budget tragedy occurred, which moved lived in evacuations centers while intended for national government her towards political action. 50,000 people were dislocated projects for Kapatagan because of the MILF-GRP municipality, outside the Internal WAR AND EVACUATION war around Mindanao. Cost to Revenue Allotment (IRA), coursed damaged properties and farmlands through the provincial government, The all-out war,9 declared easily reached millions of pesos. never really reached the majority in 2000 by then President Joseph of the people. Estrada against the Moro Islamic Mayor Raida saw how Liberation Front (MILF), wiped much the people suffered. Just like Mayor Raida thought that out what little resources the poor her father who was kindhearted the only way to be freed from the Kapatagan municipality had. and generous, she decided to do tyranny of evacuation camp life The Philippine military overran her share in helping ease the pain would be to return to their land MILF’s Camp Abubakar, located of the people. – back to the burned villages and on the fringes of Kapatagan and torn communities, to their no- within Lanao del Sur. “I volunteered to assist man’s land. the evacuees. I went to see This completely destroyed Lanao del Sur Provincial Together with her Kapatagan. Governor Mahid Motilan supportive husband and family, and asked for help. Even they brought their things back to What remained of the place though he did not know Barangay Daguan – staying inside were ashes and debris, felled trees me, I waited long just to the Mosque for months, for there and casualties. Only the Mosque see and meet him. I had to was no other structure left in the and the schools stood almost tell him the real situation area. untouched by war. in Kapatagan, and I had to bring back to the people This move was providential Kapatagan became a virtual food and clothing. When for she later earned the respect ghost town. People fled to nearby I came home, I brought and trust of the people and the municipalities, but most of them with me two trucks of Philippine Marines. went to the evacuation camps. relief goods, which we

______9. The All-Out War declared in 2000 by then President Joseph Estrada came about from the Philippine Government’s unsuccessful negotiations with the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) after the MILF refused to recognize the Peace Agreement signed between the Philippine Govern- ment and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in 1996 that created the Southern Philippine Council for Peace and Development (SPCPD) chaired by Nur Misuari, whom they question the leadership.

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To lure the people to return and effective leadership. they would not allow any vote- to their home communities, she They wanted someone who rigging. asked her friends to come back can commit to action.” – starting with her childhood With the support of the friend, Daguan’s barangay captain Bai Lanie de los Santos added: majority and the promise of the and now Municipal councilor, Marines, Raida Bansil-Maglangit Alinadjer Dipatuan. Mr. Dipatuan “Mayor Raida was now accepted the challenge and ran used to be an MILF commander, known by the people against the incumbent and another but with the persuasion of Mayor because of what she lady contender. In 2001, she won Raida, he left the group and has done and what she the elections and became the first returned to his post as barangay represented for the poor Muslim woman to lead Kapatagan, captain. people – hope. Even Lanao del Sur. before she became Mayor, Together with her husband, the people already admired STEWARDSHIP UNDER whom she considers her strength her.” MAYOR RAIDA and decision co-maker, they finally built their own house near Reluctant at first, Mayor Mrs. Sol Dirumpongan the Mosque, which prompted the Raida listened to the call of the described the starting point of people to return and build their people. However, she felt that Mayor Raida’s leadership as own dwelling places as well in without a machinery and money, “reconciliatory governance.” their home community. she might still lose in the elections. Deep inside her though, she wanted “She reached out to her She became the symbol of to already serve her people and that political nemesis even if strength and hope in an otherwise burning desire to bring genuine they created a lot of issues hopeless area. change in her locality should now against her. As a matter of come to fruition. fact, she invited them to be The people, realizing the part of her government and slowness of their municipality’s “The people would made the previous Mayor growth and the inaction of the remember what my father as a municipal consultant.” previous local governments, had done during his term clamored for change. They spoke as Vice-Mayor and as a Sol Dirumpongan continued: about their dissatisfaction in Sultan. So they prodded informal gatherings and asked me to run in the upcoming “She’s a hardworking Raida Bansil-Maglangit to lead 2001 Mayoralty race.” mayor. The first thing she them to progress. They did not did was to go to the national want anything but change. Sensing that Mayor Raida offices of line agencies in only had sincere interest in helping Manila and pleaded for the Edwina Tobias, Municipal the people, the Philippine Marines unfinished projects of the accountant, recounted: led by their commanding officer, previous administration to Col. Bajunaid Abid, gave their be completed. Whatever “The people themselves word to protect the integrity of the remaining funds those already asked for change. elections, in a private meeting with would have, there was at They felt a need for fresher Maglangit. They assured her that least something to start

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with.” One of those who greatly To strengthen peace in benefited from such training was Kapatagan, its local leaders One of the challenges Simbaiyan D. Bansil, Municipal pushed community dialogues that welcomed her first months Civil Registrar. She had to beef and consultations and created a as Mayor was the lack of basic up the vital statistics of the municipal peace committee to government data and statistics. municipality in close coordination settle rido cases. Mayor Raida People didn’t register births and with the planning and development employed local arrangements and deaths. The population count had office. Her starting point was traditions for rido settlements. She been outdated for years. There was education of the people on the personally helped pool resources no Municipal Hall. There was no importance of registration. and contributed to blood money skilled manpower working for the in settling clan wars. The LGU LGU. It was very difficult to court The Mayor listened to instituted ordinances against funders in bringing their projects her instincts, her staff, and her gambling and liquor drinking to to Kapatagan. constituents for clues on her avoid occasions for conflicts. Their next steps. With her personal efforts soon bore fruit. conviction to convey change Edwina Tobias shared: through development and peace, One of their NGO partners, she remained focused on what was the Assisi Development Foundation “With very little resources needed to be done. (ADF), through the PEACEPATHS to work on, we still (Promoting Economic and managed to buy a parcel of Some of her actions Cultural Enhancement for Peoples’ land in Barangay Daguan and decisions have become her Action Towards Human Security) and transformed it into the administration’s crown jewels. program, sought to build peace LGU area. Little by little, zones and rehabilitate conflict- the government structures BEST PRACTICES affected communities. It was after were built. The Mayor the all-out war that ADF, through just kept working on the Zone of Peace - One of the most their Tabang Mindanaw Integrated physical development of identifiable features in Mayor Return and Rehabilitation Kapatagan as well as the Raida’s governance is the signing Program, already had linkages with retooling of skills for her of peace agreements in some of Kapatagan and this was continued LGU staff.” their barangays in early 2002. with the PEACEPATHS right after Through the facilitation of the the Tabang Mindanaw project Bai Lanie de los Santos added: Local Government Support ended. To date, the PEACEPATHS Program (LGSP) and the NGO, program alone has delivered over “She believes in the CO-Multiversity, Mayor Raida two million pesos of assistance to importance of skilled and enjoined different sectors like Kapatagan. knowledgeable people the military, the armed groups, to work with – the kind the religious groups and the The government and of staff who understands community to be stakeholders partner-NGOs helped provide what they are doing. So she of this peace accord. It was a infrastructure like roads and invested in the training of multi-sectoral approach that saw buildings, livelihood, and basic the personnel.” the public-private-civil society services – development projects synergy worked towards peace. that were sorely lacking in this part

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of Lanao del Sur. “With every project we include people’s organizations have, we make sure that the that represent the communities, Mayor Raida admitted that community has organized the partner NGOs, and the line it was difficult at first for people a people’s organization to agencies, among others. This is to put the guns aside and keep the work closely with us and the time when these groups update peace. In no time, they understood the NGOs. It is our way the Mayor with the status of their the tradeoff. of empowering the people tasks as well as their concerns. and making them feel that The meetings usually have “When they saw that many they own the projects.” presentations and an open forum. investments were coming This gave everyone the chance to in nobody complained Ms. De Los Santos be heard. anymore.” explained further that now all NGO-funded projects are coursed Gender and Rural Health - In a Observing how much the through the Municipal Planning predominantly Muslim community peace zones have contributed and Development Office to ensure where men usually take on active to their progress, Mayor Raida correct matching of projects and roles in society, the Kapatagan LGU renewed their commitment to the beneficiaries as well as to ensure led by Mayor Raida differentiated peace covenants and had expanded that any outside help will run itself with a female Mayor who is to include more barangays in parallel with the Municipality’s a strong gender advocate. recent years. plans. They maintained a gender Ivi Codia of the ADF rated The LGU organizes balance in the Municipal Hall, the Kapatagan LGU, and compared communities according to the usual giving women equal opportunity, it to other LGU partners in terms clustering like women, youth, voice and power. Stressing its of program implementation: farmers, etc and has done away importance in development, the with the project-based approach as LGU enacted a landmark Gender “They are a very good, this they deem not sustainable. and Development (GAD) Code. effective, action-oriented The GAD Code included women’s partner. You can see Consultative Approach - Mayor rights that paralleled verses from their sincerity in keeping Raida believes in participatory the Holy Quor’ an. the peace within their governance. She employs community.” community consultations and Mayor Raida emphasized: dialogues before she makes Strong NGO-PO Ties - The local decisions. “Men and women are government enlisted the help of partners in development. NGOs in bringing in projects and It is the value she gave to the Both are co-equals. I enjoined People’s Organizations people, her personnel and don’t want women to (POs) to participate and have a partners that led her to create the be relegated as second- stake in the said projects. monthly Municipal Inter-Agency class citizens. I don’t like Committee (MIAC) meetings. discrimination. That’s Bai Lanie de los Santos, head This is a periodic dialogue to why I give my best all the of the municipality’s efforts in air each agency’s or partner’s time to show everyone that community organizing, explained: concerns. THE MIAC meetings women have the capacity

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to lead as well.” the funders were always glad that never materialistic. She with the projects they brought avoids anything that will Basic health was another in, their LGU poured in a lot in make people envy her.” big concern for Mayor Raida’s counterpart funds, which is not a administration, making sure that common practice among LGUs. Bai Lanie de los Santos said: the well-being of the population was cared for. STYLE AND TRAITS “Look at her house. It’s very simple. You wouldn’t With the assistance of Embodying openness, even think it’s a house of a the Department of Health (DOH) Mayor Raida welcomed the people mayor.” and the Assisi Development to the Municipal Hall from sunrise Foundation (ADF), each barangay till midnight. She gave everyone The common people now has a set of barangay health time to meet her for their concerns. around town described their Mayor workers and a health center. Tabang as such: Mindanaw introduced the use of Edwina Tobias narrated: toilets for hygiene and sanitation. “She is just and very United Nations Population Fund “It’s close to midnight approachable.” (UNFPA) now works in close already but there are coordination with the municipal still people meeting with “The mayor is generous population office. The Kapatagan the Mayor. The Mayor and is kind-hearted.” LGU drafted a Rural Health (RH) doesn’t turn them away. Code, the first of its kind in Lanao That’s why sometimes she “She shows sincerity and del Sur. already sleeps over here at acts as the mother of Kapatagan.” the Municipal Hall.” LGU Counter-parting - Like in The current Vice-Mayor, all funded projects, counter-parting Bai Lanie de los Santos shared: Paisal M. Bansil, corroborated the is essential to show commitment. descriptions: “As much as possible, she Kapatagan LGU’s practice makes time for the people. “The Mayor has been was always putting the end in mind She is like her father. She recognized among – that of the successful completion eats what the people eat. municipal mayors in the of the project. They fund their share, She adjusts to everyone. Philippines, the NGOs and even going beyond the minimum She never discriminates.” foreign funders because amount set by fully utilizing she shows political their development allotment of Simbaiyan Bansil added: will and commitment. 20% from the Internal Revenue Her leadership is very Allocation (IRA). However, when “The Mayor has a big participatory – she involves the Mayor first started, most of the heart and an open hand. the people in decision- projects did not require counterpart She would give even if making through dialogues funding as the Municipality was it’s her last. She feels bad and consultations. She lives yet rising from the ashes of war. whenever she has nothing by the saying Bayan Muna left to give to the people Bago Sarili (Country First Edwina Tobias related that who ask for help. She’s before Self).

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The Sultan of Kapatagan, had experienced the hardships of have the heart – and that the Mayor’s brother, Junaid G. an impoverished and chaotic place. you are able to balance Bansil, agreed: having those two.” While she has delivered “She ensures her on her promises to the people, and Mayor Raida Bansil- leadership practices fulfilled many of her dreams for Maglangit, the local chief executive include transparency, fair Kapatagan, she still has high hopes of Kapatagan, Lanao del Sur who management and peaceful for the place. has placed her municipality under ways. Her concern is the radar of effective governance always on the people.” “I still have a lot of plans for in the country, wishes to share Kapatagan. I hope one day insights to her body of work. this place will also become FULFILLING DREAMS AND a city. I admire Mayor Jess “I am doing all my best as PROMISES Robredo for what he’s a dedicated leader because done with Naga. Someday, ARMM has such a bad On the third celebration of I hope Kapatagan will reputation and I want to Kapatagan’s Founding Day, her become the model LGU for erase the stigma associated old allies came to celebrate and Lanao del Sur.” with the region – that the were shocked not to recognize area cannot be trusted the place anymore and to see the Sharing her formula and supposedly because the big transformation of Kapatagan idea of a good leader, she said: funds funneled here go to from being backwardly remote the pockets of the local to becoming a progressive “My personal conviction is governments.” municipality. just to work and work and work for Kapatagan. I never She ended with a plea: Mayor Raida, teary-eyed, intended to be recognized. stood in front of her people, and I was merely being myself. “I want to tell future those who first strongly supported I showed commitment. I political leaders that her and said: proved I had the dedication they should venture into and word of honor.” politics only because they “This is now what I had have a task to do for the promised you all.” “For me, a good leader people, and never because doesn’t necessarily have they have self-interests to The Mayor had started with to be very smart. What’s serve.” a dream for Kapatagan to change important is that you have and develop in peace because she the brains, yet you also ______

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“My only concern is that I be able to fulfill my pledges to my people. I want them to have a good life. I want to enhance the quality of life of my people. I want to see them free, as free as any people in the world. I want to stop their oppression, exploitation and repression. We want our children to grow healthy and in an atmosphere of freedom, without fear and intimidation. This is my commitment to our people. And I hope some people will not begrudge us for doing something to achieve that.”

INTRODUCTION never drank or chased women.”

Nurallaji ‘Nur‘ Misuari Nur took a degree in was born on March 3, 1939 in Political Science and soon Jolo, the fourth son in a family after flourished to become the of 10 children. His parents were embodiment of campus charisma NUR MISUARI simple Tausug and Sama fisherfolk through his campus activities from Kabinga-an, Tapul Island. particularly as a debater. Founding Leader According to friends, Nur was so and Chairman of poor that he could never have gone Upon graduation, Nur went the Moro National to college were it not for a kind to law school in 1962, but dropped Liberation Front teacher in Jolo who recognized out in his second year. He took a his potential and managed to get Master’s degree in Asian Studies (MNLF) funding for him as a Commission and finished in 1966. Through the on National Integration (CNI) help of noted historian Dr. Cesar scholar at the University of the Adib Majul, Nur landed a job as a Philippines (UP) in Manila. Political Science instructor in UP.

Nur recalls being an EMERGENCE AS A LEADER “ordinary child without ambition. This case was written by Su- All I wanted was to go to school and In 1964, Nur founded the san Granada for the Asian In- serve my family.” In 1958, Nur left Bagong Asya, a radical student stitute of Management-TeaM Jolo to attend the university, where group. Together with Jose Maria Energy Center for Bridging Societal Divides. This case is friends say he was soft spoken, Sison, Nur also became one of the prepared solely for the pur- reserved, and a disciplined student. founding fathers of the Kabataan pose of class discussion. It is Former Secretary Ruben Torres, Makabayan (Patriotic Youth) or neither designed nor intended who went to the university with KM, which considered itself a as an illustration of correct or Misuari, recalled that Nur’s only comprehensive organization for incorrect management of the problems or issues contained recreation was billiards. “He was student, worker, farmers, and in the case. Copyright 2009. very religious,” says Torres. “He professional youth. It engaged in

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political demonstrations and trained Tunku Abdul Rahman. TRAINING AS A large numbers of young people REVOLUTIONARY for a “proletarian revolutionary On May 1, 1968, party.” It drew membership from hardly two months after the On the other hand, the students and young professionals. Corregidor bloodbath, Datu Malaysian government of Tunku With Sison as overall Chairman, Udtog Matalam organized the Abdul Rahman responded to the Nur was appointed Chairman of Muslim (which later was changed incident by promising Muslim KM’s Western Mindanao unit. to Mindanao) Independence leaders, especially Sultan Haroun The movement became widely Movement (MIM), that sought Al-Raschid Lucman (then known as a Marxist front, and it to form a state comprising the Congressman from Lanao) that was the first opposition group to contiguous southern portion of it would help train and provide be outlawed upon the declaration the Philippine archipelago. Its arms to the region’s dedicated of Martial Law in 1972. manifesto accused the Philippine young Muslims. Nur Misuari, government of pursuing a policy together with Abul Khayr Alonto, DISCOVERY OF A of ’extermination‘ of the Muslims were part of the first batch of 90 REVOLUTIONARY CALLING and made “manifest to the whole young Muslims (composed of 67 world its desire to secede from Maranaos, 8 Maguindanaos, and Nur Misuari soon the Republic of the Philippines, in 15 Tausug-Samal) recruited by discovered his revolutionary order to establish an Islamic State.” MIM leaders and Lucman who calling as a Muslim in 1968, began military training in Pulao when news broke out on the so- Nur Misuari, who was Pangkor, Malaysia in 1969, under called Corregidor Massacre, now then the organizer and moving the auspices of Malaysian officers. popularly known as the Jabidah spirit of the Philippine Muslim Massacre. It involved the killing Nationalist League (PMNL), wrote In the midst of their of 64 innocent Bangsamoro as an editorial in the July 1968 military training, this group youths who were lured to join a issue of PMNL’s official organ, of young Mindanao Muslims clandestine military operation and the Philippine Muslim News: conducted among themselves who mutinied against their officers “Separatism is a costly and painful political discussions and analyses when they came to learn that they process and few ordinary mortals of Moro history as well as their were being trained to invade Sabah are prepared to pay the price. But aspirations of an independent and would possibly be killing this world has been a witness time state. This was how the Moro fellow Muslim brothers and their and again to the division of certain National Liberation Front (MNLF) own Tausug and Sama relatives countries into smaller ones. For, was conceived. This group later living there. political division is a matter not became the hardcore members of fully within the control of men, nor the Bangsa Moro Army (BMA), This incident was reported yet a sole product of their whims the MNLF’s military arm. Within to have had two important political and caprices. It is in fact mainly the this period of training, and without consequences. First, it angered creation of the actual conditions in the knowledge of Rashid Lucman both Christian and Muslim leaders which men find themselves.” This and the MIM leaders who had in the Philippines, particularly became the ground where the seed recruited them, the group organized Cotabato Governor Datu Udtog of the liberation front was sown. a seven-man Provisional Central Matalam. And second, it inflamed Committee, electing Nur Misuari as the Malaysian government of Chairman and Abul Khayr Alonto

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as Vice Chairman. The other major In the wave of student some Christian loggers. The portfolios were given to Otto activism that swept Manila in the Philippine army responded with a Salahuddin of Basilan and Ali Wali early seventies, Muslims led by weeklong artillery bombardment. of Zamboanga. Hashim Salamat Nur staged demonstrations of their By September, the cycle of was tasked to head the undivided own to protest the “oppression reprisals was uncontrollable. In Empire Province of Cotabato and exploitation of the people October, fighting between the where a provincial committee was of Mindanao by the Philippine Barracudas (paramilitary group to be set up immediately. colonial government.” led by Muslims) and government troops left hundreds dead on both Upon the arrival of the In Mindanao, the sides. In November, 40 Maranaw first batch of trained guerillas to Philippine Constabulary was Muslims were summarily executed the Philippines, Rashid Lucman, taking control of many towns at a military checkpoint in Tacub. together with Matalam’s brother- because of growing violence in the Muslims accused the Philippine in-law, Congressman Salipada region. Schools were closed, farms government of genocide. Pendatun, formed the Bangsa abandoned, commerce stagnated, Moro Liberation Organization and refugees increased. The ATTEMPTING NONVIOLENT (BMLO) in 1970. The BMLO Christian-led Ilaga paramilitary STRUGGLE THROUGH considered itself to be the umbrella group entered the scene, with PARLIAMENTARY MEANS organization of all liberation their operations concentrated in forces in Mindanao. Rashid various Muslim villages in the It was during this Lucman became the head of the two Cotabato provinces (North period that Nur Misuari left the Supreme Executive Council with Cotabato and South Cotabato). University of the Philippines and Macapanton Abbas as secretary. One particular attack, at a mosque accepted a teaching position in Nur Misuari was appointed as head in Manili, left 65 men, women and the Philippine Muslim College in of the military committee for Sulu, children mutilated and dead. A Jolo. He also sought a seat in the Abul Khayr Alonto as the head for British Broadcasting Corporation 1971 Constitutional Convention, Ranao, and Udtog Matalam, Jr. for (BBC) report of the massacre drew believing that Muslim aspirations Cotabato. the attention of Libyan leader could be achieved faster through Muammar Qaddhafy, prompting a new constitution and attempting But Lucman and Nur later him to act immediately and give a nonviolent struggle through parted ways. Lucman learned of his unwavering support for the parliamentary means. The 1971 the underground organization, the protection of the Bangsamoro Constitutional Convention was MNLF, and accused Nur and his people through whatever means. tasked to amend and rewrite the people of betrayal. At this time, the 1935 Philippine Constitution. MNLF had already consolidated On July 21, 1971 leaders The original 1935 Constitution networks with various militant from all sectors of Moro society provided for a Congress with only Muslim organizations in the published a manifesto demanding a House of Representatives. It Philippines, with Muammar that the Philippine government was amended in 1940 to include Qaddhafy, President of Libya, and take action to stop these attacks. both a Senate and House of Tun Mustapha, Chief Minister of The Philippine government Representatives. The Constitution the Malaysian State of Sabah, as called the manifesto a threat. In limited the President to a four- their primary benefactors. August, the residents of Buldon year term with a maximum of two fortified their town after killing consecutive terms in office.

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The Province of Sulu was FORMATION OF THE MORO the people, but kept as invisible as entitled to three delegates to the NATIONAL LIBERATION possible,” recalled Nur. He began Constitutional Convention. When FRONT organizing his army. “I wanted the votes were tallied in seven to right the wrongs committed towns, Nur finished a poor fifth, Nur Misuari called for a against my people, the historical having lost to well entrenched, meeting of other Muslim leaders injustices. I decided to work first traditional Sulu leaders such as the in Zamboanga City. The meeting for justice, then independence.” Sangkulas, Abubakars, and Annis. discussed the situation of the However, Nur impressed residents Muslims in the Philippines vis-a- One month after the by coming out first in Jolo, the vis their problems with Philippine declaration of Martial Law, the first capital town. society and government, and the organized Moro counteroffensive status of the MIM. The meeting was launched in Marawi City. A group of students and finally gave birth to the formal The MNLF, with Nur Misuari as young professionals calling organization of the MNLF and Chairman, came out into the open, themselves the Pahambuuk (which the election of Nur Misuari as its claimed leadership of the Moro means “united” in Tausig) - many Chairman. The leaders present also secessionist movement, and led of whom were sons and daughters pledged before the Holy Qu’ran the Bangsamoro War in the 1970s. of prominent families gathered by to engage in Jihad (Holy War) Misuari from various schools in for Hulah, Bangsa and Agama CAMPAIGN FOR Jolo for his campaign - protested (Homeland, Moro Nation and INTERNATIONAL the election. They charged that Islam), for all the Bangsamoro BROTHERHOOD there were massive irregularities people, and for the Independence (“UMMAH”) in the vote tallying, especially in of MinSuluPala (an acronym to the outer island. Unfortunately for denote Mindanao, Sulu, Palawan Nur Misuari moved to Misuari, the election protest ended inclusive of Basilan, Tawi-Tawi Sabah, Malaysia in early 1973, nowhere. The corruption of the and all other islands). where he established the MNLF COMELEC and the power of the headquarters, and from there he old politicos were too much for an In August 1972, Nur directed much of the early fighting idealist like him. Misuari came to Luzon to get in in the war theatre in Mindanao touch with the Central Committee and Sulu. As a full-scale war In disgust, Nur came to of the Communist Party of the continued to rage, in the spirit of the conclusion that there was no Philippines (CPP). Jose Maria brotherhood Nur asked the support way the system could be changed Sison, Chairman of the CPP of the oil-rich Arab countries for through parliamentary means. If recalled: “(Nur) came only to the MNLF’s logistical needs i.e. Moro society were to be liberated declare that the CPP and New modern weapons, in their quest from its colonial status, it would Peoples Army (NPA) should keep for independence. As arms and have to be through an armed out of Mindanao.” munitions poured into Mindanao struggle. through the backdoor, young Soon after, Nur disappeared Muslims rushed to join the MNLF. from view. Two weeks later, then Philippine president Ferdinand In March 1973, the issue of Marcos declared Martial Law. “I the Muslim Minority in the southern went underground. I went among Philippines first officially appeared

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on the agenda of the Fourth Islamic Mindanao and proceeded to Tripoli, problem was not to impinge on Conference of Foreign Ministers Libya (via Sabah) for consultations the territorial integrity of the (ICFM) of the Organization of and to assume a new assignment Philippines. The Conference also Islamic Conference (OIC) held in MNLF Foreign Affairs. Amelil mentioned the MNLF for the first in Benghazi, Libya. Next to the “Ronnie” Malaguiok succeeded time. United Nations, the OIC is the Hashim Salamat as Chairman second largest inter-governmental of the Kutawato Revolutionary The Muslim secessionist organization with its membership Committee (KRC). conflict reached its peak in 1974. of 57 states spread over four An estimated 50,000 to 60,000 continents. The Organization is The following year the were killed in the armed conflict the collective voice of the Muslim MNLF gathered strength and between the government and the world and ensures to safeguard and broad support from Philippine MNLF in the 1970s. Estimates protect the interests of the Muslim Muslims. Fighting escalated of armed men actively fighting world in the spirit of promoting into large-scale conventional have ranged from 5,000 to 30,000. international peace and harmony warfare with the financial and One rebel estimated that about 55 among various people of the world. arms support of Libya. The AFP percent of the Moro population created two integrated commands supported the MNLF, 15 percent While the OIC maintained - the Central Mindanao Command supported the government, and its pressure on the Philippine (CEMCOM) for the Cotabato- the remainder was neutral. During Government, it also recognized Lanao areas, and the Southern these years, approximately 75 that the problem of the Muslim Command (SOUTHCOM), for percent of the Philippine army, Minority in the southern the Zamboanga peninsula and the which had grown four-fold to Philippines “is internal to an Sulu archipelago. SOUTHCOM become 250,000-strong, was independent sovereign state.’’ unleashed its full force on MNLF deployed in Mindanao. It further passed a resolution rebels, who had taken control requesting Indonesia and Malaysia of Jolo, in the biggest battle of The year that followed to open their offices to help find the war. In mainland Mindanao, saw the Mindanao war reaching a solution to the problem, within CEMCOM attacked the MNLF a stalemate. Nur Misuari left the framework of the Association forces in Cotabato. Sabah and joined Hashim Salamat of Southeast Asians Nations in Libya where they officially (ASEAN). The Quadripartite Abroad, the MNLF organized the expanded MNLF Ministerial Committee (QMC) - gained official recognition Central Committee together with composed of Libya, Saudi Arabia, from Muslim countries as the other MNLF leaders. Nur Misuari Senegal, and Somalia - was also representative of the Moro people, was reelected Chairman and constituted in the 4th ICFM, with thus strengthening Nur Misuari’s Abulkhayr Alonto was chosen a mandate to help the GRP and reputation as the Leader and as Vice Chairman in absentia. the MNLF arrive at a just, durable Chairman of the MNLF. The 5th Hashim Salamat became the and comprehensive political ICFM in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia MNLF’s Chairman for Foreign settlement. urged the Philippine government Affairs. Abebakrin Lucman was ‘‘to find a political and peaceful named Secretary General, and In December 1973, upon solution through negotiations,’’ Abdurasad Asani as the Chairman the instruction of Chairman Nur and officially acknowledged that of the Committee on Information. Misuari, Hashim Salamat left the solution to the Mindanao

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PURSUING DIPLOMACY territorial integrity of the Republic Government of the Republic of the AND THE PEACE PROCESS of the Philippines. Philippines (GRP) and the MNLF finally forged a Peace Accord, In the same year, During the 8th ICFM in known as the GRP-MNLF Peace representatives from the MNLF led May 1977 held in Tripoli, Libya, Agreement. Mediated by the OIC, by Misuari held their first meeting Nur Misuari, as the MNLF this agreement was envisioned to with the Philippine government in Chairman, was allowed to address bring much hope among Filipino Jeddah through the office of the the Conference for the first time. It Christians and Filipino Muslims OIC. Known as the Jeddah Peace was also during this OIC Assembly in the process of finding a just and Talks, this event paved the way that the MNLF was granted peaceful negotiated settlement to for the presentation of demands observer status by the OIC on an the centuries-old Bangsa Moro and proposals from the two parties exceptional basis. problem in Mindanao. A new (the Philippine government and mode of relationship was hoped to MNLF) in finding a solution to the In the 9th ICFM that be effectively worked out among problem in Mindanao. followed in Dakar, Republic of all the peoples in that part of the Senegal in April 1978, the OIC region. The 6th ICFM held in decided to consider the MNLF as Jeddah, Saudi Arabia in July 1975 the legitimate representative of The following year, the approved the MNLF Nine-Point Muslims in Southern Philippines, Félix Houphouët-Boigny Peace Agenda to ‘serve as a basis’ for being a signatory to the Tripoli Prize was awarded to Nur Misuari, addressing the Mindanao problem. Agreement. representing the MNLF, together The Nine Points were: (1) self- with then President Fidel Ramos, government; (2) affairs of internal In the 15th ICFM held representing the Philippine security; (3) defense and foreign in Sana’a, Yemen in December government, for their efforts in policy; (4) administrative system; 1984, the MNLF status was reaching the peace agreement (5) system of courts; (6) system enhanced from being a ’legitimate signed on September 2, 1996, of education; (7) establishment representative‘ to that of a ’sole ending three decades of civil war. of Islamic life and society; (8) legitimate representative‘ of the financial and economic affairs; Bangsamoro people. and (9) participation in central THIRTEEN YEARS OF THE government and all organs of During the Fifth OIC GRP-MNLF FINAL PEACE state. The OIC also gave formal Summit held in Kuwait in January AGREEMENT recognition to the MNLF, under 1987, the MNLF Chairman Misuari’s leadership. participated in the signing of the When Chairman Misuari so-called Jeddah Accord between signed the Final Peace Agreement On December 23, 1976, the MNLF and the Philippine (FPA) with the Philippine the Tripoli Agreement was signed Government. The agreement called Government in 1996, perhaps he by Nur Misuari and Defense for the granting of full autonomy to did not foresee that there would Undersecretary Carmelo Barbero the entire Bangsamoro Homeland be sporadic and at times acute establishing autonomy for Muslims of Mindanao, Basilan, Sulu, Tawi- encounters in the next ten years in 13 provinces and nine cities in Tawi and Palawan. between the MNLF and the AFP in the southern Philippines within Jolo; that he, being a signatory to the the realm of the sovereignty and On September 2, 1996, the FPA, would be under arrest facing

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rebellion charges; that the MNLF Egypt supported Hashim while Southern Philippines Council for leaders and commanders would be Libya leaned towards Misuari. Peace and Development (SPCPD), divided and have tense relations Mediation by the OIC and MWL an interim body created under the among themselves; that the GRP failed. Not wishing to be used by FPA to promote and accelerate and MNLF will have different the traditional politicians, Hashim development efforts in the so- positions on the implementation transferred to Cairo and went on to called Special Zone of Peace and of the Final Peace Agreement; that form the ’new MNLF,‘ eventually Development (SZOPAD) covering formal GRP-MNLF mechanisms called the Moro Islamic Liberation 14 provinces of Mindanao. for negotiating and monitoring the Front (MILF). Beaten, Nur Misuari sought full implementation of the FPA refuge in his hometown. This would be rendered irrelevant; and The second time Nur’s attempt to completely marginalize that the main focus of the Southern leadership was challenged was in and exclude Nur led to a violent Philippines peace process would be 1982, when Dimasangkay Pundato reaction. Nur’s supporters engaged the negotiations between the GRP broke away from Nur Misuari in armed hostilities against and the Moro Islamic Liberation and formed the MNLF Reformed government forces in Jolo and Front (MILF). Group. Pundato went to the extent Zamboanga City in November of seeking support from the United 2001. Following the failure of this CHALLENGES TO HIS States for a peaceful settlement of uprising, Nur fled to Malaysia, LEADERSHIP the Mindanao conflict. but he was arrested by Malaysian authorities, extradited to the The first time Nur Misuari The third time was Philippines and later incarcerated experienced a challenge to his in April 2001, when Farouk in Sta. Rosa, Laguna for charges of leadership was on September Hussein and the other members rebellion. 21, 1977 when 57 officers, led of the MNLF Council of by the Kutawato Revolutionary 15, ’retired‘ Nur Misuari as REAFFIRMATION OF HIS Committee (KRC), signed a chairman of the MNLF, making LEADERSHIP petition addressed to the OIC and him instead ’chairman emeritus.’ the Muslim World League (MWL) In explaining the reason for the It has been written about calling for his ouster as Chairman ouster, Hussein said “We want that imprisonment would weaken a of the MNLF and recognizing to move forward. With Misuari, man’s heart and shatter his resolve. Hashim Salamat as the new leader. we are not moving an inch. He’s But “what is known universally This was further aggravated given enough time but what is that a stint in jail does not when on December 26 in Jeddah, has he done? We have nothing damage revolutionary leaders Hashim Salamat announced personal against the man. The who frequently grow in stature an ’Instrument of Takeover’ of issue is, shall we allow peace to under difficult circumstances.” the MNLF leadership, a move be held hostage by one man, by Indeed Nur’s experience in jail supported by traditional leaders his incompetence, by his failure? has strengthened his character as a such as Rashid Lucman, Domacao Whatever his hand touches turns leader. Alonto and Salipada Pendatun. to failure!” Nur Misuari countered this This was demonstrated in move by expelling Hashim and A few weeks later, the February 2006 when the MNLF charging him with treason. Arab Philippine Government stripped Council of 15 self-liquidated and supporters were equally divided: Nur of the chairmanship of the recognized Nur Misuari as the

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undisputed leader of the MNLF. meeting was also mandated “to Summit at the Patadon Elementary Muslimin Sema, former MNLF draw up modalities for a new Joint School in Patadon village, with Secretary General and now Mayor Monitoring Committee to observe Misuari as speaker. During the of Cotabato City, said on such an the implementation of the peace summit, Datu Jamil Karutin Usman, occasion that: treaty and verify complaints in chair of the Kidapawan City State this regard and facilitate agreed Revolutionary Committee of the Nur Misuari is solutions to such complaints.” MNLFsaid that “Misuari is the indispensable in the search ‘unifying factor’ among the MNLF for peace in Mindanao and In November 2007, Misuari members, especially since the it is also the clamor of the was invited to attend the first OIC- organization is experiencing some Muslim people that Nur GRP-MNLF Tripartite Meeting leadership problems. We still look Misuari lead the MNLF held in Saudi Arabia to review the up to him as our leader. For us at again. implementation of the 1996 GRP- the MNLF, there is no other leader, MILF Final Peace Agreement. except him.” The summit hoped The first thing we will do While the Philippine court allowed to unify all MNLF forces from all now is to put the MNLF him to attend the meeting, it over Mindanao. as one organization and required that Saudi Arabia issue remove all the problems a sovereign guarantee that Nur MNLF members from that beset the MNLF would return to the Philippines Davao del Sur, Davao City, organization, and get our immediately after the meeting. Cotabato City, and Marawi City, act together and search for Since no sovereign guarantee was on board big trucks, arrived in peace. We decided to bring issued, Nur was not permitted to Patadon to attend the summit. back the MNLF again as attend this meeting. Participants also included one organization under indigenous peoples from Bukidnon one leadership. Other significant events and North Cotabato. indicated the imperative for the This was further proven GRP to free Nur Misuari. On June In March 2009 Misuari when Article 5 of the resolutions 18, 2008, the Makati Regional represented the MNLF - in the passed during the 33rd Session of Trial Court lifted the requirement presence of other MNLF factions the Islamic Conference of Foreign for sovereign guarantee and - during the 3rd Session of the OIC- Ministers (ICFM) held in Baku, allowed MNLF Chairman Misuari GRP-MNLF Tripartite Meeting Republic of Azerbaijan, in June to attend the ICFM meeting in held in Manila and made an appeal 2006, called for “an urgent high Kampala, Uganda. Thereafter, to “break this cycle of war”: level tripartite meeting between he proceeded to the Kingdom the OIC, the Government of the of Saudi Arabia for a follow- up … (S)earch your Republic of the Philippines (GRP), meeting with OIC officials and to conscience and .. make and the MNLF to be held in Jeddah, confer with Saudi officialdom. a resolution to break the as soon as practicable in 2006, cycle of terror and war in to review the implementation of On July 26, 2008, thousands our Homeland … This is the 1996 peace agreement, and of members of the MNLF from our last chance. If we will assess the progress made, along different areas in Mindanao not succeed in these peace with the obstacles facing its full attended the first Bangsamoro- talks, if we will not be implementation.” The tripartite Highlanders National Peace able to produce anything

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positive, then it will leave Otherwise the MNLF will (one of whom, Desdemona, died in us with no other choice but be left with no choice but 1987). At that time, the youngest to take a departure from to seek other means of was a 14-year-old girl, who, upon this Formula. And probably resolving the problem. hearing a radio broadcast once we will return back to that severely criticized her father, our original intention of remarked: “Father, you better go to seeking independence Despite his experience of war.” Nur said he just smiled at her for our people. This is incarceration, Misuari continued and said: “You don’t understand the message I wanted to to hope that things will turn out all what war is like.” convey to you for your right. In fact, according to him all is guidance so that you will not lost. “If there’s one good thing Nur asserted that he is not misunderstand us. that has happened since 1996, it is not bothered by what history that the alleged abrogation by the will say about him. “My only Now I ask you, dear government of the peace agreement concern is that I be able to fulfill brothers and sisters, please finally crystallized one thing: that my pledges to my people. I let us break this cycle of indeed the government is not that want them to have a good life. war. Let us break the cycle interested in hearing us out. I never I want to enhance the quality of of tragedy and misery. The regretted anything. As a matter of life of my people. I want to see Philippine government has fact, we need this crystallization so them free, as free as any people no right to impose this war we won’t be mesmerized again by in the world. I want to stop on us and on our innocent their false promises.” their oppression, exploitation people … and repression. We want our The hills are farthest children to grow healthy and I am appealing to you, from Nur’s mind right now. After in an atmosphere of freedom, please let us work together. emerging from his seclusion in without fear and intimidation. Let us produce good results Jolo, Nur Misuari went to see his This is my commitment to our here. And let us once again children in the Middle East, where people. And I hope some people break this cycle of tragedy, they are studying. Misuari has nine will not begrudge us for doing of misery in our Homeland. children by two of his four wives something to achieve that.”

______REFERENCES

LIST OF INTERVIEWEES

1. Revd. Absalom Cerveza, Representative of the Christian Sector in the Bangsamoro Homeland 2. Dr. Mashur Jundam, Head, MNLF Secretariat 3. Prof. Rudy Rodil, Member of the GRP Panel for Talks with the MNLF, and MILF 4. Former Secretary Ruben Torres, Nur Misuari’s Best Friend in College 5. Alvaro Senturias, Chairman, Mindanao Peoples Peace Movement (MPPM) 6. Erlinda Senturias, Anak Mindanao (AMIN) Party 4th Representative 7. Jose Torres, Journalist 8. Atty. Soliman Santos, Peace Advocate 9. Members of Mindanao Peaceweavers (MPW)

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LIST OF PUBLICATIONS

Alim, Guiamel. The Bangsamoro Struggle for Self-Determination. June 23-25, 1995.

Abat, Fortunato. The Day We Nearly Lost Mindanao. Third Ed. 1999.

Abinales, Patricio. Making Mindanao. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2000.

Canoy, Reuben. The Quest for Mindanao Independence. Cagayan de Oro City: Mindanao Post Publishing Company, 1987.

Che Man, W.K. Muslim Separatism: The Moros of Southern Philippines and the Malays of Southern Thailand. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 1990.

Ferrer, Miriam Coronel. Integration of MNLF Forces into the PNP and AFP: Integration without Demobilization and Disarmament. UP Center for Integrative and Development Studies, 1999.

Gaspar, Karl, CSsR, Ed. Et al. Mapagpakamalinawon: A Reader for the Mindanawon Peace Advocate. AFRIM, 2002.

Gowing, Peter Gordon. Mandate in Moroland. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1983.

Iribani, Abraham. Give Peace A Chance: The Story of the GRP-MNLF Peace Talks. Philippines, 2006.

Lacaba, Jose. Ed. Boss: 5 Case Studies of Local Politics in the Philippines. Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism and the Institute for Popular Democracy. 1995.

McKenna, Thomas. Muslim Rulers and Rebels. Pasig City: Anvil Publishing, 2002.

Muslim, Macapado Abaton. The Moro Armed Struggle in the Philippines. Mindanao State University, 1994.

Ramos, Fidel V. Break Not The Peace: The Story of the GRP-MNLF Peace Negotiations 1992-1996. Friends of Steady Eddie, 1996.

Rodil, B.R. A Story of Mindanao and Sulu in Question and Answer. Mincode: 2nd Printing, 2006.

______. Kalinaw Mindanaw: The Story of the GRP-MNLF Peace Process, 1975-1996. Davao City: Alternate Forum for Research in Mindanao (AFRIM), 2000.

Sison, Jose Maria. The Philippine Revolution: The Leader’s View. New York: Taylor and Francis, 1989.

Tan, Samuel. Internationalization of the Bangsamoro Struggle. Quezon City: The University of the Philippines Press, 1993.

Turner, Mark, Ed. Mindanao: Land of Unfulfilled Promise. Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 1982.

UNDP Policy Paper Series on Peace and Development in Southern Philippines. Peacebuilding in Times of Institutional Crisis: Ten Years of the GRP-MNLF Peace Agreement. Philippines: UNDP, November 2006.

Warren, James Francis. The Sulu Zone 1768-1898. Quezon City: New Days Publisher, 1999.

SPEECHES:

Misuari, Nur. “Statement Delivered at the Signing Ceremony of the Final Peace Agreement Between the Government of the Republic of the Philippines (GRP) and the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF).” Statement delivered at Malacanang Palace. Manila: Malacanang, 2 September 1996.

Misuari, Nur. “Opening Statement.” Transcript of Extemporaneous Statement during the 3rd Session of the OIC-GRP-MNLF Tripartite Meeting. Manila: Heritage Hotel, 11-13 March 2009.

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INTERNET: http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/philippines-mindanao/profiles.php

MILF Homepage: http://www.luwaran.net http://www.mindanews.com

MNLF Homepage: http://www.mnlf.net http://www.moroland.com

OIC Homepage: http://www.oic-oci.org ______

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According to Hadji Ahmad, reform among the ulama is crucial and key to economic progress among Muslims the world over. “Even with all the technological and modern advancements to aid business, but if we refuse to adapt and use the modern inventions, the Muslims will not progress,” he asserts.

THE POLITICAL AND has generally enjoyed peace where SOCIO-ECONOMIC Muslim and Christian families CONTEXT: ZAMBOANGA used to live harmoniously together PENINSULA, ITS ECONOMY, as neighbors. Especially among the CULTURE AND POLITICS urban elite and in some rural farming communities of mixed Muslim and Lying in the southwestern Christian populations, the cultural Hadji Ahmad Waliyun part of the country and bounded identity as Zamboanguenos or on the north and west by Sulu A-a min Sambuwangan was more Sakaluran sea, on the south by Celebes sea, pronounced prior to that period; and on the east by the Lanao currently, the religious and ethnic provinces, the present three differences threaten to divide the provinces of Zamboangas and the people. With the advent of conflicts City of Zamboanga have always in the Basilan and Sulu islands in been a contested territory. the 1970s and as a result of massive migration from conflict-affected Once Moro-controlled areas, religious intolerance that during its prehistory, the area was lead to clashes started being felt colonized and removed from the especially in areas where Muslim Sulu and Maguinadanao sultanates and Christian residents live. by the Spanish colonial government (Alojamiento, Arquiza, et.al 2004) in the 1700s. It became a unitary Zamboanga province administered ‘The antagonism separately from the Moro province, ranges from the milder “cold and was officially made part of the wars” characterized by mutual This case was written by Philippine colonial republic during distrust, biases and prejudice Mucha Shim Arquiza for the Asian Institute of Manage- the American period in the 1900s. (discriminations) in workplaces, ment-TeaM Energy Center In contemporary administrative schools, and communities; to the for Bridging Societal Di- parlance of the Republic of the more aggressive and violent armed vides. This case is prepared Philippines, it is known as the confrontation between government solely for the purpose of Region IX of Western Mindanao forces and the insurgent groups class discussion. It is neither designed nor intended or the ZamPen (Zamboanga where civilians are often caught in as an illustration of correct peninsula) region. the crossfire. or incorrect management of the problems or issues con- Before the height of conflict The embers of so-called tained in the case. Copy- in the 1970s, the peninsular region Muslim-Christian intolerance and right 2009.

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distrust have been fanned anew Christian settlers are trickles of tawi. with the signing of the peace other Christian ethnic groups agreement in 1996, and made worse from Luzon and other parts of Because of its history of by the dispute over Zamboanga mainland Mindanao that were contact with the booming trade City and other provinces in the resettled; some were even forcibly and maritime economy of the region as being included in the transferred (i.e. in the case of pre-hispanic Sulu Zone, and its newly autonomous region of penal colonies in San Ramon in consequent adaptation to Moro- ARMM, which was resolved in a Zamboanga City and agricultural Malayu culture, Zamboanga referendum done for the purpose. concessions and farming colonies peninsula’s economic activities Recently, the controversial in Basilan province) and lured to remain chiefly agricultural and provisions of the Memorandum of stay by government’s resettlement partly industrial (i.e. canning Agreement on Ancestral Domain program in agricultural colonies factories, oil refinery and (MOA-AD) between government beginning the colonial times to the agricultural processing). However, and the MILF again revived present. such is complemented by lucrative the animosity and inflamed the maritime and sea-based trading local government when some Marginalized in their own activities, mostly self-instituting barangays of Zamboanga City territories are the indigenous and even independent of the were included under Category ethnic tribes who have remained Manila government’s control. B of the Bangsamoro Juridical unconverted to either Catholicism The barter trading activities Entity (BJE), and defined as or Islam, namely, the remnant among the neighboring Malayan conflict-affected areas (CAA) Subanon and Higaunon ethnics. cities of Tawaw, Kota Kinabalu, and as potential recipients of Also among these marginalized Sempurna and the rest of Sabah socio-economic and humanitarian ethnic communities are the (North Borneo) of Malaysia, and rehabilitation packages. pre-dominantly Muslim Sama the continued flow of economic Bangingi and the other Islamized exchanges with the northern Today, the region-- communities, with a sizeable provinces of Indonesia and Brunei especially its urban centers—has population remaining animists and Darussalam, have earned for the become a proverbial demographic practicing an indigenized form of region its reputation of being the ’salad bowl‘ of ethnic Islam. These include the Yakans Philippines’ southern ‘backdoor’. and cultural groups. Migrant and the Kalibugan, the latter being Christianized ethnic groupings of a unique ethnic mixture of Sama HADJI AHMAD SAKALURAN: the Bisaya and Ilonggos from the (Moro) and indigenous Subanon; TRADER AND LEADER Visayan and Panay islands have and the sea-faring and semi- become the majority, followed nomadic Sama Dilaut (commonly Hadji Ahmad Sakaluran by the indigenous and Moro known as Bajaus, they are like traces his genealogical roots to the population of old Zamboanga the Subanons and Sama Bangingi fifth generation beginning from the that have been Christianized, who were believed to be aboriginal reign of Sama patriarch, Panglima and the peninsular meztisos inhabitants of Zamboanga’s seas). Dulla of Pati-an, Sulu who who were ‘Hispanized’ through Other Muslim ethnic communities consistently fought the oppressive inter-marriages with the insular that have in time joined to populate Sultan and led his people to rebel Spaniards that are collectively the region are the migrants from against the sultanate’s control over called the Chabacanos. Adding the Sulus, including the Tausug, the Sama’s traditional economic to the growing population of and the Samas of Sulu and Tawi- activities and governance of

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his Banuwa, which consists of had their own form of governance It really depends on whose Sinama-speaking coastal dwellers and hereditary leadership was perspective we view in Sulu. The Panglima Dulla was vested on the karatuan (datuship) things from. We are called eventually beheaded in the town and the kabanuwahan (clan-based terrorists, but who is the square by the Spaniards. communities). (see also Tan, 2005) real terrorist? Isn’t it those who deprive people of “Our father is an elder son The Sakalurans and legitimate occupation and of the Amil. Sakaluran and Amil Amils have since led in sea- means to survive? Isn’t it are my ancestors. I am the youngest based economic activities called those who try to control of the children. The Panglima pagbugsay (maritime trading) resources and claim what is Indanan is the other side of my and pagusaha dagat (fishing and not theirs? Why do they call clan. They are from Daungdung shipping), that tend more towards us pirates and terrorists? in Sulu and here is where the Amil traditional barter trading that locals To them we are terrorists, line came from. Because they in the area engage in. because we assert our traditionally inhabited the seaside self-determination and and therefore were considered Tau Among those of his freedom to engage in higad (coastal dwellers) or Sama, generation, Pah Hadji Ahmad economic activities where they were actually descended from proudly claimed that he and all of our forefathers used to do. Tausug datus, belonging to Tausug his brothers were ‘smugglers’. Pah We are declared outlaw elite. They were warriors. The Hadji himself, in his ‘smuggling’ because we refuse to submit Amilasan was a rajah tumanggung days, ventured as far north as Ilocos to their [foreign] control [defense minister] of the Sakaluran Norte and had various economic and do not recognize their of my maternal side.” interests in Albay and Batangas. [foreign] ways of doing things. Almost unknown by his Aside from fishing, the Tausug ancestry and obscure Sama ancestors’ traditional EMERGENCE AS A LOCAL origin in Sulu, Datu Sakaluran economic activities included barter BUSINESSMAN is considered the pioneer and trading. “But the government and first leader of the Sama Bangingi Europeans called us pirates,” He Hadji Ahmad Waliyun in Sacol, just as the other Sama lamented. Sakaluran opined that Sakaluran was initiated into the Bangingi traditional clans and maritime trading activities that trading business when, as a ten- leaders such as Panglima Taupan did not pass through government’s year old, he started accompanying and Hadji Nuno are known to have legal processes were outlawed. his brother and was conscripted led their people in Taluksangay, as However, such has been the way of as one of ‘the men’ of the yellow- well as Datu Mandi of the pueblo the Sama forefathers. These were and-green ‘lansa’ that plied of olden day Sambuwangan the economic activities they knew the route from Zamboanga to (or the present-day Zamboanga of, whose legal protocols were Sandakan and vice versa. Just like peninsula). The Sakaluran unwritten pacts that the local lords the adult members of the crew, ancestors were originally from and masters of the seas respected he would have his own portion Pati-an in Sulu, but they migrated and defended with their lives. of tanning bark hoisted unto his to Sacol island because they young shoulders that the motor refused to pay homage to the Sultan Pah Hadji Ahmad explains vessel carried from Tawaw and who was oppressive. The Bangingi his point further: Semporna in Sabah to the back

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doors of the south in Mindanao. Sakaluran owns at least 70% of the of blueseal (‘imported’) cigarettes. He was treated equally as the rest money changer outlets in Ermita, of the working men and earned his Manila and a number of stations in But Moro barter traders wage like everyone else. Zamboanga City. He also recently were vulnerable not only to the ventured into pawnbroking. marauding of “fellow” pirates Later in 1961, only two and the pillaging of tax-exacting years into college, he had acquired He also ventured into RASAC authorities, but also his first outrigged speedboat. At coconut and copra business that to intimidation from the armed the peak of his trading career, as brought him to the shores of elements that prowled the Sulu seas. it was for every Moro trader at the Celebes, from the Sanguir to There would be instances when his time, he was tagged by the local Manado, from Sarangani to Maruri. speedboats were apprehended by maritime authority (i.e. then called On the return journey, he would elements of the MNLF patrolling the RASAC) as an ‘outlaw’ and take home famous perfume brands, the Sulu and Celebes seas. It had his wares as ‘contraband’. When silk and textiles, processed food, been on necessity rather than not ferrying cases upon cases of and chinaware from Sandakan and choice that would later compel tobacco from North Borneo to the Sabahan territories, which were Hadji Ahmad to be more hospitable southwestern Mindanao, he was much preferred among the locals rather than resistant, friendly rather delivering fish up to northeastern than dry goods and consumer than hostile, to local revolutionary Mindanao, to Butuan, in his own goods from Manila. This was the leaders if he were to have the motorized launch. The fishing start of his barter-trading activities. guarantee that his business were to boat, stocked with mostly tuna and survive in Sulu’s waters. yellow fin that fetched a price of 25 During the Martial Law centavos per kilo, would, for each regime of then President Ferdinand PEACE AND ECONOMIC trip, haul out at least 30,000 tons Marcos, Muslim traders, legitimate DEVELOPMENT: A NEW of fresh fish. A minimum capital or not, were all typecast as ‘lawless’ ADVOCACY of Php5,000 would then turn in a and smugglers. Early on in his profit of Php5,000 to Php8,000. barter trading business, twice he For Hadji Ahmad, doing During the 1960s, that amount was had met serious casualties at sea business in Mindanao in the midst already quite a fortune. when his outrigged speedboats of war and conflict has always were apprehended by the RASAC. been a constant battle. However, When the business was All his goods were confiscated the ‘new’ frontier of war for most not yet heard of, on the side Hadji and the trader had to start all over Muslim businessmen has been Ahmad perhaps pioneered the again. Bent on improving his speed overcoming the challenges and ‘money changer’ (i.e. foreign and capacity to defy the pursuing obstacles in penetrating the market currency exchange) business authorities at sea, Pah Hadji and convincing the business venture. Supplying U.S. dollars Ahmad went to Manila to purchase community of the Muslims’ and other foreign currencies from faster and more sea-worthy craft. capacity and confidence in business Luzon up north to as far south as He used these to continue with his and entrepreneurship. Bubuan, Borneo and Indonesia, tariff-free trading and found a good he was mostly sought out by local investment in buying cigarettes “We are always branded and regional businessmen for from Sandakan. A three- to seven- as doing something against the their currency exchange needs. To day sailing trip would have the law because we refuse to submit to date, the family of Hadji Ahmad speedboats carrying 60 to 80 cases government control and regulation.

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Why must we, when this has been good in the barter business, to problem thus: the economic activity handed go legal. And he did. He started down by our ancestors to us? Why investing [in an] ice-plant and …[L]ike most Moros, I should somebody from Luzon or real estate, while I branched out to believe 99% of us all, the Visayas dictate to us what to do shipping and other businesses, and we did sympathize with here in Mindanao and Sulu? Even I applied for a government permit the MNLF struggle and before the Philippine Republic was to operate my [money changer and expected a lot from them born, the Moros had established an pawnshop] businesses. especially when they signed advanced society with booming the Peace agreement in economic and political activities. “I have been a businessman 1996. [However] I wish to Why should a newly-born republic since the 1950s and the way I express my disappointment dictate on the first and more mature see it, Muslim businessmen lack that they were not able to nation?” he asked. management skills. Even though harness the opportunity they may do good in business to reconstruct the Moro Furthermore, not a few and start building capital and society and bring progress mainstream business people are acquiring some wealth, these are to our stunted economic aware and appreciative of the all wasted and eventually they base, let alone lead in innovation in Hadji Ahmad’s way lose everything because of lack building the capacity of our of doing business that belies the of business acumen. Among us people for self-governance. negative stereotyping often hurled Muslims, when business is doing at traditional Moro businessmen. good, we start buying things and I am also disappointed with Many of his fellow businessmen, acquiring a wealthy lifestyle, government who seems not including his own relatives and unlike the Chinese who keep on very sincere in fulfilling close friends, consider Hadji saving when surpluses accrue its side of the bargain by Ahmad as an exemplary success and profit increases. The Chinese not fully implementing story of a Muslim businessman would invest back their profit to RA 9054. The Regional because he has not only triumphed make their capital bigger. We can Autonomous Government in beating the odds of doing learn a lot from them.” (RAG) did not exercise business despite the conflict and fiscal autonomy. It was at war situation, but moreso because Perspectives on Peace and the mercy of the Philippine he has managed to mainstream progress in Mindanao and Sulu [national] government for himself and keep his business budgetary allotment. How above board and ‘legal’ and For Hadji Ahmad can it perform its mandate continues to inspire other Muslim Sakaluran, the reality of conflict and implement its own businessmen to do the same. and the Moro rebellion in the plans if it has no control south, highlighted by the birth over its revenues and “That has been since barter of the Moro National Liberation resources? The budgetary trading became no longer lucrative. Front (MNLF) in the late sixties, allocation and resources I decided to adapt to the changes has become part of his personal are tiyutupung-tupung of modern times. I convinced my story as he learned to survive in his or inequitably regulated nephew [Hji Wahab], who has trade in very turbulent times. He through governmental been one of the pioneers and was shares his views on the MNLF and mechanism[s] such as the most successful in really making its efforts at addressing the Moro SPCPD, SZOPAD and

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ARMM Social Fund which is Mindanao thus: broached as an economic nothing but a ‘softening’ agent potential for reconstructing to extend GOP political [and As [a] concession in the Moro areas and sometimes military] intervention the Tripoli Agreement refurbishing capital into on autonomous Moro territories. [of 1979], the Marcos war torn provinces. I government offered to was not directly part of As far as Hadji Ahmad legalize and develop the the BIMP-EAGA but I is concerned, the MNLF also barter trading industry, used to be active in the takes an equal share of the blame and even promised more business forums expecting for the persistent poverty and economic development something that might underdevelopment in Muslim in the south. I was once materialize. In these Mindanao today. “The bickering a president of the Barter dialogues I always pose factions of leadership were busy Traders in 1981 for the challenge that how over their political positioning in three years, we were may we attract partners the RAG, consequently wasting all expecting that the from Malaysia, Brunei and precious time”, he observed. Philippine government Indonesia if we do not have would bring in progress to anything to offer? Regional “The worst thing that could the Moro people by doing economic partners happen to a people,” he lamented,” not only barter trading would be expecting us is when business leaders turn into but also investing in other to have financial access politicians and warlords.” industries to start-up our to the outside for capital economic progress. But the assistance. But we do The Moro business barter trading turned out a not have such access. So community, being the economic mere token and a ‘band-aid’ what happened after the backbone of progress in Mindanao, [solution] just to appease Forums? Nothing. In fact had been optimistic at first. “From us Muslims. There was no there had been a move to the beginning we were expecting political will on the part create the Muslim Chamber more from the1996 peace of government to really of Commerce. I became agreement. As a businessman, my invest in bringing progress part of that initially. But concern is progress. I think the to our land. It became later I chose to distance MNLF did not take full advantage just a show-window of myself as I realized that of the lull and the resources Marcos for claiming he has we as a Muslim business made available to us for social arrested the conflict in the community, they have rehabilitation and to pave the road south, a show-window to nothing to offer us. to progress. The development it attract foreign aid. promised did not happen. The PEACE AS HIS PERSONAL so-called peace did not happen. Now here comes the CAUSE How can we develop if there is no signing of the 1996 peace?” Peace agreement, the Although not personally BIMP-EAGA (i.e. Brunei- involved with the cause of the Hadji Ahmad offers his I n d o n e s i a - M a l a y s i a Moro Islamic Liberation Front insights regarding the state’s Prosperity and East Asia (MILF) nor the MNLF, Hadji attempts to bring development to Growth Area) was again Ahmad appreciates the initiatives

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of the revolutionary movements, if did not demand for the right to an interfaith leader and in inter- only to honor the good name of his vote in Congress as [an] American religious dialogues organized ancestors.“ I consider the MILF as protectorate, but that after 50 years by counterpart Christian a continuation of the Moro struggle under American tutelage, there was organizations. On the other hand, from the colonial era. When my to be a referendum on whether or he had also been very visible in forefather Datu Sakaluran signed not the Moro Province wanted to inter-cultural dialogue activities the Zamboanga Declaration, I be independent from the US. And and intra-religious forums among also take that as a responsibility to that 50 years was supposedly in Muslims that Salam and other reclaim his cause,” He explained. [the] 1970s [which was] what the Muslim civil society organizations MILF wanted to remind the Bush have helped organize to promote The role of Datu Sakaluran administration.” religious tolerance among Muslims in signing the Zamboanga in the city and the region. Declaration is well-placed in Moro “If there should be written history and remembered by the any leadership story about me, I His more recent project Moro freedom fighters themselves. want that emphasized. I wish to be is the production of a training Datu Sakaluran, who lived during remembered as being devoted and module on Islamic Leadership and the American period, was among faithful to what my forebears had Governance that he and his nephew, the elite Moro leaders and datus been. That means I have fulfilled Alih Sakaluran Aiyub, worked on. who petitioned the US Congress my legacy in not putting my He considers this project to be in 1924 demanding independence ancestors’ name to naught. If I may very relevant to the present efforts of the Moro province. That historic have the honor, I wish to reclaim to bridge differences among the document was to be stamped in that cause.” he declared. Muslims who come from varying Moro history as the Zamboanga sects or schools of thought, and Declaration of 1924, with other INVESTING IN to mainstream the Muslims’ Mindanao datus and rulers serving ALTERNATIVE MORO contribution to peace work. “We as signatories. Later, this had POLITICS: SAKALURAN’S wish to pilot this module locally became one of the important CIVIL SOCIETY among the ulama and the academic bases of the MILF’s claim to self- INVOLVEMENT IN PEACE people.” Supportive of the works rule and the issuance of the famous AND DEVELOPMENT of young Muslim academics, post 9-11 letter of Ustadz Hashim Hadji Ahmad believes that there Salamat to US President George Hadji Ahmad’s leadership is promise among the young Moro Bush before the former passed on. is recognized among Muslims intellectuals who are exposed as well as among other faith to both religious and secular Producing a photocopy communities when he served perspectives in crafting much of the declaration, Pah Hadji as chairman of the Muslim needed reform strategies. elaborated that “In this peace organization, SALAM declaration, the Moro leaders from Peace Foundation, founded in RESPONDING TO A Zamboanga, Lanao, Maguindanao the early 1990s by young Moro LEADERSHIP CALL: THE and the peninsula demanded that professionals and religious SIEGE OF CABATANGAN US government should retain the intellectuals in the Zamboanga Moro province under its wings and and Basilan peninsulas. Through It was during Holy give it separate independence from SALAM-Peace, Hadji Ahmad Ramadhan when the Cabatangan the Filipino Christian nation. They had been actively involved as Complex in Zamboanga City

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- which serves as the MNLF’s hostage drama, taking civilians in for provisions, to be delivered by satellite office - became the site nearby barangays Sta Maria and the army to the complex. of a fierce firefight between the Pasonanca. The drama turned into Philippine military and the MNLF reality when the military refused The Muslim and Christian integrees loyal to Prof. Nur to de-escalate their campaign; leaders found out later that the Misuari. thus, the fateful incident is most military did pursue their campaign remembered as one of the darkest without abatement. This resulted One early morning in days in contemporary Zamboanga in the death of twelve MNLF November 2001, shortly after history. soldiers, whom the military Muslim homes had partaken of referred to as ‘brigands.’ Hadji the sahur meal, a spate of gunfire Hadji Ahmad decided to Ahmad supervised the claiming of and mortar shelling shook the head a delegation of local Muslim their remains, paid for their funeral surrounding silence, broken only leaders and troop to the bishop’s services, and provided for their by the intrepid cry of the adhan palace to dialogue with their proper Muslim burial. [Muslim call to prayer] signaling Christian counterpart and with the start of fasting and the pealing the government and military men. HADJI AHMAD AS AN bells from the cathedral, calling They pleaded for a stand-down ISLAMIC INTELLECTUAL the Christian faithful to say the and asked for an immediate end to Angelus and morning rosary in the military siege of the complex, Hadji Ahmad Sakaluran is the largely Christian-populated even as they negotiated for a safe- well-versed not only in his people’s Zamboanga City. The Philippine conduct pass so that the MNLF history and his clan’s struggle for military attacked the complex soldiers could peacefully retreat economic independence and self- purportedly to ‘follow higher without bloodshed. Going against sufficiency. His knowledge of orders’ to forcibly flush out the his instincts as a businessman, Islam, its divine teachings, and its MNLF “renegades” holed in he was at that point only wholly history qualifies him to be perhaps there. The orders came from then Muslim and did what was one of the more articulate and President Joseph Estrada who had ethically and morally obligated widely read Muslim intellectuals earlier declared an all-out war on of a botang matto’a, a traditional of his time. Muslim Mindanao and labeled elder, entrusted by the pusaka of Prof. Nur Misuari a renegade after stewardship, to stand for the good Pah Hadji Ahmad’s insights he publicly denounced the peace and welfare of his community both on the leadership of the ulama agreement. in crisis and prosperity. have also become a repeated plea for reform within the religious The military siege of Their delegation’s final leadership, and he remains hopeful Cabatangan alarmed other MNLF request was that volunteers be for the renaissance of Islam in members outside the complex and allowed to enter the complex to Mindanao. their civilian relatives living in its attend to the wounded and deliver vicinity. Provoked and agitated, food to the MNLF militia who “I have not finished college, they decided to come to the rescue were then fasting when the attack and I have not gone to madrasa or of the cornered integree-soldiers ensued, as they must have been had formal education on Islamic and resorted to a desperate attempt fighting for the past two or three knowledge.” In 1961, he had left to divert and stop the ongoing days without break. However, the the Zamboanga A.E. Colleges military offensive by staging a military only acceded to the request after only two years because, like

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many in his generation, he lacked INSIGHTS ON ISLAM AND God’s creation into the the financial means to sustain his ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT hereafter which is for studies. Muslims and the worldly In the old days, the for the Christian [and “[But] education was and is kahadjian were considered not other faith] communities. very important to me”. He stressed, only as well-traveled but also In some khutbah (Friday “Knowledge is liberating”. Despite as religious intellectuals and sermons) the ulama claim not having finished any college therefore authorities on Islamic that whatever the other degree, his knowledge about world knowledge and international faith communities will do affairs and generally about Islam affairs. Nowadays, with the and acquire in terms of and other religions is very broad growing number of Muslims (the modernity and progress and deep. elite, professionals, intellectuals, would not be blessed. Only and ordinary skilled laborers) the Muslims would be “I read a lot,” he enthused. having gone overseas (especially blessed. If such is the case, He also updates himself in world to the Middle East) for schooling, then what of the inventions affairs as well as in general employment, or other purposes, a of the west that have also knowledge about Islam through new sector of intellectual leaders brought progress to us? interaction and discussions has emerged. They are the ulama For example, the discovery in forums. “I sometimes get or religious learned, and have of electricity and invention discouraged that in many of the replaced the traditional kahadjian of electric light by Thomas family gatherings I get invited to, as sources of Islamic wisdom and Alva Edison, hasn’t it we frequently get busy and make a knowledge about the world. benefited us Muslims, too? lot of fuss about food and eating. I want to go to affairs where people Pah Hadji Ahmad Sakaluran According to Hadji Ahmad, engage in intellectual discussions is among the few remaining hadji reform among the ulama is crucial and sharing of ideas”. who are respected for their wisdom and key to economic progress and leadership that one might still among Muslims the world over. Hadji Ahmad’s extreme consider him as representative of “Even with all the technological interest in the written word has the traditional intellectual leaders and modern advancements to aid led him to study different Islamic among the kahadjian, one who is business, but if we refuse to adapt perspectives. He loves to compare well-informed and articulate about and use the modern inventions, and learn from each of the four Islam and Muslim world affairs. the Muslims will not progress,” he mashabs or Islamic schools of He is open of his critique of the asserts. thought. failed leadership of the modern- day Muslim intellectuals, the He then continues by citing “Whatever is good in ulama: the case of Saudi Arabia, a country each, I adopt and take as my own. that is looked upon by Muslims in If we look at the ulama of today, The ulama do not care the Philippines as a model of Islam I think their knowledge is already about the dunya or worldly and of Muslim practice. obsolete.… because they refuse to existence as they always learn from different schools or to think of the ahirat, the I may not necessarily agree look from perspectives other than hereafter. If that’s the with that as many Muslims their own”, he elaborated. case, they are dividing also do not. Yet for the sake

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of argument, I can say that What seems promising who recently spoke in a even Saudi [Arabia] has is Abdullah seeming to university graduation], the been succumbing to and be exhibiting more open- level of society depends adopting to change. If you minded policy than his on the level of people’s look at some universities predecessor, King Fahd. knowledge. in Saudi, or big companies That’s why according to like ARAMCO, ARAMCO Hassan Khalifa, what has He openly expresses his is actually a state within been happening in Saudi, distrust over wahabi conservatism, a state. It is not bound by the fatwa of the ulama, arguing that it is inherent for human the Saudi law (shari’a), is actually intellectual beings not to follow something that because it is Wahabism terrorism, because there is not good. “As the Qur’an has that reigns and imposes is no freedom of thought. promised, if it is not good, it will on the Saudis. With [the] Everything is controlled become obsolete and soon perish”, Wahabi [framework], there by the religious elite - the he continued. would be no technology, ulama - who insist on a no economic progress, narrow interpretation of Manifesting his liberal and because wahabism is the divine teachings. We progressive leanings, he claims that suspicious of anything are luckier because we he does not belong to any [Islamic] western and modern. The have a critical civil society school of thought. Instead, he Saudi economy would and a promising breed of believes in all perspectives and is collapse. The clerics would secular Moro intellectuals also critical of all. “I take whatever declare anything new [or] like you in the academe. there is good in every school of modern and any innovation According to Adel Tamano thought and accept it and apply it as not permissible. [a young Muslim politician in my life. I do not subscribe to any and academic leader one of them blindly”.

______REFERENCES

Asian Muslim Action Network in the Philippines, edited by M.Q. Arquiza (2002)“Section One: TAWHEED”, in Culture of Peace the Jihadic Paradigm: Resources Materials for Muslim Peace and Human Rights Workers. Zamboanga City: AMANPHIL.

Alojamiento, Sheilfa, Arquiza, Mucha-Shim Q., et. Al. (2004) Evolving Development Framework for the Sama Dilaut (An expanded study of Sama Dilaut of Zamboanga and Tawitawi). Davao City: HAGS, Incorporated and Miserior.

Arquiza, Mucha-Shim Q. (1996) Mass media and Social Change: Media Use and Self-Projection of an Indigenous Ethnic Tribe in Western Mindanao. Masteral Thesis. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University.

______(2007). Angangguru Ilmuh ma Iskul-iskul ma Lumah Ma Dilaut: Curriculum Resource and Learning Supplements. A Collection of Sama Songs and Verses. Zamboanga City: Lumah Ma Dilaut School for Living Traditions.

Marohomsalic, Nasser A. (1995) Aristocrats of the Malay Race: A History of the Bangsamoro in the Philippines. Quezon City: VJ Graphic Arts, Inc.

McKenna, Thomas M. (1998). Muslim Rulers and Rebels. Manila: Anvil Publishing Inc.

Montemayor, Michael Schuck. (2005) Captain Herman Leopold Schuck: The Saga of a German Sea Captain in 19th Century Sulu-Sulawesi Seas. Manila: University of the Philippines Press.

Tan, Samuel (2005) Surat Sug Letters of the Sultanate of Sulu Volume II. Manila: National Historical Institute.

Warren, James Francis (1985) The Sulu Zone 1768-1898. Quezon City: New Day Publishers.

158 Production Committee

Editors: Prof. Nieves Confesor Jess Macasaet

Contributors and Writers: Derkie T. Alfonso Rowena Alonto Mucha Shim Arquiza Susan Granada Samira Gutoc Jasper Caesar Jampac Abhoud Syed M. Lingga Alfonso A. Macasaet Sarah Matalam

Book Designer: Susana Marie Angela Angtuaco

Special Thanks To: Amparo Preethika de Asis Raymond Paul Rueda Adrian Manahan

159159 13 Stories of Islamic Leadership

AIM TeaM Energy Center for Bridging Leadership (Formerly AIM Mirant Center for Bridging Societal Divides)

3rd Floor, Joseph R. McMicking Campus, 123 Paseo de Roxas MCPO Box 2095, 1260 Makati City, Philippines

E-mail: [email protected] TeleFax: (63 2) 892-4011 local 355

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