ASSESMENT OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS (NTFP) IN SHARAN VALLEY KAGHAN FOREST DIVISION, DISTRICT MANSEHRA, KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN
SURVEY CONDUCTED BY MR.MOIN-UD-DIN DEPUTY DIRECTOR NTFP HAZARA REGION ABBOTTABAD
SPONSORED BY SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANGEMENMT PROJECT (SFM) UNDP FUNDED MINISTRY OF CLIMATE CHANGE GOVERNEMNT OF PAKISTAN
Contents
Table of Contents i
Acronym List iii
Executive summary iv
1. Back Ground 1.1. Objectives of the Survey………………… 1.2. Survey Methodology………… 2. Description of the area / Survey Team 2.1. Description of the Area 2.2. Introductory Meeting / Survey Team 2.3. Orientation of NTFP staff on inventory method 2.4. Consultative meetings with SDFO 3. Results and discussions 3.1. Focus Group Discussions 3.2. Determination of Frequency Index 3.3. Transect Walk 3.3.1. NTFPs availability status during transect walk 3.4. Regeneration potential in forest closures 3.5. Wild fruits 3.6. Wild vegetables 3.7. Fodder species 3.8. Fuel wood species 3.9. Condiments 3.10. Agriculture Tools 3.11. Pine needles & cones 4. Processing & Marketing of Medicinal Plants 4.1. Collection & identification 4.2. Preservation 4.3. Storage 4.4. Marketing of Medicinal Plants 5. Recommendations / Action Plan 6. References
List of Tables. 1. Formulae used for the measurement of various spp. attributes 2. Detail of Manshi R.F. Area forest subdivision Balakot 3. Availability status information of important MAPs of the area.
Assessment of NTFP in Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division i | P a g e
4. NTFP Recorded during the transect walk 5. Importance value index (IVI) of the quantified species -- 6. Plots measurement -- 7. Wild fruits reported from the project area -- 8. Wild vegetables commonly used in the project area -- 9. Representative fodder species of the project area -- 10. Fuel wood species of the study area -- 11. Commonly used condiments of the project area -- 12. Source species used in making agriculture appliances -- 13. List of the medicinal plants collected for selling purposes --
List of Annexure.
Annex-I. Pictorial glimpses of some common NTFPs in the area -- Annex-II. Survey Team Members -- Annex-III. List of participants in FGDs -- Annex-IV. Needed equipment for Survey -- Annex-V. Questionnaire for local community members -- --
Pictures of Survey Team Taken During Field Survey. --
Assessment of NTFP in Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division ii | P a g e
Acronym List:
DFO Divisional Forest Officer
FGDs Focus Group Discussions
GPS Global positioning system
IVI Importance Value Index
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
MAPs Medicinal & Aromatic Plants
NTFP Non Timber Forest Products
RD Relative Density
RC Relative Cover
Spp. Species
SFM Sustainable Forest Management
VDC Village Development Committee
WHO World Health Organization
Assessment of NTFP in Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division iii | P a g e
Executive summary
Traditionally, rural people have been using NTFPs for curing their health problems, edible food source, and many other domestic uses. But now due to unscientific extraction, storing, processing and marketing practices, NTFP are being over-exploited. To reduce the degradation and depletion rates of NTFP, there is a need for quantification of growing stock and annual allowable harvest for the sustainable management. Field site (Shehran valley) is selected at government managed forest of Kaghan Forest Division . Both primary as well as secondary data was collected from the study sites. Primary data was collected through survey with questionnaire, participatory resource assessment, direct observation, Focus Group Discussion (FGDs), NTFP inventory method while secondary data was collected through published and unpublished documents from concerned organizations. From this study, the status & ecological distribution of NTFPs (density, frequency, abundance,) was assessed. It is revealed during the survey that the stocking and regeneration potential of some of the medicinal plants species like, Peonia emodi, Podophylum hexandrum, Valeriana jatmansi, Bistorta amplexicaulis, fragaria and Geranium are high as compared to Trillium govanianum, Orchis latifolia and Asparagus recemosus. It was revealed during the survey that no proper mechanism exists in the area for processing of these high values medicinal plants. Besides, the marketing system is also unorganized. Sustainable harvesting and management techniques, establishment of collection depots and processing centers of NTFPs are thought to be of utmost importance in order to conserve and commercialize them.
Assessment of NTFP in Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division iv | P a g e
1. BACKGROUND.
Pakistan is among the reasonably diverse countries in plant resources, where people’s reliance on biological sources for the survival and well-being is very strong (Abbasi et.al-2012). Pakistan has more than 6,000 species of higher plants, of which at least 10 % (600-700 plant species) are used medicinally (Shinwari 2010 & Abbasi et.al, 2012). The country is among the top ten in exporting raw herbs, with more than 400 local herbal products companies involved in the industry. Today according to the World Health Organization (WHO), as many as 80% of the world’s people depend on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs. Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) have been extensively used since long ago since the human life started. NTFPs are most significantly associated with the life of the local people who live in inaccessible remote areas. NTFPs not only fulfill the need of local people but also provide raw materials for various industries. Market for NTFPs as raw materials has increased gradually in recent years due to the growing market for herbal products. Multinational pharmaceutical companies are looking active substances in plants for the cure of various diseases where modern synthetic medicines are perceived to be less effective. Harvesting of NTFPs can have a positive or negative impact on the conservation of biodiversity. However, with the increase in population and associated poverty people are compelled to over harvesting resources for commercial purpose rather than their traditional use. NTFPs are being overused and degraded due to lack of local control over the resources, social and cultural traditions (Shrestha et al., 1998). The effects of harvesting on a plant population depend on what part of the plant is harvested and on the quantity, intensity and frequency of harvesting. Most harvesting has some effect, but extirpation is infrequent and extinction even more rare. It is usually a function of habitat destruction coupled with commercial harvesting of restricted range species. The effect of harvesting is particularly acute when the roots, fruiting bodies or other reproductive organs are removed. With many medicinal plants, the roots are harvested thus severely limiting reproductive capability. The barks of other medicinal plants are stripped from the live plant, increasing tremendously the likelihood of mortality. Although the response of individual plants is a useful guide to estimate harvesting impact, it is crucial to avoid getting side-tracked when
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 1 | P a g e seeing destructive harvest at the individual level and to take into account geographic distribution, habitat specificity, growth rates, conflicting uses, reproductive biology and management costs.
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, having great potential in development of NTFPs market however the NTFP base have great threat from unscientific and unsustainable exploitation. In the absence of proper management and control in the collection and trade, NTFPs are becoming vulnerable, endangered and even extinct NTFP species need to be conserved and managed properly for the sustainable use of resources. Potential NTFPs have important role in the rural subsistence and livelihood. In order to commercialize these species and to maintain the critical population in the long run, there is a need to know the existing volume of the plants in nature, their habitat and distribution.
1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE SURVEY
The overall objective of the survey was to assess the status of NTFPs in Sharan valley in order to enhance the livelihood of Forest dependent communities thereby reducing dependency on timber.
The specific objectives are as under:
To establish baseline inventory of potential NTFP species. To explore and prioritize specific NTFPs which could be processed into specific products. To identify the current collection, storage and marketing trend. To recommend the required intervention for sustainable management of NTFPs.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 2 | P a g e 1.2. SURVEY METHODOLOGY.
Primary data were collected through interviews on a well designed semi structured questionnaire, Focus group discussions and field surveys using transect walk and quadrat measurement in selected compartment. A circular plot having 2.820m radii was used.
Secondary data obtained through literature review from the reports, research papers and working plan of the area.
Frequency index was determined for potential NTFP spp. Besides field observation during the transect walk (Table 3) the formulae used for the measurement of various phytosociological attributes are given in Table 1.
Table 1. Formulae used for the measurement of various spp. attributes
S.No Spp. Attribute Formulae
1 Density No. of individuals of a species in all quadrats / Total area sampled
2 Relative Density Density of a species / Total density of all species =
3 Cover Total cover (m2) of a species in a quadrat / Total Area sampled (Quadrat area)
4 Relative Cover Total cover (m2) of all plants of a species / Total cover (m2) of all plants of all the species
5 Frequency No. of quadrats in which a species occurs / Total No. of quadrats used during sampling
6 Relative Frequency Frequency of a species / Total frequency of all species
7 Importance Value Relative density + Relative cover + Relative frequency =Rd+Rc+Rf
Rd. Relative density, Rc. Relative cover, Rf. Relative frequency
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 3 | P a g e 2. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA / SURVEY TEAM.
2.1. Description of the Area:
The great Himalayas are the largest mountain system in the world with uncounted and unique wild resources. Himalayas of this region has its own climatic system and piedmont habitats that have given rise to considerable biodiversity in ecosystems, species and genetic resources (Abbasi et. al, 2012). Kaghan Valley is situated between latitudes 34° 14′ and 35° 11′ N and longitudes 72° 49′to 74° 08′ E. The valley is a part of District Mansehra, and comprises high altitudinal mountains of the Himalayan region. The valley is about 96 km long and hardly 24 km wide, covering 945 km Climatically, it falls in Sub-tropical Chir-Pine, moist temperate, dry temperate, sub alpine birch forest, alpine and snow covered peaks zones. The highest peaks of the valley are Malika Parbat, Musa Ka Musalla and Makra Top with elevation ranged 5,291, 4,046 and 3,885 meters, respectively from sea levels. The average mean minimum and maximum temperatures are 22and 40°C, respectively. November, December, January and February are the coldest months while other months are moderate. Major land uses are grazing 55%, forest 24.6 %, agriculture 2.6% and the rest is built up, roads or barren land. Every available piece of land is cultivated, from terraces built with great labor on hillsides, to rich irrigated valley bottoms. Maize is grown as major crop,
The Kaghan Forest division is situated in Mansehra district. It adjoins Azad Jamu Kashmir and Gilgit Baltistan. The river kunhar emerges from this division. Kaghan Forest SubDivision was created in 1952 and consisting of the following sub- divisions/ Ranges.
1. Balakot Forest Sub-Division 2. Naran Forest Sub-Division 3. Jared Forest Sub-Division 4. Ghari Habibullah Forest Range Shahran valley is located sixteen (16) kilometer away from the town of Paras and falls under the Balakot Forest subdivision. Bela sajja a small village is situated near the Shehran valley.Altitude of Shahran valley ranges from 7000 feet to 12000 feet.Forest types include Guzara and Reserve forests consisting of Cedrus deodara and Quercus baloot in bottom of valley (above ranger hut) coniferous and mix
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 4 | P a g e forests at middle and upper reaches. The valley also has sub-alpine alpine and meadows. The major ethnic groups are Gujars, Mughals, Awans, Swatis and Syeds. Trans-humans. Migration is common practice where people migrate to hamlets in summer and return back in winter season. A view of Sharan Valley, Kaghan
Table 2. Detail of Manshi R.F. Area forest subdivision Balakot.
Compartment No Area Compartment No Area (Acre) (Acre) 1 263 9 277 2 218 10 285 3 266 11 233 4 500 12 606 5 187 13 165 6 432 14 313 7 334 15 325 8(i) 208 16 315 8(ii) 213 17 636 Total 5776 Source: DFO office Kaghan Forest Division
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 5 | P a g e 2.2. INTRODUCTORY MEETING / SURVEY TEAM.
During introductory meeting with the team members the scope and limitation of the survey were discussed. Survey liabilities and needs were identified. Team composition, role and responsibilities of the team members were discussed and agreed. Hence preliminary plan for survey were prepared.
Survey team members
2.3. ORIENTATION OF NTFP STAFF ON INVENTORY METHOD.
The team leader described the survey techniques, team preparation, time limitations and briefing on different steps for conducting the NTFP survey in Sharan valley. The survey was conducted by using the following methods.
Focus Group Discussions with the community members Meeting with local community to develop understanding about the survey and development of a participatory map including demarcation of strata and transect line. Personal interviews with community and traders. Transect Walk Sampling the area for quadrates Data recording and analysis Results and Discussions Recommendations
Orientation of the team included methods of establishing strata, plotting, knowing size and shape of measurement of plots and data collection. The participants were trained about time management and planning of field activities during this assessment survey. They also learned the tools needed for the inventory and its uses. The common needed tools for the survey used were GPS, compass, linear tape, rope, and data sheets.
As the topographic maps of most of the forest areas are not publicly available, the idea of using topographic maps was dropped. Instead of using topographic maps, participatory resource map was used for planning.
After theoretical session on the use of participatory maps for inventory, a group work was done. Team members were asked to make a forest map on a flip chart. After that,
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 6 | P a g e they were asked to stratify the forest area, delineate compartments, establish transect line for movement in the forest, propose camping in meadows and forest pastures etc. Descriptions on the participatory resource map were tabulated in a standard format. The information generated through this exercise guided for the inventory scoring in the field. The team members were taken into a forest to demonstrate survey methods. Firstly, participants were trained in using different equipment required for inventory works. Then the participants were trained on measuring the slope of the terrain and correcting the slope. Secondly, they were trained on laying inventory plots and thirdly, they were trained how to measure stocks of different NTFPs in each plot. Finally, they were trained on recording the data in respective format. The team was oriented to focus on NTFP information during FGDs, individual interviews and transect walk.
2.4 Consultative meetings with DFO & Sub Divisional Forest Officers (SDFO)
Consultative meetings with DFO Kaghan and Sub Divisional Forest Officers (SDFO) Balakot were conducted separately before starting the fieldwork. During the meeting, objectives and scope of the study were shared with the DFO/SDFO of the respective division. Being key stakeholder, SDFO’s assured complete coordination and assistance at their end. The objectives of the inventory work were appreciated by the SDFO’s and other participants from forest department and provided basic data, particularly area of forest, area of forest compartments, which was entry point for carrying out the survey in the targeted areas.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 7 | P a g e 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
3.1. Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) Two Focus Group Discussions were conducted, one at Forest rest houses at Sharan valley and another in Bela Sajja village. The participants in FGD were basically community members, members of VDC’s, representatives of forest department, NTFP staff and forest dwellers. The community members and forest dwellers were consulted on resource existence and condition of NTFPs in forests or where they go for collection or grazing. Objectives of the FGD’s were to understand the available NTFPs known to the local people, its annual extraction volume and also to delineate the area in a participatory map to facilitate the survey.
The participants were asked for listing down available MAPs in their nearby forests. During FGDs, community members with sound forest knowledge were selected as forest guides as facilitators in the survey team. The FGDs also provided knowledge about the forest tracts and resource occurrence, abundance, depletion, use, encroachment, negative impact of grazing, annual migration and transit of goats and sheeps and its influencing effect on NTFPs. The FGD’s aimed to understand about the,
Available NTFPs in different habitats i.e. at lower planes, foot hill, mid hill and high altitude To understand how to scale up the current status of NTFPs leading to ensuring conservation and sustainable utilization. The FGD provided the basis for understanding about local NTFPs and resources including wild birds, animals and honey.
Based on FGDs Frequency index was also calculated.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 8 | P a g e 3.2. DETERMINATION OF FREQUENCY INDEX.
Frequency index was calculated and recorded. Frequency index is a mathematical expression of the percentage of frequency of mentioning for a single botanical specie by informants. The following formula was used to calculate frequency index. FI = FC/N x 100 where FC is the number of informants who mentioned the availability of the species, and N is a total number of informants (Madikizela et al., 2012). N = 15 in this study. The frequency index was high when there were many informants who mentioned a particular plant and low when there were few reports.
Table 3. Availability status information of important Medicinal plants of the area.
Family Scientific name Local Frequency name Index %
Paeoniaceae Paeonia emodi Mameikh 80
Podophyllacea Podophylum Kakora 60 hexandrum Violaceae Viola spp Gule 66.66 banafsha Pteridaceae Dryopteris kwanjay 78 juxtapositia Valerianacea Valeriana Mushkbala 74 Jatmansi Gentianaceae Swertia chirata Chirita 72
Urticacea Urtica dioca Bichoo boti 70 Trilliaceae Trillidium Tadi jarri/ 42 govanianum Tri pati Orchidacea Dactylorhiza salap 45 hatagirea Morchella spp Ghuchi 52
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 9 | P a g e 3.3. TRANSECT WALK
The transect walk by the team on a forest track was recommended by the community during participatory mapping. It was necessary to draw a transect line on the map and to cover different habitats within the forest ecosystem. This transect line was followed to cover vegetation in the marginal lands in foothills, nallah sides, terrains, slopes, mid hill herbaceous cover, open sunny patches, shade cover forest land. In consultation with the communities the transect line was fixed on a forest track to cover the four directional aspects of the compartments and move in a zigzag direction. The survey team initiated the transect walk early in the morning starting from a point in foot hill and reaching high altitudes up to snow covered peaks. During each transect walk time was managed properly. The transect walks were conducted to cover the survey in compartments No: 8 to 14.
3.3.1 NTFPs availability status during transect walk The availability/occurrence and frequency of species observed during the transect walk was discussed with the local communities and agreed to avoid complicated statistical calculations and formulas in order to make the findings more simple for easy communication and understanding in future. A number of criterions were reviewed in the available literature but complexities and difficulties in understanding by the local people as well as by the non- technical institutional observers and readers the following criteria was agreed and followed.
1. NTFPs frequently repeating at a distance of 1-2 meters in the visual field with scattered population(with or without forming dense patches), during the whole tract within the specified altitude was considered dense (D) and ranked as “1”. 2. NTFPs repeating at intervals of less than 10 meters along the tract within the specified altitude with scattered population with or without forming patches was considered medium (M) and ranked as “2”. 3. NTFPs repeating at interval of more than 10 meters or occurring frequently but in patches or the number of plants is less than 5 in the visual field was considered as sparse (S) and ranked as “3”. 4. NTFPs observed during the tract at a distance of more than 100 meters as solitary or in occasional patches within the specified altitude were considered low (L) and ranked “4”. 5. NTFPs reported in the previous reports/literature/studies/local knowledge but not observed during the transect tract within the specified altitude were considered absent (A) and ranked as “5”.
In light of the above criteria the following table 4 indicates the species availability status during transect walk within the ranks from 1-5.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 10 | P a g e Table.4 NTFP Recorded during the transect walk
No Name Availability 1 Paeonea emodi 1 2 Valeriana jatamansi 2 3 Viola spp 1 4 Berginea ciliate 2 5 Geranium wallichianum 1 6 Berberis lyceum+ B. vulgaris 3 7 Trillium govanianum 4 8 Podophyllum hexandrum 2 9 Polygonatum verticillatum 3 10 Caltha alba 2 11 Corydalis govaniana 3 12 Dryopterus juxtaposita 3 13 Dactyloriza hatagirea 4 14 Urtica dioica 1 15 Artemesia vulgaris 3 16 Ajuga spp 3 17 Mentha longifolia 2 18 Anethum graveolens 2 20 Skimmia laureola 4 12 Colchicum luteum 3 22 Adiantum spp 1 23 Crategus oxycantha 4 24 Bergenia cilliata 3 25 Hypericum perforatum 2 26 Quercus galls 4 27 Atropa spp 3 28 Jurinea dolomieae 3 29 Dioscorea deltoidea 3
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 11 | P a g e 30 Araesma spp 2 31 Dathura alba 4 32 Plantago ovate 3 33 Aesculus indica 4 34 Hedra helix 3 35 Asparagus racemosus 4 36 Aconitum heterophyllum 3 37 Juglans regia 2 38 Camellia sinensis 3 39 Rheum emodi 5 40 Adiantum capillus 3 41 Achyranthus aspera 2 42 Viola leaves 1 43 Primula denticulate 3 44 Cuscuta reflexa 3 45 Acorus calamus 3 46 Adhatoda vasica 4 47 Allium humale 4 48 Amaranthus viridis 3 49 Phytolacca 3 50 Juniperus communis 3 51 Rosa webbiana 3 52 Swertia cordata 4 53 Berberis pseudo-umbellata 3 54 Dioscorea deltoid 4 55 Rumex dentatus 1 56 Sassurea lappa 4 57 Morchella spp 5 58 Pine needles 1 59 Pine cones 1
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 12 | P a g e 60 Humus 1 61 Fuel wood 1 62 Mosses 2
3.4 QUADRAT SAMPLING
Sampling with quadrats (plots of a standard size) can be used for most plant communities (Cox, 1990). A quadrat delimits an area in which vegetation cover can be estimated, plants counted, or species listed. Quadrats can be established randomly, regularly, or subjectively within a study site. Since plants often grow in clumps, long, narrow plots often include more species than square or round plots of equal area; especially if the long axis is established parallel to environmental gradients (Cox, 1990; Barbour et al., 1987;Greg- Smith, 1983). However, accuracy may decline as the plot lengthens because, as the perimeter increases, the surveyor must make more subjective decisions about the placement of plants inside or outside the plot. Round quadrats can be most accurate because they have the smallest perimeter for a given area. Round quadrats are also simple to define in the field, requiring only a center stake and a tape measure (Cox, 1990).
The appropriate size for a quadrat depends on the items to be measured. If cover is the only factor being measured, size is relatively unimportant. If plant numbers per unit area are to be measure, then quadrat size is critical. A plot size should be large enough to include significant numbers of individuals, but small enough so that plants can be separated, counted and measured without duplication or omission of individuals (Cox, 1990; Barbour et al., 1987). Large quadrats with many plants may require two or more people to obtain an accurate census, while one person may be sufficient for smaller plots or those with sparse vegetation.
An accurate estimate of the necessary number of quadrats can be determined by plotting data for a given feature (i.e. percent cover) vs. number of quadrats. The appropriate quadrat number will correspond to the point at which the curve plateaus (Figure 1) Barbour et al., 1987). Some field researchers sample until the standard error of the quadrat is within a previously decided, acceptable boundary. A standard error of + or - 15-20% of the mean (i.e. two thirds of all quadrats supply data that fall within this range about the mean) is sometimes used (Barbour et al., 1987)
Cover, density, and frequency are important aspects of the plant community which can be measured by quadrat sampling. Cover is the percentage of quadrat area beneath the canopy of a given species, for the practical estimation of cover, holes in the canopy can be thought of as non existant, and the canopy is mentally "rounded out" (Barbour et al., 1987). Plants rooted outside the quadrat are included in cover measurements to the extent that their canopy projects into the quadrat space (Barbour et al., 1987). It is sometimes difficult to accurately estimate cover, especially if the plants are at or above eye level. In these cases, an aerial photo often proves useful. Canopy overlap can further complicate cover
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 13 | P a g e measurements. Overlap of the same species should not be counted twice, but recorded as continous cover between two or more plants. If two or more plant spcies overlap, the cover of each should be tallied independently (Barbour et al., 1987). If ther are many ovelapping canopies, it is possible to estimate more than 100% cover and still have open ground.
Density is determined by the number of plants rooted within each quadrat. Relative density is the density of one species as a percent of total plant density. Area per plant, or mean area, is plot area per density.
Frequency is the percentage of total quadrats containing at least one rooted individual of a given species. Relative frequency of one species as a percentage of total plant frequency. Frequency is affected by quadrat size and my ble less meaningful than other measurements.
Density = No. of individuals / area sampled
Relative Density = species density / total density for all species x 100
Frequency = No of quadrats in which species occur / total No. of quadrats sampled
Relative Frequency = species frequency / total of frequency values for all species x 100
3.4. REGENERATION POTENTIAL IN FOREST CLOSURES
Quantitative analysis of the herbaceous flora under the forest canopies declared as CLOSURE revealed over all regeneration success of the medicinal and fodder species. Relative density, (RD), relative cover (RC) and relative frequency (RC) lead to the calculation of Importance Value Index (IVI) (Table 5).
It is evident from the data that regeneration potential of the most exploited species like Paonia emodi, Podophylum hexandrum, Valeriana jatamansii and Geranium wallichianum is encouraging which over all highlights the effectiveness of such "Closures".
Table 5. : Importance value index (IVI) of the quantified species as a proxy for regeneration potential;
S. # Specie Density Cover Frequency RD RC RF IVI Podophyllum 1 0.61 15.4 0.77 2.16 0.128 8.73 14.88 hexandrum 2 Dryopteris 1.52 38.39 0.63 5.39 0.320 7.14 12.85 3 Viola spp 2.67 67.15 0.59 9.48 0.560 6.68 16.72
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 14 | P a g e 4 Paeonia emodi 1.70 42.9 0.90 6.03 0.357 10.20 16.58 5 Dactylorhiza 0.15 3.88 0.22 0.53 0.0132 2.49 3.03 Valeriana 6 1.22 30.85 0.681 4.33 0.257 7.70 12.28 jatamansi 7 Geranium 2.29 57.5 0.40 8.13 0.480 10.20 18.81 8 Fragaria 4.63 116.6 0.770 16.44 0.967 8.73 26.13 9 Swertia ciliata 1.09 27.44 0.18 3.87 0.228 2.04 6.13 Bistorta 10 1.57 16.0 0.45 5.57 0.133 5.10 10.80 amplexicaulis 11 Asparagus 0.03 0.86 0.09 0.106 0.007 1.02 1.13 Trillium 12 0.09 2.28 0.09 0.31 0.019 1.02 1.34 govanianum 13 Adiantum 0.36 91.46 0.45 1.27 0.762 5.10 7.13 14 Polygonatum 0.19 4.93 0.18 0.69 0.041 2.04 2.77 Skimmea 15 0.01 0.40 0.045 0.05 0.003 0.51 0.563 laureola 16 Nepeta 2.2 55.7 0.09 7.84 0.463 1.02 5.114 Berberis 17 0.08 2.05 0.22 0.28 0.17 2.49 2.94 lycium 18 Artemesia 0.85 21.45 0.45 3.0 0.178 5.10 8.27 19 0.01 0.31 0.63 0.035 0.026 7.14 7.20 Sassurea lappa 20 Orchis latifolia 0.14 0.36 0.045 0.03 0.003 0.51 0.033 21 Indigofera 6.87 3.63 0.45 24.39 0.030 5.10 29.52
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 15 | P a g e Table. 6 Plots measurement
S.No Plot size Compartment Altitude(ft) Coordinates No. 1 25m² 13 8153‘ 3240924 1171390 2 25m² 13 8291‘ 3241089 1171395 3 25m² 13 8632‘ 3241370 1171226 4 25m² 14 8423‘ 3241301 1171686 5 25m² 14 9134‘ 3241486 1171994 6 25m² 14 8833‘ 3241388 1172122 7 25m² 11 8823‘ 3241162 1172348 8 25m² 11 8715‘ 3241011 1172062 9 25m² 11 8493‘ 3241030 1171921 10 25m² 10 8242‘ 3241043 1171736 11 25m² 10 8215‘ 3240923 1171567 12 25m² 10 8129 3240325 1171324 13 25m² 9 7519‘ 3239659
1171917
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 16 | P a g e 14 25m² 9 8417‘ 3240001
1172475
15 25m² 9 8272‘ 324112 1172475 16 25m² 8(i) 8274‘ 3239272 1172533 17 25m² 8(i) 8270‘ 3239554 1172512 25m² 8(i) 8428‘ 323978 18 1172507 19 25m² 8(ii) 7653 3238936 1172321 20 25m² 8(ii) 7779‘ 3238982 1172359 21 25m² 8(ii) 8170‘ 3239011 1172510 22 25m² 12 7900 3240924 1170557
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 17 | P a g e 3.5. Wild Fruits:
A considerable proportion of wild fruits are utilized at local scale along marketing of some species. Some of the species have even been domesticated for commercial purposes like Juglans regia. Wild fruits contribute to the nutrition as well as economy of local communities.
Table 7. Wild fruits reported in the area
Botanical Name Local Name Status Market Status Berberis lycium Sumbal/ Sumlu Common Locally used Berberis orthobotrys Sumbal/ Sumlu Rare Locally used Daphne mucronata Kute Lal Rare Locally used Kute lal Rare Locally used Daphne papyracea Duchesnea indica Sap mewa Rare Locally used Mewa Common Marketed Fragaria nubicola Impatiens flemingii Ban Til Rare Locally used Juglans regia Khor Common Marketed Juniperus communis Benthri Rare Locally used Prunus cornuta Paharth Common Marketed Rubus irritans Pakhanra Common Marketed Viburnum cotinifolium Guch Rare Locally used Viburnum grandiflorum Ukloon Common Marketed
3.6. Wild Vegetables:
Communities use wild vegetables as an essential component of their daily food. Some of the species are also dried during summer season and stored for winter or for marketing. Women and children mainly involve in collection of such wild vegetables.
Table 8: Wild vegetables commonly used in the area
S. Local Name Use frequency Market status No Botanical Name 1 Allium humile Piaz/ piaj Common Rarely marketed 2 Caltha alba Kelari Common Rarely marketed 3 Cardamine hirsuta Common Rarely marketed Bathuwa Very Common Locally used 4 Chenopodium album 5 Dryopteris ramosa Kunji Very Common Marketed 6 Girardinia palmata Kairi Common Locally used 7 Mentha arvensis Poodna Rare Rarely marketed 8 Oxyria digyna Khatemal Common Rarely marketed 9 Phytolacca latbenia Lubar Very Common Locally used
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 18 | P a g e 10 Rheum webbianum Chtyal Rare Locally used 11 Rumex hastatus Khatemal Rare Locally used
3.7. Fodder species
Live stock rearing is the common practice and in order to meet the fodder requirements locals mainly depends on nearby forests. Apart from grasses and forbs, leaves from trees are also utilized. Fodder is also stocked for harsh season.
Table 9. Representative fodder species of the area
Botanical Name Botanical Name Acer caesium Carex cruenta Aesculus indica Chenopodium album Ajuga bracteosa Cymbopogon distans Ajuga parviflora Dicliptera bupleuroides Alchemilla cashmeriana Duchesnea indica Aristida adscensionis Fragaria nubicola Avena barbata Galium aparine Avena fatua Heteropogon contortus Berberis lycium Kobresia capillifolia Berberis orthobotrys Oxyria digyna Bistorta amplexicalue Prunus cornuta Bromus japonicus Cardamine hirsuta Bromus pectinatus Carex brunnea Caltha alba Setaria viridis Capsella bursa-pastoris Silene viscosa
3.8. Fuel wood species:
One among the basic needs of the local communities of the area is continuous supply of fuel wood for cooking and heating. For the this, locals are totally dependent on forests. Below is the list of commonly exploited fuel wood species. It is to mention that construction of concrete houses has increased the demand of wood for heating as compared to old mud houses.
Table 10: Fuel wood species of the study area
Botanical Name Botanical Name Zanthoxylum armatum Betula utilis Berberis orthobotrys Cornus macrophylla Acer caesium Corylus colurna Juniperus communis Cotinus coggyria
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 19 | P a g e Daphne papyracea Deutzia staminea Rubus irritans Fraxinus hookeri
Juglans regia Fraxinus xanthoxyloides Daphne mucronata Parrotiopsis jacquemontiana Ulmus wallichiana Picea smithiana Berberis lycium Pinus wallichiana Populus ciliata Populus nigra Viburnum grandiflorum Rhamnus purpurea Aesculus indica Salix acmophylla Cedrus deodara Salix denticulata Diospyros lotus Staphylea emodi
3.9. Condiments:
During survey few species were reported to be used actively as condiments. They are used in cooking, in making tea as salad and in making sauce etc.
Table 11: Commonly used condiments of the area
Botanical Name Botanical Name Zanthoxylum armatum Allium humile Thymus linearis Trifolium repens Mentha arvensis Hypericum perforatum Rheum webbianum Pleurospermum govanianum 3.10. Agricultural tools:
In order to meet the need of agricultural appliances, some specific species are used for the said purpose. The wood is selected keeping in view the nature of part to be constructed and quality of the wood. Recently construction of roads has replaced the old techniques with use of tractor for plowing in low-lying areas.
Table 12: Source species used in making agriculture appliances
Botanical Name Local Name Botanical Name Local Name Aesculus indica Bankor Abies pindrow Rewar Quercus dilatata Reen Betula utilis Burj/Purj Cedrus deodara Paludar Populus ciliata Bagrun Salix denticulata Beesa Populus nigra Bagrun Juglans regia Khor Taxus wallichiana Barmi/ Thuni Ulmus wallichiana Kaeen
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 20 | P a g e
3.11.Pine needles and cones:
The fallen pine needles and cones are collected in the survey areas both for local and commercial purposes. The cones are usually used as a fuel wood and sold in the market as fire enhancer in hotels and kilns.
4. Processing & Marketing of Medicinal Plants.
4.1. Collection and identification
Medicinal plants collection involves travelling in the rugged mountains and staying there for long time to collect considerable amount for sale in the market. The local community responded besides local inhabitants most of the collectors come from different places of kohistans etc a collection of Peonia emodi, Valeriana jatamansi and Trillium govanianum and Juglans regia is high and fetches considerable amount of money to the collectors. The medicinal plants are collected through traditional knowledge and not through scientific approach.
Most of the collectors are also ignorant or have insufficient knowledge about proper time of collection, which is not only essential for maximization of active ingredients, but also for sustainability. The collection practice is largely unscientific which had resulted into the extinction of marketable species like Mattar Jari Artemisia spp etc from the area.
4.2. Preservation.
Medicinal plants are either dried or sold fresh directly. The Medicinal plants are dried directly in the sun by spreading them on a sheet of cloth or plastic on the ground. The process of drying is generally very crude as dust and other foreign materials get mixed with the plants.
4.3. Storage
During FGDs and interviews with different stakeholders it was observed that there are no special processing techniques for any of medicinal plants. The majority of medicinal plants are initially directly dried in the sun or shade and later on placed in gunny bags or polythene bags for sale in major markets. None of them knew of any special packaging technique or any of value addition of these products rather they sell or export it in crude form without any processing.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 21 | P a g e When discussed, they agreed that if properly processed and value added they can fetch higher prices. They further added that they are dealing with very small quantity of medicinal plant and have no such training so if trained and supported by any governmental or non governmental organization can earn more from the sale of medicinal plants.
Collection of Medicinal plants
Table 13. List of the medicinal plants collected for selling purposes in the area S.NO Botanical Preference Part used No of Price Form Trend Name respondents per Kg in Pak Rs 1 Juglans regia Food Fruits 14 400 Dry D 2 Berberis Medicinal Root & bark 13 270 Both NC pseudumbellata 3 Viburnum Fuel Fruits 08 300 Fresh D grandiflorum 4 Achillea Medicinal Whole plant 10 320 Both NC millefolium 5 Allium humile Medicinal Whole plant 07 200 Both D 6 Asparagus Medicinal Root & stem 06 1200 Both D racemosus 7 Bergenia Medicinal Latex & 11 200 Both D ciliata Rhizome 8 Bergenia Medicinal Rhizome 11 200 Both I stracheyi 9 Bistorta Fodder Rhizome 13 200 Dry NC amplexicaulis 10 Caltha alba Food Roots & 16 100 Fresh D aerial parts 11 Colchicum Medicinal Dried corms 16 200 Both NC luteum 12 Cypripedium Medicinal Rhizome 21 250 Both D cordigerum 13 Dactylorhiza Medicinal Tubers 23 300 Both D hatagirea 14 Dioscorea Medicinal Tubers 08 280 Dry D deltoidea 15 Dryopteris Food Young 26 60 Fresh D juxtapostia shoots 16 Euphorbia Medicinal Latex/whole 24 250 Dry D wallichii 17 Fragaria Food Fruits 43 150 Fresh I nubicola 18 Gentiana Medicinal Root 11 350 Dry D kurroo 19 Geranium Medicinal Rhizome 23 200 Dry D wallichianum 20 Hyoscyamus Medicinal Leaves/seeds 21 400 Dry D
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 22 | P a g e niger 21 Hypericum Medicinal Whole plnt 07 200 Both D perforatum 22 Malva neglecta Grazing Whole plant 13 80 Fresh NC 23 Mentha Medicinal Whole plant 27 50 Fresh I longifolia 24 Paeonia emodi Medicinal Seeds & 37 400 Both D tubers 25 Plantago Grazing Leave, seeds 13 600 Fresh NC lanceolata 26 Plantago major Grazing Root, seeds, 15 600 Fresh D leaves 27 Podophyllum Medicinal Rhizome & 31 1600 Dry D hexandrum Fruits 28 Polygonatum Food Root 32 900 Both D verticillatum 29 Primula Medicinal Rhizome 18 450 Both D denticulata 30 Rheum australe Food Rhizome & 27 250 Fresh NC shoots 31 Thymus Medicinal Whole plant 22 60 Both NC linearis 32 Viola Medicinal Whole plant 40 450 Both NC canescens
D; Decreasing, I; Increasing, NC; No visible change
4.4. Marketing of Medicinal Plants
Medicinal plants are used not only by dawakhanas, local practitioners (hakims) and as household remedy but also by the pharmaceutical industry of the country. It was observed that only few plants are being collected for selling in the Market. The local collectors sell them at local market which is then sold to middleman coming from different places. The role of middleman in the marketing of medicinal plant is very high and the major share of revenue is taken by them which need to be minimized in order to pass on maximum income to the local collectors.
According to Pansaris the prices of Trillum, Artemsia and Mushrooms are going up due to shortage of their availability.There is a great scope of marketing of medicinal plant and linkage development of local community with markets in Rawalpindi and Lahore can bring maximum benefit.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 23 | P a g e 5. RECOMMENDATIONS / ACTION PLAN
Based on the present study following recommendations have been proposed.
Habitat extension and dissemination of potential marketable species in suitable natural habitats that has increasing demand in the market.
Create public awareness about conservation and sustainable management of NTFPs.
Local NTFPs markets, creation or improvement of existing in order to maximize the role of middle man & to improve the livelihood of local collectors and the revenue collected may be for infrastructure development.
Provide trainings to locals in harvesting, processing value addition and marketing.
Create local markets for the NTFPs that can be sold. Trade of NTFPs that can be sold in high price and use that income to develop community infrastructure.
Establish collection depots for NTFPs that can be traded, since the collectors are the most un-organized segment in MAPs sector value chain they are exposed to over exploitation. Hence, it is recommended to form community based enterprises (CBEs) in the area.
Establish processing center, which reduces the transportation and overhead cost of exporting raw materials.
Encourage local people to cultivate NTFPs that are highly consumed and can be traded.
Assess sustainable use, sustainable levels of harvesting and the management practices for the conservation of medicinal plants: perception, utilization, conservation attitude, cultivation methods, etc.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 24 | P a g e
References
Ali T, Shabaz B, Suleri A. 2006; Analysis of Myths and Realities of Deforestation in North west Pakistan: Implications for Forestry Extension. International Journal of Agriculture & Bilology. 8: 107-110.
Abbasi AM, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Zafar M. 2012; Medicinal plant biodiversity of Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Springer, New York.
Abbasi AM, Iqbal J, Khan MA, Shah MH. 2013; Health risk assessment and multivariate apportionment of trace metals in wild leafyvegetables from Lesser Himalayas, Pakistan. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf. 92: 237-244.
Madikizela, B., Ndhlala, A.R., Finnie, J.F., Van Staden, J., 2012. Ethnopharmacological study of plants fromPondoland used against diarrhoea. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 141, 61–71.
Shinwari, Z.K. 2010;Medicinal plants research in Pakistan. Journal of Medicinal Plants research. 4: 161–176.
Shrestha, K.K., Ghimire, S.K., Gurung, T.N., Lama, Y.C. and Thomas, Y.A. 1998. Conservation of Plant Resources, Community Development and Training in Applied Ethnobotany at Shey Phoksundo National Park and it’s Bufferzone, Dolpa. World Wildlife Fund, WWF Nepal Program, Report Series No. 33, WWF Nepal.
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 25 | P a g e Pictorial Glimpse of Some Common NTFPs in Shehran Valley Annex-i
Picture Fresh Description Dried medicinal Plant
B. Paeonea emodi L.. Mameikh
Part used.Roots Preference. Medicinal
B. Podophyllum hexandrum L. Kakora
Part used. Rhizomes & Fruits Preference. Medicinal
B.Viola spp L. Banafsha
Part used.Flowers & Leaves Preference.Medicinal
B.Trilium govanianum L. Tri pati/Tandi jari
Part used. Roots Preference.Medicinal
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 26 | P a g e B.Morchella Spp. L. Guchi
Part used. Whole Preference. Medicinal
B.Asparagus racemosus L. musli sufaid
Part used. Roots Preference.Medicinal
B.Zanthoxylum armatum L. Dambara
Part used. Fruits Preference.Medicinal/ spices
B.Adiantum capillus L. Persosha
Part used. Leaves,Rhizomes Preference.Medicinal
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 27 | P a g e B.Aesculus Indica L. Bankor
Part used,Fruit Preference. Medicinal
B. Berberis lyceum L.Kwaray
Part used Root /bark Preference. Medicinal
B. Dactylorhiza Hatagirea L. Salam Panja
Part used. Tuber Preference. Medicinal
B. Orchis latifolia L. Salim Misri Part used. Tubers Preference. Medicinal
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 28 | P a g e B. Bistorta amplexicaulis L. Anjabar
Part used. Roots Preference. Medicinal
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 29 | P a g e ANNEX- II SURVEY TEAM MEMBERS
S.No Name Designation 1. Mr. Moin Ud Din Deputy Director NTFP Hazara Forest Region, Abbottabad. 2. Mr. Osaid ullah Assistant Director NTFP Haripur
3. Mr. Zia Ur Rehman Forest Guard Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division. 4. Mr. Aurang Zeb Forest Negahban
ANNEX-III LIST OF PARTICIPANTS OF FGDS.
S.No Name Village Contact No. 1. Lal Din Bela Sachan, Sharan - Valley
2. Abdul Jalil -do- 03448558710
3. Syed Rafiq Shah -do- 0346-9113313
4. Muhammad Yousaf -do- 0342-9543751
5. Durya Aman -do- -
6. Rafiq -do- -
7. Zahid Khan -do- -
8. Khurshid -do- -
9. Umer Khetab -do- -
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 30 | P a g e 10. Mukhtiar -do- -
11. Ghulam Qasim Bela Sachan, Sharan 0344-9536367 Valley
12. Muhammad Javid -do- 0346-9704654
13. Muhammad Perveez -do- -
14. Muhammad Banaris -do- -
15. Shafiq -do- -
16. Muhammad Perveez -do- -
17. Hammad -do- -
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 31 | P a g e Annex-IV Needed equipments for survey
1. Paper A4 size………………………..1 rim 2. Color pencils…………………... ….. 1 pkt 3. Markers……………………………….06Nos. 4. Rope ½ inches……………………….100m 5. Strip tape………………………………100feet 6. Compass……………………………….1 set 7. Clip boards paper size………………..6Nos 8. Erasing rubber…………………………6 Nos 9. Umbrellas/rain coats…………………. 6Nos 10. Camping tent…………………………. 01 No 11. Shopper……………………………… ½ kg 12. Survey tool kit A. Digging hoe B. Cutter C. Sickle D. Saw E. Gloves F. Rain coat G. Tool kit bag H. Spade I. Hoe and holder
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 32 | P a g e ANNEX-V
A. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR LOCAL COMMUNITY MEMBERS
Name of Respondent: ------Village:------
1. Which NTFPs are available in your forest area?
1 6 11 16 2 7 12 17 3 8 13 18 4 9 14 19 5 10 15 20
2. What are the most available MAPs in the area?
1 6 11 16 2 7 12 17 3 8 13 18 4 9 14 19 5 10 15 20 3. What are the harvesting practices?
Use safe collection tools Use Conventional tools
4. What are the processing procedure?
1 I D C 6 I D C 11 I D C 16 I D C 2 I D C 7 I D C 12 I D C 17 I D C 3 I D C 8 I D C 13 I D C 18 I D C 4 I D C 9 I D C 14 I D C 19 I D C 5 I D C 10 I D C 15 I D C 20 I D C
Rotational Demand based Introduction of Forest Ban Other harvesting collection economic value protection species
5. What are the main causes for resource depletion?
1 Over harvesting 2 Grazing 3 Encroachment 4 Deforestation 5 Disaster
6. What you Recommend for sustainable use and prevention of resource depletion? 7. Which are the most traded NTFPs?
MAPs Honey Pine needles Humus Condiments Gums& Resins Mushrooms Others
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 33 | P a g e 8. Which NTFP has the highest demand?
9. Where NTFP are sold?
Local market National market Export market Mobile agents 10. How NTFP Market is in progress?
Bullish Bearish Constant Not Known
B. QUESTIONNAIRE FOR TRADERS:
1. What type of NTFPs you purchase?
2 7 12 17 3 8 13 18 4 9 14 19 5 10 15 20 2. From which areas you buy these products?
NTFP Type Production area Quantity NTFP Type Production area Quantity
3. From whom you buy NTFPs? Local collectors Village shopkeepers Mobile agents Village traders 4. Whatare the most supplied NTFPs?
5. Which type of NTFP has the highest demand? i………………………………………… ii………………………………………… 6. How long is your NTFP Business? ...... years 7. How is the trend of Supply for the last 10 years? In crease Decrease Constant 8. Where do you market NTFPs? Supply to processing units Supply to city traders Supply to national market Export
9. What you recommend for sustainable supply of NTFPs?
10. What regulatory constraints you face in NTFP business?
NTFP Survey Report of Sharan Valley, Kaghan Forest Division 34 | P a g e