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High Performance Multilayer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technics for Low-Cost Millimeter-Wave Circuits Frederic Parment

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High Performance Multilayer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) Technics for Low-Cost Millimeter-Wave Circuits Frederic Parment High performance multilayer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technics for low-cost millimeter-wave circuits Frederic Parment To cite this version: Frederic Parment. High performance multilayer Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) technics for low-cost millimeter-wave circuits. Optics / Photonic. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2016. English. NNT : 2016GREAT077. tel-01505416 HAL Id: tel-01505416 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01505416 Submitted on 11 Apr 2017 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE LA COMMUNAUTE UNIVERSITE GRENOBLE ALPES Spécialité : OPTIQUE ET RADIOFREQUENCES Arrêté ministériel : 25 Mai 2016 Présentée par Frédéric PARMENT Thèse dirigée par Pr Tan Phu VUONG, Codirigée par Pr Ke WU Co-encadrée par M Anthony GHIOTTO Co-encadrée par M Jean-Marc DUCHAMP préparée au sein du Laboratoire IMEP-LaHC de l’Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble, dans l'École Doctorale Electronique, Electrotechnique, Automatique, et Traitement du Signal. Guides d’onde Intégrés au Substrat (SIW) multicouches à haute performance pour des circuits millimétriques à faible coût Thèse soutenue publiquement le 04 Novembre 2016, devant le jury composé de : Monsieur Eric RIUS Professeur à l’Université de Bretagne Occidentale, Président Monsieur Hervé AUBERT Professeur à l’Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse, Rapporteur Monsieur Jean-Louis CAZAUX Responsable Innovation à Thales Alenia Space de Toulouse, Rapporteur Monsieur Maurizio BOZZI Professeur à l’Université de Pavie, Membre Monsieur Ke WU Professeur à l’Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Membre Monsieur Anthony GHIOTTO Maître de conférences à l’Institut Polytechnique de Bordeaux, Membre Monsieur Jean-Marc DUCHAMP Maître de conférences à l’Université Joseph Fourier, Membre Monsieur Tan Phu VUONG Professeur à l’Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble, Membre Monsieur Ludovic CARPENTIER Ingénieur de recherche au CNES de Toulouse, Membre Invité Monsieur Pierre MONTEIL Responsable Business Unit à COBHAM de Bordeaux, Membre Invité Monsieur Laurent PETIT Responsable Projet Recherche et Technologie à Radiall Voreppe, Membre Invité 2 La théorie, c'est quand on sait tout et que rien ne fonctionne. La pratique, c'est quand tout fonctionne et que personne ne sait pourquoi. Ici, nous avons réuni théorie et pratique : Rien ne fonctionne... et personne ne sait pourquoi ! Albert Einstein A ma famille et mes proches… 3 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor, Pr Tan Phu VUONG, and my co-supervisors Pr Ke WU, Mr Anthony GHIOTTO and Mr Jean-Marc DUCHAMP for their help, guidelines and support, that contributed to the excellent research work presented in this thesis manuscript. I would like to particularly thank Anthony for his unwavering support, valuable advices, and unfailing commitment in my research project and beyond. I would like to also express my thanks to the engineers and technicians that offered a strong support, together with valuable assistance and advices, during my experimental validations, including Mr Nicolas CORRAO from the IMEP-LaHC research center, Ms Magali DE MATOS and Ms Isabelle FAVRE from the IMS research center, and Mr Traian ANTONESCU, Mr Jules GAUTHIER, Mr Steeve DUBE, Mr Jean-Sebastien DECARIE and Mr Maxime THIBAULT from the POLY-GRAMES research center. I would like to express my recognition to the administrative staff, inluding Isabelle, Joëlle, Valérie, Annaïck, Brigitte, Dahlila, Fabienne from Grenoble, and Rachel from the POLY-GRAMES for their support. They have helped me a lot during my PhD on the different admisnitrative aspects. I would like to thank my colleges and friends, including Zyad, Matthieu, Aline, Hamza, Ayssar, Isaac, Vipin, Furat, An-Thu, Vladimir, Vlad, and others from the IMEP-LaHC, Jaber and Kuangda from the POLY-GRAMES, and Tifenn, Alexandre, and others from the IMS. I would also like to thank my supportive friends, Alexis and Alexandre. Finally, I would like to express a deep sense of gratitude to my parents, Michèle and Jean-Michel, and my brother, Nicolas. You helped me all along my studies. You have supported me so that I could give my best. The last but not least, I would like to take the opportunity to express my love to my girlfriend, Lucile, who supported me the most, during the good and the bad days. 5 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 9 SYNTHESE EN FRANÇAIS 11 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 19 CHAPTER II: STATE-OF-THE-ART ON ELECTROMAGNETIC TRANSMISSION LINES 25 CHAPTER III: THE AIR-FILLED SIW TECHNOLOGY 65 CHAPTER IV: AIR-FILLED SIW FEEDING NETWORK ELEMENTS 101 CHAPTER V: AIR-FILLED SIW FILTERS AND ANTENNAS 147 CHAPTER VI: CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES 183 ANNEX 1: COMPLETE ELLIPTIC INTEGRAL OF THE FIRST KIND 187 ANNEX 2: CALCULATION TO OBTAIN EQUATION (1.2) OF THE CHAPTER III 189 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS, AWARDS AND PUBLICATIONS 191 ABSTRACT 195 RESUME 195 7 8 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AFSIW Air-Filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide ALTSA Antipodal Linear Tapered Slot Antenna APHC Average Power Handling Capability (W or dBm) 퐵⃗ Magnetic induction (T) BW Bandwidth (GHz) c Light velocity (m/s) CBCPW Conductor-Backed Coplanar Waveguide CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semi-conductor CPW Coplanar Waveguide 퐷⃗⃗ Electric induction (C/m²) DFSIW Dielectric-Filled Substrate Integrated Waveguide DUT Device Under Test 퐸⃗ Electric field (V/m) E0 Dielectric strength (MV/m) EBG Electromagnetic BandGap EM Electromagnetic f Frequency (Hz) fc Cut-off frequency (Hz) FR-4 Flame Resistant 4 h Height of the structure (m) 퐻⃗⃗ Magnetic field (A/m) HPBW Half Power Beamwidth (°) IoT Internet Of Thing 푗 Current density (A/m2) k Wave number (rad/m) k0 Free-space Wave number (rad/m) Kc Cut-off wave number (rad/m) LTCC Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics MHMIC Miniature Hybrid Microwave Integrated Circuit PCB Printed Circuit Board PIM Passive InterModulation PPHC Peak Power Handling Capability (W or dBm) q Electronic charge (C) RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging RMS Root Mean Square RWG Rectangular Waveguide SIC Substrate Integrated Circuit SINRD Substrate Integrated Non-Radiating Dielectric Waveguide SIS Substrate Integrated System SISW Substrate Integrated Slab Waveguide SIW Substrate Integrated Waveguide tanδ Loss tangent TE Transverse Electric TEM Tranverse Electric Magnetic 9 TM Transverse Magnetic TRL Thru-Reflect-Line VNA Vector Network Analyzer W Width of the structure (m) WR Waveguide, Rectangular αg Losses constant (Np/m) βg Phase constant (rad/m) 훤 Propagation constant (m-1) δ Skin depth (m) ε Permittivity (F/m) ε0 Vacuum permittivity (F/m) εr Relative permittivity η Wave impedance (Ω) λ Wavelength (m) μ Permeability (H/m) μ0 Vacuum permeability (H/m) μr Relative permeability ρ Volume density charge (C/m3) σ Conductivity (S/m) ω Angular frequency (rad/s) 10 SYNTHESE EN FRANÇAIS L’émergence de nouvelles applications qui requièrent le développement de nouvelles technologies opérant aux fréquences millimétriques et au-delà, entre 30 et 300 GHz, est principalement due à l’augmentation ininterrompue des données et à l’accroissement insatiable de la demande en bande-passante. Le manque de canal libre dans les bandes radiofréquences et micro-ondes y contribue et force l’industrie à développer de nouveaux systèmes opérant en plus haute fréquence. Parmi ces nouvelles applications, l’Internet-des- Objets, les radars pour des systèmes types avioniques ou automobiles, les constellations de pico- et nanosatellites [1], l’imagerie médicale et sécuritaire, etc… sont un des nombreux marchés ciblés [2]. Les ondes millimétriques peuvent fournir beaucoup d’avantages pour ces futurs systèmes parmi lesquels de larges bandes passantes, une pénétration accrue dans la fumée ou le brouillard, un vaste spectre peu utilisé et bien d’autres. Un autre point qui est tout aussi important pour l’industrie est la densité d’intégration. En effet, une haute densité d’intégration permet de réduire les coûts par la production de masse, avec un emballage petit et léger facilitant l’adoption des produits. C’est dans le début des années 1950 que la première ligne de transmission planaire, appelée microruban, a été développée. Aujourd’hui, cette même ligne est devenue la ligne de transmission la plus populaire et utilisée jusqu’à 30 GHz. Elle combine une structure simple, bien décrite théoriquement avec des modèles implémentés dans la plupart des logiciels de conception, et elle peut être produite à prix bon marché par l’utilisation de procédés de fabrication issus des circuits imprimés. Cependant, au-delà de 30 GHz, les lignes de transmission en guides d’onde coplanaires sont préférées aux lignes microrubans, car à ces fréquences, ces dernières ont besoin de substrat fin pour éviter l’excitation de mode d’ordre supérieur, pour éviter aussi de subir des courants de fuite, qui augmentent les pertes par radiation, et elles deviennent aussi plus difficiles à fabriquer du fait dela réduction de la longueur d’onde qui requièrent une 11 tolérance de fabrication accrue, notamment sur les vias par exemple. Néanmoins, la contribution sur les performances induites par la rugosité de surfaces et celle de l’effet de peaux de la ligne conductrice augmente avec la fréquence. Par conséquent, ces circonstances, prises dans leur ensemble, génèrent une haute densité de courants s’écoulant au travers d’une fine région sous la surface métallique du conducteur, et les pertes s’en retrouvent d’autant augmentées [3]-[4]. Ce problème devient bien plus important dès lors que la forme des bords de la ligne conductrice n’est plus rectangulaire.
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