Dhananjayarao GadgiJ Library IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII~ GIPE-PUNE-001625 . THE GREEK WORLD
UNDER ROMAN SWAY P~. ..s ~~"'C.• THE GREEK WORLD UNDER ROMAN SWAY
FROM POLYBIUS TO PLUTARCH
BY J. P. MAHAFFY FELLOW, ETC. OF TRINITY COl.LEGR.. DUBLIN; HON. FELLOW OF QURBN'S COLLEGE, OXFORD; KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF THB REDEEMER; AUTHOR OF , PROLEGOMENA TO ANCIENT HISTORY'; I KANT'S PHILOSOPHY FOR ENGLISH READERS' ;
~ I SOCIAL LIFE IN GREBCE'; • RAMBLES AND STUDIES IN GREECE I ; • GREBK LIFE AND THOUGHT';
I A HISTORY OF GREEK. LITE~ATUREJ· ETC.
I,onbon MACMILLAN AND CO. AND. NEW YORK 1890
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1 ARTHURO JACOBO BALFOUR QUEM NON
IMPROBI CONVICIIS
STULTI CONSILIIS ADVERSARII INSIDI,IS
AB INSTITUTIS, LITTERIS, LUDIS SUIS
DETURBARE POTUERUNT
DDD AMICUS SCRIPTOR PREFACE
THIS volume completes another stage in the social life and the civilisation of the Greeks, and pursues my subject from the subjugation of Hellenic lands by Rome down to the accession of Hadrian, when we may fairly say that Greece recovered her ascendancy. For from that day onward there was no distinction in honour between Greek and Latin; in fact almost all our later histories of Roman affairs are in the Greek tongue. This then is one valid reason for halting about the year 1.20 ~.D. Moreover the Sophis#cal Revz'val is set down by all the historians of later Greek literature as commencing with Hadrian, and with the state endowment of professional teach ing which he systematised, though he did not originate it. But more important than all these reasons for adopting my present limit is the fact that so· far we may treat of Greek life without taking into account viii. PREFACE
the new religion which presently invades all the Hellenistic world. Christianity had indeed been born, and was being' preached; but on the great Greek teachers of the first century it leaves hardly a trace, and so far we may discuss Hellenism with out it. From the days of Hadrian onward, such abstraction is impossible; and indeed, if I resume the subject in a subsequent volume, it will be my duty to begin by overlapping the present book, and tracing the obscure beginnings of the new faith which, though alive, is of no impcrt in the society here described. This seems to me the most orderly, and therefore profitable way of unravelling the com plicated phenomena of the first century. In deference to serious and friendly critics of my Greek Life alzd Thought (which may be re ,! garded as the forerunner of the present work), I have given many more references to authorities than was my previous custom. This change is not made from any desire to justify myself against those who accused me of not knowing the newer sources, be cause I did not parade them; but in addition to the advice of competent friends, it seemed to me that the evidence for the facts brought together in this volume was so scattered, so fragmentary, so dependent on inscriptions and on little known texts, that fulh;r PREFACE ix
references were due to the reader. He will find the abbreviations. in my references fully explained in the Index. These materials have not been gathered or systematised by any previous historian; Hertzberg, for example, confines himself strictly to Greece proper under the Romans-a mere fraction of the history of later Hellenism, and Boissier, in his interesting' book on Cicero and his friends, has never once considered the point of view' taken in my Sixth Chapter on the same subject. Indeed, since I wrote the opening of this Preface I have encountered a practical illustration of the difficulty there is in including all the evidence in such a history, and of the strong probability that the . increased activity of antiquarians and travellers will furnish us constantly with new facts, or with correc tions of our former deductions. Mr. Flinders Petrie, in searching a small and insignificant necropolis at Kurob some six' hours' ride from Medinet-el-Fayoum, found a number of mummies of the' Ptolemaic epoch in cases of the usual appearance. They were all (he tells me) distinctly anterior in style to those of the Roman period. On examining these cases with care, he found that they were made of layers of papyrus glued together, in some cases only laid together, x PREFACE and varnished within and without. Perceiving that much of this papyrus showed traces of writing, he took several cases to pieces, and thus gathered a large quantity of fragments, covered with Greek and demotic writing: the Greek fragments he kindly sent to Mr. Sayee, with whom I examined them in August 1890. We have identified fragments of the Phl2do of Plato, written in a beautiful hilnd, and not posterior to 2 S0 B.C., also a considerable passage from the lost A11tiope of Euripides, and a passage on the duties of the comrade (qHAETatpor;), by some rhetor earlier than Alexander's time. These texts, which we shall presently publish in Hermathena, and which I need not now discuss, show that even under the second Ptolemy Greeks had settled in the country parts of Egypt, and had with them such plenty of books that some of them were used as waste paper. A large number of letters, dated in the reigns of the second and third Ptolemies (284-224 B.C.), and written in good Greek, but in a very difficult cursive script, attest the same conclusion perhaps even more strongly. Lastly, there were used among the waste paper what seem to be the records of the Grreco-Egyptian Probate Court at Crocodilo polis, the capital of the nome or district called Arsinoe-drafts of wills, with the date, the name PREFACE xi and description of the testator, and the names and descriptions of the witnesses. In two of three cases the details of the bequests are to be made out, though in lacerated fragments. This series of docu ments, in good Greek, and written in all sorts of hands, presents us with formuloe constantly recurring, but still varied both in their place and even in their expression, so proving that they were not the work of lawyers composing them for ignorant people, but the dictation of educated men. Pending my publication of these texts, 'in the Bulletin de Correspondance Hell!nique I cannot enter into further detail; but this I must say, that they modify considerably the estimate I had formed of the depth and breadth of Greek influences in Egypt. As the reader .will see in the note to p. 202, I was already beginning to doubt the ancient view which confines Greek life (outside Alexandria) to Ptolemais and Arsinoe; now that view seems to me completely exploded. Indeed Arsinoe, which is commonly understood to mean a town, was 1;lsed as ~he name of a district. As I am writing these words there comes to me the just published exhaustive monograph of M. Th. Reinach on Mithridates, which I should have gladly used in discussing that king. xii PREFACE
These sudden additions to our evidence and to the sifting of it are the delight and the despair of historians-the delight of those who are ready to abandon accepted views and popular prejudices, the despair of those who cling to them, who pretend to give a final judgment on things but partially known, regarding a correction as merely a demon stration that they were wrong, not as the means of escape from a cherished error, and an enlarge ment of our common knowledge. The present scholarship both of Germany and of England has been positively vitiated by the fashion among its Professors of taking criticism as an act of hostility, and pursuing the critic with such rancour, that no quiet man thinks it worth his while to set his neigh bour right, or expose, however gently, a piece of literary imposture, at the cost of being annoyed and maligned for the rest of his life. As I have now acknowledged my obligations to Mr. Petrie and his important discovery, so I trust I have nowhere omitted to acknowledge my conscious obligations to previous authors; it is impossible to do so adequately to those colleagues-Mr. Louis Purser and Mr. Bury-who have helped me with advice and correction all through the book. To appropriate the work of a colleague, or to utilise PREFACE xiii it with that scanty acknowledgment which amounts to deliberate reticence, is a form of vice not the less odious, because the culprit generally escapes with impunity. My friend Mr. Sayce has also corrected the sheets, and has made many important suggestions.
OXFORD, October 1890' CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE I. THE IMMEDIATE EFFECTS OF THE ROMAN CONQUEST UPON HELLENISM I II. HELLENISM IN THE FAR EAST IS' III. HELLENISM IN SYRIA AND IN EGYPT • 3S IV. THE ACCLIMATISATION OF GREEK PHILOSOPHY IN ROMAN SOCIETY 61 V. THE GENERAL REACTION OF HELLENISM UPON ROME So VI. THE HELLENISM OF CICERO AND HIS FRIENDS. Il3 VII. THE PERIOD OF THE CIVIL WAR-FROM CICERO' TO AUGUSTUS • lSI VIII. ASCETIC RELIGION IN THE FIRST CENTURY 179 IX. WESTERN HELLENISM UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPERORs-.-COLONISATION IS9 X. THE REMAINING HELLENISM OF ITALY (CHIEFLY MAGNA GRlECIA) 207 XI. EASTERN HELLENISM UNDER THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE 223 XII. THE CONDITION OF GREECE l'ROM AUGUSTUS TO VES- PASIAN-THE HELLENISM OF THE EARLY EMPERORS 249 xm. PLUTARCH AND HIS TIMES-PUBLIC LIFE • 291 XIV. PLUTARCH AND HIS TIMES-PRIVATE LIFE 3 23 xv. EASTERN HELLENISM UNDER THE FLAVIAN HOUSE 3SI XVI. THE LITERATURE OF THE FIRST CENTURY 369
ApPENDIX 399 INDEX 407 APPENDIX A. (cf. p. 257)
THE INSCRIPTION OF ACRlEPHIlE CONTAINING NERO'S
SPEECH-
A~TOKpaTWp Kaiuap AEYE&' CC T~§ d's pE ~vol- as Tfi Ka&, £VUE, f3' E&as al.J",r..] E&racT'./, () a& ()'\EII.WV T?jV, Ellye-, vWTaT?jv'EAMlla, KEAruw, 7rAEWTOllS Ka(}'. o[ a]o[v] ~vlleXeTa& ~K TU:I1T7JS rijs ~7rapxdas 7rapf:va& ls K6pw(}ov rii 7rpO TEO"O"apwv KaNtvllwv IlE KEp{3plwv •..
~lJVEA(}6vTWV TWV 0XAWV ~V ~KKA7JO"l'l- 7rpocrE.pw.. V7JO"EV Ttl &OyEy pappeva'
,,'A7rpoO"Il6K7JToV ~PEf:V, o.vllpEs ~EAA7JVES, owpEav, d Ka~ p1Jll& 7raptl Tij§ ~p~§ peyaAo.ppOO"'6V7J§ dva7r&O"TOV, xaplCopa", TocraUT?jV oU7Jv O~K ~XWPr1- O"aTE alTEiu(}a&., IIavTE§ ol ~v 'Axatav Ka~ T~V lw§ vuv IIEA07r6vV7J0"0v KaTO&KOUVTE§ ~EAA7JVE§ M{3eT( E) ~AElJ(}Eplav dvw.poplav ~v 0~1l' ~v Tois Eth-u- , e'" ,,, XWTaTO&S lIPWV 7raVTES XPOVO&S EO"XETE, ~'ytlp dAAOTptO&§ ~ dAA~AO&S ~llollAruO"aTE. E[(}E p~v O~V dKpaCoUU7JS Tijs 'EAMllos 7rapE&X& P7JV TaUT?jV ~V IlwPEtlV iva pOll 7r MtovES d7rD- Nt[ u]wO"& Tijs Xo.P&TOS, Il&o Ka~ pep.popa& TOV alwva 7rpolla7rav~O"aVTo. p.oll TO peYE(}OS Tijs Xo.P&TOS. Ka~ VUV Il~ O~ Ilt EAEOV ~p.a.s dAAa. Ilt wvo&av ~EP- . . APPENDlX A
')'ETW, dJUl{3oJLat 8~ TOVS (hovs fJJLWV GV Ka2 8ta ')'~s Kat 8t.l OaN1.TT1]S atEt JLOV 7rpOVOOJL~VfA!V 7rE- 7rElpap.at OTt .JLOt T"1AtKawa riJEP,),ETEW 7rap~ITXOV, IT6AEtS JL~V ')'ap Ka2 c'lAA.ot ~AEVOEpWITav ~')'EJL6vES, [NEpWV 8~ OA"1V ~v] l7rapxElav,"
'0 dPXtEPEVS TWV };E{3a1TTWV 8ta {3lov Kal NEPWVOS KAav8l0V KallTapos };43a1TTOV 'E7raJUw~v8as 'E7raJLEtv~v&v _El7rEV' 7rP0{3E{30VAEVJLEVOV ~av- Tip Elvat 7rPOS TE ~V {30VA~V Kal T~V ~JLOV' hn8~ i\ TOV 7raVT~S K6ITJLOV KVPWS NEPWV alrr~ Kpa.TWP p.E')'tlTTOS, ~JLapXtK~S l~oVITlas T~ Tpls Kal 8EKaTOV d7ro8E8Et,),JLEVOS, 7ra~p 7raTpt8os, VEOS ·HAtOS l7rtN1.JLfas TOtS ·EAA"1ITW, 7rpOEtPEJLE VOS riJEP')'ETEW ~V 'EAN1.8a, dJLEt{30JLEVOS 8~ Kal Efu-E{3WV TOV§ OEOVS ~JLWV 7raptITTaVOp.EVOVS atrrip 7ra.VTOTE l7rl 7rpovol'f KallTWT1]p{'f, ~V d7r~ 7raVT~S TOV alwvos a1l0t')'E~ Ka2 alrr6xOova lAEv OEplav 7rp6TEPOV dcf>atpEOEKraV TWV 'EAA~VWV Els Kat\ JLOVOS01 TWV·....,' a7r atWVOS'''' aVTOKpaTWp, , JU,),WTOS, cf>tAEAA."1V ,),EV6JLEVOS [N~pwv] ZEVS 'EAEVOEptOS l8w KEV, lxapluaTO, d7rOKaT~ITEV Els T~V dPXat6- T1]Ta ~S alrrovoJLlas Ka2 lAEVOEplas 7rPOITOE2S Tj JLE,),aA'Q Kal d7rp0lT8oK~TIjl 8WPE~ Kal dVEtlTcf>o plav, ~V 01l8ds TWV 7rPDTEPOV };E{3a1TTWV i\AOTEA~ l8wKEV' 8t &. ~ 7raVTa 8E80')'p.EvOV Etvat TO'S TE c'lp XOVITt Kal ITVVE8pots Kal Tip 8~JLIjl KaOtEpWuat JL~V Ka Ta T~ 7rap~v T~V 7rP~S Tip ,:1tt Tip };~Pt {3wp.Ov, l"Irt.- ,),pa'1'OTas'',/.. L,uA t 'E AEV\ 0 Eptljl'[N' EpWVt ]'EtS atwva,'A - Kat,. aAaYJLa- \ I Ta lv Tip vciIjl TOV 'A7r6AA.wVOS TOV ITTwtov ITVvKaOEt.- opVOVTas~ , TO'S• [."1JL'" .] 7raTp'O'S'0· EO'S [N'EpWVO<; , TE ] L,UOSA , 'EMVOEPlov Kal OEo.S };E{3~S [MElTlTaAlv"1S 1], iva TOVTWV OVTWS TEAElTOEVTWV Kal ~ ~JUTEpa 7r&A'S cf>o.tv~a, 7rauav TEtJL~V Kal Efu-l{3Etav lK7rE7r A"1PW- APPENDIX B 40 1
~ , , ~ , "'<' n " [N' KlJta "tS TOV TOV ICVP'OV ~EtJacrrOV EpWVOS... oJI I "Tva& 8~ b a.va:ypacf>V T~ #/cf>"''1J.a 'lrapa. TE T4i ,1.&t T4i ~111- rilP' ~v Tj a.yop~ EV OT~AlI lCa2 EV T4i lEp4i TOV 'A'lrOAAIII vas TOV ITTWtoV.
APPENDIX B
AUGUSTUS'S LETTER TO THE CNIDIANS (p. 357)
AtrrolCpo:rwp Kaw-ap (JEOV v!~s ~,,{3CWT~S a.PX'EPWS ll'lraTOS T~ 8w8EICaTov a.'lr08E8E'yP.~vos lCa2 8-rJp.apx ',qs I.govrrtas T~
TEPOV o.v• (TW 0'EVTo. [~']TOU 0. OEII.'t"'U~ '.I.~ ~ ·'/Tnrov't'o., .I.~"" oE uJJ.Ew Kala'[ U , T]as TaS d.Vo.Kptuns. ~Oavp.a'ov 8' /J.v, '/TWS E1s TWOV EoElUaV.~ TTJV, '/Tap" up.ElV~ E6"ETaCTlav'" ' TWV~ OOVII.WV~" 01• .1.['t' Ell-'] ')'OVTES TTJV, OlK1JV,~,' EI" p.1J P.Ol u't'0opa.I.'~ E006"L,~, I'f" aTE] xal\e1l"Ol\_-' ')'E')'OVEvai, Kal"", '/TpOS TO. EvaVTla P.1CTO'/TOV1J, [p 01,] p.~ KaTa TWV agtwv '/Tav ~TIOVV '/TaOEW br' d.A..\o[Tptav] 'olKIav", VVKTWP P.E O'"f3V pEWS Kal'{3' laS TPIS'" E7rE"1J1I. '[0'] V 0- TWV, Kal'" TTJV KOW1JV"t,. a7raVTWI! VP.WVIt ~ aCT't'all.EI',1,."\ [ av avail- , ] POOVTWV d.')'avaKToVVTES, d.A.ll KaTa TWV Ka~ [OTE ~-] P.VVOVTO, "1TVX1JKOTWV,, , 1JOIK1JKOTWV , ~ , oE~" OVoE~'[ V ] • , \ \' "" '0.... t\,. .... ,..,.... [' '] 0.11.11.0. VVV op WS P.Ol OOKEITE 7ron/uai TTJI EP.1JI 7r Epl TOV- TWV ,),VWP.1JI, 7rpoV01JuaVTESI Kal'" TO. EV TOIS.... v"p.~['] OUIOIS -bP.Wv ~p.o.\o'lEi.V ,),pap.p.aTa. ~ppWUOE.
APPENDJX c. (Ce. p. 379)
(MELEAGER ON SPRING)
XEtp.aTos ~vEp.6EVTOS d..,r a10Epos OlX0P.EVOIO, '/T0PVPE1J p.Et81JUE EpavOEos E'W.POS WP1J' rata 8~ KvaVE1J X.\oEP~V ~CTTEfaTo 7rot1JV, Ko.~ uTa 01JA.~UaVTa VEOIS IK6p.1JuE '/TE~A.OIS. m 8' &7raA.~v 7rtVOVTES &'EgIVTOV 8p6uov 'Hovs A.np.wvES ,),EMwuw, &'VOI')'OP.EVOW p680lo. Xatpn Ka~ ITVP''1'1' VOP.EVS Iv lJPECTCTI A.I')'atvwv, Ko.l '/TOA.W£S IplolS 17r'TEp7rETai 0.17r6.\os a1'lwv, "H~ 8~ 7rA.~OVCTW W ElJpEa Kvp.aTa vaVrai '/TvolV &.7r1Jp.&VT~ ZEVPOV Alva KoA.7r~aVTos. "H~ 8' EMCOVUI EpECTTacf>VA.~ tJ.wvlxr~, i1VOE;; {3OTpv6EVTOS ~pEfap.EVoi Tpt xa KICTCTOV. "Ep')'a 8~ TExv~EvTa {301J')'EVEEITCTI p.EA.tuCTaiS Klitll p,EA.n, Kal CTlp.{3~ 1~JJ.Evai IpyaCovTa, < APPENDIX C 40 3
A£VKd 1I"OAV'TP~TO£O vE6p/nJTa KGAAEa K,¥/pOU. IIGvT'¥/ 8' &pvlOwv ')'EV~ A£ ..t~cpwvov del8n, dAICl!6vES 1I"Epl Kup.a,. XEA£86vES dp.cp2 p.aaOpa.. KVKVOS hr' oxOaunv 1I"OTap.ou, Ka2 wr aAITOS d,¥/8wv. El 8~ CPV'TWV XalPOlXTl /Cop.a&, Ka2 ')'0.;:0. T~O,¥/AEV, crvplCE! 8~ VOP.roi, Ka2 T~p1l"ETa! ~KOp.a. p.~Aa., Ka2 VaUTa! 11" AWOllIT&, .t.!~VlJ(TOS 8~ XOPeVE&, Ka2 P.~A7TE& 7TETWVG, Ka2 ~8lVOlJ(T£ p.EAwua£, 11";;),. o~ xp~ Ka2 do£8~v lv Erap' /CaMv dEW-a,; Anthology, ix. No. 363.
APPENDIX D. (CC. p. 381)
(ON THE DOMESTICATED ELEPHANTS OF ROME)
Specimens from Philip of Thessalonica's Epigrams
O~KET& 1I"lIP')'wOE2s ~ cpaAan0p.GxaS br2 ~pw i1crXETOS ~pp.atvE£ p.lIp!68olls ~AEcpas. dAAd cp6{3'1' lTTelAas {3aO'Uv a~x~va 7TP~S ClI,),o8EITP.OllS, aVTllya' 8!CPPOliAKEI KatcT((poS o~pavloll. Eyvw 8' Elp~v,¥/s Ka2 O~p XGpw' oP')'ava ptfas •ApEos, ~vop.t'¥/s dVTaVG')'E£ 7TaT~pa.. . An/hoI. ix. No. 285.
(ON AGRIPPA'S. MOLE AT PUTEOLI)
"ECroE' 'EAA~IT7TOVTOV ~ {3GP{3apos acppov£ TOAP.U, TO'US 8~ TWOliS Kap.GTOliS 7TGVTas EAliITE Xp&vos' dAAd .t.£/(a£GPXE'~ 8£"I7TEtpIJJ(TE OGAaCTITav, .Ka2 {3110~V Els XEpITOV ITx~p.a p.ETE7TA~ITaTO· APPENDIX D
Aaa, /JaOU fTT"IjP&Yp.a., lCaT¥p'{fIKTf rEAwpov. XEpCTl r,yaVTEUuS o' ~ wp9(1) ~p. HI' &>.: Ikl r>..«&v· &o&vo,w.." o' ~~ va\'1'G&S &aTcaros, Els r,Cots ~p.ol..trrfn ~nv. AII'''"I. ix. No. 708.
(RJDlCULE OF PEDANTS) rpa.~T&J(ol Mwp.ov UT1!Yiov n«vo., fTljTES C:ICQV9';v. T('\X&'VES /Ji/J'\f»v. Z'1vOOOnw u«vAalCES, KaUy&GXOII fTTpa.Tu:m." ell' ~ arMV ~lCTQn'fTQVTES. o~ 4;>TOV ICEIVOII y'\c:icrouv C:'IrOfTTpEcrft fTVVOEup.t»V '\vyp';v 9rlP>/ropES. ofs T~ II fl'v" .; .. U&V .. n'4&, lCal, C'I'"W El_ «<-vas EtXE KVICAwf, TPI/Jowfl Els a:~4 lCaTGTp"{oVTES C:MTpo& &,\,\wI" ~ t ~p4S luI' C:rou/Jmn. All''',,/' xi. No. 321.
(RIDICULE. OF PEDANTS)
XQ&po&9' 0: rEpl IClxrp.ov C:El ra,\Q"'JICOns ~I"P"'> 0& T C:r' 'Apacrnl.pXOII cr1jTEs uav90.l.Oyo&. llo&' "1ap ~p.ol {'I'"'v TlvaS 18pa.rEV ~.\JOS oip.ot'S, lCal T'vas ~v llp4&lTEi'S, lCal TIS 0 llvypa.Mf»V; r&vWuICO~ 0u4 .\(vIC~" lXE' fTTIX0." .; Sf pE.\a.lva ~Pl'l "iICOI TV~'S llEplICQ.\.\'I'ax01~ AII'/lQ1. xi. No. J.u.
(ON HERAS THE ATHLETE)
-IuQIS f'E Ml'fTfTlllV, ~IV(, 'f'4t·po"fOsnopa. lCal ~pOyv&Ov. ~ -AT.\a.V'f'C& onwrrpov. APPENDIX D
(}a/L{3E'is, d7l"WTWV El {3po.mos ~ 4>{Kns. 'AAA rn-(}, /L' 'Hpiiv Aa8&1oja 7rJ./L/Laxov, 8v "2/Lvpva /(a2 8pvs n~P"IJ.p.ov /(aTmE4>~, AEA4>ot. K6pw(}os, "HALs, -Apyos, -AKTLOV· AO'7I"~V 8' de(}Awv ~v lpEVV'l]cros /(pJ.TOS, /(a~ ~v Al{31X1TTav l~ap'(}/L~crELS K6vw. Antlwl xiii. No. 321. INDEX
ACADEMY, the new, 73 Anoekism, of the Chians, 92 Achrea, province of, "57 AntluJlogy, the, 129, 374 slJ. Achreus, a slave leader, 7 Antiochus, assumed as a royal title A~ka, "0 slJ. ; his inscriptions, 21 by slave leaders, 7 AcratllS, Nero's agent, _238 Antiochus Cyzicenus and Grypus, 43 Actium, games at, 253 Antiochus Eusebes, 39 Acts of the Apostles, ""7, "34 Antiochus Sidetes, 40, 43 JEgean, the, "25 Antiquarianism, 321-" JElius Gallus, -240 Antonius, the orator, 84, II7 JEnianes, 296 Antony, M., his character and style, JEtna, Mount, "19 162-3 JEtolia, cities founded by kings in, Apellicon of Teos, 98 203 Apollodorus, Tyrant of 1M Garden, Agatharchides, on the Red Sea, 54 ~ 71 on mining, iOid. Apollodorus of Artemita (historian), Agrippa, M. V., 259 25 Agrippa, king, 364, 366 Apollonius of Tyana, 183, 250, "56, - . Alcibiades, 346 266 Alexander the Great, his prospects Apotheosis, effects of, 390-I of a world Empire, I; his new Appian, 86, 93-4 idea in colonisation, 108 Appius, porch of, at Eleusis, 1"3 Alexander Bala, 40 Arabs, rise in importance of, 45 Alexander Zebinas, 43 Archelaus, 176 Alexandria, "00: character of, 243 Archias, the poet, 1"5-6 slJ· Architect, the, in Indian theatres, Amafinius, C. (Epicurean), 74 35 ; Greek, 363 Amitrochates (Vindusara), 20 Ariarathes, 230 Ammonius, scholarch at Athens, 335 Aristion (Athenion), tyrant of Athens, Ammonius, successor to Aristarchus, 94 slJ· 47 AristobuJus the Maccabee, 44 Amphiaraus, a doubtful God, 147 Aristocracy, want of, in Greece, .335 Amphicrates, sophist, 95 Aristomenes, tulor to Ptolemy V., Analogies, modern, to Greeks and 54 Romans, 134 Aristonicus, his war Wilh Rome, 9, Anchorite, 370 77, II7 INDEX
Aristophanes, 329 Baedeker's Gruel, 123 Aristotle, 329, 332, 341 Baetis, the river. 194, 196 Arsaces. rise of. 22 Balbus conquers Spain, 193 Arsacids, 11011 Balearic islands plagued with rabbits, Arsinoe (the Fayoum district), Pre- 195 face xi, 1103 Bandits in Sicily, sU9 Art, aUeged Indo-Greek, 111 BCH (BulletiN d. ,~da,,(. Art, Pompeian, illS MIII"i,II'), 89, 90, 91, lOll, 107, Artillery, field, 90 112, 145. 171, J81, Sial, 5122, Arts, the, of Greece, at Rome, 80, 11116, 1134, 1141, 1156, etc., etc. 104 ". Beaudouin, M., in BCH, cited, loa Asceticism, Pythagorean, I8a "., Benseler, his law of biatus, 33 I Z8,-8, 385 Beroea, 1169 Asia, Greek cities in, 1101, 1123, 354 Bisbops, prince, 1125 Asia Minor acquiesces in Roman Bithynia, Christianity in, 349; Hel- rule, 101; richness of, 1129 lenism of, 363 Assimilation, national, a43 Bithynians. 363 Assizes, the right of, 1131-11 Blossius of Cumae, 71, 111 Associations, religious, z80 Boethus of Sidon, 75 Assyrian colonisation, model for Bogos, king of Morocco, 50 Persians, etc. f $100 Bomba, king, 1109 Aswan (,te Syene) Borysthenes, the Greeks of, 1173 ". Asylum, right of, 91 Bospborus, the Cimmerian, 8, '1/. Athenseus, on Alexander BaJa, 40; Brundusium, 1109 on Antiochus Sideteg, 40; on Brutus, and Athens, 157-8; senti Epicureans, 66 mentality of, 158-9 Athenodorus ravages Delos, III Buddba Gaya, remains at, 117 Athens, stops SyUa, 93, 98; its Buddhism spread by A~oka, al I,. ; treatment by Rome, 97; recovers in Syria, 186 Delos, 109; visited by Antonius Bury, Mr. J. B., cited, 1141 and and Crassus, 118; not appreciated Preface by Cicero, 1211-3; and Brutus, Byzantium, 355 157; naval weakness, 161; Strabo's account of, 1911; degradation of, ~AR, JULIUS, a true Roman, 156; 1149; S. Paul at Athens, 1169 a demagogue, 305 Athos, Mount, 1153 ClI!sarea, 176, 367 Attalus Ill, 9 Caligula, 1155, 358, 1160, 3a4 Atticus buys pictures, 1411 Callimachus, hi. metric, 375 Augustus, 355, 357; his Greek Caphereus, 1181 policy, 1153; his education, 1154-S; Capital, distribution of, 1164 and Cnidos, 351 Capitals, Greek, of pillars, copied in Aulus Postumius, 70 India, 118 Autodidact, despised in Greece, 81 Cappadocia, 95, "'"9 Aus, coins of king, 119 Caria, the League of, 9 I Cameades, 611 ".; his mission to BABYLON, 1100 Rome, 68". Bacchae of Euripides (in Parthia), Carthage, fertility of, 4-5 33 Carystos, 1165,"1180 Bacchanalia, panic about the, 66 Caaamicciola, suS Bactria, revolt of, and kingdom, 110 Cassino, Monte, compared to religi I,. ous foundations in Asia Minor, 225 INDEX
Cassiterides, the, 194 trasted by Cicero, 148 ; conditions Cassius. and Bratus, 160; his char of,-" acter. 161-2, 237 City. contnasted with village, IS, Cassius Dionysius, I!aDsla1or of 19S. 280; with COWltty. 370-1 Mago. 5 CivIl, worship of, 34 Cato the elder. aDd Canhage, 5; Civil wars, Ro...... their effect em .... d plulosophcrs, 67. 70; aDd Greece, ISS s,. Ratilius, 77 Claadius, 1t59; Hellenisra of• • 55 Cato the younger. aDd Dejotarus, 0-. a bandit-priest, u6 120; and Bmtas, IS~O; his Oeopatna, aDd Antony, 163; ed c:baracter. 160 Herod, 165-7; and OctaviaD, 167; Celaenz, described, 1t31-a a lirIgaist, 243 Chzremon, 241 Clitomaclms of Carthage, 73 Chandragupta (_ SaDdraoottus) Cnidus, brawl at, 357 Chastity. 345-6; Plutan:h em, 345 Cocce, 0e0paIra. 44. 49 Ownaaqua, 712 Coins, Bactria.a and Indian, 1t3 s, .. Cheerfulness, duty of, 344-5 30; of AristiOill at Athens, 94 Chersonnesus, towIl of. go CoUeckn of art at Rome, 106 ChildreD, erposing of, 3'"3; -- Colonies, Roman, their inftaenoe ill meat of infant. 324; education later days, .. ; dale of, gi_ by of. 3'"4 Sf- ScymJms. 57; !he, of C..aesar. 157 Olios, 355; ID-t:reated by Mithra Colonisation, Hellenic and Pbceni dates. 91t ; &domed by Herod, 176 cian, 197-8 ; Hellenistic ed Olristianity. 328, 345. 349 Roman, 1990 110. Cicero OIl Dejotarus, 6; OIl Sa.-. Colonnades. al6, 360 dinia, IS; 0I:l Cameades, 63; em CoIumeDa, cited 011 Mago. 5 art, 139 s,_ ; em Greek philosophy Comana, 1t"5 at Rome, 68, 70, 74; '" ojfo:iis. ComedY. Greek, at Rome. 71 76.; em literary senants, B2; em Company. the placing of, 337 DcIos,nl; his Hellenism, u3 s,.; Confiscation, a63 speaks Greek iD Sicily. 116; his Conver.;ation, the art or. 338 Sf. C:ODSOla1ions, 124; his Greek Cooking. Greek, 335 friends, 135-6; his name em an Cordoba, 196 inscription. 145 Corinth, a 56; S. Paul a.. a70-a; Cicero. jlUlior. letter of, III I Apaleius on, a97 Cicerones, 335 CoriDthiaa capitals, fonnd in Media, Ochorius, cited, 255, 3SS "9; used by Herod, 176 CIG (t:Dt1'" irueriltW... GrIN Cornelia, letters of, 84 ..rw.), au, 228, .52, 259, 310, Corporations at DcIos, 110 3SS. etc. Correspondents, war, illS CIL (aJr1IIS irueriltiot_ !Atilt Cosmetae, portraits or. 32 7 ...... 1 'ciled, go, ...... us, CrIISsas the orator, a., I I 7 etc. Crimea, the kingdom of, 87 Sf. ; its Cimbrio: iDvasiOll, c:risis 01 !he, 8 products, 88 Cirta. 1t 1 9 Crinagoras (s ... Krinagaras) Cities, Greek, iD inlier Asia, 38; iD Cri1olIms, philosopher, 69 Syria ed PalestiDe, 39; 01 the Crocodtles, exhibited, 241 Syrian eoast. 4X, 1t01; 1WDes of, Crooodi1opolis. Prefa.ce" 46; ill Egypt, ..... ; old and new, Ctesiphon, the Parthian Royal Resi 1t28-9 dence, 38 Citi=rlship, Rlmwt and Greek, con- Cumse., alo, an 410 INDEX
Cunningham, General, cited, 27 SfJ. Diophanes, translator of Mago, S Cyclades, exiles on the, 352-3 Diophant)lS, Mithradates' general, Cynics, the, 246 89 Cyrenaica, Greek life in, 220; Jews Dion Chrysostom, 223; compared at, i6id. with Strabo, 227; on Ni=a, 228 ; Cythera, 259 on genealogies, 229; on Cell'enl'e, Cyzicus, 355 231-2; on Tarsus, 235-6; on Rhodes, 237-8; on Alexandria, DAMASCUS, Nicolaus of, 176-7 245 sq. ; on gladiatorial combats, Damon of Chl'eronea, 151 sfJ. 271-2; on Borysthenes (Olbia), Daulis, dispute concerning land at, 274 sq. ; on Eubrea, 277 sfJ. ; on 252 • Prusa, 359 sq. ; on poverty, 288, Decay of nations, inevitable, 396 370; on a course of reading, 385 Deities, Asiatic, worshipped under Discipline, its power in war, 89 Greek names, 226 Dittenberger, his Syllog. cited, 89 Dejotarus, king, an agriculturist, 6 ; Divine honours, 305 - visited by Romans, 120 Dogs, 279 ,Delos, discoveries and inscriptions Doric pillars, alleged copies in India at, 107; history'under the Romans, and in Egypt, 28 109 sfJ· Dlirpfeld, W., on arsenal of Philon, Delphi, 107, 252, 321 99 Delta, the 243 Dorylaos, friend of Mithradates, 92 Demagogues, extinct, 305 Drama, Indian, how related to Greek, Demetrius, Soter (of Syria), 39 31 sq. ; its peculiarities, 32 ; num Demons, Plutarch's theory of 313 ber of plays, 34 Demosthenes cited, 87 Dress, Greek, worn by Romans, lIS Dmtluliates ager, dispute about, 252 Dublin, Italian art in, 106 Depopulation, 101-2, 192 Dyme, revolt at, 100; pirates settled Deputations, modern and ancient at, 153 compared, 72 Diadochi, their common ambition, 2 EARTHQUAKES In lirst century, 2IS, Diaspora, the Jewish, 199, 364 224, 271 Di=archia (s •• Puteoli) Eastern Hellenism, J8 sq. Dignity, human, in Plutarch, 344 Eclecticism, in philosophy, 63, 183, Dinner parties, Plutarch on, 325 sfJ., 328 333 sfJ· ; places at, 336 Education, Roman, 82; of Cicero, Diodoms, on Roman luxury, 3; on u8-9; cost of, 325; Dion on, Eunus's state, 7; on mining, 54-5; 385 on Alexandria, 164 Egypt refuses Lucullus help, 90; Diodotus, first Greek king of Bactria, religion in, 164 21 Egypt, Roman Government of, 242-4 Diogenes, an Epicurean philosopher Elepbants, capture of, SS at Antioch, 40 Elton, cited, 194 Diogenes, the Stoic, at Rome, 69 Embassies to Rome, 357 sq. Diogenes Laertius, cited, 61, 72 Empires of the world compared, IS, Dionysiac artists, 2 I 3 396 Dionysius, Cicero's clerk, 82 Emporil'e,I93 Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 207, 382 Encyclopl'edias, of Diodoms and SfJ., 387 Strabo, J89 Dionysius Thrax, 84 Endurance of Greeks, 132 Dionysus, guilds., of, 33, 96 England, after peace of 1815, com- INDEX 411
pared to Rome, 81; poverty in Franciscans, the, compared 10 Cynics, compared to Greek, 371 246 Epaminondas, 257, 260 Freedom of cities, granted, 87; Eplle6it: institutions, 326-7 under the Romans, 226 ; of Hellas Ephesus appeals to Florus for declared by Nero, 257 . pennission to celehrate a feast, French culture in England, 81 233-4 Fulvius, patron of Ennius, 64 Ephorus, criticised, 210 Epicureans, unpopu!3r, 41; at Her GADARA, 377 'culaneum, 218; expelled from Gades, ships of, 49; Eudoxus at, Rome, 66'; not politicians, 71; 50; wealth of, 193-4 Piso and Philodemus, as, 127 sq. ; Gallus, ..Elius, 340, 357 Vatinius, as, 148-9 Garrison, the Roman, of Egypt, Epicurus, lihelled, 72; his school at 241-2 Rome, 64, 74 Gaza, destruction of, 45 ; Stark on, Eras, local, of Greek cities, 4~ 46 Essenes, sect of the, 185 sq. GelIius, L., and the schools of Athens, Eubrea, Dion's idyll in, 277-88 149 Eucrates, Grreco:lndian king, 23 Genealogies, in Asiatic cities, not Eucratideia, his capital, 23 real or long, 229 Eudoxus the explorer, adventures of, Gentlemen, deficiences of the Greek, 48 sq. 847 Euemerus of Messene, 64 Geography, study of in second cent. Eunus, a slave leader, 7 B.C., 48 sq. Eupatoria, 95 Gessius Florus, 366 Euphuists, 376 Gladiators, war of the, 10; in Euripides, the poet of society, 329-B5 Greece, 271-2 Emycies, 259-60 Godhead, unity of the, 181 Euthydemus, king, 24 Gods, strange, at Delos, IIO Ezekiel, on Tyre, quoted, 47 Gospel, the, 367; greatness of the, 3B9; long ignored, ibid. FABRICIUS, M., cited, 355 Government, centra1isation in, 391 Factions, the, of the Circus, 247· Gracchus, c., his speeches, 84 Feasts, Antigoneia, Euergesia, Ptole- Gracchus, Ti., 77 ; and Blossius, II7 maea, at Delos, loB; at Jerusalem, Gravitas, the Roman, 70 175; in Asia, 232-3 Greece, decadence of, described by Fellahs, the Egyptian, 244 Dion, 249 sq. - Fergusson (architect), on the age of Greek character, Cicero on, 133-4 stone-building in India, 25 Greek citizenship, 148; prose Ferrets, early use of, in Spain, I9S 148 ; its colonising powers, 197; Festivals, Greek, 260 . against Jews, 364 sq. FHG (Fragmenta Historicorum Guide books, old Greek, S3 sq. GrtZCorum', ed. C. Miiller), 177, 228. 241, etc. HADRIAN, 248, 369 Fidelity, conjugal, 323 Hair, dyeing of, by Herod, 165 Figulus, P. Nigidius, 79, IB4 Hamilcar, 197 Financial crisis at Rome, 93 Hardy, Mr., ed. of Pliny's corre Flaccus, Cicero's defence of. 133 spondence, cited, 231, 355, 363 Flavian dynasty, the, and Hellenism, Harpocras, the case of, 244 351 sq. Hecate, temple of, at Stratoniceia, Foucart, M., cited, IBI 91, 225 INDEX
Heius. of Messina. 14 Ice, battie on the, 88 lIeliopolis, the proposed city of Ideals. philosophic, in first century. Arsitonicus, 9 183 Hellenic life in the Crimea, 36 Ilium sacked by Fimbria. 99. 1228 Hellenism. its despair under Rome. Images honoured by Herod, 177 II; its form that of cities. 14; Improvements, architectural. un· Roman, 16. 46; Maccabean. 43 ; popular. 360-2 reaction against. 16. 156; senti Indian trade, 230 mental. 15 sq.; of Herod. 174 sq. ; Innkeepers, Italian. 309 at Naples. Pompeii. etc., 212; InScriptions. cited on Diophantus. of emperors. 254 sq.; Syrian, 378 89; on Delos. 107 sq.; Grreco Hellenomemphites. 202 Latin. 213; cited 'on M. Titius. Heraclea founds Chersonnesus, 89 by Jews of Cyrenaica. 220; funeral. Herculaneum, the papyri of. 129, 220-2; cited on Tiberius. 224 218 (see BCH. MDI. CIG. CIL). Hermallzena, cited, 4 sq. Invitations. long. 333 Herod the Great and Cleopatra, Ionia. antiquities of. in Pausanias • . 165-6; character of, 171 sq. ; his 228 Memoirs, 172; and Eurycles,259 Ionic capitals. to be found in India. Hertzberg, Gesclzicllt, Grieclzenland's, 28 cited, 252, 262, 272, 289, 296. Iris. temple of, at Pompeii. 216 347 Irish epitaph cited. 222 Hiatus, the law of, as a test of gen Ischia. 215 uineness, 331 Iskanderovnah (Scanderoon). 200 Hicks, E. L., his Manual of in· Islands. the iEgean. 262. 352-3 scrips.• cited, 91. 391 Isthmia, games of, 67 B. c .• 256 Hieroglyphics. 241 Italians, massacre of. in Asia, 92 History as conceived by Dionysius Italy, theological advantages of. Halicarn .• 383 383-4 Holiness the source of wisdom, 183 Holleaux. M., in BCH.. on Nero. JASON (tyrant). 304 256 Jerusalem adorned by Herod. 175 Hollows of Eubrea. 277-8 sq. ; Philo on. 364-5 Homer. at Olbia. 275; in Plutarch, Jews, influence in Egypt. 47; in 341; in Dion, 385 Greece, 268. 321, 349; ignorance Honesty, commercial, of Rhodians, concerning. in Plutarch. 321; 237 oppose Hellenism. 16, 42. 358 Horse races at Alexandria, 247-8 sq., 564 sq.; and their diaspora. Hospitality, rustic. 286; Dion on. 199 385 Jobbing in Greek cities. 363 House architecture at Pompeii, Jokes. Plutarch on, 342 215-6; at Delos, 217 Josephus. on discontent of Greek Hungary, climate of. 88 cities under the Parthians. 38; on Hunter'S life. Eubrean, 277 sq. policy of the Maccabees. 42; on Hydra, modern analogy to Gades. Hyrcanus. 45; on Antony. 163 ; 194 • on Herod, 171 sq. ; on the Essenes. Hypata.296 185; on free Greek cities in Syria. Hyrcanian Plain. the, 200 202; on Eurycles. 259 ; autobio Hyrcanus, the Maccabee, 43-4. graphy. 365 ]uba. 219 IALYSOS. tre, of Protogenes. 236 ]ugurtha, 7, 219 INDEX 413
Juvenal on Egyptian cruelty, 248 LucuUus raises a fieet, 90 ; protects Asia, 93; saves Chleronea, 152-3 KAIBEL, on Philodemus, 129, 375-6 Luxury, Plutarch on, 335 Kennesse, the modem, analogous to, Lycia, league of, 203 Greek janegyris, 231 Lysias, his style, 332 Kertch, Museum of, 87 Lysimachus founds a city in lEtolia, Kings in the Crimea, 273; titular, 203 in free Greek cities, 89 Kissipg out of fashion, 285 MACCABEES, rise of the, 41; policy ,Ko,pa., various, in Greece, 102, 253-4 of the, 43 Krinagoras, 157, 255, 355, 379 Macchiavelli, cited, 304 Kurds, the, 229 ' Macedonia, 199; S. Paul in, 267 Macedonian, a title in Egypt, 165, LABERIUS, on Cicero, II3 242 Labienus, ravages Caria, 226 Mago on agriculture, 5 sf/; Lagina, inscription of" 91 Manius AquiUius, 97 Land question in EubClla, 282, Manners, Plutarch on, 324 sq.; Lassen, Indiscke Altertkumskunde, lauded in inscriptions, 221; in cited, 19; on evidence of coins, epitaphs, II2 24; on the Indian drama, 3r, Marble, Greek trade in, 251 36 Mariamme, 167, 172-4 Latifundia in Greece, 251 Marriages, rich and poor compared" Latinisms in Greek decrees of the 288 Senate, 147 Massanassa, named at Delos, 112 Laudations of private people in in Massilia, Greek centre in the West, scriptions, 112, 261; their mean 85; Hellenic not Hellenistic, 193 ; ing, 263 opposes Clesar, 202, 205 Lecky, W_ H_ cited, 303 Mathematics, Greek, 48 Lectures, Greek, at Rome, 70; Matter, on Alexandria, 188 proper conduct at, 330-li 333 Mauretania explored, 50 Letronne cited, 240 MDI (Mittkei/ungen des deutscken Letter of Augustus, 357-8 Instituts in Aiken), 94. 98, 233, Leucon, tyrant in the Crimea, 87 252, 257, 260, 274, 316, etc, Levity, Greek, 132 sf/_, 364 Medeon amalgamates with Stiris, Liberty of Greeks, 257, 265 ; varia 102 tions in the terms of, in Asiatic Mediation in philosophy objected to cities, 354-5 by Cicero, ISO Libraries, 325 Megara. kings at, 89 Liguria, struggle of Rome with, 201, Megasthenes, his Indica, 19 Sf/., 26 205 Melanthius, 340 Lions at Megara, 158 Meleager (poet), 373, 377, amI Ap Litigations, land, in Greece, 252 pendix C Livy, cited, 65, 296 Memmius and the Epicureans at Longinus, 385, 392 sf/_ Athens, 123 Loquacity, Plutarch on, 340 sf/ Memnon, the statue of, 240 Love, Plutarch on, 346 Memphis, 241 • Lovers, in society, 337, 342 Menander" Indo-Greek king, 23 Lucian, 332, 381 Menander, the poet, in Terence's Lucilius (poet), 73, 82, 83 versions, 7 I, 249; praised by Lucius of Patrie, 295 sf/ Plutarch, 329 Lucretius, his poem, 78 Messene, 11511 414 L,,\DEX
Military colonies of Aleundes- and of Numa, the books of, 64 ", . Romans, IlOO Mining in Pontus, 10; in Egypt, 10; OATHS. not repected by Greeks, 133 in Nubia, 54; unproductive, :t6S Obscurity in "b'Itokgy, 129 Mitbradates, 86, 90, 92 s" Octa,u. 356 Mob, the city, :t63, :t80 Octavian pany in the chil war, 226 Mommsen, Th., his authority cited, ~MOUDt, 1196 60, 82, 146, 192, 212 Olbia, 1174 Monarch, a magisterial title. 89 Olympia, treasures of, stolen by Monarchical rule preferred by Asia- N Pergamum, kin"gS of, praised, 57 tors, 272: on the Jews, 321 ; on Petilius, L., finds Pythagorean books, manners and education, 323 sg. : 65 and law of hiaJus, 331 Petrie, Mr. F., his discovery of Poets thanked for praising Delos, I I 2 Greek papyri, Preface ix sg. Politarchs at Thessalonica, 268 Phanias,40 Polity, 303 Philip of Thessalonica (poet), 380-1, Polybius, the crisis of his time, I, 4: and Appendix D his position, 67: on Roman Philippi. 267 luxury, 3: on Roman education, Philo (Judaeus) on Augustus, 171 : 81: compared with Dionysius ,on Therapeutre, 184: on Alex Hal., 383 andria, 243: on exile, 353; mis Pompeii, 214 sg. sion to Caligu1a, 358 sq.: on Pompey, settlement of the East by, Caligula, 359 sg. 46, 224; character, 143: and the Philodemus of Gadara, 127 SfJ., 218 pirates, 154-5 Philosophers expelled by Antiochus Porus, title of Indian kings, 30 Sidetes, 40: sent on missions, 68· Posidonius quoted on luxury of 9: household, at' Rome, 100: ac Syrian cities; 46: on Aristion, 96: company Roman generals, 102: and Pompey, 103 compared with sophists, 327 Priesthoods, title of nObility, 226 Philosophy, Greek, at Rome, 60 sg. : Probability, doctrine of, in Carne in Latin, II4; ascetic, in first ades' teaching, 63 century, 178 sq_, 370 - Prose, Latin, created by Cicero, II4 Philostratus, his Lift of Apollonius Provinces, Cicero's picture of the, cited, 29, 266 144 'Phocylides, 275 Provincialism derided, 138 Phcenician settlements differ from Pstphisma, the Greek, its defects, Greek, 193: at Athens, etc., 199 134 Phcenicians, their seamanship, 198 Ptolerruea at Delos, 108 Photius, 299 Ptolemy Lathytus, 44, 54 Picture galleries, 322 Pu6iicani,' oppression of the, 8, 146 rr.p<'I'Y'7T'ls (Cicerone), 53 Punctuality at dinner, 336 Pirreus dismantled by Sylla, !l8 Purser, Mr. L. C., quoted, 55, 313 Pirates, the, 153 and Preface Piso, Cicero's picture of, 127 Puteoli replaces Delos, II2, 2Il sg. Places at dinner, 336 Pyramids, Strabo on the, 241 Platrea, 297 Pyrrho, school of, 62 Plate, old silver, its value at Rome, 80 Pyrrhus, his successes against Rome, Plato, 332, 338, 386 I Plays, Indian (see Drama) Pythagoras, alleged books of, 65: Pliny, the elder, cited,S: on Me- new school of, 79, 179 sg.; mythi trodorus, 68 , cal portrait of, 181 Pliny, the younger, cited, 227 Plotius, L., teaches Latin rhetoric, QUEEN-MOTHERS, their importance u8 in Seleucid and Ptolemaic history, Plutarch, on king Menander's death 39,44 ' andpopu!arity,23: onlEm.Paullus, Quintus Cicero, letters to, 136, 138 68: on the days of Mithradates, 86: on Marius, 104: on Damon RABBITS, plague of, 194-5 Peripoltas, 151-3; on Antony, Rabirius at the Alexandrian court 162: on exile, 261-2: on gladia- uS 416 INDEX Rajendrala1a Mitra opposes Fergus Scaptius, 158 son on age of Indian stone build Scepsis, MSS. of Aristotle at, 99 ing, 25 sq. Scepticism, failure of,' 180 Ravenna, 208 Schliemann, Dr., on Novum Ilium, . Reinach, Th., cited, 98 228, 36j Religion in Greek and Phamician Scholarchs, Athenian, 61; character colonies, 198 of, in second century, 62 Renaissance, the, and stucco, 216 Schools, philosophic, and their Revolutions, Roman, injure Hellen policy, 94 ism, 85 Schtirer, his History of Israel Rhetoric, Greek, as opposed to quoted,46 Roman, 84 . Scipio and Polybius, 67 ; and Rhodes, Strabo on, 236 sq.; Dion Panretius, 76 on, 237, 248 Scipionic circle, 3 Rhodians, control Delos, 109; con Scymnus of Chios, his geography, quered by Cassius, 161 ; poverty 56,59 of, 237-8 Scythians, 90, 274-5 Rhone, the, 201 Sea, the Red, 54-5 Riviera, the, 201 Sebaste, 176 Roads, Roman, essential to their Seleucia on the Tigris, 38 colonies, 201 SeleuQus I., his Eastern policy, 18 Roman governor, rapacity of, 14, Senart (in Journal Asiatiqut (or 143 sq. 1885) on the inscription of A~oka, Roman gravitas compared to 22 English, II Senate, the Roman, missions to the, Rome, and Alexander, I; not edu from the Maccabees, 43; decree cated for undertaking an empire, on the books of Numa, 66; on 2-4; asserts superiority to Greece, Stratoniceia, 91; on Oropus, 131 ; mission of, in the East, 37 ; 145 ; on Narthakion, 146 the only capital of the world, Senatus-consulta, 145 sq. 12; enforces Hellenism, 205; Senatus-consultum, of Lagina, 91 ; Strabo on, 206; policy in Asia about Sparta and Messene, 252 Minor, 354 Sicily, slaves in, 7; the Greeks of, Rubensohn on Crinagoras, 376 according to Cicero, 131-2; Rudeness, Germanic, 222 Phrenicians and Greeks in, 197 ; Rufus, Rutilius, 76, 78, 97 decay of, 218-9 Rules of verse, strict, 375 Silanus, D., translator of Mago, 5 . Rural life in Greece, Dion on, 276 s!Z., Simon, the Maccabee, 42 370 -2 Sinope, 9S Slaves, Carthaginian, 6; their /irst SAMARIA, destroyed by Maccabees, revolt in Sicily, 7; its Hellenistic 43 character, 7; their second revolt, Samnites occupy Naples, 210 7-9; combine with gladiators, 10 Sandracottus, his allianee with Snake, caught for Ptolemy II, S6 Seleucus, 19 Snoring o( the Tarsians, 235 Sanskrit, the language of the Indian Sophist, the, compared with the drama, 32 philosopher, 327 Sardinia, low condition of, IS Spain, Hellenism of, 192 sq.; effect Saviour; expected by the slaves, 9 of, on the East, 195 Sayee, Prof.,. cited, 200, 313, and Sparta, games at, ::159 Preface Spartacus, 10 ( INDEX Stark, Professor B., quoted on Tact, ,want of, in great personages, Philistia and Palestine, 41 sq. 343 Statues, renaming of, 239- Tarentum, 209 Stilo, L. lElius, teaches Latin, 84 Tarsus, description of, 234 sq. Stiris, 102. I52 . Taxila, Hellenistic temple at, 28-9 Stoas," 360 sq. Tenos, festival at, 231 Stoics, Roman, 75-6, 85, 159, 160; Terence, translates Menander, 83 antiquated, 180; affected by the Theatres, Indian, 33 East, 187 , Thebes, Egyptian, revolt ,and de- Strabo, on mining and its hardships, struction of, 168 10; quotes Megasthenes, 19; on Thebes, Boootian, deserted, 288 king Menander, 23; cites Apol Theorists on style, 381 lodorns, 25; Nicolaus, 30; criti Therapeutae, sect of the, 184 cises story of Eudoxus, 51; on Thessalonica, 267-8 the tyrants of the Crimean Bos Tiberius, the Emperor, restores cities phorus, 87; on Mithradates, 92; in Asia, 224; Hellenism of, 255, on Aristotle's books, 99; on the Tigxanes, 90, 92 ; monarch of Syria, Corinthian pottery, 157; general 168 estimate of, 189-92; travels, 191 ; Tigranocerta, 92 on Spain, ,192 sq.; Empori... , Tiro and Cicero, 135 193; on rabbits, 195; on the Topt1.rcks,46 Celts, 204; on Rome, 206; his TorY dreams, realisation of, II mission, 206-7; on Asia, 232 sq. ; TOY-Ct1.Tt, the, 35 on Comana, 225-6;, on Rhodes, Trade, in Greece, 250-1 236-7; on Egypt, 240 sq.; on Training, bodily, Plutarch on, 325-6 papyrus and balm of Gilead, 242 Trajan, 259, 263, 391 Strategus, military, at Athens, 98 ' Treasures of art carried to Rome, Stratoniceia, in Carla, 91. 146 104 sq. ; in Sicily, 142 Stucco, use of, 216 TroglOdytes, in Nubia, 55 Style, 384, 386; decay of, 392 sq. Trophies,' set up by Herod at Jeru- Sublime, Longinus on the, 385 sq. salem, 175 Suetonius, on Augustus, 162; on Tryphon, a slave leader, 9 Vespasian. 258; on Domitian, Tubero, a Stoic, 149 258-9 Turcomans, the, 205 Superstition of Sylla, 103 Turdetani, the, 196 Sybaris, 333 Tyrannicide, why popular, 160 Syene (AswAn) 241 Tyrannio, heard by Strabo, 206 Sylla turns back the stream of Tyrants, in Babylon, etc., 38 ; on history, 13; in Carla, 91; his Syrian coast, 41 ; in the Crimea, 87 memoirs. 93-4; his associates, Tyrian companies at Puteoli, 214 103 ; sends veterans to Pompeii, 214 Um!JT(JJ at dinner, 343 Symposiarch, the, 337-8 Unhealthiness, hereditary, common, Syria, its vicissitudes in the second 32 3 century B. C., 39; rich in pro Unity of the Deity preached by ducing philosophers, 61; under Pythagoreans, 181; by Dion, Tigxanes, 90, 168; its Greek 239; by Plutarch, 3Il-2 cities restored, 169 Universities, 265 Unknown gods, the, 269 TABLE-TALK of Plutarch, 338 sq. Unpopularity of philosophers, 374 Tacitus, 256, 284 Urou toga/(JJ, 203 2E INDEX Utica, 219 Windisch, Prof., on the Indian drama, 34-6 VALERIUS ANTIAS (historian), cited Wise man, the Stoic, 183 by Livy, 65 Wit in conversation, 3411 Varenus, 306 Women, the rights of, 358 Ventidius conquers the Parthians, World-empire, the idea of its growth, 170 II Verres, Cicero against, 139 ",. ; his Wrecking, 1181, 284 outrages, 141 Wyttenbach on Plutarch, 331 Vespasian, cancels Nero's edict, 1157-8, 355 ; his Hellenism, 258 XENOCRATES, 352 Vesuvius, its eruption, .ns Xenophon cited on oIKov"J.'1. Vices of Longinus's age, 393-4 [5 ; on Phamician 'hip, [78; at Viereck, on the Greek of the Senate, Scillus, 3511 . 147 Vigo bay, 194 Y(J1JtJIf;It"', the stage curtain, 35 Villages, IS, 195, 1140 Yokel, the country, 373 Violence, Greek, in accusation, 138 Virtues, domestic, lauded on ZELA, a religious foundation in Asia Epitaphs, 2,.2 Minor, 1225 Volkmann, on Plutarch, 3[9; criti Zeller, his PIliiosopllu dw Gri.cllm cised, 331 cited, 61. 67, 183, 185, 187, 266 WElL, R., in MDI, 94 Zeno, of Tarsus, 75 Wilson, Prof. H. H., on the Indian Zeus, Abrettene, 236; temple of, at drama, 31 $'1. Olbia, "76 Wills, Grreco-Egyptian, Preface x, Zumpt on the succession of Athenian xi schoiarchs, 61 WORKS BY J. P. MAHAFFY. FELLOW, ETC., OF TRINITY COLLEGE, DUBLIN; RON., FELLOW OF QUEEN'S OOLLEGE, OXFORD, ETO. Social Life in Greece, from Homer to Menander. Sixth Edition, enlarged. Crown Bvo. 9s. 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