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Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Evidence from UNICEF’S ARCC II Programme

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Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Evidence from UNICEF’S ARCC II Programme Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Evidence from UNICEF’s ARCC II Programme International Research & Evaluation Juan Bonilla, Kaitlin Carson, Gilbert Kiggundu, Mitchell Morey and Hannah Ring American Institutes for Research Eleonora Nillesen UNU-MERIT Gabriele Erba and Steven Michel UNICEF (DRC) APRIL 2017 Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Evidence from UNICEF’s ARCC II Programme April 2017 Juan Bonilla, Kaitlin Carson, Gilbert Kiggundu, Mitchell Morey and Hannah Ring American Institutes for Research Eleonora Nillesen UNU-MERIT Gabriele Erba and Steven Michel UNICEF (DRC) 1000 Thomas Jefferson Street, NW Washington, DC 20007-3835 202.403.5000 www.air.org Contributors This research on the results of UNICEF’s Alternative Assistance for Communities in Crisis (ARCC) II programme is being conducted by American Institutes for Research (AIR) under contract to UNICEF. The principal investigators for the overall research are Juan Bonilla (AIR) and Eleonora Nillesen (United Nations University – MERIT, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). The team leaders of this report are Juan Bonilla and Eleonora Nillesen, but many others made important contributions and are listed below by institutional affiliation (in alphabetical order within institution). Gabriele Erba (Monitoring Specialist) and Steven Michel (Emergency Specialist), from UNICEF’s Democratic Republic of the Congo country programme, contributed significantly to the writing, analysis and editing of the study. AIR: Juan Bonilla, Kaitlin Carson, Gilbert Kiggundu, Mitchell Morey and Hannah Ring United Nations University: Eleonora Nillesen UNICEF: Gabriele Erba and Steven Michel The suggested citation for this report is: American Institutes for Research. (2017). Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Evidence from UNICEF’s ARCC II Programme. Washington, DC: Author. Contact information: Juan Bonilla Hannah Ring [email protected] [email protected] Disclaimer: The views expressed in this publication are solely those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF). The description and classification of countries and territories used, and the arrangements of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNICEF. This material has been funded by UK aid from the UK government; however the views expressed do not necessarily reflect the UK government’s official policies. All authors of this research declare to the best of their knowledge not to have any conflict of interests such as financial interests or other personal considerations which may compromise, or have the appearance of compromising, their professional judgment with regard to in this research. American Institutes for Research Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the DRC—ii Acknowledgments The AIR team appreciates having the opportunity to undertake this important work commissioned by UNICEF and the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), also referred in the document as UKaid. We recognize the contributions of many individuals without whom it would not have been possible to complete this collaborative study. Our thanks go to the UNICEF team in Kinshasa and Goma for the financial and technical support they provided, as well as to ARCC II partners for hosting and facilitating AIR team field visits. We also recognize the significant implementation and data collection work conducted by the ARCC II programme’s implementing partners: Concern Worldwide, Mercy Corps and Solidarités International. Our acknowledgments would be incomplete without mentioning our very able research assistants who assisted with data collection in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The patience exercised by the Congolese households, community leaders and community members during interviews and focus groups is also greatly appreciated. The UNICEF team would like to recognize the significant contributions of multiple individuals to the design, implementation, monitoring and research components of ARCC II. Thanks go in particular to UNICEF DRC colleagues Yannick Brand, Adhelin Muzegekwa, Camille Donnat, Fiston Cokola Mwami and Patrick Konan Nguessan. Special thanks are extended to Cecilia Pietrobono for her outstanding work in leading the ARCC II programme as programme coordinator from July 2013 to January 2015. Without Cecilia’s untiring commitment to the ARCC programme, partners and beneficiaries, ARCC II would never have been as successful as it was and this paper would not have been possible. On the side of the implementing partners, the hard work of David Kiernan from Concern Worldwide, Solenne Delga, Francesca Reinhardt and Marc Kalaba from Mercy Corps, and Basile Rambaud from Solidarités International was vital to ensuring the success of both the programme delivery – often in challenging settings where multi-purpose cash-based programming was virtually unknown – and the extensive data collection in the field. Without their dedication to the ARCC II programme, this research would not have been possible. UNICEF would also like to thank Sarah Bailey, who has worked as a technical advisor to UNICEF throughout the ARCC II programme, including drafting the initial programme strategy documents. Sarah’s inputs throughout the process, including in the review of this learning paper, have been invaluable to the programme and to this study. Finally, UNICEF would like to acknowledge the significant contribution of UKaid, not only for funding this programme, but also for working with UNICEF to shape all aspects of the ARCC II programme and research. In particular, Alastair Burnett (who served as DFID’s humanitarian advisor for the period of ARCC II) had a shared vision with UNICEF and the ARCC partners for the possibilities of expanding the use of cash-based response in the DRC and the need to generate learning and evidence about these approaches. Alastair’s insights and guidance at key moments throughout the ARCC II programme were of critical importance, and this paper bears the mark of Alastair’s contributions. American Institutes for Research Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the DRC—iii List of acronyms AAP Accountability to Affected Populations AIR American Institutes for Research ARCC Alternative Responses for Communities in Crisis AVSI Associazione Volontari per il Servizio Internazionale CBA Cash-based assistance CDF Congolese franc (920 CDF = 1 USD) CRM Complaints response mechanism DART Disaster Assistance Response Team DFID United Kingdom Department for International Development DRC Democratic Republic of the Congo FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FCS Food Consumption Score FGD Focus group discussion HFIAS Household Food Insecurity Access Scale HHI Household Hunger Index IDI In-depth interview IDP Internally displaced persons KII Key informant interview MFI Microfinance institution MNO Mobile network operator NFI Non-food item NGO Non-governmental organization OCHA Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs OFDA Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance PIM Post-intervention monitoring PSM Propensity score matching American Institutes for Research Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the DRC—iv RCT Randomized controlled trial RIMA Resilience Index Measurement and Analysis Model SSI Semi-structured interview UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund UCT Unconditional cash transfer UKaid United Kingdom Department for International Development VSLA Village Savings and Loans Association American Institutes for Research Humanitarian Cash Transfers in the DRC—v Contents Contributors .............................................................................................................................. ii Acknowledgments.................................................................................................................... iii List of acronyms ...................................................................................................................... iv 1. Introduction ..........................................................................................................................11 2. Evidence on cash transfers: A literature review ..................................................................13 3. The ARCC programme ........................................................................................................16 4. Theory of change .................................................................................................................20 5. Research questions ...............................................................................................................23 5.1 Overall impacts ..............................................................................................................23 5.2 Process ...........................................................................................................................24 6. Data ......................................................................................................................................25 6.1 Quantitative sources .......................................................................................................25 6.1.1 Phase 1 (February to September 2014) ................................................................... 25 6.1.2 Phase 2 .................................................................................................................... 27 6.2 Qualitative data ..............................................................................................................28
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