URBAN DISPLACEMENT 1 Issue 36 November 2010 Democratic Republic of Congo Past. Present. Future? Plus articles on: Sudan’s referendum, return for women in Liberia, the Kampala Convention, information and rumour … and more FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION ONLY From the editors he Democratic Republic of Congo is unfortunately We continue to try to make FMR more accessible Tsynonymous with its dreadful past and its terrible to those with visual disabilities. The whole issue is present, despite its beauty, complex history and unachieved available online as a PDF, and all articles in this issue potential. Locked not only into its own internal troubles are available in HTML format that is appropriate for but also into those of the African Great Lakes region, it has screen-readers and as audio files. Our website also provided more than enough material on forced migration, offers links to software downloads to aid accessibility. violence and political quagmires to fill this issue of FMR. FMR36 is being distributed together with a special As Bernard Mumpasi Lututala’s article reminds us, FMR supplement on HIV/AIDS, security and displacement did not begin in the early 1990s, yet conflict. See http://www.fmreview.org/AIDS/ there has been since then a continuous series of events triggering displacement, suffering and all manner of All issues of FMR are freely available, and searchable, breaches of people’s rights and security. Unconscionable online at http://www.fmreview.org.mags1.htm. We numbers of people have died or been killed. encourage you to post online or reproduce FMR articles but please acknowledge the source (with a link The historical and immediate causes of displacement to our website) – and, preferably, let us know. And if are covered here. Also discussed – perhaps more your organisation has an online library of resources importantly – are the ways in which displaced people or listings of thematic links, we would be grateful experience those causes and their effects: the loss of if you would add links to back issues of FMR. livelihood and community, of stability and security. The possibilities for return, also covered here, are heavily Forthcoming issues of FMR constrained by the immediate forces that caused the ■■FMR 37 will include a feature theme on Non- displacements, as well as by longer-term and more deep- state armed groups, due out in March 2011 rooted political and historical factors. The widespread (http://www.fmreview.org/non-state/). and brutal sexual violence found amidst the general ■■FMR 38 will include a feature theme on Technology violence in DRC is particularly shocking, eliciting and communications. See the call for articles outrage as well as attempts to find ways to curb it and to at http://www.fmreview.org/technology/ protect girls and women, and boys and men, from it. Details of forthcoming issues can always be found While the articles contained in this issue of FMR make at http://www.fmreview.org/forthcoming.htm grim reading, they also offer glimmers of hope for better outcomes, at least potentially, alongside analysis of Finally, we would like to welcome Kelly Pitt to the how and why these things have been happening. There FMR team as Promotion and Funding Assistant. are political and humanitarian agreements; there are She replaces Heidi El-Megrisi who has moved on laws and the beginnings of systems to uphold them; to another post in the Refugee Studies Centre. We there are people determined to work their way out would like to thank Heidi for all her work for FMR. of their seemingly intractable situation. Potentially it can get better in DRC, and we hope that this issue of With our best wishes FMR will make a contribution to stimulating analysis and building awareness to support that process. Marion Couldrey & Maurice Herson Editors, Forced Migration Review This issue is online at http://www.fmreview.org/DRCongo/ and will be available in English, French, Spanish and Arabic. We would like to thank those agencies who have generously provided funding for this particular issue: Concern Worldwide, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (DFAIT), Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC/NRC), International Alert, the Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa (DRC office), Refugees International and UNHCR’s Regional Bureau for Africa. We would also like to thank all our regular donors for their continued, valuable support. All donors are listed on p67. Mugunga IDP camp outside Goma, DRC Norwegian Refugee Council/Truls Brekke Reproductive Health Access, Information and Services in Emergencies www.fmreview.org/DRCongo/ FMR 36: In this issue... 2 From the editors 37 Challenges of protection Emma Fanning Forced Migration Review Democratic Republic of Congo 39 Innovation in cash-voucher programming (FMR) provides a forum for the Kokoévi Sossouvi regular exchange of practical 4 A scandal that needs to end 40 Fuelwood: getting it right experience, information and John Holmes Cooking fuel, fuelling a crisis ideas between researchers, 6 The dynamics of instability in eastern DRC Jean Claude Mizaba Bampa refugees and internally Pierre Jacquemot SAFE workshops in DRC displaced people, and those who 8 The role of governance and research Josué Sefu Aruna work with them. It is published Bernard Mumpasi Lututala 42 ICRC: careful analysis is the key in English, Arabic, Spanish and Veronika Talviste French by the Refugee Studies 10 Displacement trends in DRC Greta Zeender and Jacob Rothing 43 Child disability, the forgotten crisis Centre of the Oxford Department of International Development, 13 Beyond the silence: sexual violence in eastern DRC 44 Outside camp settings University of Oxford. Jessica Keralis Alena Koscalova, Elena Lucchi and Sabine 14 Protection from sexual violence in DRC Kampmüller Staff Sarah Mosely, Talita Cetinoglu and Marit Glad 45 Displacement and discrimination – Marion Couldrey & 16 Preventing sexual violence the Bambuti Pygmies Maurice Herson (Editors) Melanie Teff and Camilla Campisi Kelly Pitt (Funding & 46 Training trainers in reproductive health Promotion Assistant) 18 Land and property disputes impeding return Boubacar Toure, Hélène Harroff-Tavel, Sara Casey Sharon Ellis (Assistant) and reintegration and Tegan Culler Oumar Sylla 48 Refugee return and root causes of conflict Forced Migration Review 20 Land, IDPs and mediation Maria Lange Refugee Studies Centre Baptiste Raymond Oxford Department of 50 Return in the political context of North Kivu 21 Not going home: displaced youth after war Fergus Thomas International Development, Timothy Raeymaekers University of Oxford, 51 Of tripartites, peace and returns 23 Evictions from DRC’s protected areas 3 Mansfield Road, Steve Hege Kai Schmidt-Soltau Oxford OX1 3TB, UK 54 Foundations for repatriation and peace in DRC 24 Press-ganged children Vanessa Noël Brown Email: [email protected] Axel Poullard Skype: fmreview 25 At lunchtime we heard gunshots General articles Tel: +44 (0)1865 281700 Fax: +44 (0)1865 281730 26 Too big to fail 56 What hope for IDPs in a new Sudan? Ross Mountain Taghrid Hashim Ahmed http://www.fmreview.org 27 DRC: a donor perspective 57 Rumour versus information Seb Fouquet Adam Saltsman 29 Planning for the future of North Kivu 59 The displaced also protest Disclaimer François Tuyihimbaze Rucogoza Freddy A Guerrero and Estefanía Vanegas Opinions in FMR do not 30 Lives at risk 60 Safe and suitable return for women fleeing conflict in Liberia necessarily reflect the 32 Civil society and the displaced persons views of the Editors, the of Bandundu Victoria Ijeoma Nwogu Refugee Studies Centre or Pierre Sossou, Boanerges M’Paty 62 The Kampala Convention and protection from the University of Oxford. and Fulgence Buzika arbitrary displacement Maria Stavropoulou Copyright 33 Congolese women activists in DRC and Belgium Any FMR print or online material Marie Godin and Mado Chideka 64 The pervertibility of refugee status Ana Paula Penchaszadeh may be freely reproduced, 35 Civil society and peace processes in Kivu provided that acknowledgement Arnila Santoso 65 The road from Kabul Lucia Cipullo and Jeff Crisp is given to ‘Forced Migration 36 The Data Centre for IDPs in North Kivu Review www.fmreview.org’. Laura Jacqueline Church 68 Endnote ISSN 1460-9819 Designed by Art24 www.art-24.co.uk Invitation to write for FMR long academic articles in costly aspect of contemporary forced Printed by You don’t need to be an academic journals. FMR aims to migration. Each issue of FMR Newman Thomson Ltd experienced writer to write for FMR. bridge the gap between research has a theme but a proportion of www.newmanthomson.com Email us with your suggestions, and practice so that practice- each issue is set aside for any draft articles or internal reports oriented research gets out to other subject relating to refugees/ – and we will work with you to policymakers and the field, and IDPs or stateless people. shape your article for publication. field experience, lessons learned Material may be submitted in and examples of good practice are Too often experience gained in English, Spanish, Arabic or French. shared as widely as possible. But the field is confined to an internal For more details, please see we need you to help us do that. report, circulated within one office http://www.fmreview.org/ or organisation only; and too often We encourage readers to send writing.htm or email us research is disseminated only via us written contributions on any at [email protected] 4 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO FMR 36 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Bangassou SUDAN Uban Juba