DOCSLIB.ORG

Afghans in Iran

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

HUMAN RIGHTS UNWELCOME GUESTS Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights WATCH Unwelcome Guests Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights Copyright © 2013 Human Rights Watch All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America ISBN: 978-1-62313-0770 Cover design by Rafael Jimenez Human Rights Watch is dedicated to protecting the human rights of people around the world. We stand with victims and activists to prevent discrimination, to uphold political freedom, to protect people from inhumane conduct in wartime, and to bring offenders to justice. We investigate and expose human rights violations and hold abusers accountable. We challenge governments and those who hold power to end abusive practices and respect international human rights law. We enlist the public and the international community to support the cause of human rights for all. Human Rights Watch is an international organization with staff in more than 40 countries and offices in Amsterdam, Beirut, Berlin, Brussels, Chicago, Geneva, Goma, Johannesburg, London, Los Angeles, Moscow, Nairobi, New York, Paris, San Francisco, Sydney, Tokyo, Toronto, Tunis, Washington DC, and Zurich. For more information, please visit our website: http://www.hrw.org NOVEMBER 2013 978-1-62313-0770 Unwelcome Guests Iran’s Violation of Afghan Refugee and Migrant Rights Map .................................................................................................................................... i Glossary/Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... ii Summary ........................................................................................................................... 1 Key Recommendations ..................................................................................................... 13 Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 15 I. Background: Afghans in Iran .......................................................................................... 18 The Political Context ............................................................................................................... 21 Conditions in Afghanistan Today ............................................................................................. 25 II. Barriers to Obtaining and Retaining Refugee Status in Iran .......................................... 30 Onerous Amayesh Registration Requirements for Refugees and Asylum Seekers .......................... 32 Forfeiture of Refugee Status .................................................................................................... 38 Voluntary Return .................................................................................................................... 40 Barriers to New Refugee Registration ...................................................................................... 43 The CRP Process: Path to Becoming “Legal”? .......................................................................... 46 The “Solutions Strategy” ........................................................................................................ 51 III. Abuses Against Afghans Living in Iran ......................................................................... 54 “No Go Areas” ........................................................................................................................ 54 Case of Hakim S. and Family .................................................................................................. 56 Case of Najib T. and Family .................................................................................................... 57 Denial of Education and Failure to Prevent Child Labor ............................................................ 61 Curtailed Access to Education ............................................................................................... 62 University Trade-offs ............................................................................................................. 66 Denial of Citizenship and Marriage Rights .............................................................................. 68 Limitations on the Right to Work ............................................................................................. 70 Vigilante “Justice” .................................................................................................................. 71 IV. Abuses During the Deportation Process ....................................................................... 76 Physical Abuse, Theft, and Destruction of Property .................................................................. 76 Deportation without Due Process ............................................................................................ 81 Case of Nabil M. and Family ................................................................................................... 84 Case of Hashim M. and Family ............................................................................................... 85 Poor Conditions in Detention Facilities .................................................................................... 85 Abuse and Neglect of Unaccompanied Migrant Children ......................................................... 89 Case of Zalmai K. .................................................................................................................. 90 Case of Salim T. ..................................................................................................................... 93 Arrest, Detention, and Abuse in Police Stations and Transit Detention Facilities .................... 95 Family Separation ................................................................................................................. 100 Case of Hasina and Zohrah and Family ................................................................................ 101 Case of Arif and Family ........................................................................................................ 102 Case of Nasrat B. ................................................................................................................. 103 Case of Nader R. .................................................................................................................. 103 Case of Mariam G. ............................................................................................................... 104 Deportation-Related Fees and Forced Labor .......................................................................... 106 V. Recommendations ...................................................................................................... 109 To the Islamic Republic of Iran .............................................................................................. 109 Access to and Protection of Refugees and Asylum Seekers .................................................. 109 Access to Education, Employment, and Other Services for Refugees and Asylum Seekers ... 110 Fair Options for Migrant Workers and their Families .............................................................. 111 Legal and Humane Deportation Procedures .......................................................................... 111 To the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan .................................................................................. 112 To UNHCR ..............................................................................................................................113 To the United Nations and International Partners of Afghanistan and Iran .............................. 114 VI. Acknowledgments ...................................................................................................... 115 Appendix I – HRW Letter to Minister Abdolreza Rahmani Frazli and Director-General Aziz Kazemi .......................................................................................... 116 Appendix II – HRW Letter to President Hamid Karzai ........................................................ 121 Map I Glossary/Abbreviations Amayesh Iran’s refugee registration system BAFIA Iranian government Bureau for Aliens and Foreign Immigrants’ Affairs CRC Convention on the Rights of the Child CRP Comprehensive Regularization Plan ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights IDP Internally Displaced Person IOM International Organization of Migration Islam Qala Border crossing between Iran and Afghanistan through which Iran deports most Afghan nationals Smuggling The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a country of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident Solar calendar Calendar used in Iran and Afghanistan Trafficking An act of recruiting, transporting, transferring, harboring, or receiving a person through use of force, coercion, or other means, for the purpose of exploiting them UDHR Universal Declaration of Human Rights UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees II Summary We decided to leave when the children were expelled from school [for being foreigners]. But it was too late. We weren’t documented anymore so we couldn’t go anywhere. We had green cards [residency cards], UN documents. But the Iranian government collected these documents and issued new documents extended every six to nine months. The last document
Recommended publications
  • IRN Population Movement Snapshot June 2021

    IRN Population Movement Snapshot June 2021

    AFGHAN POPULATION MOVEMENT SNAPSHOT June 2021 Since the 1979 Soviet invasion and the subsequent waves of violence that have rocked Afghanistan, millions of Afghans have fled the country, seeking safety elsewhere. The Islamic Republic of Iran boasts 5,894 km of borders. Most of it, including the 921 km that are shared with Afghanistan, are porous and located in remote areas. While according to the Government of Iran (GIRI), some 1,400-2,500 Afghans arrive in Iran every day, recently GIRI has indicated increased daily movements with 4,000-5,000 arriving every day. These people aren’t necesserily all refugees, it is a mixed flow that includes people being pushed by the lack of economic opportunities as well as those who might be in need of international protection. The number fluctuates due to socio-economic challenges both in Iran and Afghanistan and also the COVID-19 situation. UNHCR Iran does not have access to border points and thus is unable to independently monitor arrivals or returns of Afghans. Afghans who currently reside in Iran have dierent statuses: some are refugees (Amayesh card holders), other are Afghans who posses a national passport, while other are undocumented. These populations move across borders in various ways. it is understood that many Afghans in Iran who have passports or are undocumented may have protection needs. 780,000 2.1 M 586,000 704 Amayesh Card Holders (Afghan refugees1) undocumented Afghans passport holders voluntarily repatriated in 2021 In 2001, the Government of Iran issues Amayesh Undocumented is an umbrella term used to There are 275,000 Afghans who hold family Covid-19 had a clear impact on the low VolRep cards to regularize the stay of Afghan refugees.
  • Afghans in Iran: Migration Patterns and Aspirations No

    Afghans in Iran: Migration Patterns and Aspirations No

    TURUN YLIOPISTON MAANTIETEEN JA GEOLOGIAN LAITOKSEN JULKAISUJA PUBLICATIONS OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY OF UNIVERSITY OF TURKU MAANTIETEEN JA GEOLOGIAN LAITOS DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY Afghans in Iran: Migration Patterns and Aspirations Patterns Migration in Iran: Afghans No. 14 TURUN YLIOPISTON MAANTIETEEN JA GEOLOGIAN LAITOKSEN JULKAISUJA PUBLICATIONS FROM THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF TURKU No. 1. Jukka Käyhkö and Tim Horstkotte (Eds.): Reindeer husbandry under global change in the tundra region of Northern Fennoscandia. 2017. No. 2. Jukka Käyhkö och Tim Horstkotte (Red.): Den globala förändringens inverkan på rennäringen på norra Fennoskandiens tundra. 2017. No. 3. Jukka Käyhkö ja Tim Horstkotte (doaimm.): Boazodoallu globála rievdadusaid siste Davvi-Fennoskandia duottarguovlluin. 2017. AFGHANS IN IRAN: No. 4. Jukka Käyhkö ja Tim Horstkotte (Toim.): Globaalimuutoksen vaikutus porotalouteen Pohjois-Fennoskandian tundra-alueilla. 2017. MIGRATION PATTERNS No. 5. Jussi S. Jauhiainen (Toim.): Turvapaikka Suomesta? Vuoden 2015 turvapaikanhakijat ja turvapaikkaprosessit Suomessa. 2017. AND ASPIRATIONS No. 6. Jussi S. Jauhiainen: Asylum seekers in Lesvos, Greece, 2016-2017. 2017 No. 7. Jussi S. Jauhiainen: Asylum seekers and irregular migrants in Lampedusa, Italy, 2017. 2017 Nro 172 No. 8. Jussi S. Jauhiainen, Katri Gadd & Justus Jokela: Paperittomat Suomessa 2017. 2018. Salavati Sarcheshmeh & Bahram Eyvazlu Jussi S. Jauhiainen, Davood No. 9. Jussi S. Jauhiainen & Davood Eyvazlu: Urbanization, Refugees and Irregular Migrants in Iran, 2017. 2018. No. 10. Jussi S. Jauhiainen & Ekaterina Vorobeva: Migrants, Asylum Seekers and Refugees in Jordan, 2017. 2018. (Eds.) No. 11. Jussi S. Jauhiainen: Refugees and Migrants in Turkey, 2018. 2018. TURKU 2008 ΕήΟΎϬϣΕϼϳΎϤΗϭΎϫϮ̴ϟ΍ϥ΍ήϳ΍έΩ̶ϧΎΘδϧΎϐϓ΍ϥ΍ήΟΎϬϣ ISBN No.
  • REFUGEES Rn Lran* by Il Hobin Shorish University of Illinois At

    REFUGEES Rn Lran* by Il Hobin Shorish University of Illinois At

    Bismiallah THE AFGHAt! REFUGEES rn lRAN* by i.l. Hobin Shorish University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Throughout the recent histories of Iran and Afghanistan refugees of one form or another have existed in each of these lands. Political and religious refugees have almost always constituted the majority of those who sought either Afghanistan or Iran as their new haven. The most recent Iranian wave of refugees in the Khurasan area of Afghanistan (Herat) has been those who feared the develop-· ment of conflict in Iran between the super powers during the Second World War. Since, fortunately, such a conflict did not develop some of the Iranians who fled to Herat and other western provinces of Afghanistan returned to Iran and others '"'ettled in these areas, especially in Herat, to become citizens of the Afghan kin~dom. In all fonns of human transmigration it is the magnitude of the people moving that create problems often for the host countries. Therefore:, an in­ vestigation into the problems of the Afghan refugees in Iran, and the Iranians' attidude toward these refugees was needed for the benefit of those concerned uith the tragedy of Afghanistan and the brutality befalling the Afghan people by the Russians and their puppets in Kabul. The Afghan Refugees--~heir Number and Origins: Today, in Iran the magnitude of the Afghan refugees is unknmm. The refugees themselves are vague in their ansuers to the questions eliciting the number. They often articulate their answer in the following manner: "There are manyn~ "There are a lot of them";: "Afghans are scattered from Tabriz to Tayabad"; ''We are everywhere".
  • Afghan-American Diaspora in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Reconstruction

    Afghan-American Diaspora in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Reconstruction

    The Reverse Brain Drain: Afghan-American Diaspora in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding and Reconstruction OUTLINE: Abstract I. Introduction Background Definition III. Mechanisms to engage diaspora IV. Challenges and constraints V. Sustaining momentum The loss of human resources that Afghanistan experienced following the Soviet invasion of 1979 is often referred to as the 'brain drain'. This paper postulates that a similar but 'reverse brain drain' is currently in progress as former Afghan nationals return to the country in droves to assist in the rebuilding of Afghanistan. While remaining aware of risks and challenges, the potential for building the capacity of civil society and the private sector is at its peak. This thesis is examined within the context of Afghan culture, opportunities for personal and professional growth in the United States for the diaspora, and how these positive externalities can be harnessed to bring the maximal value added to the reconstruction of Afghanistan. Individual and group behavior are as important an element of peace building as are education or skills level, and by behaving professionally and collectively, the Afghan-American diaspora can best influence policy planning and implementation of reconstruction in Afghanistan. 1 This paper is dedicated to the memory of Farhad Ahad , a committed and energetic activist and professional, a true role model for the Afghan-American diaspora who gave his life for the economic development of his country. I. Introduction Background Twenty-three years ofACKU war have left Afghanistan devastated. Following the brutal Soviet invasion, the country was further ravaged by fundamentalist warring parties supported by neighboring countries and international interests.
  • Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan

    Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan

    February 2002 Vol. 14, No. 2(G) AFGHANISTAN, IRAN, AND PAKISTAN CLOSED DOOR POLICY: Afghan Refugees in Pakistan and Iran “The bombing was so strong and we were so afraid to leave our homes. We were just like little birds in a cage, with all this noise and destruction going on all around us.” Testimony to Human Rights Watch I. MAP OF REFUGEE A ND IDP CAMPS DISCUSSED IN THE REPORT .................................................................................... 3 II. SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 III. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 6 To the Government of Iran:....................................................................................................................................................................... 6 To the Government of Pakistan:............................................................................................................................................................... 7 To UNHCR :...............................................................................................................................................................................................
  • Principles and Guidelines Migrants in Vulnerable Situations

    Principles and Guidelines Migrants in Vulnerable Situations

    Principles and Guidelines, supported by practical guidance, on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations Principles and Guidelines, supported by practical guidance, on the human rights protection of migrants in vulnerable situations Members of the Global Migration Group Working Group on Migration, Human Rights and Gender include ILO, IOM, OHCHR, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNICEF, UNODC, UNU, UN Women and WHO. With support from: The views and opinions expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of Switzerland’s Federal Department of Foreign Affairs FDFA This publication has received financial support from the Government of Catalonia. The information contained in this publication does not necessarily reflect the official position of the Government of Catalonia. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS v INTRODUCTION 1 GLOSSARY OF KEY TERMS 11 THE PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES 19 Principle 1: Primacy of human rights 21 Principle 2: Non-discrimination 23 Principle 3: Access to justice 25 Principle 4: Rescue and immediate assistance 27 Principle 5: Border governance 29 Principle 6: Human rights-based return 31 Principle 7: Protection from violence and exploitation 35 Principle 8: Ending immigration detention 37 Princple 9: Protecting family unity 40 iii Principle 10: Migrant children 42 Principle 11: Migrant women and girls 45 Principle 12: Right to health 47 Principle 13: Right to an adequate standard of living 49 Principle 14: Right to work 51 Principle 15: Right to education 53 Principle 16: Right to information 54 Principle 17: Monitoring and accountability 56 Principle 18: Human rights defenders 58 Principle 19: Data collection and protection 60 Principle 20: Migration governance and cooperation 62 HOW INTERNATIONAL LAW INFORMS THE PRINCIPLES .
  • Water Dispute Escalating Between Iran and Afghanistan

    Water Dispute Escalating Between Iran and Afghanistan

    Atlantic Council SOUTH ASIA CENTER ISSUE BRIEF Water Dispute Escalating between Iran and Afghanistan AUGUST 2016 FATEMEH AMAN Iran and Afghanistan have no major territorial disputes, unlike Afghanistan and Pakistan or Pakistan and India. However, a festering disagreement over allocation of water from the Helmand River is threatening their relationship as each side suffers from droughts, climate change, and the lack of proper water management. Both countries have continued to build dams and dig wells without environmental surveys, diverted the flow of water, and planted crops not suitable for the changing climate. Without better management and international help, there are likely to be escalating crises. Improving and clarifying existing agreements is also vital. The United States once played a critical role in mediating water disputes between Iran and Afghanistan. It is in the interest of the United States, which is striving to shore up the Afghan government and the region at large, to help resolve disagreements between Iran and Afghanistan over the Helmand and other shared rivers. The Atlantic Council Future Historical context of Iran Initiative aims to Disputes over water between Iran and Afghanistan date to the 1870s galvanize the international when Afghanistan was under British control. A British officer drew community—led by the United States with its global allies the Iran-Afghan border along the main branch of the Helmand River. and partners—to increase the In 1939, the Iranian government of Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Joint Comprehensive Plan of Zahir Shah’s Afghanistan government signed a treaty on sharing the Action’s chances for success and river’s waters, but the Afghans failed to ratify it.
  • Protecting Migrants Under the European Convention on Human Rights and Social Charter

    Protecting Migrants Under the European Convention on Human Rights and Social Charter

    PROTECTING MIGRANTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL CHARTER PROTECTING PROTECTING MIGRANTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL CHARTER This handbook, produced by the Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law, is a practical tool for legal professionals from Council of Europe member states who wish to strengthen their skills in applying the European Convention on Human Rights and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights in their daily work. PROTECTING MIGRANTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL CHARTER A handbook for legal practitioners PREMS 231712 GBR Yannis Ktistakis www.coe.int/justice © Photo: Yamina Heinrich © Photo: Yamina PROTECTING MIGRANTS UNDER THE EUROPEAN CONVENTION ON HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE EUROPEAN SOCIAL CHARTER A handbook for legal practitioners Yannis Ktistakis Council of Europe Publishing The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All requests concerning the reproduction or translation of all or part of the docu - ment should be addressed to the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or [email protected]). All other correspondence concerning this publication should be addressed to the Support to Human Rights National Implementation Unit, Human Rights Policy and Development Department, Directorate of Human Rights, Directorate General of Human Rights and Rule of Law. Layout: Jouve, Paris Cover design: Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe © Council of Europe, February 2013 Printed at the Council of Europe Yannis Ktistakis is Lecturer in Public International Law at Democritus University of Thrace (Komotini, Greece) and visiting professor at Bogˇaziçi University (Istanbul, Turkey) and the National and Kapodistrian University (Athens, Greece).
  • FAMILY REUNIFICATION for REFUGEE and MIGRANT CHILDREN CHILDREN MIGRANT and Standards and Promising Practices Practices Promising and Standards

    FAMILY REUNIFICATION for REFUGEE and MIGRANT CHILDREN CHILDREN MIGRANT and Standards and Promising Practices Practices Promising and Standards

    FAMILY REUNIFICATION FOR REFUGEE AND MIGRANT CHILDREN PREMS 003720 Standards and promising practices FAMILY REUNIFICATION FOR REFUGEE AND MIGRANT CHILDREN Standards and promising practices Council of Europe French edition: Regroupement familial pour les enfants réfugiés et migrants – Normes juridiques et pratiques prometteuses The opinions expressed in this work are the responsibility of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the official policy of the Council of Europe. All requests concerning the reproduction or translation of all or part of this document should be addressed to the Directorate of Communication (F-67075 Strasbourg Cedex or publishing@ coe.int). All other correspondence concerning this document should be addressed to the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary General on Migration and Refugees. Cover and layout : Documents and Publications Production Department (SPDP), Council of Europe Photo: © Shutterstock © Council of Europe, April 2020 Printed at the Council of Europe Contents ABOUT THE AUTHORS 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 7 LIST OF ACRONYMS 8 INTRODUCTION 9 Scope of the handbook 10 Methodology 11 Structure of the handbook 12 KEY FINDINGS 13 DEFINITIONS 15 PART I – RELEVANT LEGAL PRINCIPLES AND PROVISIONS CONCERNING FAMILY LIFE AND FAMILY REUNIFICATION 17 CHAPTER 1. FAMILY REUNIFICATION IN HUMAN RIGHTS LAW 19 1.1. State obligations relating to the right to family life 20 1.2. Definition of the family 25 CHAPTER 2. FAMILY REUNIFICATION IN INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE LAW AND IN THE UNITED NATIONS GLOBAL COMPACTS 28 CHAPTER 3. FAMILY REUNIFICATION IN EU LAW 30 3.1. Charter of Fundamental Rights 30 3.2. EU Family Reunification Directive 30 3.3. EU Dublin Regulation 31 3.4.
  • Repatriation of Afghan Refugees from Iran: a Shelter Profile Study

    Repatriation of Afghan Refugees from Iran: a Shelter Profile Study

    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons Robert Stempel College of Public Health & School of Social Work Social Work 2018 Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran: a shelter profile study Mitra Naseh Miriam Potocky Paul H. Stuart Sara Pezeshk Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/social_work_fac Part of the Social Work Commons This work is brought to you for free and open access by the Robert Stempel College of Public Health & Social Work at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in School of Social Work by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Naseh et al. Journal of International Humanitarian Action (2018) 3:13 Journal of International https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-018-0041-8 Humanitarian Action RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran: a shelter profile study Mitra Naseh1* , Miriam Potocky1, Paul H. Stuart1 and Sara Pezeshk2 Abstract One in every nine refugees worldwide is from Afghanistan, and Iran is one of main host countries for these refugees. Close to 40 years of hosting Afghan refugees have depleted resources in Iran and resulted in promoting and sometimes forcing repatriation. Repatriation of Afghan refugees from Iran to Afghanistan has been long facilitated by humanitarian organizations with the premise that it will end prolonged displacement. However, lack of minimum standards of living, among other factors such as private covered living area, can make repatriation far from a durable solution. This study aims to highlight the value of access to shelter as a pull factor in ending forced displacement, by comparing Afghan refugees’ housing situation in Iran with returnees’ access to shelter in Afghanistan.
  • Second-Generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return

    Second-Generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return

    Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit Case Study Series Second-generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi Diana Glazebrook Gholamreza Jamshidiha Hossein Mahmoudian Rasoul Sadeghi April 2008 Funding for this research was provided by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the European Commission (EC) i AREU Case Study Series © 2008 Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, recording or otherwise without prior written permission of the publisher, the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Permission can be obtained by emailing [email protected] or calling +93 799 608548. ii Second-generation Afghans in Iran: Integration, Identity and Return About the Research Team (in alphabetical order) The research team members for the Second-generation study conducted in 2006-7 also carried out the Transnational Networks study in Iran in 2005-6. Both of these studies were commissioned by the Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit. Mohammad Jalal Abbasi-Shavazi is an Associate Professor in the Department of Demography of the University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, and Adjunct Professor, Australian Demographic and Social Research Institute, Australian National University. Abbasi- Shavazi’s PhD study focused on immigrant fertility in Australia. He has conducted several studies on Iranian fertility transition as well as the Afghan refugees in Iran, and has published extensively on these subjects. He directed the project on Transnational Networks among Afghans in Iran in 2005, and prepared a country report on the situation of International Migrants and Refugees in the Iran in 2007.
  • Comparative Constitutional Law: Introduction Tom Ginsburg

    Comparative Constitutional Law: Introduction Tom Ginsburg

    University of Chicago Law School Chicago Unbound Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers Working Papers 2011 Comparative Constitutional Law: Introduction Tom Ginsburg Rosalind Dixon Follow this and additional works at: https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/ public_law_and_legal_theory Part of the Law Commons Chicago Unbound includes both works in progress and final versions of articles. Please be aware that a more recent version of this article may be available on Chicago Unbound, SSRN or elsewhere. Recommended Citation Tom Ginsburg & Rosalind Dixon, "Comparative Constitutional Law: Introduction" (University of Chicago Public Law & Legal Theory Working Paper No. 362, 2011). This Working Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the Working Papers at Chicago Unbound. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Law and Legal Theory Working Papers by an authorized administrator of Chicago Unbound. For more information, please contact [email protected]. CHICAGO PUBLIC LAW AND LEGAL THEORY WORKING PAPER NO. 362 COMPARATIVE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW: INTRODUCTION Tom Ginsburg and Rosalind Dixon THE LAW SCHOOL THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO Septbember 2011 This paper can be downloaded without charge at the Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Series: http://www.law.uchicago.edu/academics/publiclaw/index.html and The Social Science Research Network Electronic Paper Collection. Comparative Constitutional Law Edited by Tom Ginsburg University of Chicago, USA and Rosalind Dixon University of Chicago, USA RESEARCH HANDBOOKS IN COMPARATIVE LAW Edward Elgar Cheltenham, UK • Northampton, MA, USA Electronic copy available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1899635 © The Editors and Contributors Severally 2011 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical or photocopying, recording, or other- wise without the prior permission of the publisher.