Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9 (2017 10) 1344-1359 ~ ~ ~

УДК 551.581:908(571.51)

The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina* Siberian Federal University 79 Svobodny, Krasnoyarsk, 660041, Russia

Received 14.07.2017, received in revised form 08.08.2017, accepted 21.08.2017 The article is devoted to the analysis of the climate change studies’ history in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Krai). The authors identified four stages; each has some characteristic historical events, the results of scientific research, which influenced the development of regional climatology and increased knowledge about the Krasnoyarsk Territory’s climate. The dynamics of the scientific knowledge development concerning climate was possible to study on the basis of the content analysis of both the works of the first Siberian climate researchers (A.I. Voeikov, A.F. Middendorf, A.P. Stepanov, etc.), and modern scientific works (D.F. Zhirnova, V.S. Myglan, B.T. Kochkin, etc.). The study’s result was an orderly knowledge system about the history of studying climate change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. A tendency has been found to study the regional climate not only from the point of its change towards an increase in the average air temperature, but also from the point of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the increase in climatic indicators and climate change – on the life quality for the population of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Keywords: global warming, climate change, history, Krasnoyarsk Territory, meteorological observations. The reported study was funded by Russian Foundation for Basic Research, Government of Krasnoyarsk Territory, Krasnoyarsk Regional Science and Technology Support Fund (project № 17-16-24601). DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0140. Research area: сulturology.

Introduction Given this undeniable phenomenon, there is The issue of climate change in recent decades an increasing interest in studying the regional has become one of the most controversial issues features of climate change, its impact on human for the scientific and political communities, and activities, and the level of comfortable living in the population as a whole. This is largely due the region as a whole. In this regard the climate to the scientific research results demonstrating of the Krasnoyarsk Territory with its climatic a general increase in global air and ocean heterogeneity is no exception. This article temperatures, and also melting glaciers and attempts to systematize the historical stages of increased global mean sea level (Kochkin, 2015). studying climate change in the Krasnoyarsk

© Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: [email protected] – 1344 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Territory. The article is structured in accordance the Krasnoyarsk Territory, scientific aggregation with this systematization. The authors give a of the regional climate features, identification chronological description of the most significant of trends in regional climate change; the end of events and research results related to the climate the 20th – the beginning of the 21st centuries – study in the Yeniseysk Governorate (in 1934 it carrying out of scientific research concerning changed its name to the Krasnoyarsk Territory dynamics of climate change in the Krasnoyarsk (Krai)). Territory towards global warming, the analysis of interrelation of human agrotechnical activity of Research methodology and climate. Next, let us consider each of these To understand and interpret the data on historical stages in more detail. the study of climate change in the Krasnoyarsk th Territory the authors used a qualitative method. 18 century: a period of large-scale This method allowed revealing the most important field research in Siberia historical events, the conclusions of scientific The initial stage of studying climate change research that determine the chronology of the in the Krasnoyarsk Territory dates back to the study of the regional climatic indicators. 18th and 19th centuries. Under Peter I the issue To systematize the available historical of geographical study of Russia occupied one information on the study of climate change in the of the priority places among scientific research. Krasnoyarsk Territory, historical and systemic At the Emperor’s direction, the first scientific methods were also applied. The historical method expedition in Russia was organized to study made it possible to analyze the stages of climate the Siberian territories. Peter I invited Daniel studies in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, beginning Gottlieb Messerschmidt (1685-1735) to be the with the first field expeditions to Siberia in the head of the expedition. During seven years (1720- 18th century. Thanks to the use of the systemic 1727) systematic study of Eastern Siberia was method, it became possible not only to single out conducted (Anan’eva et al., 2016). As a result of certain stages in the history of climate studies the work, Messerschmidt prepared a 10-volume in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, but also to detect “Siberian survey”, which included materials a trend in the climate studies development in the on the Yeniseysky Krai (Anan’eva et al., 2016: period from the 18th to the 21st centuries. 22-24). Further study of the Yeniseysk climatic features was made by the Siberian Expedition of Periodization of historical stages 1733-1743, carried out by the researchers from of the climate change studies the Russian Academy of Sciences. Among the in the Krasnoyarsk Territory participants of this expedition were Louis de The history of the climate change studies in l’Isle de la Croyère, a French scientist who had the Krasnoyarsk Territory can be roughly divided worked in St. Petersburg since 1726, Johann into four stages: the 18th century – the discovery Georg Gmelin, German scientist, Gerhard of the Siberian territory, the first observations of Friedrich Müller, a Russian historiographer of the weather; the 19th century – the beginning of German descent. According to the Senate Decree systematic meteorological climate observations, of December 28, 1732, the expedition members the collection of factual material; the 20th were to monitor the weather conditions in the century (until 1991) – expansion of the system areas of Eastern Siberia, in particular Yeniseysk, of the climate meteorological observations in and register the data in the log. Great attention – 1345 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was paid to the Yenisei hydrological observations: to -7 °C. The warm season begins on June 1; rising and lowering of the water level, freezing t slowly rises to +9 °C, quickly to +15 °C. ... and ice breakup of the river. The autumn months are the measure of the cold Thus, the 18th century marked the beginning increase as opposed to its decrease in the spring of the climate studies history in the Krasnoyarsk months.... The winter months begin with the fact Territory (historically – the Yeniseysk that in December mercury does not leave the Governorate). At the initial stage, the study of the ball; in January the cold extends from -25 to -35 regional climate was based on observations and °C and occasionally to -8 °C, and in February – recording of weather conditions: air temperature, from -20 to -32 °C and rarely to -7 °C”. As precipitation level, wind direction, atmospheric can be seen from this quotation, A.P. Stepanov pressure, etc. Such a study was conducted in fixes the variability of weather conditions in the the framework of large-scale field events, one Yeniseysk Governorate, depending on the season. of which was the ten-year Siberian Expedition. In addition, the author notes that located almost The climate study of the Yeniseysk Governorate at the same latitude Tobolsk and Yeniseysk have was carried out along with the research in other different average air temperatures: Tobolsk – regions of Eastern Siberia. 0 °C 52’, Yeniseysk – 3 °C 58’. Such a climate change is conditioned by a number of reasons. th 19 century: the initial stage A.P. Stepanov distinguishes among them the of regional studies “deliberate” elevation of the ground; remoteness Empowering the Yeniseysk Governorate from the equator; the inclination of the entire with the status of an independent Siberian plane to the North; the chain of high mountains, region (1822) facilitated concentration of obscuring the winds from the south; the number the researchers on the natural and climatic of population; the eastern wind (Stepanov, 1835: features of this particular region. One of the 55). Since the latter circumstance (the presence first enthusiasts who devoted his efforts to of the eastern wind) does not belong, according the description of the Yeniseysk Governorate, to the author, to the Yenisei banks, therefore including climate change studies, was the first the eastern character of Yeniseysk is more governor of the region, Alexander Petrovich moderate in contrast to other Eastern countries. Stepanov (1781-1837). In his work “Yeniseysk Thus, according to A.P. Stepanov, “the Eastern Governorate” (1835), A.P. Stepanov along character” affects the temperature change and with a description of the physical geography, its volatility. In addition, climate change is under topography and industry of the Yeniseysk the impact of strong fumes in the form of vapors Governorate, presented his thermometric and hoarfrost. observations of the weather conditions of “some Apart from describing thermometric well-known places in the area” (Stepanov, observations, A.P. Stepanov lists such natural and 1835: 55). In particular, he gives the average air climatic features of the Governorate as storms, temperatures of the territory (in the range from thunderstorms, hails, rains, the appearance of 53 to 55 °C latitude), as follows: “During the the rainbow only in the summer. He highlights months generally accepted as spring ones frosts the Northern Lights as “the most outstanding reach -27 °C; and it can be as hot as +11 °C; phenomenon” (Stepanov, 1835: 64). In a word, the .... During the months usually taken for summer A.P. Stepanov’s work initiated the regional study ones, the heat reaches +30 °C; And frosts up of climate change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. – 1346 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Meteorological observations throughout Russia. This gave impetus to the fact Actual meteorological observations began that many regions began the systematic climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory in 1838. At that observations. Since 1868 under G.I. Wild as its time, the first Krasnoyarsk meteorological station director the observatory developed standards opened and later entered the main network of the regulating the scheme of weather observations. Main Physical Observatory of Russia. The first In particular, it introduced a unified observation weather observer in Krasnoyarsk was the exiled period, a metric system of measures, and began Decembrist, meteorologist Mikhail Fotievich to measure the temperature in degrees Celsius. Mitkov (1791-1849). From January 12, 1835 In 1877, after a thirty-year break, meteorological to January 12, 1848 he made meteorological observations resumed in Turukhansk. Observers observations of air temperature, precipitation, at the station were in-migrants and teachers of cloud cover, pressure and wind. In 1841, the founder the parochial school. In 1885, visual observations of the meteorological observations’ system and of weather and precipitation began in the village meteorological service in Russia, Academician Kezhemskoe. In 1894, instrumental observations A.Ia. Kupfer provided M.F. Mitkov with started in the village Kazachinskoe. At the end exemplary meteorological instruments, allowing of the 19th century there were already 13 stations recording the climate change indicators more on the territory of the Yeniseysk Governorate accurately. Mitkov’s observational materials were (Anan’eva et al., 2016). of great value to researchers. This is confirmed by numerous sources which published the results Expedition research of M.F. Mitkov’s observations. In particular, Despite the fact that in the 19th century in the these were “A summary of observations made in Yeniseysk Governorate there was an opportunity the Main physical and subordinate observatories to conduct meteorological observations with in 1861”, “Climates of the globe and in Russia the help of technical instruments, field research in particular” by A.I. Voeikov, “On the air continued. So, in the period from 1842 to 1845, temperature in the Russian Empire” by G.I. Wild, by the decision of the Imperial Academy of “Breakup and Freezing of Waters in the Russian Sciences, a scientific expedition was organized Empire” by M.A. Rykachev, “Climatological to the North and East of Siberia. The researchers Atlas of the Russian Empire” (1899), “Climate included a Russian scientist, the founder of of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics” permafrost studies Alexander Fedorovich (Leningrad, 1931). Alexander Petrovich Belyaev Middendorf (1815-1894). His Siberian expedition continued his work on observations of climatic had to solve two problems: the study of the changes in the Yeniseysk Governorate – in organic life on the almost unexplored Taimyr Minusinsk and Krasnoyarsk, whereas Alexander and the study of permafrost. The journey covered Ivanovich Yakubovich worked in Turukhansk, a vast territory from Krasnoyarsk along the Mikhail Matveevich Spiridonov – in Yeniseysk. Yenisei to Dudinka, along the North Siberian A major role in the development of both lowland to the mouth of Khatanga, and further Russian and regional, climatology was played by on, the work continued on the Taimyr Peninsula, the opening of the Main Geophysical Observatory with routes within its borders (Anan’eva et al., in 1849 in St. Petersburg under the Decree of 2016). A.F. Middendorf was one of the first to Nicholas I. This observatory served as a state describe the nature of the North Siberian lowland center regulating meteorological observations and the Byrranga Mountains. In his two-volume – 1347 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory work “Journey to the North and East of Siberia” essays received by the department. The activities (I860-1878), A.F. Middendorf, gave not only a of the society members consisted not only in description of the main natural components of the collection and analysis of field observation the North and East of Siberia, features of life materials, but also in the organization of scientific of the indigenous inhabitants of the region, in expeditions and participation in them. particular the Yenisei Ostyaks, the Dolgans, the In the second half of the 19th century, certain Tungus people, the Yakuts, but he also devoted branches of geographic science stood out as the third section of the first part of his work to the independent areas of knowledge. This contributed Siberian climate. The peculiarity of the regional to the narrower focus of the further expeditions. climate, according to the scientist, is a rather large So, these were expeditions on climatology, range between extreme degrees of heat and cold, hydrology, geomorphology, soil science, etc. The typical of each place in Siberia (Middendorf, research results were published in the form of 1862: 320). Besides the existing air temperature atlases, maps, climatologic monographs. In 1859 contrast, A.F. Middendorf mentioned the climate on the basis of the Governorate maps and surveys dependence on the huge snow ridges of Siberia of 1853-1854 the “Map of the southern part of the going in different parallel chains from the west Yeniseysk Governorate” was compiled. In 1871 to the east. The temperature contrast and the P.I. Tretyakov published his book “Turukhansk presence of snow ridges allowed the researcher region, its nature and inhabitants”, which to characterize the climate of Siberia as excessive contained sufficiently detailed information about (Middendorf, 1862: 320). According to the the regional climate. The author paid attention to author, the severe climate of the North of Siberia the phenomena typical of a specific season of the is explained by the ice in the depth of the soil, year, such as bird migration, precipitation, water as well as numerous, full of icy water marshes, tide, and the appearance of the Northern Lights. which cut off the surface from an internal source Together with a general description of the natural of terrestrial heat. In addition, thick fogs, thickets and climatic features of the region, P.I. Tretyakov of coniferous forests, glaciation of water do not delineated the tendency of a sharp change in permit soil warming up. According to the author, temperature in the Turukhansk region within these circumstances cause the coldness of Siberia ten days. He wrote: “Thus, on May 20, 1860, (Middendorf, 1862: 320). at – 2 ºC, it snowed and nature was still winter A crucial part in the further study of the in character, and in 4 days in the air, saturated territory of Russia and Siberia in particular with fumes and full of electricity, lightnings was associated with the creation of the Russian flashed and thunder rumbled. The next day, at Geographical Society in 1845 in St. Petersburg. +28 ºC, the thunderstorm recurred, and on May In 1851, its Siberian (since 1877 – East Siberian) 31, it was already +30 ºC in the sun” (Tretyakov, department was founded in Irkutsk. The society’s 1871: 64). In this paper, for the first time, the activities covered a great variety of knowledge issue of crop dependence on weather conditions fields – from meteorological observations to the was discussed. For example, hot summer and study of ancient inscriptions on the rocks of the late frost, according to P.I. Tretyakov, are the Yenisei. Thanks to the creation of the Siberian conditions for a successful outcome of the barley, department of the Russian Geographical Society, Brassica rapa, radish, rutabaga, cabbage growth a database on the natural and climatic regional (Tretyakov, 1871: 64). In line with this, the author conditions was enriched with reports and travel touches upon the issue of perception by “non- – 1348 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Russians” (Tretyakov, 1871: 64) of the seasons. There was an interest not only in the climate So, according to him, for non-Russians a year of Western and Eastern Siberia as a whole, consists of 13 months, some peoples, such as the but also in the systematic observations of the Samoyeds and the Tungus people, divide winter climate in the individual regions of the Yeniseysk and summer into two separate years. The Tungus Governorate (Turukhansk, Minusinsk, Yeniseysk, people, according to P.I. Tretyakov’a observations, Kezhemskoe, Kazachinskoe). Secondly, the do not separate the summer by months. Thus, P.I. emergence of meteorological stations in the Tretyakov referred to quite a wide spectrum of Yeniseysk Governorate opened the way to more issues related to the climate of the Turukhansk accurate recording of the observed changes in region. Among them, there were a peculiarity of a weather and climate conditions. Beyond that, sharp change in air temperature in the region, the thanks to the opening of the Main Geophysical dependence of the harvest on weather conditions, Observatory, the Center for Meteorological the social perception of the seasons. Observations in Russia, not only a unified Along with the intensive accumulation of scheme for observing the weather was being factual material, writing monographs (mostly developed, but also there was formed a basis for containing the author’s personal impressions scientific research on climate change issues. As on observations of the weather conditions’ well as the great interest of voluntary societies changes), maps and atlases, this was the period of and individuals was shown in conducting developing theoretical issues of climate studies, meteorological observations of the weather of the such as atmospheric circulation, long-term climate Yeniseysk Governorate (the enthusiasts included variations, etc. One of the outstanding scientists the governor of the Yeniseysk Governorate A.P. who made a huge contribution to the theoretical Stepanov, the Decembrists – A.P. Belyaev, A.I. study of climate change, both in Russia and in Yakubovich, M.M. Spiridonov, doctors, teachers, the Siberian region, was Alexander Ivanovich immigrants), scientists A.F. Middendorf, A.I. Voeikov (1842-1916). In his work “The climates Voeikov and others inspired the research on of the globe and Russia in particular” (1884), A.I. climate change in Siberia. Voeikov went for the analysis of climatic features th of Western and Eastern Siberia. In particular, he The 20 century (until 1991): showed the dependence of the geographic location the development of scientific regional studies of the Siberian regions on climate indicators. During the 20th century, the study of climate Since the beginning of the 20th century, A.I. change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was carried Voeikov worked as a scientific consultant in the out in several directions. Main Geophysical Observatory in St. Petersburg, First, the Academy of Sciences continued to thereby giving a rise to a scientific development organize the expeditions to Siberia. In particular, of climate change issues. Later in 1949, during the in the 1920s, expeditionary research was launched celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Main in various parts of the country, including the Geophysical Observatory it got the name of this north of Western Siberia and the mountains of famous Russian climatologist – A.I. Voeikov. Southern Siberia. In Northeastern Siberia, S.V. In general, in the history of studying climate Obruchev carried out extensive research, as a change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the 19th result of which the concept of the orography of century was the proof of the fact that, firstly, the Kolyma-Indigirsky Krai (province) radically role of regional climate studies was growing. changed (Isachenko, 1971). – 1349 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

Secondly, the network of meteorological as the Krasnoyarsk Territorial Administration stations within the Krasnoyarsk Territory was for Hydrometeorology and Control. From 1975 e x p a n d i n g . W h i l e i n t h e 1 9 th century meteorological to 1977, Krasnoyarsk obtained two stations (one stations were located only in a few areas of the on the Otdykha island, the other – on the Lysaya Krasnoyarsk Territory, in particular in Yeniseysk Mountain) and seven posts in different parts of (observations had been made since 1853), in the city to determine the effect of the reservoir on Krasnoyarsk (observations had been made since the city’s climate and to study its microclimate. 1883), in Boguchansky District (since 1887), and The Hydrometeorological Service was in in Kansk (since 1895), since the beginning of the charge of an analysis of climate change in the 20th century, the list of administrative regions in region, the compilation of data and the delivery of which systematic meteorological observations information to the public. In this case, it is worth began was growing significantly. The main noting the growth in publications containing parameters for conducting meteorological information on the regional climate. Before 1917, observations were the air temperature regime, the observation materials were not published in the wind direction and speed, and the amount of summary, or published only in various special precipitation. In the 20th century, the spectrum editions, so they were not available and were of meteorological observations was expanding. often bibliographic rarities (Fedorov, 1928), since Observations concerned not only temperature the 1920s, meteorological observations have and precipitation, but also air humidity, wind, begun to be published more widely in the form atmospheric phenomena, sunshine, and soil of climatological data sheets and brochures. In temperature. As a result of such observations, the particular, the Main Geophysical Observatory in researchers detected the change in the average the 1920s began publishing the series “Climate annual air temperature in Krasnoyarsk upward by of the USSR” and selected issues of the USSR 0.2-0.9 degrees, and in the center of the city – by Climatological Atlas, which included information 1.5-1.7 degrees. Of considerable importance for on the Krasnoyarsk Territory climate. the development of meteorological observations The next trend in the study of climate in the Krasnoyarsk Territory was signed by change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is related V.I. Lenin the decree “On the organization of to scientific research. Especially large scientific the RSFSR meteorological service” of June 21, studies of the regional climate change were 1921. Since that time the Krasnoyarsk Territory conducted in the second half of the 20th century – has seen centralized, united by a uniform the first decades of the 21st century. For instance, methodology, equipped with the homotypic N.S. Fedorov conducted a comparative analysis instruments meteorological observations’ service of the data of meteorological stations in the (Shver, Gerasimova, 1982). Krasnoyarsk region during 1911-1926, concluding Thirdly, the construction of the largest about the inconstancy of climatic factors in the industrial facilities in the region required not region. The scientist pointed out the tendency only the provision of their employees with of climate change and the influence of climatic hydrometeorological information, but also impact conditions on human life and nature as a whole: analysis of facilities on the regional climate. In “Studying the year seasons, distinguished this regard, on October 1, 1939, the Krasnoyarsk according to local peculiarities, I found that in Administration of the United Hydrometeorological Krasnoyarsk, Kazachinskoe experimental field Service began its work. In 1978 it was renamed and Yeniseysk, i.е. in the agricultural area, there – 1350 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory are 3 seasons (spring, summer and autumn) with K.N. Nikolskii devoted his study to the conditions temperature above zero, in Verkhneimbatsky – for the formation of secondary cyclones over the two seasons (summer and autumn), and north – in areas of the Minusinsk Basin, which were notable Monastyrsky and Dudinka – only one summer. All for intense precipitation (Nikolskii, 1960). The this indicates a great progression of the severity change in air temperature, namely the contrast of the climate towards the north and leaves of temperature, is discussed in relation to the its imprint on the surrounding nature, plant formation of secondary cyclones. K.N. Nikolskii and animal life and on man and his economy” comes to the conclusion that an in most cases (88 (Fedorov, 1928: 9). Moreover, N.S. Fedorov, %) increase in the average temperature contrasts analyzing the climatic indicators of the first in the frontal zone (the areas south-west of the quarter of the 19th century and the beginning of Minusinsk Hollow) is preceded by the secondary the 20th century, descried similar trends, namely cyclones over the south of the Krasnoyarsk the alternation of cold and warm air temperature Territory. Likewise, the scientist analyzes climate within the allocated time intervals. Admitting change from the viewpoint of the evolution of the the increase in the pace of economic processes cloud cover of precipitation, which is connected in the 1920s, the scientist envisaged a further line with the secondary cyclones over the southern of research on climate change related to the need regions of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. for a more thorough study of the Krasnoyarsk The climatic features of the administrative Territory climate in connection with the practical center of the Krasnoyarsk Territory were expediency of meteorological observations complied in the work “Climate of Krasnoyarsk” (Fedorov, 1928: 9). This vector of scientific (1982) by Ts.A. Shver and A.S. Gerasimova. research was supported in the 1930s due to the The authors characterize the main elements of realization of the pragmatic importance of climate the city’s climate, in particular, the Krasnoyarsk indicators accumulated during observations for wind conditions, air humidity, atmospheric the agricultural development. This led to the precipitation, snow cover, cloud cover, meso- development of agricultural climatography in and microclimate peculiarities of the city; also the 1930s. Since that time, a qualitatively new they paid attention to the city air pollution in. stage has begun in the climate change studies The authors see a direct dependence of climatic in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which have been indicators on the city industry. Krasnoyarsk with characterized by a rethinking of approaches to its infrastructure, according to the scientists’ the analysis of meteorological observations. The conclusions, affects the climate significantly. study of climate change for practical purposes, Transparency and purity of air decrease, the air for the needs of society, necessitated a different, temperature in winter is higher than in the suburbs. specialized weather observation system, other Therewith the authors noticed a tendency towards methods of processing materials and a special some slight increase in the city air temperature climate characteristic for agriculture, transport and to some increase in precipitation (Shver, and industrial construction, aviation, etc. Gerasimova, 1982). (Mirotvortsev, 1934). Thus, the period from 1900 to 1991 is In the second half of the 20th century there characterized as a period of noteworthy turns in was a tendency of scientists’ interest in the the study of climate change in the Krasnoyarsk specific climatic conditions of certain regions Territory. Expansion of the meteorological in the Krasnoyarsk Territory. Take one example, stations’ network, their technical improvement, – 1351 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory development of the regional infrastructure led also join the global attempts to study the issue to the need to analyze interference of climate of global warming, in particular, to explore and the life of the population and, vice versa, regional peculiarities of this phenomenon. So, anthropogenic impact on climate change. The in April 2017, Siberian Federal University in analysis of climatic indicators in the Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk hosted an international conference Territory allows scientists to speak about the on the interdependence of the history of society trend of the regional climate change towards the and climate variability on the example of the increase in average air temperature. Altai mountainous country. This conference was attended by scientists from the world leading th The end of the 20 – beginning scientific centers, which deal with various aspects st of the 21 centuries (1991-2000s): of the history of climate studies and the society an interdisciplinary approach development during the last two millennia. as a basis for scientific regional studies In addition to the organization of discussion At this stage, scientists have a fairly large platforms, the Krasnoyarsk Territory welcomes database of climate observations, in particular scientific research of climate change. There in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, which allows us to are several aspects which scientific research is talk about the trend of climate change. The theme concentrated on. These are issues of the regional of climate change has become, as never before, dynamics of changes in air temperature, the one of the most controversial issues discussed not impact of changes in the regional climatological only by academic community, but also politicians factors on the quality of crops, the reconstruction and the population as a whole. This is due to the of the past eras’ climate for understanding fact that climate changes have an increasing contemporary climatic trends, and predicting the influence not only on the natural environment, but consequences of global warming for Siberia as a also on human life in all over our planet (Oparin whole. et al., 2013). Since the increase in air temperature Thus, having accumulated data of is observed all over the globe and the climate meteorological observations of the climate in warming has been admitted to be an undeniable the Krasnoyarsk Territory, researchers get the phenomenon in recent decades (Kochkin, 2015), opportunity to reconstruct the regional dynamics at the present stage the issue of climate change is of climate change, mainly towards the increasing customarily considered in the context of global annual average air temperature and increasing warming. Various scientific discussion platforms precipitation (Konnikova, 2016; Emel’ianov, in different countries are devoted to this topic. 2016). In particular, referring to the climatic For example, in 1992, Rio de Janeiro hosted a indicators of the Krasnoyarsk Territory Stolby conference, also known as the Earth Summit or Reservation, the systematic collection of which the United Nations Conference on the Protection has been conducted since 1927, scientists see an of the Environment and Development (UNCED). increase in the average annual air temperature. In 2015, a climate conference was held in Paris. The period of the greatest warming, according to The purpose of the conference was to sign an the researchers’ findings, is during the decade at international agreement to maintain an increase the turn of the century (1993-2003) (Ovchinnikova in the average temperature of the planet below 2 et al., 2011). °C (for all countries). The scientific and political Even the scientists of classical Greece drew communities of the Krasnoyarsk Territory attention to the dependence of human on the – 1352 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory natural environment (mainly on the climate). Another direction for studying climate change This dependence was associated not only with in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is connected with the crop yield, but also with shaping of the the flora analysis; on the one hand, it is a sphere psyche and the character of man (Hippocrates affected by environmental change (Kuznetsova, from Kos (460-377 BC)). Aside from that, the 2007), on the other hand, it is a bioindicator of ability to govern peoples also depended on the climate change (Ovchinnikova et al., 2011). natural conditions and geographical location Analyzing the vegetation process of the tree of their territory (Thucydides (circa 460-400 species in the Krasnoyarsk Stolby Reservation, BC), Xenophon (circa 430-355)) (Isachenko, a number of scientists (T.M. Ovchinnikova, V.A. 1971). At the present stage of the climate change Fomina, E.B. Andreeva, N.P. Dolzhkovaia, V.G. studies in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the issue of Sukhovolskii) discovered the vegetative stage the dependence of the life comfort on climatic dynamics between 1952 and 2008. Researchers indicators becomes topical. One parameter of the observe an earlier (for two weeks) vegetation of life comfort of the population is a high level of tree species, especially in the last two decades. agricultural productivity. V.A. Bezrukikh and However, according to the authors’ observation, O.Iu. Elin scrutinize the relationship between from 1984 to 2002 there had been a linear climate conditions and agricultural production. tendency towards early frondescence, then since The authors came to the conclusion that for 2003 there was no such tendency. agricultural production it is vital not only to The next important aspect of studying estimate climatic resources, but also to substantiate climate change at the present stage is the issue of the ways of their qualitative use, in particular, to forecasting the consequences of climate change maximize the use of atmospheric humidification in Siberia. Among such consequences are the resources (Bezrukikh, Elin, 2010). increase in surface temperature, precipitation and One of the most important sources of studying the depth of permafrost thawing; the flooding of climate change is historical information, which the North of Western Siberia due to the sea level allows us to comprehend the current situation of rise. According to climatic forecasting, B.T. climate change (Myglan, 2010). Reconstruction Kochkin states the appearance of broad-leaved of climatic features in Southern Siberia in the species in the Krasnoyarsk regional taiga forests. 18th and 19th centuries and their influence on the Significant climate change in Siberia with an population economic activity is presented in the increase in average annual temperatures by 10 °C works of V.S. Myglan (2010), D.V. Ovchinnikov, is not expected (Kochkin, 2015). E.A. Vaganov, D.F. Zhirnova (2007). There is a The climate change in the Krasnoyarsk direct correlation between the change in the crop Territory is studied not only from the point of view yield, the variability of the livestock numbers of natural science, but also in the context of socio- and the dynamics of climatic characteristics. The anthropological and cultural studies of territories authors found confirmation that the climatic factor where the indigenous small-numbered peoples of affect the crop yield on the basis of a comparative the North and Siberia live compactly. Beginning analysis of tree-ring chronologies and modern in 2010, the scientists have been carrying out crop yields in the south of the Krasnoyarsk regular research of the indigenous peoples living Territory, as well as on the basis of historical in extreme climate and landscape conditions material in relation to the amount of crop yield in in the territories of the Siberian Arctic. These the 18th and 19th centuries. researchers are A.E. Amosov (Amosov et al., – 1353 – Natalia P. Koptseva and Natalia N. Seredkina. The History of Studying Climate Change in the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2012), N.P. Koptseva (Koptseva, 2015; Koptseva the Siberian territory, including the study of the et al., 2016a, Koptseva et al., 2016b; Koptseva, geographic location of the region, its orographic Kolesnik, 2016); V.I. Kirko (Kirko et al., 2010; structure, flora, fauna, and climate observations. Kirko et al., 2013; Kirko, 2015); Iu.S. Zamaraeva, The first information of climate observations was M.I. Bukova (2016), K.V. Reznikova (Reznikova recorded in travel notes of pioneers-naturalists. et al., 2016), N.N. Pimenova (Pimenova, 2012; 3. The second stage is the 19th century, Pimenova, 2016), M.A. Kolesnik, V.S. Luzan during which the role of regional climate studies (Luzan, 2016), A.A. Sitnikova (Sitnikova, 2015), increases meaning that researchers focus not E.A. Sertakova (Sertakova, Avdonina, 2016), on the Siberian weather in general, but on N.M. Libakova (Libakova, 2015, Libakova et al., certain territories of the Yeniseysk Governorate. 2016), N.G. Shishatskii (Shishatskii et al., 2012), In addition, during this period, the first A.V. Kistova (Kistova and Sevruzhenko, 2016), meteorological stations appeared in Krasnoyarsk, Iu.N. Avdeeva (Avdeeva and Libakova, 2015) and Yeniseysk and enabled more accurate recording some other scientists. the observed climate changes in some areas of the Thus, the peculiarity of the modern climate region. change studies of in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is, 4. The period from 1900 to 1991 in first of all, the relevance of the interdisciplinary the history of studying climate change in the approach. The study of the regional climate, Krasnoyarsk Territory is characterized by mainly the change in climatic indicators, occurs expanding the network of meteorological stations at the intersection of climatology, history, and their technical improvement. The researchers biology and chemistry. Such an approach allows start to study a new aspect of climate, related to scientists not only to verify the exact indicators of the development of the regional infrastructure, the regional climate change, but also to forecast the need to develop the country’s economy, and the weather in the future, as well as the expected accordingly, necessitating an analysis of the consequences of the global warming process. climate’s influence on the life of the population and, vice versa, anthropogenic impact on the Conclusion climate change. For the first time, scientists An analysis of the history of the climate raise the issue of the climate change trend in the change studies in the Krasnoyarsk Territory region as regards an increase in the average air allows us to draw the following conclusions: temperature. 1. The history of the climate change 5. At the end of the 20th and beginning of studies in the Krasnoyarsk Territory can be the 21st centuries, the study of climate change in conventionally divided into four stages according the Krasnoyarsk Territory is carried out within to the most significant events related to the study the framework of an interdisciplinary approach of natural and climatic features of the territory. that allows scientists not only to verify the exact 2. The initial period of climate research indicators of the regional climate change, but also in the Krasnoyarsk Territory is the 18th century. to forecast the weather in the future, as well as to This time first saw large-scale field studies of foresee the consequences of global warming.

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История изучения изменения климата в Красноярском крае

Н.П. Копцева, Н.Н. Середкина Сибирский федеральный университет Россия, 660041, Красноярск, пр. Свободный, 79

Статья посвящена анализу истории изучения изменения климата в Красноярском крае. Выде- лены четыре этапа, на каждом из которых приводится описание основных исторических со- бытий, результатов научных исследований, повлиявших на развитие региональной климато- логии, расширения знаний о климате Красноярского края. Динамику развития научных знаний о климате стало возможным проследить на основе анализа содержания как трудов первых исследователей климата Сибири – А.И. Воейкова, А.Ф. Миддендорфа, А.П. Степанова и др., так и современных научных исследований, в частности Д.Ф. Жирновой, В.С. Мыглан, Б.Т. Коч- кина и др. Результатом исследования стала упорядоченная система знаний об истории изуче- ния изменения климата в Красноярском крае. Обнаружена тенденция изучения регионального климата не только с позиции его изменения в сторону повышения средней температуры воз- духа, но и во взаимовлиянии как антропогенных факторов на повышение климатических по- казателей, так и изменение климата на качество жизни населения Красноярского края. Ключевые слова: глобальное потепление, изменение климата, история, Красноярский край, метеорологические наблюдения. Исследование выполнено при финансовой поддержке Российского фонда фундаментальных ис- следований, Правительства Красноярского края, Красноярского краевого фонда поддержки научной и научно-технической деятельности в рамках научного проекта № 17-16-24601. Научная специальность: 24.00.00 – культурология.