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Kaliningrad Region Пїѕ the Western Gates of Russia

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Kaliningrad Region Пїѕ the Western Gates of Russia Chapter I: Kaliningrad Region, the Western gates of Russia 1.1 Do you know Kaliningrad? What do you know about Kaliningrad? Maybe you know that it is situated on the Baltic Sea coast. If so, you know much more than average Russians do and even more than one Russian Parliament deputy, who was really surprised to discover one day that Kaliningrad region is separated from mainland Russia. If you look on the map, you will find the tiny territory on the southern coast of the Baltic sea between Poland and Lithuania. The territory is also called "The Western Russian enclave" and it hosts the Special Economic Zone "Yantar" (Amber). This land is really beautiful and special - and very different from any other region of Russia. It even doesn't look like Russia, as Russians say. Why? The answer goes back to history. Geographical Location and Climate Kaliningrad Region, founded on 7th April 1946, is the westernmost territory of the Russian Federation. It is entirely isolated from the rest of the country by land borders with foreign states and by international sea waters. The closest Russian Regional centre – the cityt of Pskov - is 800 km away from Kaliningrad, while the distance to Moscow is 1289 km. The only Russian ice-free port on the Baltic sea is situated here. The transit communication routes crossing in the region are the shortest ways linking Russia with countries of Western Europe. The distances to neighbouring European capitals are: 350 km to Vilnius, 390 km to Riga, 400 km to Warsaw, 600 km to Berlin, 650 km to Stockholm, 680 km to Copenhagen, 850 km to Oslo. Kaliningrad region is located on the south-eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. It borders with the Lithuanian Republic in the north-east, with Poland in the south and it is washed by the Baltic Sea in the west and north-west. The territory of the region occupies 15,100 sq. kilometres and it is on the 85th place by its territory size among the 89 subjects of the Russian Federation and it is on the 60th place by its population. The region is divided into 18 districts including 5 city districts. Being so small, the territory is well developed: there are 22 cities and 5 towns. There are 1,096 villages in the region. The sea coast length of the region is 150 km, including 100 km of sand beaches. Pregol (123 km) and Neman (115 km) are the longest rivers. The largest lake with an area of 18 sq. kilometres is Vyshtenets. There are unique natural zones and places for ecological tourism, such as National Nature Park "The Kurshskaya Spit" and "The Vislynskaya Spit" Park. The climate of the region changes from moderate-continental to maritime. The average annual temperature is about 8ºC (like in Odessa, Lvov or Kiev). The average temperature in July is 17ºC and the average temperature in January is about -3ºC. The frost-free period lasts 180 days. The total fallout is 1,100 to 4,000 mm within 240 days a year. Spring and beginning of summer are often dry. The soils are turfy, podzol, marsh and with combined varieties. Forestland is made of fir, pine, oak, birch, and maple. The fauna of the region is quite diverse: red deer, elk, roe, fallow-deer, wild boar, hair, etc. Natural climate and geographical conditions are good for the development of tourism, namely for the development of resort centres in the towns of Svetlogorsk, Zelenogradsk and Pionersky. Population In 2003 the population of Kaliningrad region reached 955,200 people, including 77% of urban and 23% of rural population. Women constituted 52.2% of the population. There were 1,093 women per 1,000 men. According to the age criteria the population consisted of working population - 60.8%, younger than working - 19.5%, older than working - 19.7%. 30% of employed people work in industry and construction, 11% in agriculture and forestry, 8% in transportation and communication, 21% in the social sphere. People belonging to more than 97 nationalities live in Kaliningrad region. The most numerous are Russians - 78%, followed by Belorussians - 7.7%, Ukrainians - 7.4%, Lithuanians - 1.9%, Armenians - 0.8%, Germans - 0.6% and Poles - 0.5%. The city of Kaliningrad has got 430,300 inhabitants, while the population of Sovietsk is 43,200 people, of Chernyakhovsk is 42,900, of Baltijsk is 31,100 and that of Gusev is 27,800 inhabitants. Kaliningrad region is one of the smallest territories in Russia, but it is the third for its population density (63 persons per sq. kilometre). The strong tendency of population reduction both in the region and in Russia is considered as unfavourable due to a high share of aging population. In 2000 the number of residents reduced for 1,750 people as the number of dead exceeded the number of born by 1.9 times in the region. Public holidays Public holidays in Kaliningrad are the same as in mainland Russia. January 1st – 2nd New Year’s Day January 7th Russian Orthodox Christmas February 23rd Day of Fatherland Defenders March 8th International Women’s Day May 1st – 2nd Labour Day May 9th Victory Day (end of the Great Patriotic War) June 12th Independence Day (celebrated since 1991) November 7th Day of Reconciliation and Consent December 12th Constitution Day ‹ Local Time Kaliningrad is situated in the East European Time Zone, GMT + 2 hrs. During daylight saving time (from last Sunday in March to last Sunday in October) the time is GMT + 2 hrs. When it is 12:00 o’clock in Kaliningrad Region it is 10:00 o’clock in London, 11:00 o’clock in Rome and 13:00 o’clock in Moscow. 1.2 Historical background of the region The City of Kaliningrad and the Region can truly be proud of their colourful and unique past as this territory had always found itself on the crossroads of European history. Among numerous important events that took place in the life of this region we shall mention just those that played a primary role in the formation of Kaliningrad Region as it is nowadays. Namely, they are related to the Teutonic Order and to the foundation of Koenigsberg, to Napoleonic invasion, to the First and Second World Wars, to the acquisition of the region by the USSR. Teutonic Order and Foundation of Koenigsberg First settlers who lived here in the III millennium B.C. were mainly hunters. Thick forests rich with wild animals were perfect for hunting. The hunters lived among the lakes full of fish. In the middle of the III and in the end of the IV century some Germanic tribes moved into the Zemland peninsula. These events initiated the development of Prussian culture. By the beginning of the VI century Prussians took over the western part of the Mazur Lakeland having absorbed and edged out other Germanic tribes that settled there in the III - IV centuries B.C. In the beginning of the XII century Prussia faced an impending danger. The Teutonic Order invasion at the end of the XII century wrote sanguinary pages in the history of Prussia. More than 50 years Prussians heroically struggled against the invaders. But they couldn't resist the rush of conquerors who had a higher cultural potential. Gradually Prussians assimilated, began speaking German and abandoned their customs. The Teutonic Order established its rule in the invaded lands. As the Order was proceeding eastwards, each successful crusade was immediately followed by the construction of fortresses and castles. In 1253-57, after a second crusade of the Teutonic Order led by the Bohemian King Ottokar II against the Prussians, a castle was built and called Koenigsberg (King’s mountain) in king’s honour. Fortress Koenigsberg became the most important outpost of Zemland germanization. In its heyday (XIV - XV centuries) the Order gained secure economic and political positions. But strong enemies opposed it. In winter of 1410 Poland and Lithuania began an active preparation to a joint military campaign against the Order. There were Russian units within the Lithuanian army as well. On 15th July a decisive battle took place near Grunvald. It lasted more than 6 hours and finished with the full triumph of Polish-Lithuanian- Russian forces. As a result, Teutonic knights were weakened and were brought thereafter under Polish sovereignty control. ‹ Koenigsberg during Napoleonic wars In 1812 East Prussia became an area of powerful French armed force concentration. The forces were grouped for the campaign in Russia. Napoleon arrived in Koenigsberg right before the beginning of the invasion. Here he passed muster to his army comprising also Prussian units that didn't participate in the military actions. On 6th January 1813 Russian troops marched into Koenigsberg, and by the end of the month Prussia was totally liberated from the Napoleon army. ‹ World War I The First World War took its great toll in East Prussia. Military disruptions, exacerbation of social, political and national contradictions in Germany, Poland and Lithuania destroyed economic relations with neighbouring states and violated the historical openness of the region. This caused public discontent. Thus in November 1918 revolutionary events burst out in East Prussia and in entire Germany. But the revolutionary action fell through. On 4th - 5th March the last rebels were driven from the barracks in the Lithuanian Wall. Repression began in Koenigsberg and in other towns of East Prussia. World War II For about five years of the Second World War there were no military actions in East Prussia. But in 1944 a rush construction of the so-called "East Wall" began. The entire German defence system in the area was built as an in-depth defence and it stretched along the border of East Prussia up to the Baltic coastline.
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