Who Were the Prusai ?

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Who Were the Prusai ? WHO WERE THE PRUSAI ? So far science has not been able to provide answers to this question, but it does not mean that we should not begin to put forward hypotheses and give rise to a constructive resolution of this puzzle. Great help in determining the ethnic origin of Prusai people comes from a new branch of science - genetics. Heraldically known descendants of the Prusai, and persons unaware of their Prusai ethnic roots, were subject to the genetic test, thus provided a knowledge of the genetics of their people. In conjunction with the historical knowledge, this enabled to be made a conclusive finding and indicated the territory that was inhabited by them. The number of tests must be made in much greater number in order to eliminate errors. Archaeological research and its findings also help to solve this question, make our knowledge complemented and compared with other regions in order to gain knowledge of Prusia, where they came from and who they were. Prusian people provinces POMESANIA and POGESANIA The genetic test done by persons with their Pomesanian origin provided results indicating the Haplogroup R1b1b2a1b and described as the Atlantic Group or Italo-Celtic. The largest number of the people from this group, today found between the Irish and Scottish Celts. Genetic age of this haplogroup is older than that of the Celt’s genetics, therefore also defined as a proto Celtic. 1 The Pomerania, Poland’s Baltic coast, was inhabited by Gothic people called Gothiscanza. Their chronicler Cassiodor tells that they were there from 1940 year B.C. Around the IV century A.D. its inhabitants, the Ostrogoths, migrated leaving behind at the upper-left side of the river Vistula, its delta, the splinter group Gepedoios, inhabitants of Pomesania and Pogesania. In the V century after the death of Attyla, it was Gepedoios who defeated Huns. One asks the question, where was the seat of the Gepids and whether they were the Ostrogoths. Was there a division between the Gepids and Goths, and finally did they intermarry with other Prusian ethnos. At the beginning of the I century BC along the coast of the lagoon mixed ethnos is known named Widivarians. Sources indicate that this region structurally was subordinated to Goths and most likely in respect of the amber trade this is true. Archaeological excavations in Pomesania and Pogesania territory, define people being under the influence of Wielbark culture. The language that they used largerly remains unknown, traces of their dialect is preserved in the Elbling dictionery. Further to that, if we move to the preface, to a mysterious map of Minor Asia 200 years B.C., and with the correspondence of Mrs. Julia Dimitrov,s perhaps be able to explain more. Mrs. Juliet Dimitrov work "Готи, сиреч Гети" unfortunately in the difficult Bulgarian language, explaining "Goths, is Getae" Ms. Dimitrov writes, "The term Gothiscanza" (Goths habitat) is in itself very long and problematic. This is a verbal-construction invented by scientists. Jordanes book to me is a very mystical and probably during the Middle Ages and the 30-year war changed in the interest of the winners in this terrible war - the Swedes. I believe that this number should not be taken literally because we do not know what really Cassiodor wrote in his prototype and what has been changed in the Middle Ages during the war. ( Jordanes has rewritten Casiodor work of VI c.) Whether the Goths were the ancestors of the Celts I can not say, I'm not an expert in this area, but I can say that the Celts were everywhere in Europe, also in the south. In Bulgaria, the Celts habitats found in the south of the country. But that's another topic. My studies are proving that the Goths they were descendants of the Thracian Getae. Just as the name in my book Goths, or Thracian Getae. Getae - one of the many nations in the ancient Thracian. Some of them migrated north in the days of Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar and Pompey the later part of Trajan. The Bulgarian chronicle of the thirteenth century, it is written that Getae had emigrated at the time of Alexander, the Bithynien, from the city Prusias, many of them to Baltic countries and later in the third-fourth century returned to Thracia. In this chronicle, the Bulgarians are known as Mysians and it is an 2 area near Bythiniens on the map, which you sent me. This information is for the Bulgarian history. Ancient Bulgarians up to the 14th century were also called the Goths. It may sound for you strange and absurd, but it is true. Our history was 150 years ago, immediately after the liberation from the Turks, endlessly manipulated by the so-called victorious powers - Russia, Austrians, French and English. Because of this in the history books, we get to read that the Bulgarians were either "Turks" or "Slaven". The problem with the so-called "Slavs" (slaves) is also discussed in my book. And this is another politicized issue. I hope you believe me or not, I must say that the old Bulgarians-Getae have very much in common with people of Prussia and Lithuania. Old Bulgarians were called earlier Prusians, or Prusians from the Balkans. Of course I'm not talking about all Bulgarians, because at the time of history, many people have come here from different parts of the world. Tracologist during communism-socialism could not act impartially, but now prove the link between the old Thracian language, exist with Lithuanian and Prusian. A lot of place names and personal names hydronims can be combined with those of Thracians and the places in Prusia and Lithuania. I introduced these words in my book and dictionary words comparing the old Prusian with Bulgarian words. They have an amazing relationship. " Mrs. Julia continued, "I can only say that Samogetia (or also Samogitia) is the area where today Rusy - Russians are sitting. The name should be "Land der Geten, also der Gothen" - Country Geten, and so Gothen. Prusian historian of the seventeenth century, Mathäus Prätorius and Christoph Hartknoch wrote about it. The authors are very curious, but unfortunately Praetorius hidden from the Germans. His book on the history of Prusia was published in Vilnius, 1999, translated from German into Lithuanian. Lithuanians respect his work very much, and approved the Prusian minority in Lithuania. The recognition of the minority by the Lithuanians leads to big problems in Germany. According to Jordanes Gepedoios should be part of the Goths, but here is the story of a very uncertain-probably much changed. " "Goths in the time of Christ believed in Zamolxis and is described by Herodotus, and here too there is a combination of Gothic and Thracians through faith. In my book occurs a whole chapter on faith of Thracian Goths. Zamolxis is the god of eternal renewal of nature, god of the earth, re-birth and ancestry. Praetorius says that God is in female form, worshiped in Prusia and Lithuania, and is known as Zameluks or Zamjol. Of course, they were in the old Prusian, or rather, Prusa, other gods as Perkun and Swaistikos / probably Swiatowid and others. " "My book is only available in Bulgarian, but it is also planned in the German language. Unfortunately the English edition is not planned and it is dependent on the interest of the book. I hope that my information will help you. " 3 The below text coming from the English Atlas, published in 1680 Oxford . Among other things it says: "Johannes Annius Viterbiensis says that first they called the Prussians Pruti, from Prutusa, king of the Scythians, the grandson of Noah. This nation is derived from the ancient Scythians, and this is likely: the other stuff we can not say anything more, "while accusing the author of cunning and others also who say that the "Prussians come from Asia, are under the leadership of Prussian King of Bithynia ". 4 SAMBA, NATANGS, WARMS, BARTHS, NADROWIA, SKALVA Historically, together with the archeology the Prusai of those lands could be proved as the homogeneous and the oldest inhabitants in this part of Europe. The inhabitants of Sambia the most densely populated area, and adjacent territories to Skalva, Nadrowia, Natangia, Barths and Warmia were a proto Indo-Europeans with a genetic R1a1 Haplogroup. Looking at the below map from Wikipedia can be inferred that the missing Aesti (Sambs and the rest) are the Balto-Slavs people with the Sarmatian identity. Map Human trekking At the beginning of our times the ancient historians like Ptolemy in Geography, III - 5.1. "European Sarmatia bounded on the north by the Sarmatian Ocean (Baltic Sea) along the Veneds bay (Bay of Gdansk, Sinus Venedicus)" (Ibid., III-5.5): "Veneds Mountain (Οὐενεδικὰ ὄρη [4] / Venedici Montes)" (ibid., III-5.7-10): "great peoples inhabit Sarmatia: Weneds along the Gulf Venetic (Οὐενεδικὸν κόλπον) (. ..) The smaller the people sitting in Sarmatia Gythons near the river Vistula, below the Veneds (...) more to the east than those sitting below the Veneds: Galindians, Sudovians and Stawans till the Alans. Plinius the Elder (Naturalis Historia, IV-97): "Some say that these lands to the river Vistula inhabited by Sarmatians, Weneds, Scirs, Hirrs. "(Message of about 5, the N.E. ?) Aesti, Sambian-Sarmatians as the above news, could have arrived from the Black Sea between the eighth and fourth century BC. Smirnov Russian expert writes, Scythian and Celtic peoples occupy a place in the history of civilization, just as the Greeks and Romans. 5 According to Wikipedia, "The social Sarmatians organization was very similar to the Scythian. After a period of wars and conquests created a layer of the aristocracy, the representatives of which were buried in a richly endowed hillocks.
Recommended publications
  • The Archives of Poland and Where to Find Online Genealogy Records for Each - Sheet1
    The Archives of Poland and where to find Online Genealogy Records for each - Sheet1 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License Archives of Poland Territorial coverage Search theGenBaza ArchivesGenetekaJRI-PolandAGAD Przodek.plGesher Archeion.netGalicia LubgensGenealogyPoznan in the BaSIAProject ArchivesPomGenBaseSzpejankowskisPodlaskaUpper and Digital Szpejenkowski SilesianSilesian Library Genealogical Digital Library Society Central Archives of Historical Records All Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ National Digital Archive All Poland ✓ ✓ Central Archives of Modern Records All Poland ✓ ✓ Podlaskie (primarily), State Archive in Bialystok Masovia ✓ ✓ ✓ The Archives of Poland and where to find Online Genealogy Records for each - Sheet1 Branch in Lomza Podlaskie ✓ ✓ Kuyavian-Pomerania (primarily), Pomerania State Archive in Bydgoszcz and Greater Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Kuyavian-Pomerania (primarily), Greater Branch in Inowrocław Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Silesia (primarily), Świetokrzyskie, Łódz, National Archives in Częstochowa and Opole ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Pomerania (primarily), State Archive in Elbląg with the Warmia-Masuria, Seat in Malbork Kuyavian-Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ State Archive in Gdansk Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Gdynia Branch Pomerania ✓ ✓ ✓ State Archive in Gorzow Lubusz (primarily), Wielkopolski Greater Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ Greater Poland (primarily), Łódz, State Archive in Kalisz Lower Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Silesia (primarily), State Archive in Katowice Lesser Poland ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch in Bielsko-Biala Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch in Cieszyn Silesia ✓ ✓ ✓ Branch
    [Show full text]
  • The Analysis of Grass Pollen Season in Northern Poland in 2016
    MEDICAL AEROBIOLOGY ORIGINAL PAPER The analysis of grass pollen season in northern Poland in 2016 Małgorzata Puc1,2, Daniel Kotrych3, Piotr Rapiejko4, Agnieszka Lipiec5, Magdalena Bihun2, Alina Stacewicz1, Ewa M. Świebocka6, Grzegorz Siergiejko6, Dariusz Jurkiewicz4 1 Department of Botany and Nature Conservation, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Poland 2 Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Biology, University of Szczecin, Poland 3 Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, Poland 4 Department of Otolaryngology with Division of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Military Institute of Medicine, Warsaw, Poland 5 Department of Prevention of Environmental Hazards and Allergology, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland 6 Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Allergology Department, University Children Hospital, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland Abstract: This paper presents the course of the pollen season of grass (Poaceae) in Szczecin, Drawsko Pomorskie, Bydgoszcz, Olsztyn, Piotrkow Trybunalski, Warsaw and Bialystok in 2016. Grass are typical wind-pollinated plants and the most important agent causing pollinosis in Europe. Many species of grasses growing in Poland have distribution ranges that extend far to the north, indicating their tolerance of severe arctic climate. Measurements were performed by the volumetric method (Burkard and Lanzoni pollen samplers). Pollen season was defined as the period in which 98% of the annual total catch occurred. Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI) was estimated as the annual sum of daily average pollen concentrations. The pollen seasonFor of Poaceae started non- first in Warsaw, on the 10th of May (one week earlier than the other cities) lasted till the 8th of September. The dif- ferences of pollen seasons duration were slight.
    [Show full text]
  • Dane Kontaktowe Do Sekcji Eksploatacji Zakładów
    REGULAMIN DOSTĘPU DO OBIEKTÓW INFRASTRUKTURY USŁUGOWEJ ZARZĄDZANYCH PRZEZ PKP POLSKIE LINIE KOLEJOWE S.A. OBOWIĄZUJĄCY OD 10 GRUDNIA 2017 r. Załącznik 1.2 Dane kontaktowe do sekcji eksploatacji zakładów linii kolejowych PLK W tablicy znajdującej się na kolejnych stronach tego załącznika zastosowano następujące oznaczenia: Zakład Linii Kolejowych – nazwa siedziby Zakładu Linii Kolejowych PLK, Sekcja eksploatacji – nazwa siedziby Sekcji Eksploatacji PLK, Adres – adres pocztowy Sekcji Eksploatacji PLK, Telefon miejski / telefon kolejowy / Faks – numery telefonów, miejskiego i kolejowego oraz numer faksu, E-mail – adres mailowy, pod którym udzielane są informacje, Zakres udzielanych informacji – rodzaj obiektu infrastruktury usługowej, odnośnie którego udzielane są informacje, Godziny udzielania informacji – zakres czasu w jakim udzielane są informacje, REGULAMIN DOSTĘPU DO OBIEKTÓW INFRASTRUKTURY USŁUGOWEJ ZARZĄDZANYCH PRZEZ PKP POLSKIE LINIE KOLEJOWE S.A. OBOWIĄZUJĄCY OD 10 GRUDNIA 2017 r. Załącznik 1.2 Telefon miejski Godziny Zakład Linii Sekcja Zakres udzielanych Adres Telefon kolejowy E-mail udzielania Kolejowych Eksploatacji informacji Faks informacji IZ BIAŁYSTOK ISE BIAŁYSTOK WIATRAKOWA, 15-827 BIAŁYSTOK WIATRAKOWA, 608476002 miroslaw.gasows pełny 7-15 36 9856731546 [email protected] 15-827 856733444 BIAŁYSTOK IZ BIAŁYSTOK ISE HAJNÓWKA KOLEJOWA, 1 17-200 HAJNÓWKA KOLEJOWA, 1 608446593 eugeniusz.szatylo pełny 7-15 17-200 9856731790 [email protected] HAJNÓWKA 856731788 IZ BYDGOSZCZ ISE BYDGOSZCZ ZYGMUNTA 52 518 3301 zbigniew.wozniak kompleksowy 7.00-15.00 AUGUSTA, 7 952 518 3301 [email protected] 85-082 BYDGOSZCZ IZ BYDGOSZCZ ISE INOWROCŁAW MAGAZYNOWA, 8 52 518 4010 antoni.bakowski kompleksowy 7.00-15.00 88-100 952 518 4010 @plk-sa.pl INOWROCŁAW IZ BYDGOSZCZ ISE LASKOWICE POM.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Views on Vikings
    Tette Hofstra Changing views on Vikings n this article1 changing views, not only of Viking activities, but also of the etymology and meaning of the word viking will be I discussed. Particular attention will be paid to the Netherlands. Outside Scandinavia, post-mediaeval interest in Old Scandinavian culture including Vikings arose in England at the end of the seventeenth century and France in the middle of the eighteenth century. Other countries followed suit, and this ultimately led to the incorporation of the word viking into Modern Dutch. The Modern Dutch word viking (also vikinger, wiking, wikinger) was introduced from German or English;2 the earliest entry in the Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal, the large Dictionary of the Dutch Language, is from the year 1835. Both in German and in English, the word had been reintroduced in the beginning of the nineteenth century;3 in German the word begins with w- (Wiking), 1 An earlier version of this article was heard in the conference ‘North by Northwest. Scandinavia and North Western Europe: Exchange and Integration, 1600-2000’, held in Groningen from 24 until 26 November 1998. I thank those who commented on the original paper, especially Alan Swanson (Groningen). 2 Woordenboek der Nederlandsche Taal XXI. ’s-Gravenhage & Leiden 1971, cols. 660-662, col. 660: “niet rechtstreeks, maar via het Hd., wellicht ook het Eng., ontleend.” [‘borrowed, not directly, but through High German, maybe also English’]. 3 Cf. The Oxford English Dictionary. Second Edition XIX. Oxford 1989, p. 628: © TijdSchrift voor Skandinavistiek vol. 24 (2003), nr. 2 [ISSN: 0168-2148] 148 TijdSchrift voor Skandinavistiek in English several spellings were used, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Crusading, the Military Orders, and Sacred Landscapes in the Baltic, 13Th – 14Th Centuries ______
    TERRA MATRIS: CRUSADING, THE MILITARY ORDERS, AND SACRED LANDSCAPES IN THE BALTIC, 13TH – 14TH CENTURIES ____________________________________ A Thesis Presented to the School of History, Archaeology and Religion Cardiff University ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in History & Welsh History (2018) ____________________________________ by Gregory Leighton Abstract Crusading and the military orders have, at their roots, a strong focus on place, namely the Holy Land and the shrines associated with the life of Christ on Earth. Both concepts spread to other frontiers in Europe (notably Spain and the Baltic) in a very quick fashion. Therefore, this thesis investigates the ways that this focus on place and landscape changed over time, when crusading and the military orders emerged in the Baltic region, a land with no Christian holy places. Taking this fact as a point of departure, the following thesis focuses on the crusades to the Baltic Sea Region during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. It considers the role of the military orders in the region (primarily the Order of the Teutonic Knights), and how their participation in the conversion-led crusading missions there helped to shape a distinct perception of the Baltic region as a new sacred (i.e. Christian) landscape. Structured around four chapters, the thesis discusses the emergence of a new sacred landscape thematically. Following an overview of the military orders and the role of sacred landscpaes in their ideology, and an overview of the historiographical debates on the Baltic crusades, it addresses the paganism of the landscape in the written sources predating the crusades, in addition to the narrative, legal, and visual evidence of the crusade period (Chapter 1).
    [Show full text]
  • {Journal by Warren Blatt 2 0 EXTRACT DATA in THIS ISSUE 2 2
    /N TH/S /SSUE... POLISH STATE ARCHIVES IN SANDOMIERZ by Warren Blatt 3 OPATÔWYIZKORLIST by Steven Weiss 7 JEWISH RECORDS INDEXING UPDATE POLISH STATE ARCHIVES PROJECT by Stan Diamond and Warren Blatt 1 1 THE SYNAGOGUE IN KLIMONTÔW by Adam Penkalla 1 3 Qpedd interest Qroup BIULETYN ZYDOWSKIEGOINSTYTUTU HISTORYCZNEGO w POLSCE {journal by Warren Blatt 2 0 EXTRACT DATA IN THIS ISSUE 2 2 • PINCZÔ W DEATHS 1810-182 5 by Heshel Teitelbaum 2 4 glimmer 1999 • KLIMONTÔ W BIRTHS 1826-183 9 by Ronald Greene 3 8 • KLIMONTÔ W MARRIAGES 1826-183 9 by Ronald Greene 4 9 o • C H Ml ELN IK MARRIAGES 1876-188 4 covering tfte Qufoernios of by David Price 5 7 and <I^ GLOSSARY, PRONUNCIATION GUIDE ... 72 ...but first a word from your coordinator 2 ojtfk as <kpne as tfie^ existed, Kieke-Radom SIG Journal, VoL 3 No. 3 Summer 1999 ... but first a word from our coordinator It has been a tumultuous few months since our last periodical. Lauren B. Eisenberg Davis, one of the primary founders of our group, Special Merest Group and the person who so ably was in charge of research projects at the SIG, had to step down from her responsibilities because of a serious journal illness in her family and other personal matters. ISSN No. 1092-800 6 I remember that first meeting in Boston during the closing Friday ©1999, all material this issue morning hours of the Summer Seminar. Sh e had called a "birds of a feather" meeting for all those genealogists interested in forming a published quarterly by the special interest group focusing on the Kielce and Radom gubernias of KIELCE-RADOM Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Polish-Jewish Genealogical Research Handout
    Polish-Jewish Genealogical Research Warren Blatt HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF POLISH BORDER CHANGES: 1795 — 3rd and final partition of Poland; Poland ceases to exist as a nation. Northern and western areas (Poznañ, Kalisz, Warsaw, £om¿a, Bia³ystok) taken by Prussia; Eastern areas (Vilna, Grodno, Brest) taken by Russia; Southern areas (Kielce, Radom, Lublin, Siedlce) becomes part of Austrian province of West Galicia. 1807 — Napoleon defeats Prussia; establishes Grand Duchy of Warsaw from former Prussian territory. 1809 — Napoleon defeats Austria; West Galicia (includes most of future Kielce-Radom-Lublin-Siedlce gubernias) becomes part of Napoleon's Duchy of Warsaw. 1815 — Napoleon defeated at Waterloo; Congress of Vienna establishes “Kingdom of Poland” (aka “Congress Poland” or “Russian Poland”) from former Duchy of Warsaw, as part of the Russian Empire; Galicia becomes part of Austro-Hungarian Empire; Western provinces are retained by Prussia. 1918 — End of WWI. Poland reborn at Versailles, but only comprising 3/5ths the size of pre-partition Poland. 1945 — End of WWII. Polish borders shift west: loses territory to U.S.S.R., gains former German areas. LOCATING THE ANCESTRAL SHTETL: _______, Gemeindelexikon der Reichsrate vertretenen Königreiche und Länder [Gazetteer of the Crown Lands and Territories Represented in the Imperial Council]. (Vienna, 1907). {Covers former Austrian territory}. _______, Spis Miejscowoœci Polskiej Rzeczypospolitej Ludowej [Place Names in the Polish Peoples' Republic]. (Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Komunicacji i Lacznosci, 1967). _______, Wykas Wredowych Nazw Miejscowoœci w Polsce [A List of Official Geographic Place Names in Poland]. (Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Akcydensowe, 1880). Barthel, Stephen S. and Daniel Schlyter. “Using Prussian Gazetteers to Locate Jewish Religious and Civil Records in Poznan”, in Avotaynu, Vol.
    [Show full text]
  • For the SGGEE Convention July 29
    For the SGGEE Convention July 29 - 31, 2016 in Calgary, Alberta, Canada 1 2 Background to the Geography It is the continent of Europe where many of our ancestors, particularly from 1840 onward originated. These ancestors boarded ships to make a perilous voyage to unknown lands far off across large oceans. Now, you may be wondering why one should know how the map of Europe evolved during the years 1773 to 2014. The first reason to study the manner in which maps changed is that many of our ancestors migrated from somewhere. Also, through time, the borders on the map of Europe including those containing the places where our ancestors once lived have experienced significant changes. In many cases, these changes as well as the history that led to them, may help to establish and even explain why our ancestors moved when they did. When we know these changes to the map, we are better able to determine what the sources of family information in that place of origin may be, where we may search for them, and even how far back we may reasonably expect to find them. A map of the travels of German people lets me illustrate why it has become necessary to acquaint yourself with the history and the changing borders of Eastern Europe. Genealogy in this large area becomes much more difficult without this knowledge. (See map at https://s3.amazonaws.com/ps-services-us-east-1- 914248642252/s3/research-wiki-elasticsearch-prod-s3bucket/images/thumb/a/a9/ Germans_in_Eastern_Europe5.png/645px-Germans_in_Eastern_Europe5.png) In my case, the Hamburg Passenger Lists gave me the name of the village of origin of my grandmother, her parents, and her siblings.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade
    Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00
    [Show full text]
  • Iscellanea M
    Literary incarnations of Herkus Monte 331 MISCELLANEA Alina Kuzborska LITERARY INCARNATIONS OF HERKUS MONTE Słowa kluczowe: Herkus Monte, topos literacki, kroniki, powieść historyczna, dramat historyczny Schlüsselwörter: Herkus Monte, literarischer Topos, Chroniken, historischer Roman, historisches Drama Keywords: Hercus Monte, literary topos, chronicles, literary novel, historical drama The historical figure of one of the leaders of the Prussian uprisings, Herkus Monte (Lithuanian: Herkus Mantas), is today largely a literary character. He owes his presence to three national literatures: German, Polish and Lithuanian render- ings from Peter of Dusburg’s Latin chronicle1. The chronicle became the source text for later historical writers and authors of fiction. Dusburg made repeated mentions of Herkus Monte, mostly in unfavourable terms. Nevertheless, these fragmentary biographical references were later used by writers to create a wide variety of “lives” of Monte in all of the three aforementioned literary cultures. Monte, in the mask of Adam Mickiewicz’s Konrad Wallenrod, is at the same time a traitor and a saviour who dies for the nation according to the romantic ideal of sacrificing life for the supreme good: the deliverance for the enslaved Motherland. In Herkus Mantas, the protagonist of the drama by a Lithuanian writer Juozas Grušas from the 1950s is almost a Lithuanian national hero, since Lithuanians – being Balts – to this day feel close affinity to Prussia2. Historical ties between the Germans and Prussians, from whom the Germans took the name of one of the largest state administration institutions, are obvious. The 19th century, called the age of history, stimulated the interest of writers in the fate of the conquered nation, and especially its hero.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Remarks on Settlement Systems of Early Medieval Prussians. E Case
    Tomasz Nowakiewicz Some remarks on settlement systems of Early Medieval Prussians. e case of northern Galindia 1 ventures were of considerable assistance for improving our understanding of the material Inquiries into Prussian territorial divisions of the Early Medieval Prussians, every time of the Early Medieval Period have the nature, the question of territorial divisions in the area first and foremost, of historical studies. The re - of Prussian settlement lagged far behind the sults of archaeological investigation undertaken priority research objectives. so far have made it possible to verify these find - Nevertheless, thanks to analyses of histori - ings only to a limited extent. Until recently ar - cal sources it has been possible to formulate chaeological research was concentrated mainly a number of concepts on the subject of the in the coastal zone of the Old Prussian territory division of Prussian territories in the period where special interest of researchers was at - antedating the Teutonic conquest 2. The point of tracted by issues related to different aspects of departure was the division of Prussia, into relationships linking the Prussians with the out - tribal lands, universally accepted by researchers side world. The best example of this are the long-standing inquiries into the presence of Scandinavians in the region of the Sambian Emil Hollack (1908). Archaeological material secured Peninsula, the search for and exploration of the during these studies was analysed to a considerable extent through the perspective of Viking stylistic. trade emporium at Janów Pomorski/Truso, or Qualitative change came with a publication of Bernt (to a smaller extent) the Adalbertus Project von zur Mühlen (1975).
    [Show full text]
  • Sniðmát Meistaraverkefnis HÍ
    MA ritgerð Norræn trú Að hitta skrímslið í skóginum Animal Shape-shifting, Identity, and Exile in Old Norse Religion and World-view Caroline Elizabeth Oxley Leiðbeinandi: Terry Adrian Gunnell Október 2019 Að hitta skrímslið í skóginum Animal Shape-shifting, Identity, and Exile in Old Norse Religion and World-view Caroline Elizabeth Oxley Lokaverkefni til MA–gráðu í Norrænni trú Leiðbeinandi: Terry Adrian Gunnell 60 einingar Félags– og mannvísindadeild Félagsvísindasvið Háskóla Íslands Október, 2019 Að hitta skrímslið í skóginum Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til MA-gráðu í Norrænni trú og er óheimilt að afrita ritgerðina á nokkurn hátt nema með leyfi rétthafa. © Caroline Elizabeth Oxley, 2019 Prentun: Háskólaprent Reykjavík, Ísland, 2019 Caroline Oxley MA in Old Nordic Religion: Thesis Kennitala: 181291-3899 Október 2019 Abstract Að hitta skrímslið í skóginum: Animal Shape-shifting, Identity, and Exile in Old Norse Religion and World-view This thesis is a study of animal shape-shifting in Old Norse culture, considering, among other things, the related concepts of hamr, hugr, and the fylgjur (and variations on these concepts) as well as how shape-shifters appear to be associated with the wild, exile, immorality, and violence. Whether human, deities, or some other type of species, the shape-shifter can be categorized as an ambiguous and fluid figure who breaks down many typical societal borderlines including those relating to gender, biology, animal/ human, and sexual orientation. As a whole, this research project seeks to better understand the background, nature, and identity of these figures, in part by approaching the subject psychoanalytically, more specifically within the framework established by the Swiss psychoanalyst, Carl Jung, as part of his theory of archetypes.
    [Show full text]