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Housing Co-Operatives, Self-Management, and the Landlord–Tenant Relationship

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Housing Co-Operatives, Self-Management, and the Landlord–Tenant Relationship ONE BAD BOARD AWAY FROM BANKRUPTCY: HOUSING CO-OPERATIVES, SELF-MANAGEMENT, AND THE LANDLORD–TENANT RELATIONSHIP by Josh Hawley A thesis submitted to the Department of Cultural Studies In conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Queen’s University Kingston, Ontario, Canada (May, 2019) Copyright © Josh Hawley, 2019 Abstract This thesis explores the development of the natural condition of co-operation into a large, apolitical movement and the effects of reshaping working-class people into co-operators. Semi- structured interviews, content analysis, and a limited autoethnography through a community- based action research paradigm, as well as a genealogical method, are used. A working-class analysis is applied throughout. In Ontario, residents of housing co-operatives are not considered tenants, following a history of legislation, legal precedents, and lobbying efforts by the co-op housing federations. This fact is manifested through the use of language, the shaping of co-op resident subjectivities, legal protections for residents, and the shunning of traditional tenant organizing direct action tactics to fight evictions and harassment. Six residents from five large-scale housing co-ops in Ontario participated in this research. Their experiences are compared and contrasted to the experiences of eight residents from seven housing co-ops in the Milton-Parc neighbourhood of Montreal. All 12 housing co-ops were created through state funding programs according to co-op corporation legislation. Residents of the Ontario co-ops expressed having few options when facing issues with their board of directors and staff. Residents are held responsible for the self-management of their housing project yet are encouraged to hire management staff. The Milton-Parc co-ops are small to medium-scale, they formed as a result of years of community organizing to save their neighbourhood from demolition, tenant participation is mandatory, there are no hired staff, and evictions are a lot less common. This research determines the landlord–tenant relationship is reproduced in all housing co-ops but is reshaped in order to circumvent class conflict. As such, traditional tenant organizing direct action tactics should be employed against co-op boards of directors and staff. ii Acknowledgements Thanks to those who shared their time with me for this research. Without your insights, determination, and sincerity none of this would have been possible. Thanks to my friends and family for your wholehearted support and challenging me when I needed it most. Thanks to Mumina for the readthrough and the thoughtful edits. Thanks to Elizabeth for your candor, positivity, and boosting my spirits when it felt like I’d never get this thesis done. Thanks to Justin, Azura, Peter, and Abdul for always being there. Thanks to so many in Milton-Parc for opening your doors. In particular, thanks to Dimitri for presenting new challenges and trusting in me. Thanks to Nathan for connecting me with so many people and for your tireless organizing. Thanks to my supervisor, Richard Day, for all the feedback and keeping me grounded in a world of contradictions. Thanks to Margaret Little and Laura Murray for sitting on my committee and for the thoughtful discussion and critical feedback. And respect to working-class neighbours in Ottawa and those in other cities facing similar pressures from landlords. I’ve learned enormously from these struggles and those fighting on the front lines. Neighbourhood-based organizing efforts to fight in our collective interests have helped put everything into perspective. Finally, this is dedicated to my parents, whose struggle and grit has kept the fire burning. iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ ii Acknowledgements ..................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................. vi List of Tables ............................................................................................................................................. vii List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Research Question ............................................................................................................................... 2 1.2 Why Does This Research Matter? ...................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Research With, Not On, People .......................................................................................................... 5 1.4 Theoretical Positioning ....................................................................................................................... 6 1.5 Personal Positioning ............................................................................................................................ 9 1.6 Chapter Outline ................................................................................................................................. 12 1.7 A Note to the Reader ......................................................................................................................... 13 Chapter 2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 16 2.1 Situating Myself: ............................................................................................................................... 18 2.2 Methodological Positioning: ............................................................................................................. 21 2.3 Working-Class Analysis ................................................................................................................... 27 2.4 How It Played Out ............................................................................................................................. 30 2.4.1 Building on Connections in Ontario .......................................................................................... 30 2.4.2 Meshing with Milton-Parc: ........................................................................................................ 35 2.4.3 Back to Fairlea: .......................................................................................................................... 40 2.5 Methodological Gaps ........................................................................................................................ 41 2.6 Final Thoughts on Methodology: ...................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 3 Genealogy ................................................................................................................................ 44 3.1 Delimiting the Movement ................................................................................................................. 47 3.2 Identifying the Mainstream Narratives ............................................................................................. 52 3.3 The Utopian Retreat from Politics .................................................................................................... 54 3.4 The Co-op Question .......................................................................................................................... 60 3.5 A Roundup of Recent Housing Co-op Tenant Initiatives in Ontario: ............................................... 62 3.6 Housing Co-ops Now ........................................................................................................................ 66 Chapter 4 Theoretical Positioning ........................................................................................................... 68 4.1 ‘New’ Cooperatives, New Age Co-operativism, and The New Cooperativism ............................... 68 iv 4.2 Recognition, Transformation and Parity of Participation ................................................................. 73 4.3 Reshaping Working-Class Subjectivities .......................................................................................... 79 4.4 Self-Management of Capital ............................................................................................................. 86 Chapter 5 Community-Based Research .................................................................................................. 90 Opening Statement .................................................................................................................................. 90 Participants and Dates of Interview ........................................................................................................ 90 Milton-Parc ......................................................................................................................................... 90 Toronto ................................................................................................................................................ 91 Ottawa
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