Index

agency 81, 83, 106, 110, 111, 157, 206, 207, 230, Añute (Jaltepec, town in Mixteca Alta) 63, 298, 373, 417, 428, 535, 538, 563 146, 262, 287, 293, 294, 342 Aglio, Agostino 502 see also Codex Añute ahuehuete (tree) 486, 486n68 Apoala (town in Mixteca Alta) 64, 65, 69, Ahuizotl (Aztec ruler) 359, 375, 421n88, 423 70, 89, 114, 171, 172, 174, 176, 177, 183, 184, altar 187, 206, 222, 261, 262, 269, 285, 291, 294, animated 462 298, 306, 312, 318, 354, 355, 542, 546 cave 488 see also Yuta Tnoho archaeological 313, 328, 367, 370, Apocalypse 547, 554, 561, 561n 404, 517 Aquiach (Nahuatl: ruler of the above, Christian 86, 554 Cholula) 441, 469, 481, 482, 511, 514, 517, of counted bundles 444 518, 520n, 522, 527, 528, 529 of deceased 123, 150, 152, 518, 519, archetype 567, 568 ceremonial centre 297 of Moctezuma 387, 388, 397 grandfather / grandmother 21, 154, 166, of sacred bundle 325, 429, 520, 521 267, 306, 317 of sacrifice 509 knight 549 round 250, 265–269, 380, 419, 450, 453, mother 111, 372 458, 476, 479, 481, 482, 484, 499, 500, nahual 142, 313 501, 503, 505, 510, 511, 513, 515, 527, 528, narrative 35, 104 529, 555 nature 105, 548, 559 throne 225, 388 priest 117, 153, 387, 399, 481, 523, 530, 546 toponym 270, 271, 276, 283, 325, 487 renewal 354 altepetl (Nahuatl: community) 117, 486, tomb 52 505, 509 wild woman 105 altepetl iyollo (Nahuatl: heart of the astral interpretation 54, 56, 109, 251, 421n89, community) 124, 486 443, 446 amaranth 152, 469, 505, 516 Atemoztli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 447, 518, amate (bark paper) 7, 299, 433, 445 523, 529 Anales de Cuauhtitlan (colonial Atonal I (Lord 7 Water, founder of chronicle) 10, 336, 337, 339, 346, 348, 354, Coixtlhuaca dynasty) 336–340, 342, 381–383 343n59, 346, 354, 356, 550, 551 Andaya (Mixtec: Place of Death, South) 114, Axayacatl (Aztec ruler) 376–378, 380, 381, 232, 318 384, 396, 424 Anders, Ferdinand 7n7, 445, 446 Ayuuk (Mixe people) 11, 25n29, 118, 119, 129n, Andevui (Mixtec: Heaven, East) 114, 318 143n56 see also Cavua Caa Andevui and Huahi Andevui ballcourt 27, 250, 251, 252, 265, 282, 316, 325, aniñe (Mixtec: palace) 167, 175, 188n, 194, 332, 333, 335, 339, 339n52, 340, 351, 453, 200, 216, 277 482, 493, 499, 500, 501, 503, 504, 509, antechamber (of Tomb 7) 50–52, 132, 141, 528, 555 148–150, 152, 191, 242 ballcourt pendant 246, 252n26, 253, 255, roof 50, 59, 84, 258, 504 skeletal remains 72, 118, 129, 148, 168, 545 Ballcourt of Gravel (Guaxolotitlan) 181, carved bones 156, 203, 204, 212 183

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602 Index ballcourt (cont.) Bone 42 200 Ballcourt of Jewels 183 Bone 50 166, 204 Ballcourt of Stars 251 Bone 71 166 bat 253, 438, 440, 447, 514 Bone 94 166, 203 Beni Zaa (Zapotec people) 5, 62, 73, 127, 128, Bone 114 163 155, 313, 361 Bone 124 212, 218, 219, 221, 222, 223, 231, 244, Beni Zaa (Zapotec) calendar 61, 289, 293 293, 430 Beni Zaa (Zapotec) effigy vessels Bone 149 165, 166 (urns) 128 Bone 169 162, 163, 199 Beni Zaa (Zapotec) territory 47, 61, 72, Bone 172i 59, 166, 194, 216n40 84, 89, 149, 357 Bone 174a 172, 176, 184, 188, 196, 207, 526 Beni Zaa (Zapotec) religion 50, 119, 126, Bone 174b 166, 196, 199 127, 152n65, 196, 199, 291, 292, 459n34, Bone 185 191 538, 558 Bone 200 64, 171, 174, 175, 188 Beni Zaa (Zapotec) history 63n, 70, 78, Bone 203b 176, 177, 181, 184, 187, 188, 206 79, 80, 82n41, 83, 90, 183, 241, 282, 291, Bone 203c 166, 200 294, 338, 530, 543 Bone 203d 166, 200, 208, 212 Betanzos, Domingo de 433–435 Bone 203e 166, 210, 212 Bible 33, 85, 86, 271, 541, 554 Bone 203g 191 Binding of the Years (Nahuatl: Bone 203h 201 xiuhmolpilli) 15, 61, 394, 396, 397, 405, Bone 203i 70, 89, 171, 172, 174, 177, 187, 188, 424, 430, 521n120, 196, 200, 206, 207, 260 bird Bone 203j 150n62, 191 bones 150 Bone 203k 59, 216n40 claws 371 Bone 203L 188 jewel 45, 142, 158, 159, 246 Bone 215 167, 168, 169, 174, 206, 241, 260 month sign 419, 518n115 Bone 235 258, 260, 261 name 208, 210 Bone 302 187 narrative 67, 104 Bone 325 199 omen 75, 399 Bone Assemblage A 148, 149, 153, 155, 167, sacrifice 168 174, 177, 188, 191, 196, 203, 206, 207, 208, song 199, 200 210, 212, 222, 544 symbol 160, 162, 169 Bone Assemblage N 196 toponym 65 Boturini, Lorenzo 561 transformation 382, 383 box 126, 199, 417–428 tree 169, 417, 418n brazier 405, 407, 429, 453–457, 461n40, blood 132, 150, 153, 176, 239, 242, 248, 255, 463–468, 471, 493, 521n120, 523, 524, 335, 362, 373, 377, 383, 438, 440, 469, 526, 527, 529, 555 472, 501, 504, 514, 516, 520, 521, 534, 538 bundle name 219–222, 332, 544 counted 444 bloodletting (self-sacrifice) 16, 29, 82, 121, firewood 211, 255, 379 125, 126, 128, 129, 140, 157, 171, 174, 175, flint 287 188, 191, 210, 246, 253, 258, 312, 362, 364, grass 416 375, 396, 416, 417, 419, 422, 423, 427, 429, Huiztilopochtli 125, 391 449, 452n23, 458–466, 474–487, 492, medicine 105 505, 506, 509, 511, 525, 527, 529, 554 mortuary 117, 120, 121, 123, 135, 212, 288, Bologna 27n37, 433, 434 289, 290, 291, 293, 359, 545, 548 Bone 37a 15, 59, 191 Quetzalcoatl 316–320, 325, 355, 356, 390, Bone 37b 200 520, 529, 550

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Index 603

sacred 19, 52, 89, 117, 119, 119n31, 121, 123, 269, 270, 277, 281, 283, 284, 288, 289, 124, 125, 126, 128, 129, 140–149, 155, 157, 293, 310, 312, 313, 315, 316, 356, 364, 366, 169n, 172, 199, 206, 207, 212, 221–223, 368, 370n20, 387, 395, 395n55, 405, 411, 255, 262, 265, 269, 282, 283, 288, 292, 457, 476, 480, 481, 492, 509, 533, 534, 293, 294, 298, 299, 315, 324, 325, 357, 546, 547, 550, 559 429, 431, 450, 464, 477, 479, 481, 482, Cavua Caa Andevui (Mixtec: Mountain of 482n65, 485, 486, 488, 491, 504n89, 514, Heaven, Apoala) 114, 184, 261, 262, 269, 517, 520, 528, 540, 544–547, 555, 557, 558 306, 355, 546 sticks 396, 520n118, 529 see also Kava Kaandiui Xipe 92, 262, 264, 297 Ce Acatl 341, 346–349, 352, 353, 417, 423–429 Burgoa, Francisco de (Spanish see also Nacxitl, Topiltzin, Quetzalcoatl chronicler) 5, 64, 65, 69n27, 101n9, 116, ceiba (pochote) 69, 89, 146, 171, 172, 174, 175, 123, 232, 293 188, 207, 222, 298, 460, 479 butterfly ceremonial discourse 92, 126, 126n41, jewel 160, 197, 242, 246 157–159, 166, 222, 228, 230, 232, 379, 423, obsidian 24, 143 424, 483, 493, 509, 529, 544, 545, 556 symbol 200, 412 Cerro de la Campana 540 Cerro de la Estrella 402, 410, 429, 553 cacaxtli (Nahuatl: carrying frame) 75, 286 Cerro de las Minas 127, 128, 541, 542 cache 152, 293, 294, 370, 417, 429, 547 Cerro de los Cervatillos 116, 123, 232 calendar name (day name) 12, 23, 25, 27n36, Cerro Verde (Yucu Cuii) 300, 333, 335, 336, 28, 57, 63, 69, 74, 78, 101, 121, 133, 163, 340, 354, 550 171, 177, 207, 210, 216–219, 248, 251, 261, Chalcatongo (Ñuu Ndeya) 27, 82n42, 93, 262, 264, 266, 307n13, 310n15, 311, 313, 101n9, 115, 116, 123, 130, 138, 200, 221n, 315, 330, 332, 337, 339, 343n59, 347, 367, 232, 234, 265, 272, 286, 289, 290n, 318, 380, 382, 383, 384n44, 385, 396n58, 413, 533 416n81, 420, 423, 455, 499n82, 525, 526, Chalcatzingo 3, 223–231, 412n79, 535 Chalchiuhtepetl (temple pyramid of calendar round 15, 194, 342, 358, 380, 394, Cholula) 487, 520, 556 396, 397, 399, 403, 408, 424, 430, 450, Chalchiuhtlicue (Aztec goddess of rivers and 451, 454, 458, 517, 521, 529, 553, 557, 562 lakes) 216, 370n19, 383, 486, 505, 509, Calendar Stone (Sun Stone) 188, 379–385, 518n114 499, 503, 510, 535 chamber (of Tomb 7) 51, 52, 84, 123, 132, Calendar Wheel 395 146–152, 156, 194, 199, 242, 429 Candlemas 466 Chantico (Aztec goddess of the cannibalism / cannibal 29, 362, 501 hearth) 249n19, 476, 484, 485, 521 cardinal points (four directions) 15, 88, chevron band (yecu, ‘war’) 216, 338 114–117, 132, 153, 169, 227, 232, 241, 250, Chichen Itza 3, 324, 350, 352 261, 267, 297, 317, 318, 320, 325, 355, 358, Chicomecoatl (Aztec maize goddess) 416, 511 382, 408, 417, 442, 456, 459n34, 481, 483, Chicomoztoc (Nahuatl: seven caves, place of 485, 487, 490, 491, 492, 511, 522, 525n124, origin) 312–316, 324, 325, 354–356, 370, 535, 537, 550, 552, 556 395, 457 Caso, Alfonso 45, 46, 50–59, 63–65, 72, 73, Chief Seatle 531 75, 80, 83, 89, 90, 132n47, 133, 140, 158, childbirth 103, 111, 117, 153, 370–375, 492, 503, 162, 168, 208, 216, 217, 241, 251, 252n25, 505, 506, 509, 525 271, 299, 300, 339, 539, 542 Chimalpahin (Mexica historian) 10, 352, cave (abri) 14, 19, 25, 26n34, 28, 30, 65, 69, 353n80 70, 87, 88, 98, 109, 112–118, 121, 123, 126, chinampa (raised field) 400, 404, 408, 217, 223–233, 240, 255–258, 261, 266, 411, 416

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604 Index

Chiyo Cahnu (Teozacualco) 55, 79–82, 90, Coatlicue (Aztec earth goddess) 109, 371, 206–208, 214–222, 269, 271, 292, 356, 373, 517, 534 450, 543, 548 Cocijo (Zapotec rain deity) 50, 127, 276, 283, chocolate 118n30, 120, 121, 149, 167, 199 459n34 Christianity / Christian 5, 14, 15, 27, 28, 30, Codex Añute (Selden) 58, 64n23, 69n27, 33, 86, 87, 101, 109, 115, 119, 228, 328, 534, 75n37, 116, 146, 150n61, 175, 175n, 188, 535, 540, 541, 548, 549, 551, 557, 559, 200, 210n, 227, 232, 239n, 240, 252n, 560, 562, 563, 564, 566, 567 259, 262, 270n, 271, 272, 273, 325, 366n, Chronos 535 452n23, 547n16 Cihuacoatl (Aztec goddess of life-death-life) Codex Baranda 324n32, 326n39, 110–114, 128, 140, 143, 150, 154, 157, 191, Codex Dresden 446n18, 513n103 226n5, 254, 255n32, 265, 284, 285, 298, Codex Cihuacoatl (Borbonicus) 21n25, 310n15, 358, 364–376, 394n53, 408, 23n27, 25n29, 57, 111n22, 132n47, 417, 418n, 429, 429, 448–456, 458–463, 254n28, 358, 366n14, 371, 402, 405, 410, 465–468, 470, 473–478, 484, 488, 489, 419n, 436, 450–452, 457, 462n42, 466, 491, 498, 499, 502, 504–510, 517, 518, 521, 474n, 475, 480, 482n64, 488n71, 488n72, 523, 524, 527–530, 534, 536, 541, 547, 501, 510n97, 511, 511n100, 517, 517n109, 552, 555, 557, 560, 561 518n113, 518n114, 518n115, 521, 526, 553, see also Lady 9 Grass 561, 562 cihuacoatl (Aztec official / high priest) Codex Iya Nacuaa (Colombino-Becker) 58, 128n45, 402, 405, 408, 475, 543, 553 120, 152n66, 158n4, 242, 252n26, 287, Cihuateotl, plural Cihuateteo (Aztec: deified 288, 291, 293, 322n28, 339n54, 344n61, woman who had died in childbirth) 111, 345n64, 346, 348, 351n73, 351n74, 370, 372, 373, 492, 505–507, 509, 525 351n75, 441n9, 501n85, 548 Cihuatlampa (Nahuatl: the female realm, Codex Magliabechi (Libro de la West) 154, 370, 524, 525 Vida) 25n29, 25n32, 54n, 92n2, 101n10, 111, Cinteotl / Centeotl (Aztec maize god) 501, 118n, 157, 252n25, 348, 365n10, 428n96, 505 453, 485n66, 486n76, 488n72, 488n73, Cipactonal (Nahuatl: man of the Aztec 488n74, 520n118 primordial couple; archetypical priest) Codex Mendoza 9, 23n27, 25n31, 25n33, 182, 19, 21, 23, 25, 117, 166, 194, 227, 258, 261, 271n, 376, 377, 383, 384, 394, 405n69, 306, 317, 375, 387, 399, 411, 456n, 481, 482, 452, 505n92 486, 488, 490, 492, 499, 502, 550, 555 Codex Mictlan (Laud) 57, 114n25, 203n, Citlalcueye / Citlalinicue (Aztec goddess of 225n2, 310n14, 359n5, 393n, 496, 498, the Milky Way) 111, 367, 371, 561 503n87 city-state 3n, 58, 88, 146, 167, 206, 220, 547 Codex Ñuu Tnoo - Ndisi Nuu (Bodley) 58, Classic 3–6, 8, 12, 17n20, 47, 50, 52, 59, 61n20, 64n23, 171, 219n42, 219n43, 239n15, 62, 73, 84, 88, 89, 102, 103n, 117, 123, 127, 240, 241, 252n26, 252n27, 271–273, 128, 147, 169, 171, 196, 252, 271, 276, 282, 313n, 338n52, 343n60, 344n62, 345n64, 283, 285, 294, 297, 322, 387, 487, 496, 501n85 500, 540–542, 556 Codex Telleriano-Remensis 20n24, 23n27, cleansing 86, 101, 234, 262, 292, 503, 510n99, 24n28, 54n12, 225n4, 347n68, 359, 361, 525, 526, 534, 535, 537, 558 366n14, 382, 394, 423n91, 424n, 468n47 cloud 13, 109, 146, 188, 199, 226, 227, 262, Codex of Teotenantzin 561 310n14, 325, 330, 359, 453, 483, 491 Codex Tezcatlipoca (Fejérváry-Mayer) 57, coa (digging stick / curved staff) 200, 153, 254, 347n69, 370n19, 393n, 408, 476n57 418n, 516n107 Coatepec (Serpent Mountain) 109, 324n33, Codex Tlamanalli (Cospi) 57, 194, 434–436 326, 357, 550 Codex Tonalamatl (Aubin) 57

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Index 605

Codex Tonalpouhqui (Vaticanus B) 57, 434, communitas 40, 510 435 conch 18, 45, 147, 159n, 204n, 242, 261, 262, Codex Tonindeye (Nuttall) 58, 65, 70n30, 320, 351, 490, 509, 518 74, 75n37, 78–81, 82n41, 84, 90, 120, 121, Coo Dzavui (Koo Sau, Mixtec plumed 128, 133, 135, 142n52, 143, 145, 149n60, serpent) 69, 138, 144, 165, 265, 285 152n66, 177, 183, 184, 187, 197, 206, 208, corn 10, 25, 45, 102, 103, 126, 187, 242, 273, 210, 212n, 216n, 218n, 240, 249, 250n, 466, 488, 489, 505, 511, 560 252n27, 255n32, 259–263, 269, 270n, corncob 16, 134, 135, 196, 197, 199, 416, 417, 272, 273, 277, 281–291, 293, 294, 297, 420n, 461, 464, 465, 470, 472, 486, 298, 315n, 317n22, 332, 339n54, 342n56, 510n98, 511, 512, 527, 528, 555 344n61, 345n64, 347, 348, 351, 356, 357, cosmogram 153, 370 363, 421n88, 431, 450, 476n57, 484, 516, cosmovision 57n16, 140, 382, 533, 535, 537 526, 543, 546, 548, 550, 556 Coyolxauhqui (Aztec moon goddess) 109, Codex Tudela 25n29, 54n, 252n25, 367n15, 310n15, 324n33, 367, 367n17, 506n95, 534 460n couplet 117, 132, 133, 143, 149n, 157, 163, 165, Codex Vaticanus A 54n, 119, 147, 167n, 197, 203, 208, 230, 241, 397, 454, 483, see 226n6, 251, 263, 283, 306, 315, 359, 366, also difrasismo, hendiadys 383, 395n55, 417n85, 475n55, 488n70, creation 8, 10, 19, 33, 57, 65, 69, 87, 92, 93, 488n72, 488n74, 498, 504n, 506n94, 105, 109, 111, 140, 143, 147, 155, 156, 158, 510n97, 513n103, 514n105, 518n115 176, 177, 191, 194, 226, 231, 283, 294, 298, Codex Yada (Porfirio Díaz) 57, 114n25 306, 307, 312, 322, 324, 333, 352n77, 355, Codex of Yanhuitlan 15n17, 55, 254n28, 367, 374, 382, 383, 385, 387, 402, 407, 417, 479n59 420, 428, 429, 449, 457, 481, 496, 499, Codex Yautepec 58 501, 503, 510, 533–535, 538, 545, 550, 552, Codex Yecu (Fonds Mexicain 20/21) 58, 556, 557 114n25, 373n27 cross 1, 14, 25, 33, 102, 111, 228, 234, 405, 408, Codex Yoalli Ehecatl (Borgia) 57, 140, 411, 413, 452, 469n51, 480, 511, 537, 541, 150n62, 162n9, 168n12, 191, 194, 246n18, 549, 562 246n19, 250n22, 251, 252n25, 254n30, crossroads 373, 397, 507, 509, 528 259, 373n27, 381n38, 393n, 394n53, crucifix 109, 534 396n58, 431–530, 547, 553, 554, 556, Cuauhilama (town) 411 558, 562 Cuahuitlehua (Aztec month, feast; see also Codex Yuta Tnoho 21, 23n, 58, 64n23, 69, 70, Xilomanaliztli) 16, 461, 466, 523, 555 92, 92n1, 128, 133, 134, 140, 142, 143, 147, Cuauhtinchan (town in the Mexican State of 149n, 150, 152, 158n3, 167, 171, 172, 174, Puebla) 305, 343n59 175, 183n22, 183n126, 184, 187, 188, 191, cuauhxicalli (offering vessel) 250, 385 197, 225n4, 242, 255, 262, 265, 270n45, Cueva de Juan Rosa (cave in Monte 272, 282, 297, 298, 305–307, 315, 316n20, Albán) 277 316n21, 317n24, 325n35, 329, 355, 358, Cuilapan (town south of Monte Albán) 75, 362, 459n36, 470n52, 486n67, 546 79n38, 80, 282 coevalness 28, 34, 36, 38, 61, 419, 428, 551, cultural continuity 4, 32, 34, 36, 39, 40, 234, 553, 557, 559, 562, 564, 566, 567 445, 531 Coixtlahuaca (town, valley) 188, 299, 300, cultural memory 1, 5, 8, 18, 36, 39, 40, 46, 92, 305, 318, 320, 326, 329, 330, 332–343, 93, 145, 222, 231, 297, 353, 356, 421, 427, 346, 354, 355, 358, 550 429, 432, 531–533, 537, 548, 551, 557, 563, cold 132, 226, 298, 392, 461, 505, 510, 528, 533 566, 568 colonialism 3, 4, 29, 38, 38n49 colonised 1, 28, 532, 564 dance 210, 240, 469n51, 476, 488, 492, 495, coloniser 531n, 532, 552, 559, 563 496, 498, 500, 505, 506, 514, 528

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606 Index

Day of the Dead 149, 498, 567 East 15, 106, 114, 117–119, 153, 241, 267, 306, Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous 325, 333, 348, 351, 352, 370, 424, 459n34, Peoples 35 463, 492 decolonising perspective 34, 35, 37, 39, 532, eclipse 17n20, 365, 446–448, 493–499 562, 567 effigy vessel 46, 50, 62, 89, 117, 127, 128, 196, deconstruction 33, 40 270, 276, 371, 541 Dedication Stone (of the Aztec main Egypt 52, 539, 540 temple) 265, 362, 371, 376, 388, 423 El Escorial (palace of the Spanish king Philip deer 11, 88, 96, 98, 99, 101, 103, 104, 105, 106, ii) 398 158, 317, 341, 355, 361 El Paredón (part of Monte Albán) 281, 282, deerskin 7, 88, 156, 523 288 Deloria, Vine 32 equinox 17, 27, 359, 447, 474, 511 Delphi (Greek oracle site) 554 Estés, Clarissa Pinkola 35, 90, 91, 104–106, demon 353, 365, 537, 568 109, 110, 156, 239, 258, 374, 375, 538, devil 13, 30, 87, 115, 232, 374, 536 561n31, 569 diadem 14, 252, 322, 384, 392 Etzalcualiztli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 17, difrasismo 157, 163, 326, 385, 449, 453, 456, 488, 490, 491, 500, 501, 523, 528 458, 464, 486, 533n4, 545 Eurocentrism 32, 33, 87 see also couplet, hendiadys exhibition 46, 539, 566 Dionysos (Greek god of wine) 536 discrimination 4, 28, 30, 36, 39, 40, 87 Fabian, Johannes 1, 28, 30, 35–38, 532, 537n, discs (motif) 167, 175, 188, 200, 203, 208, 210, 568 288, 380, 408, 441n9 fasting 88, 146, 150, 191, 194, 315, 322, 423, divination 10, 13, 19, 25, 27, 57, 127, 234, 444 438, 440, 452, 474, 489, 513, 514, dog 53, 133, 134, 135, 165, 166, 168, 191, 199, 529, 554 203, 204, 204n, 477, 479, 482, 483, 484, feather headdress 121, 135, 142, 167, 168, 188, 510, 526 289, 326, 332, 347, 348 Dominican 5, 65, 116, 121, 124, 347, 433–436 feather ornament 168, 203, 210, 260, 484, 500 Durán, Diego (Spanish chronicler) 5, 111n22, femur 119, 120, 148, 152, 155 263, 347, 348, 361, 371n21, 373, 374, fire drill / fire-making instrument 262, 267, 376–381, 384, 385, 395n55, 400, 405n70, 269, 283, 285, 293, 297, 298, 307, 325, 407n71, 416n83, 437n6, 441n11, 454, 335, 357, 358, 359, 400, 428, 429, 431, 468n48, 476n57, 479n59, 482, 486n68, 550, 553, 557 488n75, 505, 506, 510n98, 511n100, fire serpent (Nahuatl: xiuhcoatl; Mixtec: 516n107, 517, 518n112, 520n117, 521n120, yahui) 70, 109, 128, 146, 163, 165, 188, 230, 556n23 265, 267, 269, 270, 277, 288, 313, 325, Dzaha Dzaui (Mixtec language) 4, 11, 61, 64, 326, 330, 338, 339n53, 359, 380, 381, 388, 69, 70, 75, 82, 83, 88, 89, 93, 114, 127, 157, 438, 450, 476, 484, 514, 522, 522n123, 528, 167, 171, 172, 175, 183, 194, 216, 271, 276, 529, 541 306, 326, 329, 343, 345, 351, 388, 407, flaying 16, 75, 241, 254, 447, 468, 470, 479, 538, 540, 550 474, 479 flint (knife) 123, 126, 143, 145, 250–261, 265, eagle 45, 54, 67, 70, 73n32, 88, 160, 166, 208, 272, 282, 285, 286, 298, 307, 313, 315, 325, 222, 230, 246, 251, 255, 260, 325, 326, 376, 422, 447, 450, 467–476, 493, 513, 337, 364, 371, 385, 394, 402, 438, 514, 516, 527, 534, 546 440, 441, 469, 480, 481, 511, 514, flower and song 157–159, 199, 210, 222 516–519, 520n117, 528, 529, 544, fortune 19, 103, 166, 172, 194, 208, 218, 221, 561, 562 307, 430, 538 earring 118, 142, 147, 166, 182, 223 Foucault, Michel 38

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Index 607 foundation of community, dynasty or see also couplet, difrasismo temple 124, 262, 282, 291, 292, 294, 298, heritage 9, 32, 34, 37, 39, 40, 532, 533, 536, 299, 305, 337, 346, 355, 356, 358, 375, 383, 539, 551, 553, 564, 568 394, 429, 545 Herrera, Antonio de (Spanish chronicler) Franciscan 5, 30, 560, 565 118, 127 frieze (Mixtec sign for ñuu, town) 64, 65, hermeneutic 12, 14n, 39 115, 167, 253 hieroglyph 6, 7, 10n11, 50, 57, 64, 114, 119n31, frost 504, 505, 510 226, 227, 277, 299, 555 funeral ceremony 52, 82, 118, 120, 197, 242, high priest 128n45, 290, 337, 358, 374, 402, 287–291, 293, 356, 359n4, 540, 543, 544 458, 475, 527, 544, 553, 555 funeral mask 121, 149 Hildegard von Bingen 554 funerary cave 116, 123, 232, 535 Historia Tolteca Chichimeca (Nahuatl chronicle) 10, 305, 312n, 322, 329, 344 García, Gregorio (Spanish chronicler) 65, hot 132, 298, 461, 482, 533 68, 143, 281, 306, 307, 312 house of god (Nahuatl: teocalli; Mixtec: huahi Gods of the Nights 153, 254, 255, 399, 402 ñuhu) 88, 146, 370, 396 golden ornament Number 26 (pectoral) 59– house of rain 14, 25, 26, 87, 200, 216, 230, 61, 132–143, 167, 212, 251, 289–291, 293, 412n79, 413, 480, 560 356, 530, 541–543 house (temple) of the sun 133, 200, 203, 254, goldsmith 133n48, 149 324, 411, 480, 482n64 Gouda 86 Huahi Andevui (Mixtec: Temple of Grail 33, 549, 551 Heaven) 128, 285, 545 grandmother 21, 93, 96, 97, 99, 101–110, 116, Huahi Cahi / Vehe Kihin (Mixtec: Temple of 117, 132, 143, 154, 165, 208, 214n, 240, 252, the Ancestors) 114, 116, 200, 232, 318 264, 269, 292, 306, 316, 317, 355, 375, huahua 332, 338 533–535, 557, 558, 569 Huehueteotl (Aztec fire god: the old Graz 445, 446 god) 416 Greece / Greek 534–536, 538, 554, 559 Huemac (Toltec ruler) 8, 57, 338n51 guacamaya 168, 196, 316 Huey Miccailhuitl ((Aztec month, feast; see also Xocotl Huetzi) 16, 504, 506, 509, Hackmack box 421–429 523, 528 Habsburg 544, 562 Huey Pachtli ((Aztec month, feast; see also hallucinogen / hallucinogenic 112, 120, 127, Tepeilhuitl) 16, 373, 515 128, 191, 374, 464, 486, 527, 536, 541, 554 Huey Tecuilhuitl (Aztec month, feast) 16, healer (curandero) 19, 25, 230, 537 500, 501, 503n88, 523 heart 92, 103, 124, 127, 132, 146, 150, 153, 168, Huey Tozoztli (Aztec month feast) 16, 17, 196, 200, 241, 252n25, 260, 261, 294, 312, 480, 523, 528 370, 371–374, 379, 392, 436, 462, 464, huipil (traditional woman's dress) 163n, 472, 476, 479, 486, 491, 493, 501, 505n90, 196, 561 509–514, 516–518, 527–529, 556 Huitzilapan (river near Puebla and hearth (tlecuil) 153, 453, 476, 484, 485n, Cholula) 345 505n92, 521, 529, 569 Huitzilopochtli (Aztec main god) 109, 125, heaven 15, 68, 70, 114, 117, 128, 177n16, 184, 324n33, 341, 359, 364, 373, 374, 376, 377, 187, 207, 224, 226, 227, 251, 261, 262, 265, 388, 391, 396, 402, 408, 410, 423, 493, 269, 285, 298, 300, 305–307, 310–318, 506n93, 514 325, 349, 351–356, 367, 370, 371n22, 376, Huizachtepetl / Huizachtlan (mountain, 379, 397, 441, 471, 475–481, 484, 491, 492, Mexico City) 394, 408, 548 500, 510, 528, 534, 547, 555 human sacrifice 29, 119, 133, 335, 362, 373, hendiadys 7, 83, 117, 132, 157, 241, 451 397, 469n51, 479, 494, 501, 504, 517, 556

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608 Index hummingbird 160, 307, 373, 388, 438, Lady 3 Alligator 197n 440, 482 Lady 3 Flint 135, 214n, 240n, 261, 264–266, Hunahpu and Ixbalanque (protagonists of 269, 277, 543 Maya creation narrative) 10, 99, 103 Lady 3 Rabbit 220n Lady 4 Rabbit 79–83, 90, 206–212, 214, 218, idolatry 78, 375 219, 221, 222, 244, 269, 291, 292, 294, 356, Ilamatecuhtli (‘Old Lady’, manifestation of 430, 431, 530, 543–545, 548, 558 Cihuacoatl) 469n50, 529, 560 Lady 5 Vulture 336, 340, ilhuitl (Nahuatl: feast, day) 16, 23, 24n27, 227 Lady 6 Monkey 63, 200, 239, 240–244 252, inquisition 30, 121, 172 285–287, 293, 294, 547n16, 548 intercultural 1, 31–34, 38, 40, 355, 356, 531, Lady 6 Reed 218, 219 532, 536, 537, 562–568 Lady 6 Water 216–219, 222, 223, 430, 530, 544 Itzcoatl (Obsidian Serpent, Aztec ruler) 374, Lady 9 Eagle 288n53, 543 384, 396 Lady 9 Grass 110, 114, 116, 117, 128, 130, 132, Itzpapalotl (Obsidian Butterfly, Aztec 133, 142, 143, 150, 153, 154, 197n32, 200, goddess) 24, 143, 187, 469 222, 226, 232, 233, 239–244, 247, 252, Itztlacoliuhqui (Curved Obsidian Blade, 253, 267, 286, 287, 289, 290n, 292, 293, Aztec god) 504–510, 525, 528 298, 318n26, 364, 429, 525, 526, 534, Itztli (Obsidian Knife, Aztec god) 255, 541, 547 468, 471 Lady 9 Reed 121, 171, 172, 184, 187, 196, 207, Ixcaquixtla archaeological site in the Mexican 289, 290n55, 469, 526 State of Puebla) 146–148, 540 Lady 10 Flower 12 ixiptla (Nahuatl: image, representation, im- Lady 10 Water 220n personator) 92n2, 124–126, 207, 212, 222, Lady 11 Rabbit 79, 80 265, 288, 384, 455, 462, 486, 504, 506, Lady 12 Grass 330 509, 510, 528, 530, 544 Lady 13 Alligator 333–336, 339, 340 Ixtlilton (‘Small Black Face’, Aztec deity) 501 landscape (ritual / sacred / symbolic / Ixtlilxochitl (Mexica historian) 8, 10, 339 ceremonial) 14n, 28, 36, 47, 221, 230, 231, Izcalli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 402, 450, 451, 262, 292, 294, 298, 324, 357, 368, 405, 458, 506, 519n, 521, 522n122, 523, 526, 408, 411, 416n83, 429, 499, 531, 545, 529, 555 548–550, 553, 556, 559, 560, 561, 564 Iztaccihuatl (volcano near Cholula) 22n26, Leyenda de los Soles / Legend of the Suns 364, 404, 436, 452, 500, 548 (Nahuatl text) 10, 251, 349, 382 León y Gama, Antonio de 57n17, 380 Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto 15n, 55, 68n27 life-death-life 105, 109, 110, 143, 155, 157, 199, 222, 239, 240, 292, 298, 364, 374, 375, Karlstein (castle in Czech republic) 549 408, 417, 429, 461, 465, 501, 503, 527, 531, Kava Kaandiui (Mixtec: Moutain of Heaven, 533–536, 538, 555, 557, 558, 562, 569 Apoala) 69, 114, 304 lightning 13, 26, 70, 128, 147, 226n6, 251, 277, see also Cavua Caa Andevui 307, 313, 315, 317, 322, 325, 475, 482, K’iche’ 10, 11, 13n15, 21n, 98, 99n, 104, 341, 483–491, 528 346, 444n16, 551 lienzos 9, 188, 290, 336, 340, 550 Kukulcan (Maya name of Quetzalcoatl) Lienzo of Coixtlahuaca ii (Lienzo Seler ii) 350, 352 305, 326, 330, 334 Lienzo of Guevea 78–80 Lady 1 Deer 68, 70, 142, 143, 305–307, 315, Lienzo of Ihuitlan 300, 318, 320 355, 555 Lienzo of Otla 305n, 343n59 Lady 1 Eagle 101, 116, 117, 214n39, 240, 240n, Lienzo of Tecamachalco 305 264, 316, 557 Lienzo of Tequixtepec I 300, 337

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Index 609

Lienzo of Tequixtepec ii 300, 315, 330 427n, 441n9, 501n85, 516, 543, 544, Lienzo of Tlapiltepec 225n25, 300, 305n, 317, 548, 551 320, 325, 326, 330, 333–339, 342, 343, Lord 8 Lizard 329, 330–332 346, 347, 353, 354, 356, 550 Lord 8 Rain 330 Lienzo of Tulancingo 300 Lord 9 Flower 74, 75 Lienzo of Yucu Satuta (Zacatepec) 115, 333 Lord 9 Grass 329 liminal (place) 13, 109–112, 121, 252, 316, Lord 9 Serpent 78–80, 217, 218, 325, 355, 357, 380, 397, 476, 529, 550, Lord 9 Vulture 315 554–557, 561 Lord 9 Wind 23n, 68, 70, 140–145, 184, 187, lineage 55, 65, 120, 126, 127, 148, 169, 261, 305, 240, 255, 262, 265, 282, 285, 297, 298, 322, 357, 388, 396, 429, 430, 543, 545, 306, 307, 325n35, 329, 333, 334, 353, 354, 551, 558 355, 546 Lord 1 Alligator see Cipactonal Lord 10 Alligator 332 Lord 1 Death 249, 267 Lord 10 House 315, 322, 325, 335 Lord 1 Deer 68, 70, 142, 143, 305–307, 315, Lord 11 Water 78 355, 555 Lord 12 Movement 120, 135, 242, 287–291, Lord 1 Jaguar 332, 338, 339, 355 293, 294, 356, 543, 544, Lord 1 Movement 252n26, Lord 12 Wind 266n, 267–269, 277, 283, 293, Lord 1 Reed 423, see also Ce Acatl 294, 543, 550 Lord 1 Wind 343n59 Lord 13 Jaguar 220n Lord 2 Alligator 329 Lord 13 Lizard 315, 324, 325, 326n36, 335 Lord 2 Dog 79, 117, 153, 218, 219, 240, 267, 317, Loreto (Catholic sanctuary in Italy) 33 318, 320, 355, 476n57 Lord 2 Flower 342 Maceualtenancatzintli (‘Mother of the Lord 2 Reed 263 people’, contemporary Nahua deity) 102 Lord 3 Alligator 78–80, 210, 221 maguey 25, 167, 197, 265, 312, 367n17, 374, Lord 4 Alligator 324 397, 419, 459, 463, 464, 469, 477, 479, Lord 4 Dog 469n51 480, 482, 483 Lord 4 Jaguar 140n52, 263, 312, 339, 342–354, maize 19, 140, 153, 196, 199, 317, 459n35, 466, 356, 423, 427n, 516, 551 482, 483, 486, 488, 504, 505, 510, 512, Lord 4 Monkey 315, 316 523n, 528, 533, 555, 561 Lord 4 Movement 316 malacate (spindle whorl) 83, 113, 153 Lord 4 Water 218–220, 222 mandibles 52, 129, 141 Lord 4 Wind 313n, 316, 342, 345, 441n9 mantic (divinatory) 19, 56–58, 251, 258, 383, Lord 5 Alligator 128, 129, 290, 429, 543 399, 400, 402, 408, 444, 444n, 448n, Lord 5 Flower 74, 75, 79–82, 84, 90, 206–208, 459n34, 462, 497, 498, 509, 517n110, 535, 212, 216–219, 221, 222, 223, 244, 261, 264– 554 266, 291, 292, 294, 430, 530, 542–545 Map of Xochitepec 340 Lord 6 Water (Atonal ii) 337 Map of Xoxocotlan 273–276 Lord 7 Death 329, 332 marital alliance 212, 218, 220, 220, 223, 244, Lord 7 Eagle 329 430, 544, 545, 548, 558 Lord 7 Flower 117, 133, 142n54, 166, 171, market 18, 75, 468, 505 172, 241 mask 52, 118, 120, 121, 129, 138, 149, 155, 162, Lord 7 Movement 183 163, 165, 166, 231, 241, 288, 293, 366, 397, Lord 7 Water (Atonal I) 336, 337, 339, 340, 523, 541 342, 346, 354, 551 Matlalcueye (volcano near Tlaxcala) 26, Lord 8 Deer 12, 55, 63, 120, 121, 133, 252n26, 262, 345 287, 289n, 290, 290n, 291, 293, 294, 313n, maxtlatl (loincloth) 182, 196, 210, 216, 217, 332, 339, 341–348, 351, 353n81, 354, 356, 246, 455

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610 Index metallurgy 133n48 nagpra 35, 566, 567 metaphor 32, 83, 87, 88, 105, 138, 163, 177, nahual (alter ego experience) 12, 13, 28, 70, 214n, 251, 264n38, 298, 310n15, 352, 432, 112n, 128, 133, 138, 140, 142, 156, 162, 163, 440, 453n26, 457, 458, 517, 522n122, 532, 165, 188, 216, 217, 230, 231, 264, 265, 269, 537, 545, 550, 553, 556, 559, 568 270, 277, 313, 325, 330, 356, 371, 380, 388, Miccailhuitontli (Aztec month, feast; see also 412, 429, 440, 454n29, 462, 471, 482, 484, Tlaxochimaco) 16, 447, 448, 493, 498, 486, 493, 511, 513–515, 528, 529, 534–536, 504, 505, 509, 523, 528 541, 542, 554, 556, 561, 562 Mictlancihuatl (Aztec death goddess) 116n Nanahuatzin (person who became the Mictlantecuhtli (Aztec death god) 116n, 140, sun) 398, 521n120 289, 366n13, 509 ndodzo (Mixtec: earth spirit, divine midwife 21, 25, 117, 143, 306, 317, 375, 399, 558 ancestor) 326, 328, 329, 357, 550, 559 Milky Way 111, 132, 154, 191, 226, 242n, 306, necklace of hands and hearts 371, 373, 315, 367, 371, 450, 475, 491, 534, 535, 561 374, 517 miniature 45, 156, 234, 397, 417 night sun 449, 458, 472, 479, 481, 492, 493, Mixteca Alta 58, 115, 233, 338, 342, 343, 346, 498, 499, 503, 504, 510 351n75 nigromancer 70 Mixteca Baja 127, 177, 181, 184, 187, 290n, 315, nose ornament 142, 162, 199, 208, 216, 217, 338, 340, 342, 343, 346, 405n69 332, 338, 342, 346, 384, 388, 441, 516 Mixteca-Puebla style 50, 56, 89, 123, 345, North 15, 114, 117, 153, 251, 267, 317, 318, 320, 436, 437n5 325, 330, 355, 359, 392, 396n58, 459n34, Moctezuma I 336, 374, 377, 378, 384 492 Moctezuma ii 194n, 297, 348, 384, 385n48, Nostradamus 554 386, 387, 388, 394–396, 402, 422–428, Nowotny (Karl Anton) 9, 56, 58, 114n25, 436, 552 438, 440–446, 449, 462 Moctezuma’s altar (teocalli monument, numinous 36n, 230, 298, 545, 558, 562 throne of Moctezuma ii) 387 ñuhu (Mixtec term for divine beings) 58, Monte Albán 3, 6, 10, 61, 72, 73, 89, 221, 222, 68n26, 88, 89, 92, 124, 146, 152, 200, 252, 269–285, 287, 288, 291, 292–294, 241, 288, 316, 326, 357, 476, 547, 297, 299, 357, 429, 541–543, 546–550 550, 559 Montserrat 548, 559 Ñuu Ndecu (town: Achiutla) 64, 68n27, 146, Moon 10, 97, 98, 99, 103, 104, 105, 109, 110, 153, 175, 187, 262, 265, 292, 325, 351n75 160, 188, 226n6, 251, 273, 306, 313, 317, Ñuu Ndeya (town: Chalcatongo) 75, 93, 98, 355, 476, 491, 494–497, 521n120, 524, 115, 265, 533 533, 562, 569 Ñuu Tnoo (town: Tilantongo) 3, 55, 63, 65, Mountain of Heaven 68, 114, 184, 187, 261, 120, 128, 218, 221, 222, 271, 272, 285, 262, 306, 312, 318, 355, 546 290, 293, 294, 332, 340, 342, 351n75, Mountain of the Moon (Mixtec: Yucu Yoo; 543–545, 547 Acatepec of Monte Albán) 120, 273, 276, Ñuu Yuchi (Town of Flints, Mogote del 286, 287, 288, 291 Cacique) 183, 313n, 342 Mountain of Sustenance 317, 370, 387, 486, 548, 550 obsidian spirit 143, 482, 484, 485, 488, 504 Motolinia, Toribio de Benavente (Spanish Ocelotonatiuh (Aztec earlier creation) 382, chronicler) 5, 447, 488n71 499, 503, 510 Museo Arqueológico de Xochimilco 416 Ochpaniztli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 17, 416, Museo del Fuego Nuevo 404n66 503n88, 505, 508, 509, 511, 514, 523, 528, Museo Nacional de Antropología 555, 561n32 (National Museum of Anthropology, Ocotelulco (archaeological site in Mexico City) 46, 196n31, 371, 380, 423n90 Tlaxcala) 313n17, 470

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Index 611 ointment (black) of priests 127, 128, 374, 337, 339, 347, 356, 383, 390, 421, 424, 454, 457, 458, 464, 466, 486, 527 427, 429, 486, 514, 530, 541, 542, 546 old sun 481, 482, 492, 499, 500, 502 pochote (tree) 68, 171, 172, 174, 175, 207 Olmec (preclassic culture) 3, 6, 10, 223, Popocatepetl (volcano near Cholula) 22, 27, 230n, 388, 551 224, 225, 227, 230, 411, 436, 548 ololiuhqui (plant: morning glory) 454 Popol Vuh (K’iche’ Maya sacred text) 10, 21, Omiteotl (Aztec God of Bones) 307 98, 103–105, 110, 119n31, 140n53, 158n3, 177 opossum 135, 469 Postclassic 3–6, 8, 10, 17n20, 22, 50, 52, 54, oracle 117, 166, 169, 217, 221, 223, 232, 239, 58, 59, 61, 72, 84, 89, 120, 138, 147, 177, 244, 252, 265, 288, 292, 293, 317, 429, 196, 206, 233, 271, 276, 282, 285, 292, 471, 544, 547, 554 297, 299, 305, 340, 353, 356, 370, 421, Orselina (Catholic sanctuary near 540–543, 546, 547, 548 Locarno) 559, 560n Preclassic 3, 6, 10, 169, 223, 548, 551 ossuary 119, 121, 123, 223 psyche 87, 91, 104–106, 110, 156, 239, 535–537, owl 75, 253, 509 558 Oxomoco (Aztec: primordial midwife) 19– Puente Colosal 322, 355 21, 25, 117, 143, 194, 306, 317, 375, 399, pulque (alcoholic beverage from maguey 455, 486, 488, 550, 555 juice) 25, 120, 121, 126, 149, 196–199, 289, 367, 368, 420, 469, 485n, 519, 520 Pachtontli (Aztec month, feast; see also puma 162, 163, 203, 341, 412 Teotleco) 16, 514 Pakal (Classic Maya ruler, Palenque) 169, quail 120, 121, 168, 172, 263 460, 466, 486n68, 540 quechol (bird) 160, 162, 203 Panquetzaliztli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 17, Quecholli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 411, 412, 254n28, 255n32, 256, 364, 396, 403, 410, 518, 523, 529 412, 477, 517, 518, 523, 526, 529, 555 quechquemitl (triangular woman's Panteón de los Reyes Mixtecos 115, 116, 232, garment) 175, 196, 261 233, 290n, 318 Quetzalcoatl (plumed serpent) paper (religious use of) 52, 126, 199, 262, deity 92, 133, 138, 140, 143, 144, 160, 166, 320, 373, 388, 405, 484, 486, 490, 504, 204, 211, 260, 261, 265, 298, 311, 313, 316, 507, 511, 518n114 317, 318, 320, 325, 329, 345, 355, 356, 367, parallelism (use in ceremonial discourse) 382, 399, 411, 417, 441, 451, 454, 468, 480, 157, 163, 171, 265n41, 316, 493, 545 485, 498, 517n110, 518, 529, 550, 555 pedimento (ritual petition) 231, 234, priest 431, 437, 450, 451, 458, 471, 475, 538, 558 476, 477, 479, 481, 482, 483, 486, pendant 45, 158, 188, 246–258, 504 488, 491, 492, 493, 500, 501, 504, 506, perforator 81, 82, 128n46, 129, 157, 167, 168, 509–512, 514, 519–523, 526, 527, 528, 171, 172, 174, 175, 187, 188, 191, 196, 265, 530, 555 312, 388, 416, 419, 420, 449, 459, ruler 167n, 306n9, 324, 337, 338, 341, 461, 477 346–354, 356, 423, 424, 427, 428, 516, 551 petlalcoatl (specific serpent) 324 see also Plumerd Serpent, Lord 9 Wind, Philip ii (Spanish king) 85, 398 Lord 12 Wind, Lord 4 Jaguar piciete (wild tobacco) 112, 117, 120, 121, 128, Quilaztli (Aztec Goddess, form of Cihua- 143, 144, 146, 150, 152, 191, coatl) 111, 140, 364, 371, 469, 470, 561 plumed serpent 19, 21, 27n36, 59, 68, 70, 92, quincunx (staff of authority) 261, 283, 297, 121, 133, 135, 138, 140, 142, 145, 155, 159, 298 162, 163, 165, 166, 175, 188, 203, 204, 211, 212, 241, 251, 259, 261, 264–269, 282, 284, Rabin, Emily 59, 63n, 80, 90, 281, 342 289, 290, 293, 298, 307, 312, 325, 326, racism 28, 34, 37, 39

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612 Index rain god (Aztec: Tlaloc, Mixtec: Dzavui, self-sacrifice 29, 82, 128, 140, 172, 187, 194, Zapotec: Cocijo) 25, 27, 50, 109, 127, 135, 240, 254, 258, 263, 265, 362, 364, 393n, 153, 160, 196, 199, 203n, 214, 216, 218, 225, 395, 397, 416, 417, 419, 420, 422, 423, 226, 230, 262, 270, 276, 283, 310n14, 317, 453n23, 457, 462, see also bloodletting 317n, 322, 324, 359, 374, 382, 416, 419, Serna, Jacinto de la (Spanish chronicler) 419n, 420, 437, 459n34, 465, 476, 480, 271n, 364, 455, 466, 494, 496, 498, 560 481, 486, 488, 489, 500, 518n114, 559 shaman 70, 117, 152, 163, 165, 231n, 313, 482 see also House of Rain shell 150, 152, 167, 168, 200, 204, 223, 240, reburial 52, 565, 566 242, 261, 262, 341, 371, 402, 490 Relación Geográfica de Acapiztla 366 Sitna Yuta (Mixtec goddess: Grandmother of Relación Geográfica de Cholula 324, 345, the River) 101, 116, 264, see also Lady 1 441 Eagle Relación Geográfica de Izamal y Santa solstice 13, 17, 27, 256, 396, 403, 404, 407, María 352n77 408, 411, 412, 447, 448, 500, 501, 508, Relación Geográfica de Iztapalapa 397n 528, 559 Relación Geográfica de Mixtepec y de South 15, 75, 114–118, 130, 132, 152, 153, 232, Putla 134 241, 267, 318, 325, 333, 359, 459n34, 491, Relación Geográfica de Petlalcingo 324 492, 525, 526 Relación Geográfica de Teotihuacan 103n, speaking with the dead 141, 159, 251 297, 297n, 370n20 stone men, stone people 68n26, 97, 98, 176, Relación Geográfica de Teotitlan 488n71, 177, 182–184, 187, 188, 196, 206, 207, 221, 518n112 269, 282, 294, 329, 339n54, 354 Relación Geográfica de Teozapotlan 80, 90, Stone of the Ex-Arzobispado 377, 380, 388 206, 275 Stone of Tizoc 265, 375–379, 380, 388, 453, Relación Geográfica de Tilantongo 128n45, 476, 499, 510, 513 272 sunken courtyard 251, 370, 499, 500, 501, reportorio 15, 552 509, 528 Roll of the New Fire (Selden Roll) 114, sunrise (first) 4, 53n11, 68n26, 93, 99, 105, 299–357, 482n65, 550, 555 187, 188, 191, 197, 221, 254, 291, 292, 294, Rome 5, 27, 338, 346, 345, 494, 549, 551, 559, 298, 324n33, 383, 387, 407, 413, 428, 563, 565 497n, 501, 533, 542, 556, 557 rope 97, 184, 187, 455, 476, 486, 525 synchronology 15, 59, 90, 516n Ruiz de Alarcón, Hernán (Spanish chronicler) 5, 13n14, 140n51, 264n39, 310n15, 367, tay sahmi nuu (Mixtec name for Nahuatl 396n58, 455, 457, 521n119 speaking people) 313, 343 rulership 64, 157, 169, 225, 297, 307, 332, 338, tecalli (onyx, marble) 45, 149, 199 339, 346, 355, 383, 384, 387, 424, 427, tecpan (Nahuatl: palace) 167, 167n, 175, 429, 441, 468, 512, 529, 538, 540, 550, 551 188n, 194, 200, 277, 384, 408n73, 441n9 Tecpatl (Aztec deity of flint knives) 254, Sahagún, Bernardino de (Spanish chronicler) 255, 467–469, 471, 474, 498, 527 5, 7, 13, 30, 56, 101, 103, 159, 297, 348, 373, Tecuilhuitontli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 17, 397, 399, 400, 405, 452, 453, 469n51, 500, 523, 528 490, 498, 500, 505, 506 temalacatl (round stone monument) 377, Sahin Sau (contemporary Chalcatongo vari- 499 ant of the Mixtec language) 75, 93, 96n, temazcal (sweat-bath) 93, 96–99, 101, 103, 101n9, 130 105, 106, 110, 154, 288, 292, 375, 521, 534, San Miguel el Grande (village) 97, 233 557, 558, 569 sandhi 65 Templo Mayor (main temple of the Aztec Seler, Eduard 23n27, 54–56, 251, 307n11, 423, capital) 109, 112, 225, 254n30, 265, 436, 443, 446, 446n18, 447, 454, 457 310n15, 311n, 324n33, 359–364, 367–371,

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Index 613

374, 375, 392, 393n, 410, 447, 462, 468, Tlacaelel I (cihuacoatl official under 506n95, 520n117 Moctezuma I) 374, 377, 402, 402n, 429 Tenan 102 Tlacaelel ii (cihuacoatl official under Tenochtitlan (Mixtec: Ñuu Cohyo) 3, 4, 15, Moctezuma ii) 402, 402n 16, 112, 150, 359, 361, 374, 380, 394, 395, Tlacaxipehualiztli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 397, 400, 408, 480n62, 488, 500, 520, 561 254, 256, 364n8, 380, 447, 468, 469n51, Teoamoxtli (Nahuatl: sacred book) 8, 56, 470, 474, 475, 479, 513, 527 57n17, 59, 62, 63, 92, 152, 169, 431, 435, tlachialoni (seeing device of Aztec deity) 446, 471n 484, 485n66, 488 teocalli (Nahuatl: temple) 88, 370, 387, 388, Tlachihualtepetl (main pyramid of 394–397, 423 Cholula) 329, 487, 500, 556 Teotihuacan (Classic metrópolis) 3–6, Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (Aztec Venus 10, 27, 102, 103n, 112, 159, 171, 297, 370, god) 347, 391, 423n91, 454, 479, 491, 498, 370n20, 396, 405, 470n52, 494, 496, 501, 511, 517, 518, 520, 529 525, 551 Tlaloc see rain god Teotleco (Aztec month, feast; see also Tlalocan (realm of Tlaloc) 26, 300, 224, 306, Pachtontli) 16, 514, 523 408, 411, 412 Teozacualco (a Mixtec kingdom) see Chiyo Tlalquiach (Nahuatl: ruler of the below, Cholu- Cahnu la) 441, 481, 482, 511, 514, 522, 527–529 Tepeilhuitl (Aztec month, feast; see also Huay Tlaltecuhtli (Aztec earth god) 111, 250, 253, Pachtli) 16, 515, 516, 529 265, 284, 311n, 366, 367, 370, 385, 386, tepetlacalli (Aztec stone box) 417–429, 388, 422, 423, 462, 504 437n6 Tlalticpactli (Aztec deity of earth surface) Tepeyac 559–561 102, 306 Tepeyollotl (Aztec god of the mountains) tlamacazqui plural tlamacazque (priest, 392, 436, 447, 486, 491, 505, 509, 511 spirit) 140n51, 227, 230, 263, 455–465, Teteo Innan (Aztec goddess: mother of the 475, 482, 484, 491, 521, 526, 556 gods) 101, 103, 558 tlamatini, plural tlamatinime (Nahuatl: per- Tezcacuahuitl (Aztec primordial tree) 486, sons of knowledge and wisdom) 14, 143 517 Tlaxochimaco (Aztec month, feast; see also Tezcatlipoca (Aztec supreme deity) 251n23, Miccailhuitontli) 16, 498, 503, 504 252n25, 254, 255, 263n, 338n51, 348, 367, Tlazolteotl (Aztec goddess of cleansing) 101, 376, 377, 379, 380, 383, 384, 388, 396, 103, 153, 370n19, 447, 453, 462, 492, 493, 399, 416, 418, 423, 441, 447, 468, 469, 471, 503, 504, 509, 524, 525, 558 476, 481, 482, 485, 488, 492, 493, 498, tlillan (dark temple of the Aztec goddess 504, 509, 514, 519, 521, 522, 527–529 Cihuacoatl) 111, 113, 255n32, 371, 391, 396, Tezozomoc, Hernando Alvarado (Mexica 405, 405n69, 405n70, 407, 408, 410, historian) 10, 226n5, 251, 341, 359n4, 424 423n90, 429, 450, 452, 457 threshold (of Tomb 7) 51, 52, 132, 148–150, Toci (Aztec mother goddess) 103, 505, 511 156, 165, 191, 194, 242, 545 Tocuii Ñuhu (Mixtec term for the Coixtlahua- Tilantongo (Mixtec kingdom) see Ñuu Tnoo ca region) 300, 332, 336, 338, 354, 356 Tira de Peregrinación 321n, 383, 391, 395n55 Tocuisi (Mixtec name of Zaachila) 75, 78, Tira de Tecomaxtlahuaca 171n, 267n 283, 286, 313, 339n54 Tititl (Aztec month, feast) 16, 92n2, 375, Toina / To-ina (Mixtec god of merchants) 396, 505, 510n97, 518, 523, 529, 560 134, 135, 142, 165, 166, 168, 171, 172, 176, Tiyuqh (part of Monte Albán) 272–276, 286, 196, 199, 200, 203, 208, 211, 479, 480 287, 293 Toltec (people) 3, 5, 8, 64, 92, 140n52, 263, Tizatlan (site in Tlaxcala) 436, 437, 517 299, 311, 312–357, 358, 371n22, 376, 383, Tizoc (Aztec ruler) 359, 362, 375, 376, 377, 404, 423, 427, 429, 441, 451, 516, 550, 378, 423 551, 553

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614 Index

Toltecayotl (Mesoamerican civilization) 5, West 15, 101, 106, 114, 116, 117, 152, 153, 240, 8, 39, 171, 376, 383 264, 266, 267, 285, 316, 317, 325, 370, 373, Tonacacihuatl (Aztec goddess of 452, 459, 492, 505, 524, 525, 526 sustenance) 306n9 witchcraft 13, 30, 374, 536, 539 Tonacatecuhtli (Aztec god of sustenance) 306n9, 370, 481, 482, 492 Xilomanaliztli (Aztec month, feast; see also Tonalá (town in Mixteca Baja) 181, 187, 290n Cuahuitlehua) 16, 461, 466, 470, 474, 523, Tonalleque (Nahuatl: warrior souls) 417, 527, 555 492, 509, 525, 526 Xilonen (Aztec young maize goddess) 416, tonalli (Aztec term for day, heat, life 511 force) 18, 19, 493, 498, 503, 511, 528 Xipe (Aztec god of skins and flaying) 74, Tonantzin (Nahuatl: title of mother 162, 163, 182, 183, 241, 254, 255n32, 379, goddess) 111, 560, 561 380, 447, 468, 479, 480, 498, 528 Tonatiuh (Aztec sun god) 19, 200, 254, 380, Xipe bundle 92n2, 262, 297 382, 383, 535 Xipe dynasty (royal family of Zaachila) 75, Torquemada, Juan de (Spanish chronicler) 78, 79, 80, 84, 90, 152, 163, 182, 183, 288 388, 346, 352, 375 xiuhmolpilli (completion of a 52-years Toxcatl (Aztec month, feast) 16, 17, 488, 491, cycle) 15, 61, 191, 291, 358, 394–396, 413, 506, 523, 528 517, 557 Tozoztontli (Aztec month, feast) 16, 419n, Xiuhtecuhtli (Aztec fire god) 168, 255, 383, 480, 523, 527 391, 485n66, 498, 522n123, 523 tree of origin 63–68, 89, 168, 171–177, 184, Xmucane (grandmother deity in Popol Vuh 187, 188, 200, 206, 207, 221, 227, 259, 260, narrative) 103 261, 325, 354, 374, 513, 542 Xochicalco (archaelogical site in Mexican Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam 552 State of Morelos) 27 Tollan (Tula) 3–5, 8, 64, 167n, 263, 297, Xochimilco (town in chinampa area of 306n9, 320, 337, 338, 338n51, 341, 343, Mexico City) 111, 371, 396, 404, 405n70, 346, 348, 350, 353, 376 408–416, 452, 501, 521, 552, 553 Tollan-Cholollan (Cholula) 3, 5, 64, 183, 262, Xochipilli (Aztec god of flowers and 315, 316, 322, 324, 338, 342, 344, 424, feasts) 165, 166, 392n, 501 480n61, 516, 526, 547, 551, 553 Xochiquetzal (Aztec goddess of art and turkey 126 beauty) 447, 483, 489, 513, 514, 515, 529 turtle 45, 120, 158, 182, 183n21, 326n39 Xocotl Huetzi (Aztec month, feast; see also Tzitzimitl (manifestation of the goddess Huey Miccailhuitl) 16, 504 Cihuacoatl) 265, 356, 366, 367, 370, 373, Xolotl (Aztec dog-headed god) 53, 83, 89, 450, 453, 454, 456, 457, 527 133, 140, 447, 477, 479–490, 493, 504, tzompantli (skull altar) 517, 517n110, 529 509–512, 519, 528, 540 tzotzopaztli (weaving instrument) 81–83, xonecuilli (S motif) 111, 113, 200, 203, 208, 111, 113, 157, 373, 534 226, 240, 242, 385 Xoxocotlan (town near Oaxaca City) 273, underworld 99, 103, 104, 117, 140, 145, 153, 155, 281, 283 177, 253, 317, 370, 407, 443, 444, 449, 457, 458, 491, 534, 539, 556 Yaa Yuta (River of Ash, Mixtec name for West) 101, 114, 318 vigil 88, 146, 150, 150n62, 191, 194, 452, 500 year bearer 14, 15, 17, 18, 59–62, 174, 394, Virgin of Guadalupe 559–561 399, 400, 417, 437, 474, 475, 492, vulture (bird) 162, 163, 165, 208 511, 542 Yanhuitlan (town in Mixteca Alta) 121, weapons 216–218, 325, 326, 511, 518, 538 126, 172

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Index 615

Yoaltecuhtli (Aztec Lord of the Night) 481, Yuta Tnoho (Apoala) 64, 65, 89, 221, 261, 482, 492, 499, 510 269, 294, 298, 306, 312, 542, 546 Yosonotú (town in Mixteca Alta) 233, 234 Yucu Dzaa (Tututepec, town on the Mixtec Zaachila (Zapotec town near Oaxaca Coast) 65, 342, 547 City) 72–90, 117, 118, 128n46, 162, 183, Yucu Naa (Dark Mountain, Mixtec name for 196, 204n, 206–222, 241, 244, 254, 262, the North) 114, 317n24, 318 264, 282–288, 293, 294, 357, 429, 539–548 Yucu Yusi (Acatlan in the Mixteca Baja, Mexi- Zapotec (people) see Beni Zaa can State of Puebla) 177, 183 zenith passage 14, 17, 27, 411, 419, 480, 481, Yuku Kasa (mountain in the South of the 491, 528, 562 Mixteca Alta) 233, 287 Zeus 534

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