1993JHA....24...17S 0021-8286/93/2401-0017 Venus, environment. confirm following explore cance".1 first apparently inferior another, origin complex The and is much mankind kind, risings rain-maize well relationship rences phenomenon. beliefs sources JHA, symbolism association appearance assumption associated or reflections IVAN © The One One to THE a Science cultural importance appearance social known. xxiv present more some of of of evidence about is part SPRAJC, which its from VENUS-RAIN-MAIZE conjunction these (1993) The the in the of certain the also Closs History with of stratum possible associated complex exist a after that complex of context. of of ideas observation Most recent Venus-rain-maize basic number importance how the Some various It the reports. so attested this Venus distinct et the attributed of has presented the inferior between phenomena far Publications phenomena Instituto al., post-Conquest assumptions in the the famous can symbolism observational easily heliacal been planet studies In have (myths, than in as of Mesoamerica, with kinds with Although Morning universe in be varied aspects ways. the the conjunction of argued of Mayan observable celestial WORLD is understood not to in Nacional rain is the Venus nature. Venus-rain-maize rise underworld Ltd the of commonly have the may its iconography, Sections observed sources Iconographic received was complex; of .• planet evidence of functions and INTRODUCTION Star evening was malevolent there that planet COMPLEX central inscriptions bases. the this have Provided revealed events related with The VIEW: maize the ... de to was "in characteristics $4.00 planet, containing only is paper Venus , 2 enough in Venus been the thought. Antropologia describe world most, star a had they spite rain and to Mexico, believed nearly and the considerable in by to in Evening etc.) elements PART demonstrate aspect: the can at and to the complex. Mesoamerican in an rain © 3 terms are IN and sky of if by and view cyclical 1993 attention, least follow reveals Mesoamerica not NASA be the inadequacy always information equal, we its the THE of described to the and and codices. I maize summarized Science according or Star of of the obvious events inflict forms partly ancient in may 4 e Astrophysics morning its its cosmo of maize. the changes The MESOAMERICAN various amount various Historia, only, if reflect, which the the natural development, and History thus 2 can not harm apparent other responsible object and in Consequently, world importance Mesoamericans vision 3 about important correlations of existence must Section to seasonal The greater, codices disappears be star expect in in aspects of as particularities on Publications the some Data than Mexico environment of follows: one data the designated, of view. conceptual nature the have motion at this common a System 1. heliacal seem natural way Venus­ to its written for of signifi­ people and occur­ of of Venus of study Since been City that find into first and this this the the the the the Ltd or of to to is 1993JHA....24...17S justified considered various and disjunctions The ing is Mesoamerican tion, rain-maize rain-maize warnings", well. unity by phy Sections Section and, of and data other TABLE. Kubler the survival, 18 © This Section postulated this a the Venus-rain-maize Science from 6 discontinuity characteristics correspondence combined, from or moreover, increased. cation they hypotheses the and Stressing scholars I kind problem questioned basic (opposite). If man's extreme data. maximum various that may authors;8 have = only 2 in likelihood the plurality 4 the and History southerly become different complex complex tentative, the but 304 (in may later of between also if tables, been for Preclassic principle elements 8-year The 3 planet declination have a Part cultures, this the noted of Even when Even of northerly considered certain the Dates to Publications call the have however, periods, in declination). declination available.? continuity completely it, the in employing importance elucidate cycles of approach in epochs II would will favoured of oflarger interpretations whenever the Olmec attention Mesoamerican invoking complex Mesoamerica. and diachronic of present that, the themselves more retention is on, 'horizontal' and was in be widely this evolution values not actually the apparent archaeological, southerly explored and some less recognized in Ltd to the values values and have their All general paper) first of 1. at this contexts. study ignored. is the spite of .• than to be they of separated cultures iconographic dates form VENUS least attested and Aztec, extreme been of perspective. Ivan phenomena certain meanings, contexts, of Provided are are principle view complementary. applicable declinations 5°. of (in some second Possible observational will similar are of motion the culture in are implications based visible, and given similar makes Sprajc a EXTREMES the many space) Section declinations I of obliquity there Julian. not represent of particular in believe, facts relatively meaning millennium in by Mesoamerican "basic in historical, because prehispanic of Mesoamerica he meanings supported on of to area. the space possible in and decimal were evident Showing The elements and have disjunction. to added: and be each Venus 5. of NASA such however, the calculations of cogency occur tested its for an the 'vertical' Caso, a in 8-year and/or stimulate isolated A.D. cultural so Such Venus elongation degrees. number attempt ecliptic Mesoamerican culture iconographic-conceptual the Astrophysics the ethnographic comparisons over have far the (N by are Mesoamerica in against cycle. Jimenez as an problems = have advancing 5 cultural intrinsic received of similar degree time, that bases Nicholson, morning/evening (in isolated, time data were northerly obtained Bold phenomenon, been approach some further of The in to in time) been the the further continuities based see from are general. figures seems asterisks of Data of Moreno described clusters moment unity, evidence of little hypotheses declination; from the the of should continuity continuity and compared the employed iconogra­ of research. on and, System Kubler's different discuss­ cultural represent data Venus­ Venus­ can greatly cogent Tucker­ indicate Aveni's atten­ appli­ while other star If of then as and this the by be be or as as in in a S 1993JHA....24...17S © 651 650 755 754 753 649 648 647 752 750 751 646 645 749 748 507 139 505 506 644 138 137 504 503 136 SOl 502 135 500 134 133 132 Science Oct Oct Jan May Apr Aug May Jun Jan Dec Date Aug Nov Nov Jun Jan Jul May May Dec Jul Jun Jan Dec Apr Aug Nov Nov Nov Nov Nov Jul Jun Jan Jun Jan Jun Aug Feb May Feb May Apr Jul Jul Jul Dec Feb Nov Oct Jun Jan Feb Dec Dec May Aug Nov May Jun Jan Dec May Nov Oct Jul Ju116 Dec Feb May Jan Aug Apr 20 27 27 11 3) 31 24 10 10 16 11 25 )8 25 25 17 21 19 16 10 30 11 10 10 21 30 24 26 21 2) 14 27 17 15 14 30 31 26 4 19 1 11 6 18 12 20 5 20 30 5 3 4 8 5 5 B 4 15 1 9 2 4 I 1 5 6 8 5 7 6 9 History 21.94 24.17* 22.47 23.31 23.06 20.45 23.86 20.67 24.32* 23.69 23.96 23.24 22.58 23.86 23.41 22.07 Morning S N -23.94 -24.11* -22.91 -22.53 -23.60 -2).55 -23.37 -23.70 -22.70 -20.47 -21. -24.)9 -23.54 -23.01 -20.57 -24.09 Publications star 73 The 25.10 22.07 25.32 25.74 24.32* 26.11 24.77 24.61 24.85 25.79 25.37 24.74 24.40· 26.13 25.18 22.83 Evening S N Venus-Rain-Maize -22.73 -25.45 -25.75 -24.56 -25.06 -24.40'" -26.33 -25.51 -24.86 -24.53* -25.13 -26.29 -25.78 -22.73 -24.97 -24.63 Ltd. star • Provided by 1251 1250 1249 1248 1247 1246 1153 1152 1245 1244 115) 1149 ]150 1148 1147 1003 1002 1146 1000 999 IDOl 997 99B 859 996 858 856 857 855 854 853 852 the Complex Aug Jun Apr Nov Oct Ju130 Feb May Dec Oct Jun Jan May Nov Dec Oct Jul Jan May Mar May Aug Jun Jan Dec May Nov Jun Jan)3 Dec Ju1 Date May Nov Jul Jul Feb Apr Nov Oct Jun Jan Dec Aug Apr May Oct Jul Nov Feb May Aug Nov Jun Jan Dec Jul Dec Jun Jan Nov May Jul Dec Oct Feb Jan May Aug Apr Jun Nov Feb NASA 16 30 21 22 18 25 21 28 26 15 27 21 13 15 30 28 30 28 21 22 13 29 14 13 23 29 16 27 23 2 28 17 8 3 IB 23 17 15 13 11 3 31 6 7 14 7 2 5 6 7 8 8 9 1 5 6 27 4 1 14 26 17 11 9 4 3 2 2 1 1 20.22 23.68 22.22 23.10 21. 24.00· 22.85 23.21 20.33 23.77 23.50 22.32 22.83 23.52 21.50 24.01 Morning 72 Astrophysics S N -21. -23.94* -23.39 -23.78 -22.33 -23.19 -23.50 -21. -24.02· -22.78 -23.19 -19.71 -23.78 -20.27 -22.20 36 star 45 25.20 24. 26.04 24.61 24.98 22.41 25.68 24.46 26.10 24.70 25.25 24.22* 25.59 24.47 24.95 24.96 )5* Evening S N Data -24.94 -23.28 -25.65 -24.41 -25.36 -26.33 -24.26* -24.74 -24.49 -25.00 -23.31 -25.69 -24.27* -26.14 -24.73 -25.28 System star 19 1993JHA....24...17S seasonal extremes extremes. Apr,il was plane star seasonally (southerly (south), declinations and extremes always and 8-year Mesoamerica.lO reaching FIG. in been 20 © The Since During magnitude 26°30' 27°30' 27°00' Science 1. are °max visible setting ninth discussed of A.D. exhibit connecting (see ascending Maximum and importance patterns. fell asymmetric, Venus Gregorian. phenomena; the vary (when ref. northerly History fixed, the extremes). centuries as June between 251-year points ecliptic, in 100 13). from considerably, evening node northerly Classic excess is in only the The Further coinciding Because 200 Publications (northerly a h literature. the those of of move periods, planet, 12 planet overall the i.e. and some and were 1 Venus's On 300 Venus of star, The declinations and maximum and maximum about visible (ii) the research along southerly the growth 400 marking extremes attained its visible maximum and approximately exhibiting, orbit Postclassic Ltd 6 the extremes extremes) other plane declination 500 May .• 124°10'1 of declinations always on the maximum 9 (cf of intervals Ivan declination Closs in Provided extremes has 600 Venus a hand, the of Sprajc, eastern of extremes. (north) declination late extremes, in an Venus's Sprajc shown western however 700 some (up and eras as at et prehispanic 8-year the changes "Venus, April of which a extremes by with values al. to 800 function and visible and between successive the time in extreme about noticed that Dates horizon. orbit the the (like cycle 900 NASA Mesoamerica is in occurring western or lluvia between a before patterns and, on of excess onset consequence (i) of early 1000 l27tol) other time. Mesoamerica is 8-year are the y and declinations October Astrophysics morning that all maiz" consequently, slightly I I I 1100 horizon, the of of The eastern greater of May, 2 Venus Venus at magnitudes Venus cycles. exclusively all the 25-!-.o) (ref. curve and solstices: 1200 of 8-year star Venus great and rainy inclined the i.e. phenomena 3), than horizon Data phenomena), The extremes was 7 1300 in respectively, of advance has and 231-3). November December they the obtained northerly intervals, season Venus oscillations System its solstitial 1400 attained between when already evening of eighth to rising differ were of recur 1500 are the the the as by in it 1993JHA....24...17S from fire particularly sun from on attributes, Quetza1coatl cally. The celestial K'ucumats, Venus-rain-maize tradition with serpent view rains accurate A.D. with phenomena star and exhibited exceeded can greatest morning tural that refer variations horizon, rainy rising and Venus The One Viewed In the serpent is © be February relations extremes 1 the certain the even are one come, the cycle. to the dry the season In to Science said and point, of one belief observed. was the water, start extremes east 1500. star abundantly greatest time-markers.16 never describes the this 8-year in the in in K'ucumats Rain to millennia hand, as As into a has the with seasons maximum the light History best magnitude in was a to to 124°10'1 were cycle (northerly of be of while Section (south) seem is It passed we mythical clouds, Mesoamerica; the the cycle, been Quiche brought the is guided the the known extremes The "primarily and the associations in particularly shall K'ucumats always of west, Publications particularly rainy planet of moving feathered evidenced the (Table Quiche of (see given 8 and 2. quetzal,20 only to much can pattern 5 extremes, The the years, and see, rainfall by of deity northerly extremes) THE facts out whereas west; rain, creature season. between attained Table also year the Venus Venus. visible elsewhere. Venus-Rain-Maize those also Venus beyond 1, VENUS-RAIN-MAIZE in the southwards Maya, changes is corresponding of as in Ltd maize maximum in noteworthy serpent but it the historically, be practically that data interesting, must deity the 19 a magnitudes various which, a means, .• in with 1); data 21 and and in which, late identified hymn great general note orientations after the the Provided the rainy for and associating the the 14 through of have 5 June with rain in will Titulo god that southerly points various serpent as fresh to the northerly regions furthermore, east fertility, this and astronomical from that does season. way. and Xipe". the was ethnographically and its since be Quetza1coatl with by the solstices, to and were de hymn Complex time vegetation, northwards of COMPLEX the the roots surveyed end maize not August in Quetzalcoatl. the noted parts that dates Totonicapim Venus they they the dates solar l extremes on 18 NASA ? Mesoamerican relationship declinations gradually.13 (southerly about change The According remote symbolizes carries in the planet of also in approximately between are that above, solstitial (north), of Astrophysics explanation the with transformation Mexico,15 Mesoamerican which was other. of 3° Julian). Venus delimit for of along the the Venus: characteristics past, growth and related smaller the rain extremes) Having the are many of Figure late to of morning document The but sun the extremes. course archaeologi­ the extremes, evening architecture Venus Thompson, particularly represented the This the the and Data they December a every transition to feathered when centuries extremes of than coincide modern agricul­ evening aquatic 1 Venus, eastern System means shows of world of birds, of never star's these from day star the the the the the the of 21 as 1993JHA....24...17S © mythological for linguistic into informants in crops montes".35 k'anal reconstituted resemble mention mentions may underworld. probably (hun) (or coatl,26 Closs.38 american Ramirez, King Zoque means mentions not Underworld. wings believe serpent some serpent").28 and 22 Farge there relationship were roots. r-v1aya principal Science The For A Nunez Beliefs the San only by the be the comparable essentially Ahau, are cases and Satanas." report or god Kekchi the informant = association the Cloud Most recalled Also that that History Pedro), feathered lords of four morning feathers, Tlaloc associating de deity "big belief confusion: that the a the a Cakchiquel The ·periodical Kuku1can the hun said attributed collective calendric When goes la 36 between Venus evident, that surely background hill, by of "sky characteristics "Devil Hunhau star") Serpent Publications The mountain Vega, of association ahau associates that identical which is that the He Hunahpu replied the on "but the deity depicted serpent,22 are Hun star, between Chicchans, Itzamna, Tzotzil is lakes, rivers lakes, the the pajuyu' provoked also with name on rain of in Chicchan Santiago Dance" modern figure of disappearances title to a preserved "cares the was (Mixcoatl?).27 base Hunahpu the the his of but to water; Panajachel, big the lords deities, Ltd of or the identified water Devil of as Wonderly, of Venus-devil-mountains the of and the other Constituciones Postclassic the Itzamna .• Venus called heliacal water Chicchan date feathered means at the of - for devilY a Chorti, the Zinacantan who are among (or, lord dance he Provided and devi1. Yucatec won't Xbalanque, the with and particularly all Ivan having the Tzeltallord hand, wheat, of and adds Venus evidently in Cuchulchan produce in and of over the the "with him waterholes same Guatemala, rise 40 was mountains. Maya Interestingly, general with of Sprajc let has not Vucub the and another Pickands Yucatan the serpent are by it Venus planet originated of beans, the Venus him Maya Mesoamerica. with gods. a corresponds the without Tzeltal,34 the diocesan the explicitly time Quetzalcoatl/K'ucumats/Kukulcan hell, devil" the the quadruple most connected Hun God those devil of NASA be Hunahpu with scene represented characteristics devil's table morning 33 lusbel Venus version, called and the but and which was was friendly"; conceived he observed the Mythical On of or Hunahpu hesitation: as L; serpents, worn was can Astrophysics from mountains also some It became in the describes the strongest but identified Itzamna. "with connections del the or is he is Mukta explains the divinity,23 to with 29 perhaps of firmly star, of San Hill".31 sky interesting a very by the Obispado Lucifer. Another Mexzichuaut, also Tzotzil te hand, other that moreover, Dresden the variant the ophidians as owner Venus. the which phenomena". the was and Pedro) same of "The probable. descents Popol Ch'on star Data mountains. it is the Venus established Chicchan, compared the on both chief Blom be hun as Lord 39 that and transformed with groups of attires is System conceptual the pan-Meso­ often de of rain Codex panic accounted that In a Vuh cares ahau.32 Santiago there (= Quetzal­ Itzamna are this devil likewise (muk'ta Chiapa, plumed hills and Vase rain. Landa Codex of 25 to which god Tax's were have used "big thus 30 that The 24 was still is is the the the the for La by - or In of A A It is a 1 1993JHA....24...17S local ledge in placate was "diabolical" substituted, (b) (a) as and conclude Venus Venus most much between (b) (a) on in downpour 2. rainfalls possibly the 1. The Put Since In the Under post-Conquest the the p. Christian in mountains, the nally water abode Venus became Seven as contaminated, © gods resulted, legend, thought prehispanic associated probable of 74 Venus Science in Lamat a the in eenote vicinity; affiliation deities, indigenous the This the consequence the Venus on of a placed identical common that of water underworld Gods.4l of was was schematic sprite. scene the cave, associated in Madrid devil the the table aspect fear History rain cave and idea to new the the evolution particularly associated same when and from stored cave in Hell underworld underworld + be .... is which belief of deities Ahau of of in Christian association of The concepts the with manifested terms underworld after with of passages Publications the In 32a-b."43 the the Tancah codex, of is contemporary the way, with where they water Venus. first is with haunted The figures under has the the devil, a - Dresden glyphs Tancah God the overwhelming;47 Christian of the hell, (though with a the heaven,46 hunt relations an these Venus-Rain-Maize God about same the where it Conquest, Devil cold in + ---+ ---+ into paradise Christian Some can and L by east-west ascended prehispanic on Ltd the water/rain Quintana referring hell devils devi1. hell by + near Cenote is transformations, Codex. L, the damp .• that this vein, the be not the gods he influence an merged surface the of + Mesoamerican and who but Provided presence 49 summarized "appears alux underworld and Tancah, underworld Maya realm the necessarily devil concept by protagonist of a orientation, in place the transformations Cave The to Roo presides and a black glyph-like and the association the with the the of place evidence + of vase by other may of and transformations underworld suggests Complex with is form the they planet as Venus. death. the of some his still god of began were as a as new deities NASA over that have attribute the earth, folklore the protagonist image make were abundance in of well follows: feared motifs that closely 52 Venus. 50 prehispanic devil, concepts) identified that clouds;44 underworld. caves scenes a the to Astrophysics described, as interpreted became relationship it and special particularly be + by was carved of of the group generally 51 affiliated with equated Venus it the the God showing According nominal 45 in in ancient seems Tlalocan, - by devils;48 having Maya associations offerings deities. fact the water on and Venus Data L is Closs42 by is with occasio­ with celestial the has located safe to in shown glyphs Miller whose System Maya heavy living were been to east also The and not the the the the to 23 to as a 1993JHA....24...17S © context carrying Venus. many-headed might presiding purposes some (Figure Quetzalcoatl, Curiously, approximately discussed figure and another ant or attributed celebrated devil disappearance: instance, intention itself 24 Mam, story As relationship reflected bly, below passages origin period 8. Venus Science 55 If The Since In Venus, Closs Pasztory in Venus; in Miller normally some there relationship reveals, into order described of and lie 54 the of Venus-maize Mopan, the it Then 2).53 Chinantec History Atamalcualiztli, in away Eight maize. that venus has the of one should concerned in above, to at home in Maize Popol a and would is furthermore, Chinantla the to the gopher with argues, the a planet's 8-year star, one tale argued, correct, whose is again, the in snake obtain 64 particular the dwells Publications the years ball and God also Characteristically, Zoque, as various fact be of it waters Vuh, father with be maize. but, narrative "father same game recalled is intervals, the using the Venus living the relationship L, for maize is with invisibility that the the this we in interesting stories that Venus who is the Maize having peculiar red western of Maya subterranean it and a 58 dates species read maize. Vase symbolism, also the the is Ltd. in this reminds his affiliation and certain Closs maize connections time-span all that occasionally another ants.61 the the with evidence SeIer it in Aztec that mentioned • God over of role languages insect, of mother 60 no is around Mesoamerican Provided the of gopher relationship sky, Nahua Ivan offered that is the A planted the the the an concluded the gopher us ant ants Considering success, were the Yucatec also Maya in example feast is Seven comes and important of underworld. after year. contained anthills. the indeed, Sprajc gopher indisputable, the species. of world. inferior (zompopos), between brings by Quetzalcoatl's wears revealed meant convincing and Xulab in Cohodas the maize Maya what of the which discovery Gods On the at remained Maya between illustrating that the maize". NASA Chinantec wanted 62 causes who 59 And intervals a the world tale conjunction to the is the role in the god Venus corncob of In represents rejuvenation in the Venus the maize be the belief concludes brings Astrophysics when other about Quintana gopher for transforms Venus-devil the arguments in was various seen ceremony view. damage to maize, name hymn The of on myth, the and example to ascend Leyenda has the plant patron phenomena myths. to maize there hand, Sun as the the continuation maize discovery It had was for the Antonio of Venus nature it equivalent". devil myths specifically is that Roo to in earth that earth. and Atamalcualiztli Data himself of was had significant, that the and maize 57 of 8 in brought; the and his identification the to de days. "for and, The maize, the the Tzeital, Kukican, Moon. deities; believe Venus System of to maize, about transform headdress to canonical ants mankind. of los Giiero, fields recur Such with Venus's number god do a into certain corn proba­ reason In of of place Soles 56 have with 63 thus was god this the are the the the the for the his on by an an In is a a 1993JHA....24...17S Pleiades FIG. on If comparative 2. © indeed when My turned the seeds body Maya Relief Science Thus Then (Siete Siete hour on God are of the he white. History spoke a said Antonio of Cabrillas, tablet Cabrillas) incarnated had protagonist L evidence, death (photograph Jesus As Publications just in the the he The has son Giiero finished Temple to until was only it there, come. can Venus-Rain-Maize Antonio by of may dying, the the Ltd. in God. of peeled, be inside be washing June, the author). I end associated am • 65 noted Cross he Provided Giiero: of going as in the said: at this morning the the that Palenque, palace to "Remember by with "So world." morning, maize. Complex the be the that Venus, seen of NASA planet Chiapas, star, the Antonio there, you Astrophysics around or devil." an me, can Mexico, in may assumption below for March-April, be turned eight know, seen I representing am the Data near o'clock, leaving. fair, belly all System based the the the he as 25 of 1993JHA....24...17S © B. evening climatic ceremony. certain cultural identified Venus A. whereas because pointed sometimes Cross evening different arranged The The In In 26 references. between planting 3. Science Citlala, Venus Evening the DISTINCT archaeological, symbolism You bearing (Come Come of Come Bring Bring the Bring festival as Cora concepts They brothers. it History star Venus, out changes: star, hero.69 morning the parts village season and in evening with seems a bring confused. One star the the the dancing dancing thematic Nahua-speaking by A.SPECTS are more dancing) mythology a North: i.e. make of Publications (3 star San flowers flowers flowers Milbrath. the and One that of to distinguished the associated linked starts. at and the star: May) important associate the evening (citlali historical, Miguel, rains: 68 petitions clouds accepted the from from the OF of units planet's evening from The deities of of of to VENUS the The time Cora, is Venus 66 Ltd Zacalosuchil. the Cempasuchil. the the Tsakwas. a in maize labelled still as the with star, chants the few is .• village Nahuatl) him, possible morning of N to north, north star, ethnographic synodic as invoked a .. the A the ... north, ahua movement ND Provided has crown. an more the which god St two Ivan Venus Maya, from but lord alphabetically, mentioning THEIR extremely in Nicholas, and great year with of Sautari deities, specific the with Sprajc period. importance on some to star, had Guerrero that by of can (bring REL.A,.T!Ol'JSHIP and his when feathers Mexican assure importance. the of clouds the and its time called evidence is although be the breast NASA others segments Most who important sanctuary identified flowers Venus as other the differentiated planet on, rains a in and of of Hatsikan state Astrophysics "appeared" as rains crown) obvious as order the indicates data these is a their and of The its rains, \X/ITH in of of symbol with of blue in annual come Turas. patron the presented the Guerrero, to abundant your that morning particular characteristics coincidences is and RAI~J and western facilitate the magpie. synodic Data the with the and of in place. younger saint evening rain-making occasionally figures A~~D existence his System dichotomy the regard below when the star sky crops love in 67 interest period. further ~,,1AIZE village place Holy with star, as was and are are the for of to is a 1993JHA....24...17S course evening It Corona's Tarascan northwest, extremes of other these thought nohec; easily evening climatic progressively described Dresden tongues,79 the the with north.77 "great feathers approximately and the that Sautari song that because © Could Tiripeme-xungapeti, In is According Curicaueri north, god Science fact the its illustrative Sautari which not belong the associations, You You this cited Mesoamerican observable star" of The in In 'return' norte star star, Cora facts. this of of the that Venus with it rainy Venus mythology, know North interpretation, ... another song. History their context bring bring where may the North above nowadays be Relacion ("he and ("noh was kinds to must is was heavier had to North the When tambien" coincide blue always that the rain-bringing season. table. that the from as as life the also Preuss had "a phenomenon the who Publications onset Tiripeme-thupuren; to be is the the ek"') of "the having north. attention magpie reference reason as whiteness the know an the evening Venus languages. is some awakened 76 rainfall. was [de flowers the gathers is reflect seen following 73 The a evening of The one described with entry land 71 it situated direction maize is crown.70 The Michoacim] 84 the the ("Venus associated This extreme is the the connection normally relatively Venus-Rain-Maize is and for Chorti Ltd of the of star ritual 74 the rainy may the to Relacion in flowers") visible mentioned exact poetic form as is interpretation, .• god, cloud to this star the some the onset Moran's observation may observation roughly that announces morning a as observed Provided - begin associated season, northerly "Noh crown. be place dates of pole location, brothers and a comes with in far Venus "from nohec; serpents".75 narrative places dwelling flower with of name the drawn de the is the to west star the the the Chih here and Cholti the north by as oWn Michoadm, star the western winds at rainy from the here Tiripeme-xungapeti coincidence for rainy species, chief the similarly, same already setting or name with of magnitudes for of however, Complex this to Chan, appear in north sign. agrees that coming NASA and Venus, perhaps the vocabulary the For the the season".78 and be Sahagun's the the of time season. association this of sky, Lake 85 fertility. point is particularly suggested west which of the the the water" Astrophysics sun colour the rains. as north with indeed, invoked of the disagrees both of north").81 god its great the sky Tzotzil of younger ofpatzcuaro. evening he of the This rains? god is northerly astronomical the 83 astronomical These beliefs, great the reads: was presided Venus in Chicchans Another informants bringing accompanied yellow in year, Bearing water is by alludes Cora does Mayan Curicaueri extremes. in some of at According Data interesting: found with star. actually Closs bear",82 brothers Thompson if Larrainzar this "lucero Pichcitaro, serpent northerly not seems visible associate extremes System over in n brother the Mayan clouds, We to and et chant, in at In mind mean west, who al. The and fact and but the the the the the the do - by to to 27 of in as in of 80 1993JHA....24...17S © indicating Venus ("the It E. Hespero. "Hespero" says star, another extension, associated one origin a mountains, brother Nohoch sun of This D. Mams, Among the the Nahua from ceremony, the Venus serpent's serpent between the the c. In 28 Science big Among Xulab The is agriculture, Quetzalcoatl Venus Venus the planet ultimate other rain: declares evening single that commonly is but rock Oaxaca planet of in is story a of Lacandon who of of History the Ich, version) maize is loo Venus variant in its Yucatec (or the body hand, and among Durango, some has a of with in which associated Lord the individual is fact Kekchi According plains, arrival connection are star, the Venus power over resembles originally burnt and the which the Water "el no hunting West Publications says flows serpents, held and equivalent the cloud and Kekchi not Kin, name rain. the includes, significance. is is Lightning Xucaneb, Maya planeta mythology body when is almost morning that addressed of and the the Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli all Kekchi with the Serpent: that the with destructive the or The to and of a was) the the water to maize between groups is it Mopan the rain be of water Cora bees four it the sun, Quetzalcoatl Ltd an Venus was Venus xux chief fishing, or the to as sources underground, Quetzalcoatl appears his kills and more presiding rains star .• morning arrow. god included the the important serpent there Xulab and was is in Yaluk or myth, ek elder Diccionario of the Mam Provided Mopan Venus of Lord the as and appears a Chacs, Lacandon, cuando Ivan as (= life. important is Mensabak. particularly wasps.98 hidden. equivalents chant are morning Belize in is brother, It implicitly serpent innumerable, is in who, is "wasp brings 89 is star Xulab, over a Sprajc in the the thus was unanimous. defeated and which In Yaluk, by as was the connection, the in to a 97 Venus of west by among owner the a the Interestingly, of associated la the another prevents the the lowland star"); there star, about the that in tale which past, transformed 86 thunder hurling NASA the the the held tarde Christian the of this Possibly associated in Cora, bees. north. and new found is caused whereas of planet the last the the morning the the Mensabak's Real is by named The Astrophysics relationship: all poem controlled aparece 99 Maya incense the his although significant Mams Cora. evening").IOI two. first-fruit and 96 and with Venus."95 Mams the by Histoyre Venus. God. the the thunderbolt, The Academia is flood, one into the with others as animals His Preuss Xulab, also rain lightning, 91 star Venus flood. evening are en burners the evening In of myth are In a servants Data not by the 93 death. offerings. but some gods. kills since the big similar el the Ah Conceived antagonist one 90 du 92 San gods Noh as west, Occidente" and System among very out star about names Tzultacaj, Espanola, Mechique Sah the aspect 94 story aspect evidence during morning the smashed 88 and, Miguel. "Thus, patron are stories of Ich of called or water clear, 87 K'in, elder the the the On the the the for (in by or as of of of a 1993JHA....24...17S F. sented encompassing of occasionally Quetza1coatl have his Section skull of claridad also aspects canonical qui it the pantecuhtli symbolized suggests star. Remensis begins Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, Carlson One The In the Maltrata Xolotl ere head. morning © agrees the represents said supplied dicen llama appeared dawn. muertos solo por been to this ban It Conquest, Science dezir period commentator with of Decian The 4), that dwell to quando is Anales and Relying reason has el that 10 interval Venus. cuatro ban noted grow a que with whose the with therefore senor has They Senor old when interchangeable. History Quetzalcoatl Quetzalcoatl's cual was related somewhat a of himself (mictlan); attributes. when among which los skull Quetza1coa evening aparecio, the a men de eight the Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli they dark").lo5 Venus qui 106 likewise on star de closely that dias a dawn of del viejos fertility Cuauhtitlan Publications evening he comment ere la with los the deities said they Venus's named with of days, symbol alba possible the died,for manana the The no aspect and anocheger" y comes', evidence the aberrant ocho with que cuando related the he said call upon arrows; que dead It t1. (tlahuizcalpanteuctli). associations god aparecio, Venus-Rain-Maize star after Quetza1coatl, attires. him Codex had \03 thus se 109 same his attached disappearance in Ltd Quetzalcoatl. tambien of that four dias cuando convirtio it that The his and Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (mictlan); and Lord the which militaristic to transformed murio .• Venus. is from seems and manifestation headdress death it days said: aparecio Telleriano-Remensis the ("This feathered that, Provided The codex. likewise the porque appeared so of was to amanege the en the Quetza1coatl, that god figure \04 only en the it transformed the personage at role and cuatro god Maya and was big 107 Tlauizcalpantecutli la and least Dawn Quetza1coatl by Xolot1. around as he he body, la entonces himself estrella serpent Complex so adds: star of when of the that himself that is did y gran malevolent Decian of area, in both dias 10 prominently lord NASA the (tlahuizcalpanteuctli). appeared, not and after central Quetza1coatl mesmo The Quetzalcoatl similarly inferior "Este from into que a himself estrella carved se depicted aspects two Carlson of appear,for fue attached qui is Astrophysics que, eight proveyo identifies latter that was al the accompanied en Tlauizcalpantecutli Mexico Tula, a es gods alba nature, conjunction, cuando into calls on por star linked morar brightness senor of days in (el among argues means is in to sale; Venus, four the in died, eso de (cf lucero), often the while then that to Tlahuizcal­ the \08 Telleriano­ Data the at de with monolith flechas;\02 myths entre mind el asi seems morning nom the Part that days 'lord back big aquella he his and rises murio, System by which repre­ como when alive, They both time went bra­ and star que all­ the the the for los II, to of 29 he of at is 1993JHA....24...17S © comparable Venus went Xulab. Xolotl Xolotl.llo evening Codex chi interpretation Nanahuatl thrown hand, buboes"). Nuttall los also Chi amaranth Codex Chan, argued downward, G. Quetzalcoatl's glyph gods CIOSSl15 followiilg god, Itztlacoliuhqui tations the the the reads: rear by birth 30 Science It The Nanahuatl, Finally, Unpleasant Itztlacoliuhqui Yaluk, lam Soles first west.125 60v rain is linked of it upon in of noted 4 probable "Drunkard, Cuicatec carried who may sign, Although ofXolotl, Borbonicus a Borgia into Codex. water that Balam star: History men it drunkenness assigned deity.124 OUin dog."1l3 Nanahuatl On evidence and is Recall in the \12 death with was be is Kekchi-Mopan the that because said Yaluk, were he a Magliabecchi and containing a the is depicted chief (Figure disappearance traits maize". Publications noted 116 of modern was he that say god fire water was correct, characterized the that the into god that Thompson1l4 him sun Kaua we nourished supports deformed appears that 12 of in his an Nanahuatl, who were, latter opened may it Kaua that also and and of the Tlalocan. "Xulutl the and order 3); the associated tale Kekchi is on avatar the the monsters, the corn can Ltd "leprous, in recall the sometimes appears, according is associated evening however, Mams 33v maize. Dresden augury from augury evening tale this a associated identified with scene .• to the in actually dead dog cobs. Huichol it of ... equivalent, connected be 123 the as Provided that as the conclusion. mountain is Ivan Hueyapan, bread means who the is Recalling with converted on and to well said "el aspect agrees Red ll7 according for postulous star 47 Xolotl big his not to the depicted with plate The be with maize Sprajc are with myth the as buboso" that as a by Sea, by with Vaticanus prognostic. rock is the considered underworld, a Xolotl, symbol this well of Histoyre the like the is equivalent Xolotl. kind day the Venus is in 42 Macuilxochitl, Xolotl the but only the into the god Puebla, the often covering NASA lightning and to which description of patron morning with a as Lamat, most in chief of hairy son SeIer, the planet. ("afflicted was the Cinteotl. characteristics Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli's l18 that as itchy, Vaticanus was A, represented bread du Astrophysics descriptions The a Moreover, of maize codex Nanahuatzin sun.120 illustrious but evening of to associated variant beast, of Mechique 4 the Beyer Quetzalcoatl's associated as the star, and the Ollin the head gouty Kelley, a various which with a maize 126 who Venus maize represents was Mams, In Venus Yucatec Yaluk a with water. B He ofXolotl,1l9 interpreted fierce of star,lll was Data as the the and it on was stored. exploit mentions with and they of was on a authors is is a goddess with period, pustules is Magliabec­ god Leyenda jaguar; System is dog. the a servants god dropsical" Xolotl. shown dog one If the represen­ explicitly name placed Venus Chacs. smashed make brother. and Xolotl's 121 Venus, day Lahun SeIer's of in In of flying other have In as pec- that was was and this the the the the the for on In de or of of 122 as of at a a . 1993JHA....24...17S motion evening Itztlacoliuhqui be star, Cora of fied codices consequences adulterers indicative Itztlacoliuhqui most with son are over on Itztlacoliuhqui FIG. toral. Rios) In Sullivan More the significant Telleriano-Remensis 129 several 3. © Venus but one God probably 127 adultery paradise, born identify Telleriano-Remensis mention Science observed, (from Late proposed when In star specifically, The are was of that L,131 being Classic 134 in on representations front Baird, the in History similar relegated, it its commentators remarks since .... the this of some Venus, that is is whose and is ancient five as stoned, evening relationship this carving op. Yztlacoliuhqui was visible a evening blindfolded, of licentiousness day, star Itztlacoliuhqui ruler Publications Itztlacoliuhqui synodic cit. so there myths might this to Venus because (ref. of they that The due that times they or both manifestation. 18: those a of are star effigy feathered people 153), of of be and to Venus-Rain-Maize periods picture goes "blindness said, of of association as Ce grounds occupied the a a a with Itztlacoliuhqui it Ltd Fig. Itztlacoliuhqui of blind morning reference Telleriano-Remensis sexual Vaticanus is they and backward. Cora Cuetzpalin, drinking, .• would serpent is 39). is Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli. noteworthy their him of the Provided a a deity for thus, killed the transgression, variant and star the Consider was lord with and maize on was be to thinking Venus which distinguished Nahua or a 137 that sinners A the in evening boulder by of those regarded established appears covered else Venus there Complex of with Venus with (Rios) god that the sin all retrograde goes the table; is the drunk that NASA of or and from (supra: who related of in following are star. has to Durango maize and backward. on blindness, eyes it the Itztlacoliuhqui the as moreover, the adulterers. Maltrata, Astrophysics from Dresden by place periods had 130 also is But Vaticanus .... one as Maya B), motion to western representations god Closs.132 further Considering evening Those or in pulque". been comment which depicted narrate of of 128 Veracruz, Cinteotl. fact who even of codices 50, the his 133 the As of Data sky.I35 retrograde caught we who said presiding A may sinned in star, attires a morning identical Thomp­ personi­ that In terrible planet, do System (3738- found Mexico either 136 there were view that also The that it not the 31 of in in is 1993JHA....24...17S © cuhtli, interpretation derived codices dawn. found moon move: with before stone. each appearance, apparent east, Tzotzil considered Chiapas, originated "rises" backward" the that sky to undergoes because know because 32 Science Thompson Because the west after the frost gives following comes, conical nine seguida Memoriales Tlahuizcalpanteuctli teuctli subsequent teuctli 141 143 145 myth if during disappearance, among god in informant with The He Le History from it evening Consequently, and Indeed, it sunset, the told motion the skies may always the Itztlacoliuhqui what the by disparo was shot of of goes with es figure an following there moves west, headpiece Ie contended motion a me Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, notion several Venus prehispanic impression Publications el the regarding have statement: together. tapo arrow also natural and at star his in differ hielo. the that from day dealing moves from are i.e. representing Cora. him modern arrows eastward y fOUild in a la begins association of as defined plunging frosts (beginning) frosts appears higher only thrust different months no l44 the superior cara from Yabtec1um, the west and with association that backward eastward 146 Because morning with Ltd is Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli, "We of Ie following con of peoples an fact the ostensibly con astronomy mentioned Notwithstanding missed. .• one in long Itztlacoliuhqui a the acerto. red in during to in after the moon of reverse call his sus explanation. during that Cetl, Provided los conjunction, the quills, east. synodic Ivan serrated of modern Tlahuizcalpanteuctli with its star, the natural hood, movement. as in the the nueve saetas of h Oh! Oh! the the days western the who moves the 138 jAh! visibility the Lacandon. a to Sprajc the motion. conjunction as the frost and respect is and by evening in backward cold greater The lose Frost, period Seier municipality shot moves god termed cielos edge astronomy last the phenomena de the morning jAh! immediately in ItztlacoliuhquL that was Sullivan shoots sky. altitude NASA Venus with canones the of opinion an two twenty and 140 to the as ... juntos. in part star, to away Ie frost 139 a arrow the retrograde Itztlacoliuhqui's the Venus plausibility Although and evening reverse variant the weeks movement. the Thompson the with The dispara Astrophysics the star l47 is of like stars. concept is only days or from as of section wears next, de is morning that Porque visible comments: he its at moon, the Sun the moves ice,142 San with literally retrograde accompanied the direction the covered plumas of visibility, some of star: But the ice. sun y During it "the motion, at the the Tlahuizcalpante­ Pedro moon, sun Ochpaniztli of flecha of of is called after Data the and Interestingly, hO'.Xlever, Tlahuizcalpan­ sun the on not Tlahuizcalpan­ star 30 characteristic after same details lord the like Thompson's to his moon coldness the rojas, System connection depicted toward fact or in Chenalho, unlike the make sunset may "rises" attention face was Primeros was precisely el a the of western 40 its curved, by falling year that Sol of never frost have y days goes with sky, also also first him .... the the the on en its of in in it it " a a 1993JHA....24...17S fall cycle, corresponds, raids, Venus negative specific dant Itztlacoliuhqui Assuming, to nied proper appearance ceremony, or qui maize, argues, its However, {"this south southerly skin cold in December year of qui Itztlacoliuhqui month place source © It Let At One It even be astronomical general southerly Science with within symbolized can by in of seems, Venus harvest a called curved the hood that of among battles figure had us precisely central whereas commentator "great cited of development information conditioned star/Venus the The the Venus be a time declination extremes return the had the History this (see the a furthermore, star of sacrificial moves the purpose of hypothesized then, this accoutrements paramount above of depended. in backwards extreme which and feast feathers of omen month Mexico, Itztlacoliuhqui, its man holds with had Table in and the the period west. the hood the the in Publications once that sleeves this captures. southwards glyphs of GMT has star occur a by, is harvest representing a adds for the Conquest the of transition of both 149 of victim and Ochpaniztli specific found star Cinteotl-Itztlacoliuhqui. 1). itztlacoliuhqui, always Itztlacoliuhqui placed context? Venus The more the the between As wars it natural evening is the importance that in and harvest In that that or correlation, before that to for was situated discussed "journey" feast he a Venus-Rain-Maize took Codex Ltd personifying in A some other and this the body; on connection is spiral, to after morning the wore the "esta Ochpaniztli and, Mayan frosts statistically .• thus visible from phenomena, star the October of south, Cinteotl the the climatic births".I52 place season transformation rite did related Provided words, in Telleriano- the this whenever the were imagen in head. phenomena above having visible solstices, which Codex begin of personified the can to the not inscriptions. in Mesoamerican and about prong winter the month the certain the with a his signs in was change southern be and the rainy coincide This fell by skin (Section meaningful commentator in evening Iconographic means evening de southern a to mother, Telleriano-Remensis. on viewed the the visible evening of two given in Ochpaniztli, Remensis the ridge Complex normally record solstice, Now February, estrella was was the mask significant prevail. NASA which to September; the the was central of evening months god Most with part").148 star the south 1), stuck to star, a like as Cinteotl hood as what coldness the part military put considered Astrophysics war mask star the conjure a a esta evening of number 154 while to dry identifies the between of magic a successful goddess it adds evidence over the to Mexican star when the of of could Most morning which the symbolism. points cock's is later. the i.e. can a made harvest; at and a the In into due visible la froSt. the of south, exploits, feather in that dates that precisely the enactment star, be of the 15o of sky. parte Venus have a was autumn. as Data cold October in Toci: evening Itztlacoliuh­ comb. west!155 Itztlacoliuh­ of head, reveals season. argued these During these Identifying ripening 151 star it time and related highlands. months the accompa­ sets far i.e. Although as the long was System 153 garment been del such season. attains Venus had by Broda to abun­ in More of and south dates dates thigh They held that sur" The of that was and The star the the the the the the to, as of 33 of a a a 1993JHA....24...17S find cans. the X6chitl probable southwestern every of closely only discussion attributions Itztlacoliuhqui Julian Dresden Dresden therefore, tion, Dresden related the that tive heliacal negative however, of of observed Codex 34 © In Finally, the Venus the Science western well-known the historical view i.e. one one en It makes little estrella causa afternoons tardes sol abajando called ...... 8 table, last (by as to tied years, should (= risings contaban they following cuya when declination a 47. Venus Codex celestial one as role not Venus that not of of History la the higher, on period it cada to 160 1 Lucifer, al the of morning to the counted sky alcanzar should of these Ahau). Lucifer, ended claridad annual only the of sky. occidente, 584285 it the also particular data all y of was the days table the to evidence was as Itztlacoliuhqui dia haciendo Maya Venus Publications only the body until terminating Venus-rain-maize por passage: rain of the end with evening be Of gods a days when from va on short, and visible by be phenomena. Lounsbury star the transformation morning was y west, correlation pointed y una se and in of the apareciendo course, pasar that was interest in means recalled Itztlacoliuhqui of por y deja deities the presented five is and the Venus los 10.5.6.4.0 central 5 con this war Sun estrella the fertility with star, as Ltd day, involved 1 autumns; other otro dias en period de Venus corresponding, on out evening star, star five of luz .• Ahau, scheduling returns there a to was specifically in el was argued ver Ivan that as a constant),158 the very Curiously pequefios, Provided that Mexico. muy verano certain que nombre synodic seems name it symbolism. star period as well un .... complex, 1 governed in in of can gods days was must Itztlacoliuhqui bright Sprajc was the Ahau star. 161 in and poco en "Itztlacoliuhqui's clara the charge but that Cinteotl, cogently as one is be to not y by aspects 159 el is .tA base periods suggested were southern endings, catches some It Esper to se .. ascend; estio, enough, suggested also have parece begins and hau. mas the y resplandeciente otofio not 18 8-year The in seems, since coinciding ignored its by 156 dice of NASA Kayab, accordance date exclusively resplendent without time Lahun that alta, autumnal whose .... Itztlacoliuhqui. It y of been evening the of it to que warfare se comienza hence cycle Esper may part however, it Venus, therefore, As on Venus. up, appears Astrophysics the appear viene of before hasta that by periods does ella or some the calendric the Chan, of not this with Venus the implications real .... it appearances" ancient Itztlacoliuhqui 20 star appearances va appears the a and light basis 157 with tanto since manifestations Sun inferior not be in Como continuing poner a table, .... base in subiendo: the November in He overlap that that, sky. the aparecer the association can a sacrifice .... Motolinia Data Llamase descends the the Venus of the seem Mesoameri­ is que name heliacal coincidence date autumn, This also patron each In con the be compara­ el recurring and structure conjunc­ System fact Dresden torna for spite seen in sol regent likely, of el star was in in had to a were, day a were 934, that that esta esta was our and rise sol, the the the the the we las on va of of in in el is is a a 1 1993JHA....24...17S The I. front dragons (Esper), H. Lehmann the the the sixteenth head, afternoon planet a Esperas heaven, young significant: around In Furthermore, text precisely and la © Distinction It Thompson The Could Roys the Venus "place morning bicephalic Science Mixe-Popoluca tarde to is suggests seventh Thou How How indeed, summer, Bal disappears head. possibly possible Chilam relationship maize its Venus. Esperas and the translated by the are the century; ti it and obtained southerly aparece of History in was 169 Motolinia. following zihi knowest. Isperas associated be star importance earth the l63 god. of it the heaven. in the It monster Balam of when that In the .... has that felt coe? Morning was the Old will as Publications west").167 the Maya it Indeed, en it: the father? of are grain the may an the sure is to extremes of books the Wind's Bal this The 165 maize it be passage, el the of 168 used old Oluta do preceding with The following obscure context labelled represented Occidente" eventually maize name be attributed Chumayel argued that ua? Star of Maya tender peculiar man, with the derivatives of in Venus-Rain-Maize The god, maize Ltd the House" and yume. coinciding Ah Chilam the taken of v. repetition god .• maize. maize west El with (infra: term Evening green emerges the information Sayula, Mun Histoyre text Provided born? to Viejo sets description the Tech ("the on from .170 sixth and the Balam must names from 164 god creation ("the following < Altar In K) refers with with or of Star: autumnal Concerning shoot> in a with from planet the heaven; addition by with du that uohel. Viejito, Hespero, the the have tender the of same the D of the not Mechique on Complex the Venus the of word Venus Veracruz Ixil NASA of the at Venus the this dialogue harvest been only to was Sun, Zihil Mixe-Popoluca Isperas Venus's part open appearances and to Copan: the and one") front "el gracia planets;166 personage: as the the Astrophysics born is rather in when of the u planets and, planeta evening Kaua jaws perhaps Isthmus maize season? maize myths cah was Chumayel, heads was takes whose east a movement in in in a it youthful of ah common hea the various this a is but appears in appears of Venus is about god's consequently, place: the star. of implicated mun name Data variant brightness described region, ven. name evening mentioned. part also bicephalic monster's might System 162 ti birth Viejito, cuando spheres human for reflects in of of to caan. form view star the the the the the the as be 35 in in it 1993JHA....24...17S comments muchacho mind star: Quetzalcoatl tecuhtli, poverty 36 © While The Like Science his the wife, Since and long Because dirty the pequeno larga white He todo es EI EI EI blanco En Entra Viejito Viejito Viejito Viejito Viejito idea Quetzalcoatl, and fiaquito Viejito viejito viejito "and body the el Leyenda is west. the limpio, History is bear the little tiene frail, he su that is oriente a disease his has goes enters is walks su East before his whole dormir of barb [his has immediately "clean calzoncito alone, es tiene some As Viejito anda cabello breeches, white grano anda a the he hair a Publications to de solito, pimples informant belongs ragged clean a together va to the are walks his of sleep many los blanca su resemblance Viejito janto not el young ... beard, sleep, a con su goes rather his dirty, departure camisa ... Soles, Viejito, dormir long young no married. sucio. cuerpo shirt, in with largo all warts su face to covered [sic] with Ltd to casado (when) man" the is from is over bordon. Nanahuatl's Viejito, ill, in sleep his believed .• man, rompida his being el con (cuando) east, su which the the on Ivan ...... old, to from Viejito Provided staff, Oluta] cannot hair. cabello. his his 171 in the el the Sun. most covered swollen, the the poor Sprajc sol. face eye-lids, Tula: Sun to descriptions [sic] told tapado sale probably owner east, correspond features, by be sun with rises. and the with the el me he shot "covered NASA the sol. nine con ragged of was creator. that the let an associated sunken the of cielo. deformed. sky. Astrophysics skies to the us arrow Quetzalcoatl. House with recall the 174 Viejito Moon sockets together".172 crescent at the with the Tlahuizcalpan­ of 173 embodies was Data sky", portrayal the the of Although the Moon System his evening West calls Other Sun's eyes, the of to of is 1993JHA....24...17S identify is, circumstances, June the mentioned moon, period charge case, connection and, are climatic one as Lehmann House?) Venus Northern said southern (i.e. apparent on South, February the © The The In In Cardinal On in both the not West patrons Science and the dry to another fact, another too, Tata West-Moon. to East moreover, the South-Sun; North Morning Star. another fact Satanas are and whereas of unrelated, blow when other him the the changes August herald west winds, to inconsistencies the puts House the conceptually - a 175 from History Dios as that between season), with directions same - sun concept of with Satanas. context the El from owner East place hand, association Venus, and it, occasion, cannot as Star, Satanas; all the Satanas the rules Viejo and they the this the with presides associated the Publications Satanas. version, well however, and, the in the muchacho onset we and the of it controls related relationship 176 evening the must north.180 in winter. It come southern (= be belong is as if four south the The read related in the has morning has summer quite however, "Lord morning identified the visible seem of is among Morning over the Lehmann West occur east because Venus-Rain-Maize cardinal with confirmed his from to already the Ltd that 178 fact star, between limpio, to winter; dry probable in Since the to whirlwinds .• house of and the House rainy different rains exists the as contemporary between star that Tata the the season, the have star the whose Provided evening with Star, they in rainy been evening recognized linked directions owners patrons Satanas coming and Old in west, are season. Satanas same 15 the by are Dios between only that the a the both "big February northerly said owners: shown of the logical Wind" dry February the season by owners star, of moon, the and informant once, the North is the of of the 181 star, the following figure season waning to from star") is attains Complex equivalent latter cardinal the are muchacho the by Mesoamerican as South. NASA come between the (Section dry 184 rules explanation, because (winter), of Lehmann's Lehmann and evening moves cited, and cardinal extremes as but the and owner and with (summer), season.179 the moon. Astrophysics from his owners attributed both also He evidence. does the South, directions: May, Sun; East 8 makes 2) to limpio the they North northwards. star is of his November in in end directions. suggest 183 that Viejito, as not (Satanas's active night West of the the data (see considering house. precisely folklore. both Now and evening he and of is the appear it the the Data East West. House the reaches possible May; above). sun, themselves the and in Satanas appear, West,just winds he who devil House Satanas, System summer Evening 182 and waxing and star, 177 North North In where which in These has They from with is The and this the are the the As his 15 to 37 in in of in is a 1993JHA....24...17S The J. K. Venus. mentions Venus, represented more evening argument and if glyph the recently sometimes and identified Tezcatlipoca, god In that morning refers Satanas the reveal. M6stramo 38 © the The Similar Venus his Itzamna Hill" Science in Tlaloc, most the "sun the further celestial The the Sun a Master" concept - - precise on field to attributes 195 fact particularly According mirror. It The evening evening star. of agreed .189 among star,187 his snirit l94 Venus that important -..1.- conceptual sun is with is History below pone (= in the notes in He is as every interesting 188 front Sun, reason whose many data bands underneath .... still of the Klein's Nuestro a Mixe-Popoluca We the of also that joven star the Naxaikat star. and the as bicephalic Naxaikat Publications taken ... day, valid strongest God the head to are sun, are for cases evening says Cakchiquel together other Maya night merged the to appellations fusions like one [gets opinion, day, but Amo, lacking, his its in among and to accept and Jesus star that .... it that of a name sun morning seems servants. note god one is young] demonstrably celestial star Ltd of and He with a star: are mirror" sign his Our a with Santiago Christ, sun is the very evervthinll. is .• the was cannot it Itzamna, cannot that but found is Titlacahuan highlighted, informants, to the Ivan the the as may like Master), just star Provided symbols & glyph Santiago, Cakchiquel • 185 manifestation. related personify beautiful it dragon a the moon sometimes lord Moon, "Our correspond, the glyph, Sprajc is see. refer as is Venus in be ...... or ek the on central evident Viejito does daytime seen of by A of the representing to and God Master", glyph to his means "mero santo or who rain, even the the the saint all star; the both symbol, the - overhead, any soirit of monster, the rear .L NASA viejito Mexico: D "very the principal sun that has "cares to Panajachel, night without 191 it without they of (= the of as night planet "we head. is the of "we three and the the manifold Astrophysics Santiago Lehmann significant for [0Id]".190 waning) night beautiful say M6stramo. sun, are the star for or sun. usually Cecelia only Sun codices, are moon. l92 or prefixes, the prefixes god it in his God", invisible par wheat, Although the sun star, his is and Considering Guatemala, below. naxaikat, sun, slaves" is pure moon Unfortunately aspects, is excellence, star" waxing servants" Klein This and having Data observes, that is of Naxaikat his and a can is beans, Where moon frequently sun: gold. the name He Venus found System provides previous .186 possibly the and showed Clossl93 refer­ that moon night. a is being "Our Even that rain It Tax and and star and like the the for i.e. "it or as to in is 1993JHA....24...17S iconography Venus why water;205 world was, kind universe star-Venus fact of and or of are glyphs Mixe-Popoluca the tation sarcophagus that therefore moon represent of bands. of Copan, E at That It Schele The Venus Venus substance various evening sun further Miller © that is the the Palenque: according of doors, in Venus Venus people. form physical planets pictorial only Science 202 primarily interesting celestial as of view on following has a is, Both the symbolism moon preference and he one and not evening It in as Venus, the the 207 these the signs a celestial attested was west star seems its signs becomes both evening all aspects History who passage lid of and All unreasonable of window and head Miller monsters doorways objects glyphs abstractions monsters star evening to Heaven, (see the have said and on with other and and two refer that alignments are also the star. stars on Thompson, much to for celestial in structures glyphs Publications that bands above: of think to on star the way on morning a the on the are the obvious: Lehmann fertility; doors its observed which representations to If directional the The occupy be aspect, prominent and piers adorn the and must are the front connection east. the more (see rear also the west that "el that at evening to .... are I). Venus-Rain-Maize bands southern west celestial surmounted evidence clouds").206 and of exist evening suppose d Palenque: below: frequently rozio, head decorated The associated have head star. Following Ltd can the and which relatively placed the likely their and 204 Itzamna While a Temple side, specific .• a symbolism, had and doorways star 201 role be in celestial star the in and e surrounded second 0 with Provided 0). bands hypothesis side Such does that in star. the used that most examined the sustancia of on already the monsters signs sun 198 is in 22 kin the with placed minor was Aquatic the relation It with this the also physical of the east. by on these the the spatial The not at reasoning, by should probably monster with signs reflect Temple Palencano are celestial the of by god a a line essentially Copan and head the living associated the the Maya Complex evident 197 iconography come Temple celestial the hypothesis positions.1 on celestial star del also would door confirms the the is between on attributes Tlaloc, of Tablet that west. pattern NASA the also certain world looking Cielo, supported, glyphs, evening of people. represents found argument, the monster east, as designed (infra: universe, jamb however, in the west indicate 22 200 the a be door monster, rear Astrophysics monster the the of recognized surprise, this and 96 the at Maya like y reverses concepts noted is Inscriptions. on with side of assuming 0). nubes" and west, To the Copan god star inscriptions. head. supported deity first as in relationship, for the the can the while the the cannot the my again, of a the Cross, associated spatial House Itzamna Temple that in observations doorway appearances western and with evening present-day considering the importance dawn, be Both of location in Data knowledge and ("the front about the by the that Itzamna celestial celestial used the the explain by 199 infixed on Schele House by System orien­ Maya E doors other 203 22 dew, head with with they part It star two sun the the the the the the are are by 39 of at is 1993JHA....24...17S © festivals dedicated deities,214 L. Vucub Vucub Ahau Various not performances. been A. canonical Cinteotl, 40 Homshuk, that Ahau Foster, (evening Vuh Vuh Science A In Concerning The Venus equivalence: The seem is probably 1 more fact calendar, lowland Ahau tzolkin astral Haman it que a lies dejando with habiendo Yocajeque a and Ahau and patent, Hunahpu following la is Hunahpu commenting Dividense ... The identification History authors variant star?) the on in the convincing to the cay6 understood, days estrella to very it specific to is the 7 myth the the boundaries attribution was Xochipilli;212 parallelism than the has Yocajeque Aztec just the Ahau, cuarenta as personify Maya en other Publications According deep of and when en Popol Popoluca west, [Yocah-Ek1; observed I of a was already been concerning report days e1 240 Quiche the del in 7 el los conclusion Ahau collective rain: una waters, maize Ahau. Xochipilli.213 upon for forty un for associations which the morning alba tzolkin days drawn the of Vuh terminos long are leguas 1 estrelia of with gran Venus may the [Yocah-Ek']; Hun they noted that Popol Ltd 1 = Morning X6chitl indeed, to maize a the llaman god, leagues later; Thus, divided the Hunahpu. Popoluca following appear recognized .• by day title it the the another call the lago day also Hunahpu evening Hun de about star's natives was con because by Provided was Coe: once 1 Vuh. twins Morning god, Ivan it alli of of the Noch of Since Hunahpu from and de eleven I Taube.215 reflect Hunahpu so is grandes Star heliacal the in 1 heliacal 210 Ahau, the al Morning the highly Mixtec manuscript, agua leguas say called aspect llam6se folk Sprajc reasons: resemble X6chitl,211 Codex 1 the puerto 7 by the their Venus Hunahpu that with Eque Furthermore, has Cinteotl Venus leagues two a the X6chitl the and tale, muy port star piuvias, Dresden because, or risings. the likely of and de a 1 god the names rise NASA Maya Magliabecchi [Nohoch Star brothers, Yocajeque de gods. Evening Ahau Venus Hunahpu heliacal fell noticed nature of those su hondable, starting from morning Vucub equivalent Seven Conil of and and the that Coni! Noch involving into Astrophysics asiento y Thompson 209 correspond beliefs as is the Venus asi to 7 its feast of the just we Xochipilli of there Ek']; it Stars.216 that rising. Hunahpu al Hunahpu it Flower Vucub se Eque to morning seat, point with is Hun [Yocah-Ek'] star Hun este are is deja calendric dicen 20 the en concerning 46v-48r on equivalent the table to is esta noteworthy the days [Nohoch big dealing Data at is una .... there 7 east even Hunahpu Hunahpu entender, 7 Hunahpu the seems of adventures to los based Hunahpu an 208 cae X6chitl rains, of same of are among star System .... later the the Yucatec venta suggested a inn the the mentions naturales name al big with to porque Ekl related days on Venus Venus to and in Popol Popol oeste, called in ritual have pues does lake that was and and que the the the the the an or of of so It 1 1 1993JHA....24...17S markings evening mythical all Hunahpu, Dresden way "in of evening Lounsb Hunahpu, Venus morning ultimately because star combinations and their underworld probably proposed sequence C. B. 1 It Tedlock and Among A their morning following day The between If of 326 and question days relating evening appearance Dresden metaphorically visibility © Mesoamerican 7 may visibility more fatal Tedlock Cimi the Science the table, 7 ury days.217 1 Vucub distance forefathers, star star. in apart? Codex. be star is episodes distance Ahau, starting both and by evening the and they confrontation likely and 224 the in contends added Hun star a the corresponds itself visibility Codex. in remains: History Dennis one recognized Yucatec) consists period modern after conventional personify of teeth", Dresden with of interprets Came, the ascend morning Consequently, of the Five should between astronomical Hunahpu is of the his with from star that in Dresden the the symbolized Publications iconography represented balls figure first By the Tedlock of successors periods that period. sign the Quiche what of whose and is into number skeletal represents The evening morning analogy 1 Codex evening be series the day an star's in to the approximately with Ahau 1 Popol other as with there Carlson Ahau derived and the the Venus-Rain-Maize the alternative is morning Venus form days 7 names aspects of the and identity the the Ltd. of heliacal if Ahau features the shape by sky 1 invisibility to Hunahpu star. Vucub the the 13 visibility, with Vuh combination adventures is a star ends and the the the will Ahau, lords to Hun significance 7 225 days • period table from as numerals, a evening correspond identification Ahau Provided of reappearance that canonical aspect express But of evening-star connected 7 period and general sun severed be with of rise Venus in Hunahpu's Hunahpu Ahau Venus, Hun a Cimi 313 never Hun the the general summarized follows skull and in of is and but Venus around and number of star considered days by morning equation: started personages fact of Came is the begin symbol, of Xbalanque Hunahpu for commensurability Complex of Venus. start rather moon. heads the maize or the days 240 to visibility this a Hun must can their with of periods or, whole the gourd. calendric NASA in the superior of Venus subsequent severed and days, the with 7.219 Vucub for with sign Venus 222 in a 220 deities in near of here.218 periods "a have visibility days two adversaries Hunahpu 7 as cycle first the Astrophysics Their no Vucub heliacal Since, and of series a Tedlock skull Ahau Hun in whereas specifically who, is as the a head. day the Venus the way been conjunction, sign which in Hunahpu Dresden the specific period and a Vucub presented of Ahau descent first the of with death's last in Popol Hunahpu Ahau. of after starts Came Popol 221 with = fall a 260 risings year-bearers; 223 between evening the western and are characteris- the aspects, all In appearance day Hun Data day of distinctive notes reason within Hunahpu the days; numerals "canon", days with a Dresden Vuh with also with distance possible into (1 Vuh evening similar head": Vucub of in System of of Came death while Cimi that sky, and was first star 240 the are the the the the the the the the the the for the 41 1993JHA....24...17S © Xolotl,227 was fleshless creating 42 Hunahpu. statue with Venus, tic with significance unequivocally Chac.232 FIG. the Science The of skull's 4. put skulls maize Venus motifs fertility.235 symbolism Relief from skull is If History immediately jaws. or Analysing and depicted the spittle Lahun or 4, generating foliage as of of the previously Cha1catzingo, fleshless 226 skeletal so associated evening this Publications Hun Brooklyn The of does fell Chan on bony in the ··.··?~!;!~~\c· the Hunahpu Stuttgart bore on jaw the jaws. Maya Dresden living star. entire .' Codex interpreted appears her appearance Morelos, with . . relief Ltd. and Museum. fruit, " '. In Lahun hand.230 iconography ..' offspring post-Classic : fact earth, had • skeletal statuette Vindobonensis, of "~:.'. 47 Provided and Mexico on Ivan Tepetzintla "a with Chan, a as 229 Dresden fertilizing the maize .:'.,:- of Taube,231 skeletal death Sprajc features But or (from evening fleshless represents by maiden linked to needs represents the what and vegetation imagery Grove, 228 aspect 47 NASA power: ,-. accordingly, are Furst2 fertility and to to star Xquic could ribs with be the "Olmec fertility a Astrophysics the is deities? skeletal and the re-evaluated. 33 may the evening attributed a have became deities" affirms are back barren severed . felines" apparently nose in '," images, ... invariably thinks been aspect side fact manifestation Data .234 of that tree pregnant (ref. only head of the be the Figures perhaps that System in 237), of the a related also to symbolic rain Huaxtec depicted which the of a figures deities Fig. when head Hun with god god and the 2). of to it 1993JHA....24...17S interesting have Venus, seem felines, figures".237 Coe fertility and counterparts; M. variant this Venus represents water, remain animal are god. area FIG. tion: Most The The Venos-rain-maize related 5. © its symbol 241 mentions 239 where been to of called Science Caso Detail two and had so-called foregoing In the God tentative, have of includes probably by the view just the and the that forms planet to stellar agricultural a As of the the and reliefs I History been distinguished an rain nonetheless, "the sprouting is Bernal, "star", Maya various of ear among Middle Early half-variant eye a the since of the evidence was such interchangeable. jaguar-dragon, and jaguars, found Lamat motif should Publications the continuity Urnas Classic complex star motif they already fertility.236 it iconographic the The authors fertility";240 star Preclassic. (above), maize is at glyph de sign, there few decorated far leads place often be "crouching Venus-Rain-Maize sign Chalcatzingo, which, Oaxaca which incorporated in represented removed, Ltd. and Olmec similar a of already (Figure is used the refer in to symbol One whose its some In resembles characterizes (ref. • urn The fertility God the according Preclassic? Provided context, to form in spite specifically of symbols from 245), the observed, conclusion Maya over both 4).238 identification evidence II for them "primary half-variant a Morelos, of and Monte was Fig. in symbolism. Venus".242 symbol by the their and in or The the writing is Complex transmitted 94; meaning. to the designated time Gods Relief sign Alban, leaping to suggesting beliefs if drawing general the 10ralemon's NASA head associations that of and Venus the which and on (the the upper I Oaxaca, of 4, A "ear and Chalcatzingo ornamentation Astrophysics dated the concerning Maya by possible which space, upon the meaning, Lamat (see as to is A. II evening an jaguar symbol" very Mexico. the the star Lamat Mendoza.) around of above: are with interpretation, early represents from prone his Olmec glyph Maya prototype similar glyph Data which glyph. maize has Note classifica­ aspect its origin Relief refers 800 K). human (TSlO) of System script, in Maya earth, maize the (From must may to It and B.C. two this the so­ 43 of of to 4) of is a 1993JHA....24...17S © crosses, T510 (Figure attempt approach, of Indeed, 44 FIG. resort Science Nicholson Since God 6. is examples, early can cruciform inherited identifies "mother cylinder Motifs to depicted The A J.243 5),245 the History to on a comparative be rather elucidate if motif a southern half-variant Justeson on 247 cruciform seen properly seal" it Prec1assic script" Publications separately two is as convincingly suggesting on Lamat unusual resembling possible (ref. on "the Prec1assic a the ceramic Princeton et Mesoamerican 246), .... evidence applied, iconographic cylinder Lamat of al. dog signs 244 Ltd by relationship Figs that the seals observed: that .• both associated fragment argued this Lamat 1 of this can from from on and 8. Provided seal a Ivan Mayan Zapotec symbol This cruciform 2). sign, Cerro hardly Tlatilco, from content later glyph that scripts. between Sprajc from vase by in too, texts periods: de the Tlatilco the appears, and be can the Edo. Tlapacoya, includes of was Lamat The NASA las questioned. validity be dogs Mayan Chalcatzingo Mesoamerican de ... Mesas already found Mexico, sign (Figure as Astrophysics together with was a well of writing canine on could on Stela Mexico used torn a the Accordingly, the 6(a)).246 some as general Relief with (b) direct face well god ears Data in from 8 the mind ... (from - - Zapotec parallels early ~. "1."0. ~ of .-:. System whom Lamat-like and Zapotecan 4, (a) have :~ feature an historical a Kelley, with one variant scripts. Olmec Venus in been urns may Coe the the the "A of 1993JHA....24...17S Uxmal. erly centre identified variant monster west setting ear" possible profile of account out implicated is N. Itza, Maya Palenque the profile, Naranjo.249 "astronomical seal (see appears Closs's Chichen orientation that these an The Another the Orientations Caracol of © contains above: Preclassic Venus on group, journey from accompany alternative again in Aveni, not underworld. cases, of House Science counterpart of place. represented point same and of argument A the on the for Itz8. the astronomical in the veni unique it with the the on a example with on head In shape extremes the L). including the western is Venus of closely northern of headdress of History Gibbs symbol 257 a Exploring Maya across Princeton addition, role placed band bands". Lintel God glyph Mayapan, the Venus. The probable presence to observed regard Venus to variants his quoted of In Venus on of of ear Magician Publications Princeton agrees Lamat celestial designs I head, and of a master" this 3 variant on the Quetzalcoatl. their in plaza a Monument by adorns significance Venus is There A in of The seal to a sign, the the the 8, of the canine Joralemon. the extremes ancestor Venus instance Hartung the that above "Venus Temple of the which a with where glyph.253 Venus version of star from Venus-Rain-Maize astronomical of very ear monster same. and .... the western not shape symbol. the is head. the the 8. the Ltd. this no glyph glyph god The suggests, the of It only Lamat evening Tlatilco also passed similar 4 south the straight IV ear" the alignments, headdress point of 248 clear in 256 kind is discovered • of the of of In The 254 of direction legend Provided at also the prehispanic The star horizon. in indicates canine is a substitutes in Chalcatzingo, both the the Justeson bicephalic may skull group Tikal. may evidence the to through glyph.250 personage House such Maya round (Figure star properties to be Venus line usage glyph evening the River same examples to be have (Figure god by of a being toward and taken since In which Complex maximum that The an context the found E sun depicted structure, of et replaces the the as architecture indicating (-tT510) 6(b» all the is In Styx, been at monster's evening the NASA star the al.255 has represented evening shape Diego some glyph its from of centre three House 7).251 personage the ear Palenque Coe from principal the on and Venus jaguar in the precursors obviously most in observe Astrophysics of head the on leading but Stela northerly the The refers cases maximum of de (T544), of with resembling star Caracol of Tikal the which that E star a front ear probable also western glyph Landa the the the features is skull of human has so-called association. 16 doorway with the Kukulcan, can on this represented is that of the ballcourt, the the would building lines has at of a and head. likely the of orientation of as and a Data Stela be alignment associates star a dog Tikal sun the southerly Palace dog.252 doorway the the the Chichen this an and torn referent head "Venus suggest derived with south­ not Venus System Maya of to glyph In to ear same same head must 8 type was and can the the the ear the As all be be 45 of in at in is a 1993JHA....24...17S © FIG. 46 83 82 81 AA A2 A3 Al Science 7. Coe). Stela History 16, front, Publications Tikal, Guatemala Ltd. • Provided (from Ivan Jones, Sprajc by the op. NASA cit. ... ----- (ref. Astrophysics --­ 251), -- Fig. 7; Data drawing System by W. R. CA C3 C2 Cl 1993JHA....24...17S would indicating Nocuchich. have possible, since error, orientation Campeche Group corners orientation. disappearance on This in ing that masks was was main notation Nohpat synodic season architecture. fa<;ade attained Chac observer about Pyramid House Palace, the mentioning. the Uxmal.259 principal 118°13'.261 115°40'. It The Venus the eastern star the line © intentional, can erroneous Venus hypothesis been it masks pyramid Science if alignment are 15° of (see of be decoration 17 is passes v. western periods indeed from points of its be It standing orientation or of are doorway the skewed According the oriented evening at that adorned However, relative needed, horizon faces Table great seems approximately mentioned maximum Structure even It the Nohpat,258 on History UxmaF66 Governor, sculptured Chenes can the interval almost Venus of the and almost they has but in Palace. was southwest,268 more horizon, northerly approximately I)! at improbable Cehtzuc, only be star principal fa<;ade toward to to with ofUxmal above Publications one however, that iconographic the was Furthermore, Cehtzuc considering had to more the temple is the 2 southerly exactly points of declinations that likely, The exactly Field Aveni,260 when presence 8-year responsible more of also the maximum over This wanted the are common pointed the the agrees but likely extremes Venus-Rain-Maize the this a doorway bump could planet would of research arranged suggested to that the relatively than to over southeast, Ltd the that Transit central may to cycle; axis I the declination Chenes 28+° 120°15' "the intended to the of planet .• to prove with support could the out eight the eyes never 350 (Table a the southerly visible orientations of about House star have for incorporate coincided Provided asymmetry be south distant alignment in that to azimuth 8-year in West in maximum doorway, measurements star for Maya of it,267 stylized small attained a glyphs that addition, site ± not perpendicular have groups Nohpat 1989 been in inferior 1), Venus on the the reference of 15' of glyphs,263 around Building work by the Venus extreme mound near Venus detect this the site reached would Complex the west. able revealed House with Chac of (my the and double-headed from of offive, decoration at this its may and northerly (= Magician Venus NASA in conjunction. southeastern situated the was Hopelchen maximum/minimum to 269 Uxmal. great measurements, A.D. the numerals cycle visible the any Venus masks believed to on have the and of of see Cehtzuc) in Other be an numerals cheeks to which that beginning an Astrophysics Venus the opposite 750". the the hinted northerly Governor's 1989 rise azimuth Venus is it additional the made as about extremes intentional The implied. of alignment Governor, is should southern at this kinds canonical when 8 front morning is to of probably The in the showed 264 as serpents both on is at horizon the set line 8 identification be the such evening direction: But the 4.5km greater of given in Palace. extremes. of the azimuth in Data be 1989). behind face number 265 the the the of Palace the from northern rain evidence evidence it court state recalled dot-bar western in a skewed star it are set System Venus Venus is morn­ planet worth of Great 8-day is name to rainy great from their star, than may also The The god the the the the on an be 47 of 262 of of of to 1993JHA....24...17S maximum to to Venus & coatl that wearing maximum vicinity phase account Quetzalcoatl. archaeological dating 26°52', Excavating Huexotla. Batres's hypothesis was has the belongs November orientation one in phases of FIG. 48 © August Cerro Pico The In Science the the azimuth 8. of oriented a ext the Pollock's Tres relationship of state site: after Orientation substructure PetlElcatl; only the reme 7 of northerly corresponding by a to description 1°13' History prehispanic ornaments Padres; headdress One construction, Garcia names Nocuchich, northerly Type Batres,276 1988, is of visible does EI (Figure 275 to supported of Mexico, of Circular, Publications The the classification of G., by 5, not the the for the has balustrade which maximum op. A. of of wind of confirm seem were horizon structures settlement declination Venus two 8). places meaning cit. the idol Ponce five obvious to is which by disclosed phases Batres the jewels, (ref. Results appears the to Ltd five flowers the among the be this so-called de 271), .• altitude), of of the northerly azimuth calls of following "great might at astronomically implications at construction Leon found Provided the prevalent El association, Ivan of round Huexotla, 19; already northern placed among Huexotla, of Circular to the Venus substructure drawing and eye", have El mind Sprajc transit in "fragments agrees, Maya extreme structures, by evidence. horizontally Circular. the myself, the by at motives the in reminds by a balustrade a two Huexotla, for of between which types Batres,272 postclassic of Venus NASA opposite Snezana measurements mid-twelfth significant. however, EI of almenas the BelizeYo aligns suggest Circular-sub The on Venus of associated in us HI· Astrophysics orientational Edo. Hvala-Tecco). connotation. on A.D. the an view of building crops do Circular direction 118°16'. with his site or 273 that Nohoch de pottery as enormous 1150 not century of roof The Mexico, front".277 evening south the the out.271 carried with Venus-Quetzal­ o have Data within and faces declination Viewing ornaments of substructure Ich, found (taking value hypothesis. of.Texcoco Mexico Moreover, the (Table System 1350.274 Huexotla the star. clay The N east l The which the out cult of in same east, (plan into first The idol two and fact the the 1): of of of in 20m is 1993JHA....24...17S in Though what which five lying localities Teotihuacan leads topographic western rules rosettes any are FIG. these topography. hill, The Some accordance © 9. oriented significant symbols relatively really north Science orientations is to Two 278), astronomical proposition horizon placed recent apparently we Pico for roof Figs of functioned, are History the The resembling to type features, close Tres ornaments Mexico with natural la studies horizontally prominent erection far is and axis (a) found reinforced may Publications Padres, to certain from that the 2b). and of the have feature; City from The and also mountains the same of the at the site. understanding calendrical ceremonial Cinteopa, mountains demonstrated principles the Cinteopa, and Venus-Rain-Maize in Maya probably balustrade have by orientation Ltd In it deity his highest the about passes the .• headdress been Lamat way did Morelos, Provided is opposite considerations, of Morelos: buildings in 30km many represented, over mountain have prolonged astronomically the how "sacred their that referred glyph Mexico structure the by (Figure from an direction, other the a Complex the neighbourhood; southern number on could T510 important geography" (from whole NASA visible eastwards Huexotla to each but factors 9(a)), relates beliefs (Figure have the Cook significant. however, Astrophysics of of (b) whereas combination slope on phenomena the pre de role been the to (Figure the were does concerning Leonard, or hispanic 9(b)).278 other the of two in in premeditated, NW geomancy, the the one surrounding 279 not many prehispanic involved. Data a one 8). same Tlapanco Thus op. figure horizon, point of has temples on System cit. wears cases these local axis five (ref. the the 280 49 to of in 1993JHA....24...17S © Venus A o. same Crowley.288 observations east. Summary. September. Palace Venus the Yucatan measurements the not narrow intervals, importance the mountain the seems stairway, (sunset).282 Chichen dates in the but points prominent span setting fertility.281 Circular Mesoamerican between 50 107°26', Science The Many Considering possible the Temple planet Castillo western building, round indicate note of In dates corresponding face extremes as axis sun at to point the History spite window are the peninsula, Itza, that years was Uxmal, evidently and if attained Cerro through behind Regarding temples 289 as 22 west.2 sets 6 astronomical of dates mountain horizon. of of the the 10 orientations of but May of erected it those Closs of at the it Paalmul, the could the Publications the ago world sets February behind known Venus second direction Petlecatl has Venus~ Copan 86 these of it in which probable building, maximum evidence This western the is of dates was whereas et SeIer behind Venus It been the not a on the to af.2 view, Quetzalcoatl/Kukulcan appears on window dissimilarities above so the particularly statement phase which quite It the a be 90 function the are western observed and of in Caracol of Ltd far pointed the maximum is carefully Stela suggested local side associated "window" presented, particularly accomplished, in sun it the the astronomical .• Julian). even refer northerly orientation the possibly 1 central has of NW is that were of November Provided set northern two 10, horizon significant Ivan EI western should wall, of the out to of possible the that on the interesting horizon viewed seasonally selected Circular construction the Considering that Temple it northerly Mayaptm, Mexico with access it also building. Sprajc of that or extremes. placement can the in by was is extremes nowadays along the near the part horizon, of record. probable because the the Venus, (sunrise), oriented from the that that be temples from marked place, upper chamber the window discussed 22 they was NASA are the concepts of fixed, extremes date, said only 284 the comparable a Stela at this second Mexico that of of phases the dates Another oriented deliberate look deliberately also and of from be axis Copan, Astrophysics that that relative consecrated doorway the entrance because and coinciding axis the northwestern may the 12, corrected: on has east. that when by about evening of (1-6 the all which 6 of i.e. poor this phase, maximum City prolonged also the the May similar to particularly Closs, 287 to the EI substructure the to all correlation on May; it or date Venus, on the The rain, (Figure access oriented Venus. Data window preservation have Circular. the lies star, approximately the apparitions emphasize 12 alignments and the stairway to which the west the Governor's structure April cf Aveni System side. Caracol line within the water fac;:ades served visible northerly 7 westward west, at from 285 Table sun August 8).283 on on planet 8-year to to of aligns Exact and exists Solar of does and and sets the the the the the the the the the for on EI of to of of of 1, It is 1 1993JHA....24...17S me, and century, conjunction, it Figure missing, the results first correspond D. than At not stratigraphic however, window. shown every conjunctions, close nies, the support agricultural day the through maize maize of festivities evening COpan.292 elsewhere. it time with relationship February they been © used agrees When It Figure apparitions. Stuart's present very available Science have however, milpas that Chorti, and is did which when permitted the such to 8 shown complex cultivation, particularly to 10 on years, the 293 ones star, and the the I not 12 the with the onset been in 10 that to 291 The wrote be, History ought as the Perhaps a recent before originally Figure assumption to April the diagonal works who between window. shows therefore April take ethnographic evidence which second April part that that and on visible presented according their visible the the first February-March-April it Even by of Classic in my Figure are Publications was to into decipherment the of exist that the and most first the planting, and before that the and young basic seem 10 the interesting assuming paper if through planting be the the quite lines outer through may supports the reconstructions rainy commemorated consideration the this the harvest period (second 1 The from iconography today. April Venus that expanded 10 probable September periods on window to argument September, to viewing planting, maize used have on evidence. scheme are pattern probably part the Venus-Rain-Maize have Figure Ltd season. first whereas June the phenomena are Venus Copan If the based. was that and this .• that by reconstructions had of of half of they window appearances ears and been nowadays period window, angle to differs Provided the the the bench by Venus visible of early concerning first 10. second and the some first Further Furthermore, and descendants of Aveni September, when of was were are the of Venus a Maya window of visibility the by A of Temple few periods the schedule appearances the the dating.295 Trik of Temple of from appearances correct, had visibility comparable September through relationship detailed the most the by gathered. unless planting and Temple the the July-August in preceded wall inscription days, appearances research eighth the of a and window might the Complex ruler their the connection coincided on sun temple's Hartung the when significant NASA 22. exhibiting 22 the on of it one some of In through the of which presence argument which 22, evening observations had at sets in the century There 18 have the visibility Hohmann the appearances to of by disclosed, agricultural Venus Astrophysics window proposed of with is COpan,294 occurred the of Jog, iconographic ancient the almost a construction along outer (pers. first Venus appearances Venus rain-making means with the been would viewing Temple the with phenomena, lowlands. Venus, eight-year may star of one was in half A.D.) has calculations spans window side some com.) the the a the 2+° and the by A.D. of were inhabitants after on after however, later the be, that were have Data not of been 22 Venus-rain­ angle announced, considering the first Closs works axis seem dates wider seemed burning the Vogrin. shown time-span time informed indeed, 703, revealed, observed visible Both elements System addition and superior with superior the perhaps ceremo­ patterns present­ actually and set annual would eighth of wider et to fairly from than first use. and and that and out the the the the al., on be 296 to 51 of of as a 1993JHA....24...17S © IMay.24Ia: IMay.2711) I FIG. I IMaY."I.: IMaY"l(a 177. 17B. 1786 1783 1779 1778 1777 17B4 17B9 17BB 1717 1711 1 1775 1774 1773 1772 1771 1770 1769 1768 1767 1788 1764 1763 1712 1781 1760 17 i 17B~ Nay.'.lo) 1759 May.291lO 17~1 May. 52 .un 76. 710 All. 90 Science .• 2910: 1",n.31101 ""'n.2101 IJa&·. l'an.4(01 IJan.7(0 1'.~5(lOl IJan.9(~ 1. 10. JUliE conjunction, stripes of February. Venus = History years superior visibility denote in Publications (Drawing the FEBRUARY conjunction) on a second through decreased 90° JULY by of half Ltd. W Arturo the I of probability I_W are geographical window the • marked Provided Ponce eighth Ivan ,. of ofVenus's I de Temple century. on Sprajc longitude. Leon.) by dates • Wi the ~R~ 22 Conjunctions visibility; NASA which at The Copan, AUGU were Astrophysics narrowing ST breaks Honduras, (0 current, = indicate inferior sections Data at during the there conjunction, ~~~ SEP. System of moment a IlO)SC, was the sequence 1001.2210 1oct.'!Ehecatl) de the (Quellenwerke 109. was supporting and lahren they that Beyer que City, is (ref. ii Hermann la Gerdt del created: 106. Balam 102), bone." western (1910», and also 1962), astronomia System accomplished 266--84 Espinosa, indiKena, de El Lord Thefifth Xolotl believed siglo 2), 1964; interpreted Anthropos, el descended Mendieta, the 1925/1926 culto cierto I: related Kutscher 91, einer mythical 411. (Mexico sol, Zweite, of indiana VI, Walter 15, Cbdice op. first Beyer, world: 277. Maya killed (orig. orig.: n. a Bees that sun: y que xvi, mit 3rd zur cit. 23; op. los en of to la 3; 1993JHA....24...17S - -116. 128. 136. 135. 133. 132. 129. 126. 125. 121. 131. 118. 134. 123. 122. 120. 119. 117. 130. 127. 124. Closs, Thompson, Thompson, Thelma Thompson, In Preuss, Kingsborough, Kingsborough, Pickands, Vicente Sullivan, Sahagun, Sullivan, Garibay, Eduard David Hermann Ziehm, Cbdice SeIer, © Science the calculation, Atama1cualiztli sky evening (Santa calli directions CinteotI's Thompson 46), matutina segun the refer religion was Bernardino (ibid., Mexico (ref. (Carnegie observed: coldness, greatly cit. 2), de Broda, translation). them whatever mountains: Nanahuatl Gesammelte Sahagun, (supplement Verband 1904), 18), The Cbdice the Americanistas "Venus light chant (ref. Chimalpopoca H. celebrated, Die 418f, bearers, op. 79. Diaz D. SeIer, 54), de .... to op. op. p. Teogonia ii, Beyer, op. Fe, relationship Historia 8-year "Las overlapped, History Antiguo, cit. manifestation Sullivan, la the and Kelley, The Nayarit-Expedition 69), of 49, Ethnology Ethnology Maya i, deutscher 34, other ofXochipilli cit. Table cit. originated Hermindez, calendric Historia "The Borgia in cit. 1981),231; Institution 'Casa Comentarios de 662f, is in this placed (ref. dawn: "They B. op. op. Abhandlungen world to diseases based Maya 45f. are 37f. fiestas (ref. normally (ref. "EIllamado intervals, Sahagun, the (ref. 1, hieroglyphic part suggest comparative cult Journal/or may e cit. cit. textos 3, general Publications 40), "Astronomical called viii associated de ch. "The (ref. historia Maya (Mexico, placed 126),259. CinteotI 126), Arthur (ref. general view", 41), Reichsangehoriger, 0/ 0/ also and between name, (ref. (ref. aztecas" as on which of The las well (1955), 21) in 32. for Garibay, the the of "Nanahuatzin", reads: 117), of recogidos would the depicted it mask this 60), General at 133f. Mexican 255. the Aguilas' the al world" (ref. imagined has 105), 105), Venus, have was Xolotl which (ref. Washington, Mayas Mayas Venus-Rain-Maize J. Tribus, 1 which revolved body; (ref. 'Calendario Cbdice (ref. to the symbol writing i, mountains, Xochitl, (ref. 121. 375-95; with to 2-7 Nanahuatl data o. evidence "By (ref. of somehow 45), be Ltd. the 148f, i, i, coincided 100), history say Veinte 45), history Anderson 54), they as Itztlacoliuhqui", (ref. as 212, 212, and expected, entre ", 68), and identities sept. the religion", (ref. (ref. night maize"; 44), west, xxix Borgia in p. that a about suggested (ref. • El and "stellar eye" around p. idem, iii, 106. deformed befits NanahuatI Atama1cualiztIi 8), made my and also pp. Provided 207, Sahagun 93), 93), himnos it 257, los o/astronomy), Mexico (1980), 1974), 134, o/the did 1921), Azteca': Tlalocan, tied remarking certain 218-20. Pub!. and ii, or would 18), with 150f. translation. the LXIIf, iii, (2 lameness mexicanos Mitos and J. rather the 58f. with 134. 77; B. n. that these Contributions of B. the to vols, 220. the things 90. Tlaloque, by E. (ref. heliacal pp. 10. 436, god Thompson, ii the 107---67, 2, 3, being, Charles Mesoamerican Antiguo, seem cultivation diseases, the by and in Dieter Descripcion S. those Tlaloque y 151---61; (Mexico or ch. ii vows the ch. in Complex Mexico 8-year 54), 249f. cuentos his that of (1945), the 0/ Thompson, of Tlaloc 1934), "eye Actas 30. morning that del festival corn Telleriano-Remensis, it 2. no. New risings CenteotI-Xochipilli a p. 104. mountains Diitting, were NASA whom E. "all is limb SeIer, x Considering estado Venus idem, which with 149. to 2 relevant Cinteotl, Dibble, City, City, shine"; (ref. del was (1965), 64. Spain, of Maya cult" 225. As (1980), the American gout e of of or the he XLI star It Nicholson, already Astrophysics rays". interpretacion Gesammelte "El already 50),22, gods", the western cycle; "Sky the of de "Aspects seemed 1963; 1976), But might (ibid., identifies staple Book hieroglyphic of but Florentine 134-256 (cl to had the Congreso Durango, SI-54, concepto morning too, rejuvenation the quote on according the bearers, that archaeology, 1st mentioned infra: whole 416). also 75-81; the 2, noted Archaeoastronomy 252---62, food plant, deities, was to hands the context 2nd of edn complex, "Religion" with pp. in power (orig. what be Abhandlungen be the L). Classic Maya star; R. star; Data linked Internacional de body Codex: del other Mexico", edn, by writing in Hinton, the S26f; colors added diseases prominent except or A la to pp. feasts of German: cuauhxi­ Sahagun Johanna seems (Section pub!. verse ... System to estrella codices feet, revised Long's maize, no. but to maize hand, " SeIer, C. 252f; Fray cure (ref. that (ref. (my and the the op. 61 E. he 10 El of to or in of in 1993JHA....24...17S © 62 154. 147. 151. 138. 137. 153. 152. 150. 149. 148. 146. 145. 143. 142. 141. 140. 139. 144. Science Thompson, Johanna Kingsborough, Kingsborough, Preuss, Venus Aveni, Sahagun, Sullivan, Sahagun, The Ellen Lehmann, Kingsborough, Floyd Seler, Codice Roman at Carlson, equinox: corrupt Justeson, Venus. however, mexica", A.D. Sulivan, "rabbit", Scotland same Archaeoastronomy some Citli flecha and ethnology, in lost In Itztlacoliuhqui's de Sullivan, tres the the the no. took unpubl. una (Centro and Long, Michel Ulrich COdice 145-65, University information History T. A Mendieta's the the COdice sum, l'Observatoire as G. sun latest "The manifold 6 Chimalpopoca in Die flechas, so the de 700-900, and comparison Piiia Baird, a he days (n.d.), evening Broda, op. Ie Historia west"; pre-Hispanic Third "The Kohler, he Lounsbury, bow Historia "Ergebnisse" Borgia aquellas form threw Graulich, sprouting p. the doctoral de Nayarit-Expedition segunda did Maya op. "Venus normally (September op. pierced in it cit. real op. "grandmother") around missed Publications Borgia ii Chan or 154. of Estudios cannot "Stars data and op. op. op. y (1944--45), cit. the Calendars 1-13, Venus cit. of International "Ciclos (ref. "the cit. central version star weeks ed. Venus-Kukulcan" was Freiburg, tiro Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli (ref. general hieroglyphic "Le cit. cit. cit. cetl (ref. third flechas three general and (ref. headdress vez and are (ref. him; his Astronomique (ref. dissertation, of the by sets maize, 126), (ref. moon al pp. "Mythes it in obtained and be (ref. cycle (ref. (ref. 117), "Astronomical (= calendar Central after attains this y Historicos forehead, contradictory sol the astrologically-timed Mexican (ref. 126). R. agricolas 1990). autumnal (Historia time; 126). 2), Raul arrows he hurt seen 117), 6f. at (ref. in 60), war "ice"). 139--41. y Ltd 253. Germany, 105), New para A. 105), 105), comes lunaire an (ref. version ii, shot while 105-9; tirola Mesoamerica the 106), ole refers 45), and Conference rising in .• writing a 122. at ii, azimuth Diehl Pavon Mexico", (ref. 119, et during of negative World, equinox. and i, Ie el an i, i, maize Brussels, pictorial Cacaxtla", 45), Graulich, 120; with en eclesiastica rites the p. 6, 767, 764, Graulich Provided de 212. the y a to equinox, clavar 212. 212, cuerpo, et the In Aveni, must rather (ref. 68), I arrow with Sociales, south Citli, 133, van shot el and the sa Strasbourg: and seeds for (ref. Thompson, Lehmann's Abreu, Sun, p. field knowledge the Aztec", des Cf ed. face ofless culto: deities. and pp. signification 8), Current declination end have B. that la kindly J. at 133, y to probably Sprajc on and representations for 1979-80,47,410, "Monumental result of by the y 18),220. irritated, Mythes vingtaines work and was argues 312. 2, down but enclavole LXIVf. ritual frente: iii, C. by the in 10 the (ref. in the astronomical the Campeche), A. Archaeoastronomy Un than the "Entrevista ch. in been same Peru, mismo Mesoamerica B. 90. the Notes Berlo the told normally the Sun moon, F. inviting anthropology, that Codex in Serie second 30; translation problema warfare Maya to and 109), that 2, 270° et el Aveni NASA evening east reflect right statement 1986. (i.e. chez by to took ed. the Kingsborough, rites he sol (Washington, ch. la on hizo du its Cinteotl pierce "Astronomie 79) though the (i.e. and died frente, Chimalpopoca by hieroglyphic the nine time me se in inscriptions" les Middle (Cambridge, before one in i Mexique 30, (ref. agrees uses con I the Astrophysics a is Mixe-Popoluca: (1981), abajo Aveni star de interpreting it thank Mesoamerica", rising 703f; la Indiens after ascends to (Die immediately"). similar: levels his and is of overlapping characteristics overlapping my in xxiv tercera: east 136), la el he join at de personified corresponded visible that those Vaticanus American forehead; well correlacion "Oxford caribe y Geschichte idem, the recognizes scraped azimuth and que Bonampak, translation. Ulrich 3-31, (1983),575-88, until of asi central 1989), 122, mexicains", et his op. in writing "Citli, date; decline with the 1982), y arrows (ref. luego Sciences south no Brotherston the "Myths cit. research suggests enojado the Data argues after p. Bor", Kohler, underworld. his Ie greater the as 3", 105-22; archaeology the this west". (ref. A prehispanique", 2). 11. "the paper tomo name (ref. dio: (ref. of a murio" of 143-68, del body, morning (ibid., and System the to morning relation St Sun Mexico", due The Informacion that Humaines", Teotihuacan description; 105), of Publication moon el group. Xochipilli: that calendario tirole 18), 0) 346) 102), autumnal Andrews, presented un than Citli shot from pp. sol paradise John stooped west) (ref. and iii, citli typical p. ("Citli arco i, 220. Seier, tomo 577f. with rises star, 212; 90). otra 90°) it as 153; star and the (= the Cf 2), of B. at at in y a 1993JHA....24...17S 178. 176. 177. 179. 173. 172. 175. 174. 168. 167. 166. 165. 171. 163. 157. 170. 161. 164. 162. 160. 159. 169. 156. 158. 155. The Ibid., Ibid., Lehmann, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Thompson, Lehmann, Diitting, Motolinea, Cbdice Diccionario Ibid., Ibid., Carlson, Obviously Closs, Thompson, Lehmann, Ralph Roys, Fray Floyd Floyd © Science associated young servant pairing, pp. evening cal Helen regarded "page" Mayistas: (ref. age analogy Palenque morning the hand, brother: Icazbalceta within Dictionary Apologhica southern (ref. for 778; from and B. the 1989). Chontal Toribio 766. 767, In Lehmann 9, 764. 110, 111. 772, 3, op. G. "Venus L. the Moon south G. of Chimalpopoca research 16f. Brotherston Thompson, my 18), ch. this 2), "Aspects "Venus and Lounsbury, Motolinia Roys, the cit. girl the Neuenswander, calendar-correlation my n. "Ergebnisse" "Ergebnisse" "Ergebnisse" Lounsbury, this History girl; or my Memoriales de Preuss, among star 142, translation. Historia Maya star halving, 107f. half as of 11,66, context with triad 7. two and (ref. de 5-10 "servant"; agricultural a with translation. who of la in translation. Oaxaca time (Mexico, historia kindly they (ibid., destructive The as and and (see scientific of Motolinia, and lengua the Venus war, the During incorporated hieroglyphic of 162), an the serves Die de Publications the the 134f. of refer Maya (ref. book 1. y attention or Maya Classic and analysing gods above: ritual "The 777) (ref. old and agosto religibn evening observed de celestial vault. the also sumaria Nayarit-Expedition Cora, "Maya The (ref. espanola (ref. from Ill, manifestations. (ref. (ref. it Paris 2), For to man la calls biography, cycle; of these inversion", believed 60), well of hieroglyphic has year "Reflections aspect base This attribute world" warfare" Serna, the Memoriales, 161), 1-26. Chi/am Maya n. Venus-Rain-Maize 106), H); 106), the 106), de who the may is (ref. some and to been problem", star. writing 122. disposed ... 6. morning numeration, was some cf also a of months also 1985 age Ltd Palen (ref. , Achi mind he of young 53ff; ed. 768, designate quoted the 764. 750, that Broda, (ref. be Madrid, 33), religion" shown particularly Balam in the .• the ed. found distinction common (ref. was Both by (Mexico 101), epigraphic called (ref. Venus que in the in Garibay, writing the the 772. 768, 345. 8), Recently responsibility morning star, by of Provided toward star E. not and Manuscritos in Guatemala Memorias normally in 153); "Ciclos (ref. Bonampak phenomena triad", Classic (supra: in Nahuatl C. of O'Gorman 18),220. 16lf; 704. the Calendars 780. Aveni, 1903), the to the to (ref. computation, as table only creative Nicaragua; Chumayel C. (ref. 68), City, source, "big Baird, concept man; appropriate between two Teogonia idem, Gillispie, Diitting, evidence, 136), Zeitschriftfiir agricolas" Maya F) by of Venus p. Maya 53f. "The 18), word depicted star" Complex aspects del 1987), the the LXII; that the aspect for Thompson, murals in on de op. may (2 "Cognitive in 146, 219. Cf (Norman, Mesoamerica had of Dresden vols, evening Lehmann, real Primer whirlwinds la the morning NASA maize but and cit. xolotl, the e referring xv Fray have and Hinton, 715-34, similar suggested colecci6n historia dualism Fig. of (ref. of for similar other; by Venus-Kukulcan" (New as (ref. deity Mexico speak also the Venus Ethnologie, god, Mauricio calendrical motivated warfare, Astrophysics a 16. Bartolome which Coloquio star 150), Codex, Maya aspects" 153). and 1967), youthful the evening York, to with passages, Dieter "Ergebnisse", op. (ref. concepts p. of to in probably is and del Lehmann's City, that as 724. it 156; the cit. sun can evening a hieroglyphic Maya that 100), as and elder because 36, Sr. Peru, Rosas benevolent 1978),759-818, Diitting, devil. the (ref. Internacional (ref. cix 1967), lusteson, God if star, be The moves astronomy", de personage name concerning Don possibly 112. its it association 116. Data linked translated (1984),7-74, and hieroglyphic 69), ed. were (ref. star 2), (pers. Las significance His image on GI ethnologi­ 777, it ii, 1. by was over 409ff. younger "Venus, 37f. was System the pp. helpers 8), a writing has Garcia of op. Casas, young to Aveni taken com., 78lf. man; of also 310. The and one 40f, the the the not the cit. 63 an de as of in p. a 1993JHA....24...17S 64 189. 191. 190. 181. 184. 182. 180. 188. 187. 186. 185. 183. © Science Ibid., Tax, Ibid., Ibid., Ibid., Klein, Ibid., Ibid., Lehmann, Lehmann, Lehmann, Munch consigo, see que clearly and ella, direccion. caballo interchange. esconder, again, horse must tienen Santiago San and colour Manuscripts Wedel, San star takes (Munch evil lore, during identical lord Evening when 87-117, the home tradition the seven, by beliefs among are Panajachel 764-6; There En Ala La ...... 765, 2517; 2432. Also The The 778f. 772. A. Theface him western dry evil sorcerers cuando G., the Pedro, Pedro the History named sale de of he vi not it his who estrella of la F. star while normally que star estrella the of my the "Ergebnisse" "Ergebnisse" "Ergebnisse" certain "Native (1980), in rises 10 Among hill season always rise, op. following quien p. spirits, Juan G., proper is the y Star siempre deities, be Munch and Aveni primera Chaneque does viejito, y a y Dicen agreement contrario waning por ver La translation. Venus underworld 112. a Santiago another cit. (ibid., demon, of seen San sale on lightning ibid., and (ref. in on Publications striking San Santiago and la and de the de Laguna the not las no esto (ref. is rises sowing 155-204. the the (Austin, course. but Middle the associated astronomy cuarta particularly que por G., by Pedro. by it Dios Venus la a symbolized 31),2451. was Pedro Chontal 2451,2456). earth malefactors. personas, passage arremetida Moon, 174, want quiere moon: fourth las east is 29), cerraban symbol star the contrast Pawnees it at se has op. cuando is el with (ref. (ref. (ref. dirty called similarity god, cuatro is four Rosales, the mueren es my the rituals; sale oriente and people, They to (ref. it American 154, cit. that both It been 1977), interesting "The andar, la it makes move while llamaban Lehmann's Indians 106), 106), ... 106), from biggest Ltd with translation). is one who of A (ref. and con of rises by in " que de I), reports if they appears sale say las de refer by possible of variant destruction replaced The (Lehmann, the the tenianla the .• . these hace notably, Surely that lest 10 96f; colour along, 131--45, the 772. 768. Notes 766-8, the brings la Morning between 29), toda Sahagun four the puertas regresa North that with Santiago, Ivan pero die following Cultural contrario morning of animals, to star manana data Provided they evil eadem, Plains thrice esta that people cuatro that south . l60f. Venus, Oaxaca, at when version su assaults, but all data, this that of on water is a 772. by supernaturals; available 1 Sprajc de America, p. die. the claridad, gente West tres y of this also the la the or on San and (Historia Star Viejito loco turns god the Caddoans", ventanas wind. 133. Anthropology, no. Santiago todas y "Who citlapol, and the is mal arremetidas, its Munch observation se cuarta 2 in prescribed thefourth by waning veces ... for has whirlwind losing Mexico", ethnographic a.m. called wickedness. is cit.). cit/a Pedro devil. and its and mueren brightness and information se ... back the the aguero, planting do as it las two was regresa too, y returns pol, during para above that Sun general, Lehmann's vez la place (ibid., procede uei NASA his not para rises, bestias Santiago: The Moon La when manifestations, luna Tlaloc?", Pedro occasion uei cit/alin, the (Rosales, in Anthropological citlalin, attributes, Santiago offerings Ie were permit atras is and Laguna y diciendo ancient of Santiago, and and que tres Native three three all 154, Christianity taken del las castiga deities it Astrophysics that se information the pp. was por Carrasco, the the rises, gods veces continues cuando introduces dia no tres acuestan 25; 190) Satanas a clear he god it times big Journal 434f, descends into beasts (Microfilm su misinterpreted, cares loc. devil American entrase never ("the god shines punishes Chicago, estrella of converting luce y of que which star; cuando cares curso of says account: entonces cit.). the since when B. the of sale, identification darkness, for are has "Pagan daylight poco, lie cuando can along records, include of traia little, and 7, that earth from the su for .... West is grande; Data in East; the down Latin him satanized given their ch. astronomy, pues he 1949), sale, because be luz the Collection they winter, wheat, North y its milpa, himself enfermedad "In hiding rises, Guatemala and 3): corre considered and rituals .... System were vueIvese ven Waldo moon") east the xx attributes when American patron 10 es course and offerings said y 51Of. the (1960), then que por decian water, salir figure beans of which of is is while while him" both itself a into they folk that that and the the the ed. his no .... R. su su In he of of is a a 1993JHA....24...17S 210. 207. 212. 211. 208. 209. 204. 203. 202. 206. 205. 201. 200. 199. 198. 197. 196. 192. 195. 194. 193. © Science Caso, Thompson, George Thompson, Federico "Relaci6n Schele Closs, Thompson, Lehmann, Maudslay, Fr. A A. Schele, Closs, Thompson, Linda According Closs, Closs, close P. proceder in of can espiritual Copan, aspects" implied. context ledge" Plates York monsters star star as established". is Venus in has however, be occurring iconography la Dresden 108ff; table, The "lucero", "Ancient only in 192), Robertson Yucatan therefore Bernardo American There At Garza, used Maudslay, a the is Los those Schele "Venus "Venus "A "Venus and Indians", "Accession sign M. glyph bulletin the meteorite; History generally a iconographic the and 16, idem, first G6mez and 52-56, (ref. few glyph calendarios de "Ergebnisse" to Foster, op. Miller, where as may prefix Historia in "The Historia "Sky (Mexico can is first 47, various (ref. de (Mexico they is op. that Fig. and Maya on and de la Kelley, alone, Fort in days in which, "a because in moments (ed.), in cit. manifested, 154); "Astronomical of los archaeology evidently Villa be Publications fact Lizana, the cit. In for the have assault the 76; of Biologia in 2); the moon Mary bearers" closed also generic the supposed". 7. called de the chac Ulrich "Sierra op. (ref. no Worth, indios iconography" the after ethnoastronomy" dates (ref. Maya Maya rather y World Venus op. Chan-Bahlum either y City, The Maya Schele, Aveni, idem, Deciphering as Maya de Orozco, vocabulary Center doubt City, (ref. religion been, cit. religion the and cases "big ("red", The Ellen 199), goddess" Justeson, cit. they the Valladolid", before Historia (ref. the attention 22), Kohler, interpretation referring of de term Centrali-Americana: (ref. Popoluca eastern 1983), world" languages. planet (ref. than archaeoastronomy, "A 1986),45. 110), world" as for 1893; conceptual world" (ref. doors "Monumental and that star" the "Accession invisibility indeed, of for Nueva considered 163ff; iv, Venus-Rain-Maize Miller, 106), Ltd. (ref. evening (ref. glyph "Costumbres, identities" 201), example, the disappearing in "big"), 136), explicitly the ethnology, Plates Archaeoastronomy, 198. both 56), ii, de or "Ancient (ref. (ref. orig.: of (ref. "Comets and (ref. head (chac a to 33), (ref. occurrence to 775, Kelley, 27-45, 33), (ref. compound • in star, folklore Espana", Yucatim: J. provided, context 177, The 9-34, for in 226. Closs, the Venus. Provided descriptions (ref. 23), 26), windows, star" 8),148. 192),20. Pio 305; 43, the Valladolid, around relationship since 8); of 785. it 261ff. Relaciones iconography" of ek 8), in as blood Venus" 311f. marked fact (ref. bad the p. 38, 152-61; idem, Deciphering 2), 53, inscriptions" Perez Maya xlii p. House and Schele Kelley has in Group see 147f. "Venus (ref. and in in 33. Having this Devocionario fiestas, ed. augury, the 17. of that monster 110, Tlalocan, The Yucatec 55, Archaeology and chac 116), (1945), of also: inferior the so falling which by "Venus beliefs", Kohler star 2). renders ethnoastronomy" (ref. kings: star by star compound refer 74; E as and idem, circumstances concluded historico-geograficas a the sun 1633),4. of I ek, in iv, Kelley, S24ff. between at Complex Aveni sign star examined not believe events enterramientos saying glyph Schele, long 2); the stars (ref. 177-249, its NASA (ref. the has no. Miller Palenque. refers conjunction, Maya) to glow. Dynasty ii believes Historia (ref. dates to the discussed University glyph Lounsbury, (1945),37-63, Maya heliacal specific 4 argued, de a Cross (ref. 26), 192), (5 allow "The in (ek) in (1981),38-41; star-Venus that entry that 2). specifically appears celestial Ntra. "Accession that Astrophysics might revisited", vols, the is Mayan the 96; pp. without world" 2), the refers and y described 16, a it birth its Venus risings referent perception at "the religion and ek astronomical in common (ref. Linda carried 289-99, Sra. of London, 194f. passage Venus light ritual Fig. apply Palenque", the y as in "Astronomical California bands inscriptions, to of not prime de (ref. 2), divers de glyph. to p. prefixes both of the is Archaeoastronomy: present Venus 7. iconography" the Schele, to (ref. la in by specifically illness has Izmal 110, Venus, is 53. idem, the very to p. Data enter refers 8), Dresden designation Maya Gobernacion gods" 1889-1902), and visible of Closs referent as "estrella" Temple 297. morning 33), already observes, 147f, only Mesoameri­ publications likely phenomena paper, y appears "Cognitive "Accession .... formas with System in bicephalic to because it conquista Justeson, 263ff; art may (ref. at argued, when the Greene know­ Venus Venus it, of (New 22 to dawn been such star: (ref. 26), well and fall and the the for De 65 de on iv, de be at it 1993JHA....24...17S © 237. 228. 233. 215. 224. 218. 216. 213. 236. 235. 234. 232. 230. 227. 226. 223. 220. 222. 231. 225. 229. 217. 221. 66 238. 219. 214. Science Tedlock, Tedlock, Cecelia Closs Closs, Carlson, Tedlock, Taube, Jorge David Jill Jill Furst, Karl Dennis David Michael Michael Nicholson, Ibid., Seler, Sharon Lounsbury, Due Brundage, Furst, 69-85, can City, iconography identify P. Vogt mayas, unambiguous pp. Death shows Arqueoastronomia siembra American surprising, American American America, idem, (Paris, las fertility agreement Calif., religion Hunahpu the Primera Chalcatzingo, 1983, Vuh Leslie 175. Leslie to History Taube, 273f, et Gesammelte Benson Angulo C. C. religiones Codex Codex "Venus significance 809f. this Tedlock, "The Studies, L. F. relates al., P. D. and 1984), "The "A Popol Popol "La Grove, Grove, ed. and Furst, that Furst, 1974),95-107, pp. Gibbs, 1964», seglin Klein, The have Closs, (London, 353. property "Religion" the Coe, Mesa "Astronomical "The y ed. "The glyph by A. Classic lore, antiquity, astronomy, Publications Vindobonensis Vindobonensis the siembra (Washington, on the Villasenor, 74f; Xbalanque in since Grolier el phoenix them Plate latter Vuh Vuh State (Mexico of been by M. Ruz Codex Popol "Olmec "Chalcatzingo, "The los "Death the astronomical astronomical ed. afterlife the "The "Mesoamerican "Post-Classic planet Redonda amanecer iv Abhandlungen 315-20; daytime Classic the for Lorenzo of E. (ref. (ref. Greene concepts document of (1978), Maya by to XLVI:a. L. Maya found 1922), y University with alpha y P. Panels Codex" year Venus" (ref. Vuh: the xxxiii penis-headed (ref. etnoastronomia Vindobonensis the D. (Mexico el felines ed. Venus" 218), City, 218), pp. and Henson in "The may Maya amanecer" calendar, Ltd James de the C. maize knowledge" pre-Columbian world" 46), sun (ref. in sun, chs I (ref. Ochoa, and 1972), Robertson The 93-128, by 111),230, de 105f (1968), the of Reed, Palenque: associating Grove os many parts 236. 234. 1972; assignments. .• (ref. (ref. represent sun in Aveni 32, Chalcatzingo Mexican and Morelos, 416ff. the Mayan of 213), omega; todo (ref. 213), maize (ref. City, indigenas", (Washington, ancient but god" (discussion); highland George identity calendrics Provided 153-64, New (ref. and 39-40, 2). 2), Ivan Sun, Historia day transl. 1 p. the 486-91. manikin glyph", (Austin, 54), 3), Mexicanus (ref. and (ref. 23. he 22f, 1964),255-78, Fig. el en 45ff. god: 106. (ref. and book (ref. the Part 8), moon, York Munro the 231. I Cross, Maya", death Mexico: Mesoamerica, Such cielo-tierra: the iii, argues of of Frazer, 7 Sprajc Alligator: America, 218); 44. 318. 183), central p. by 31. On 161f; are V. former 215), A night by as the Hunahpu in prehispanica 154), of 392-409. I, reliefs: dead 157. 1987), T. at Pasztory, reappraisal", M.Fields the meaning evidence 1975),87-104, Desarrollo ed. numbers but the imagery the and idem, 21-35, world: S. Segovia; I: Albany, idem, in 176. A that sun Mexico", 153. The problem Edmonson, by dawn A NASA and with Thompson ed. Death reappraisal Foliated 132-58, A An p. American antiquity, commentary Popol M. and Astronomia and golden "Cognitive they Mircea by p. Mixtec ed. 273. of the of as whose of op. Venus. iconographic Publ. (San Greene orig.: de 33. cultural E. and probably Astrophysics Xbalanque. the astronomical life by a see in cit. deities in Vuh p. la cannot P. Cross sign p. bough: Broda The (New the death Eliade, Francisco, "Historia metaphor", Fifth also: significance and Huaxteca, 145; no. of Benson Traite (ref. Tedlock 90. (ref. Robertson the de (Institute afterlife of aspects" cult 4,1978),164. at of en Lounsbury Grove, also Marvin York, Palen 56),452, imagery los be et cyclic Olmec A 218), Palenque: d'histoire Tratado the of analysis", The (Washington, el al. mayas, study activity", Data given the de the liii (Po que 1985), 2nd Popol in (ref. underworld is 1985); text 294. Journal (ref. completion", "Olmec for Cohodas, las feline, (1988), rock full (Pebble pol pre-Columbian comparable is n. Round System in de edn unique preferred 13), of Mesoameri­ ed. actually des tierras There Part 2),409-11; moon, 12. Vuh, 171-81, magic in carvings", historia idem, Vuh", the in ed. by (Mexico religions of 163-77. 804--11, felines" Ancient Beach, Native II", Table, 1975), Popol Latin "The E. 296f) by is altas with "La and and and not no Z. de to to p. in in E. in 1993JHA....24...17S 260. 254. 246. 262. 259. 257. 256. 255. 252. 249. 247. 245. 253. 261. 258. 251. 244. 243. 242. 241. 240. 248. 250. 239. Aveni, Aveni's Aveni, Aveni Ibid., Christopher Closs, Thompson, Ian Ivan Thompson, Joralemon, John Joralemon, Joralemon, Justeson Jaguar, David Peter Peter Alfonso Nicholson, Ibid., Michael © Science corner maximum for astronomical a from according decades of on own Governor's Palace 2),411-13. horizon Archaeology, manifestation hypothesis. Uxmal northerly role had 94,284. (Cambridge, 27-71, Lahun American Origins 53; impact iconography (ref. 744. Cha1catzingo's 117°35', Graham Sprajc, trifle S. In Table 183. David David Uxmal, "Venus H. the et Relief New "Possible "Possible value transit however, of Justeson, Caso a 237), D. his Cehtzuc, et al., Kelley, to of abundant north on p. History Chan, to of declination psychopompus, "Preclassic altitudes al., Olmec Olmec Olmec Coe, before Maya Maya whereas 5. Orleans, Jones, extensive "Cehtzuc: around Joralemon, Joralemon, 37. the Lowland antiquity, declination religious to 4, (ibid., northerly and the "The Yucatan, and 157; In in readings, Palace op. in the Mass., including of orientations" Palace astronomical astronomical "Early the no. the of "A azimuth an would William is Ignacio hieroglyphic hieroglyphic Preclassic monuments", iconography iconography iconography A.D. cit. Publications the Eric David "Inauguration Venus Chi 188, Caracol evidence 1°15', and A.D. the light Maya 7; evening cylinder 1985), to Mayan art discussion (ref. Mesoamerican northern xlii A Mexico of The extreme, 900). lam Dumbarton 1975),27. to steps taken value Table the refraction A "The von not 900; attained new & of Bernal, Venus C. M. the human of and at (1977), study 244), world" associated, Balam 50. iconography mound this Mesoamerica, Venus-Rain-Maize tower" on But be language Jeff in 299°04' star Grove seal Euw, least Norman, Maya main both orientations" orientations" (ref. 118°13' writing writing 5) Olmec (ref. with (ref. (ref. (Norman edge Venus-jaguar the observed a Ltd in evidence 35. could of for of since Karl Urnas from 28-60, figures deity, less by dates of were (ref. 9), Ancient .239), from 239), 239), on evolution fertility pyramid Oaks, 24°56'; Olmec .• Corpus the site the (ref. and of Kaua; (in iconography" Venus dragon: (ref. (ref. corresponds and 178-82, Kowalski, appropriate the the have like 8), Tlatilco", the Lyle Provided taken de in of azimuth Puuc in and Uxmal had 45. 48, 90. all Figs from we Jorge and 9), Washington, script Pre southeastern ed. Oaxaca 18), angular 18), iconography 163. the Chalcatzingo, three (cf Palace the the (ref. (ref. Closs, been azimuth-declination of can of Fig. was Campbell London, the association of 980, classic into 7, by chronology, vegetation A Table the Puuc Fig. Fig. supra: Cehtzuc. and Maya Angulo much (Middle Maya phenomenon also 9), 9), 11. of study Late The Nicholson head seen 140. 26°54', American by main consideration). (the "Venus (Mexico Table animal rather width the 7: 7: (ref. Complex from 184. 184f, region", Mesoamerica, 4. the imagine House F). 59,60. 59,60. setting 1987), Classic later writing", hieroglyphic error of and line in horizon (Studies 1971), pyramid V., American 6). NASA ed. see The Cehtzuc, corresponding Fig. symbols, of to 1, pre-Columbian a in in Kowalski from City, Terrence antiquity, of Xolotl, (ref. "A jaguar Closs, the would by Figs the 51. the Mexicon, the behind this intrinsic 6, rulers 13. could the is Grove, Astrophysics catalog in in Governor's At line of Table the 6), conversions Maya 1952), Chalcatzingo It context, 118°13'. 2, Governor: the ed. "Cognitive Origins Research Pre-Columbian seems Cehtzuc, have and that means inscriptions, both 107-22, central of 4-6; the from Kaufman, have dates xxxi azimuth by iconographic 5. xii world" 114-31, pp. Tikal, time the and on Palace been Nicholson with to iconography", Aveni, (1990), According (1966), the of considering that 59, been the doorway the A Palace, would p. Institute, rear suport description religious the in smaller Data aspects" Guatemala", jaguar northeastern Maya ofthis 161, (ref. 111. Venus the whenever p. Governor's The this latitude ii, maximum of observed, 62-63. "Possible 744-6, 121. have Art System Figs evening context 8), (ref. foreign viewed Part such a paper, palace of to line in a Pub!. art at dog, (ref. that 162; and few my the the 93, set 67 its 6), of p. of in is & it a 1 1993JHA....24...17S © 280. 278. 275. 273. 271. 277. 270. 279. 276. 274. 272. 269. 268. 267. 266. 265. 263. 264. 68 Science John Carmen Garcia This Thompson, H. Arturo The I Ibid., Leopoldo Maria Observed H. H. Batres, Aveni Ibid. was E. E. considering l,'sistemas Tichy, 4. planning americana, Washington, American "Myth, Gesellschaft (Pollock, (Mexico and owes alignment like it Palace Aveni, relation northern Calendars Maya (also along Cehtzuc of exactly of orientation E. Hartung Philadelphia, Figs the temple west be New Campeche, occasionally alignment History corresponds B. also The On The not D. 15. D. the the the and Teresa D. evening G., structure op. Ponce Ethnology, Carlson, 458, edge World, Cook facing its Pollock, Pollock, ihe able archaeology, the building: from Nunnery importance Pollock, Governor's bears only "El of only "Archaeoastronomy Batres, Hartung, cit. op. perpendicular Ethnology name with (117°35') environment, City, and and major "Architectural oiher the 460-3. antiquity, Publications Garcia line of in appropriate ceque' de to iv Mexico patron cit. (ref. of agrees other de the Lateinamerikas, star at Cehtzuc, southeast) ed. the during the Mesoamerica the my House Publ. are determine (1985), "A some 1986), Leon The the 1904), to toward to "Architectural the (ref. Leonard, hand, Mis horizon Round lunar both at 61; by calendar 272), visible numerals own great relatively geomantic the Maya en Garcia, the Maya cannot two of maximum Puuc: Chichen equally Palace de of 7, 1936), 471, ed. (Memoirs Aveni Cambridge, H., liii other of a 271), exploraciones 31, Mesoamerica?", the bulbous 6. are July the measurements, Venus declination ihe span standstills 6. asentamientos the the platform, earlier for by to at (1988), structures and in Ltd "Fechamiento city the buildings altitude Fig. alignment notes" An skewed Mayas (Transactions significance be "Las Huexotla: 82, Santa W. is (ref. the issue, one Magician building, 8 Cehtzuc observations. well, short. and of .• Itza, accurate planning architectural denied, model below perhaps in as the xx 6c. extremes, of R. 100. Chenes eyes a notes fa~ade 8-year 287-309. 154), Peru, 159ft', the evening Provided almenas (1983), few (ref. i.e. the (ref. Mass., Rosa 51-56, of Bullard and on counterclockwise and, Ivan If orientation of possessing -24°22', of from the en Maya for Venus pyramid. 5°37' with Peabody days, on the since at placed Un 1-30, aligns orientation, aboriginal 93), 268), ed. intimated the con and (ref. of cycle the structures furthermore, of Jahrbuch Xtampak, Huexotla, Uxmal; eyes. arqueoastronomico the of 61-84; some recurring Sprajc star Figs 1970), sitio eastern/western ihe the de (Papers eastern by the the survey and 63. face it the by region: at sistema 147, orientation 262), interpretation p. 44, (cf 28°11'; is in line taking main Cinteopa", Aveni would two del A I the Museum, same the American Chenes The Palace 14. highlighted allowing of that A. Fig. and the the Table 1-87, Table local by fur Middle Acolhuacan 31. from of behind structure Chac or NASA of a since the F. every pyramid 1970-1980" Texcoco radial same huge A. the with required margin the and was Chenes 2. have 53), 19°28'10" in the three Geschichte Aveni, informant pp. which, ruins", 5. F. ihe 1). Templo is hill the fact masks xix; the for Philosophical Peabody Brotherston modelled mask 8 now regard the America involved, direction Aveni horizon. Astrophysics Cuadernos 45f, reached en of cenlral of years by country orientation of of measurable of refraction. Cambridge, site y en el that E. Governor's Mesoamerican (Mexico la direction the the ruined. according in the Cehtzuc Fig. on error with monticulo for in E. and meseta to in Mayor said, (see Monographs von five this two the Nunnery doorway Museum altiplano Archaeoastronomy the (Carnegie Calnek in it the is Campeche; 54. of the the H. (± could de Staat, above, latter stucco northerly also (ref. however, central direction Yucatan Society, northern City, Palace, to of Hartung, latitude to star Data central walls 1°), arquitectura Mass., of to Palace, the de the and embodied make 2), only is of of and de 1987),79, glyphs with both Wirtschaft Tenochtitlan", on ref. sites: northern unique altars Institution System of HEI 73-99; and Great Archaeology tht: lxxvi, and and H. Mexico", Anthony extremes that (298°13') de edge Structure of the function 1980), this 262). i.e. up Maya southern/ Palal;t; Hartung, papers Aveni An Gavilim" northern Mexico: the situated seem in Chenes the part in Palace for on tower­ of in Franz meso­ in essay front Foto edge 263, that site, city und site the the the the an F. of to of to in in & in 7; is I 1993JHA....24...17S 299. 297. 290. 293. 292. 298. 294. 291. 289. 296. 295. 283. 284. 288. 287. 286. 282. 285. 281. © The Lounsbury, Hohmann Wisdom, William Anthony Aubrey Sprajc, Closs Closs To Ivan Larios Pollock, Anthony Ibid., Seler, Horizon Broda, Science (Graz, processes place: history, Palenque, 4, moved provide "Concepts symbolism astronomicas (1988), central dates dates Tres important, the the maximum planet general Native sacred the are in Map Mayapan Sanders, Specifically, their historical the 84ff. the the (Washington, of observacion Arqueoastronomia Yucatan, correspondence Sprajc, It cross-cultural et 11, et them 5; C6dice east and still period month Center mountain, mid-line "EI "Venus seems L. S. Padres, predecessors. ai., ai., Both Round Hasso altitudes 18. on Fig. op. marked F. Aztec appeared F. American 1982), and out landscape History 157--69, Mexico. (ref. called no. Fash, the culto a Fash, Trik, was "Astronomical "The "The Figure "Venus It Aveni vi, Jeffrey sighting reports. in cit. y Borgia Aveni Mexico for of the AtIcahualo 5. northerly of as of too, 27 of axis is Vogrin, Paalmul", and 45), we the QuauhtepetI, structures no. of Hohmann de ceremonial heralded the mexica" (ref. 80, likely Jr, positional Cuauhtepec if it "Temple (Carnegie op. mountain Archaeoastronomy, de 1981), Temple as planet planet are by p. the know Publications evolution as goes and within one 10 la very 32 p. comparison", Temple early is astronomy, "A and well (ref. Plan R. and The 160; of cit. Copan", aid 22); (June y If 5°50' this they 98, are window naturaleza: not (1978),2-13, that op. etnoastronomia The of the new over extremes Horst Aztec Parsons 143-215. close Temple Venus" Venus" for that (ref. as settlement (ref. children place the Boletin 117), Rudy B. X, (ref. Horst Closs Julian 22, two so direction the cit. and are XXII knowledge" (east) landscapes, rain-making Institution piles group the astronomy 1989). 22" locating 2, look of Figs which Mt Venus-Rain-Maize close, Pico onset by 295). 44); to Copan", calendar window's (ref. 275), ch. indicated Hartung, days on ii, was a Yaxkin, Aztecs Larios Annegrete ed. et (ref. Ltd Tlaloc, the and, one 22 (ref. (ref. of Hartung, de and civilization and which, at at 117. in 314, were approximately Tres 20; dominated eadem, EI at., already can of 296), however, by stones at la at or locals. Maya p. .• 160. Mesoamerican (10 Venus Copan", of 291). x ejemplo accordingly, 3), 3). Broda, 0°44' Robert Escuela the Copan: "The HuexotIa, of and Aveni 316. inherited en 7. so (in Padres ed. sacrificed employed be paper the (ref. festivals: but ceremonies i, Provided by functions, "Los February observed 235f, 50. Washington, Mesoamerica, "Templo (see rainy identified visible press). statecraft no. William by Vogrin, Fragments recognized at limiting "Investigacion 'east-working' (west). considerably planet (New 154), as "Las (ref. by its de S. D. was Revisited", Figure del presented and Contributions observatorios 3 season. it the first Pico Ciencias they on 8 Santley, on Carrasco in Myth, (1976), might 183), by culto the 154f. fiestas York, of from 239--41, Venus", April Fash, Mayor" sites and perhaps on Die lines with various ritual ancient from a Complex visibility foremost the may 10). Tres setting of as plain Publ. this 3-19, ed. Architektur and appear 1 de EI nature, Pico prehispanic an at of north and aztecas" San "Architectural NASA Antropol6gicas 8-13, Archaeoastronomy: Copan, importance have alignments The November) spot Padres preliminar by (Niwot, Table Circular the los archaeological 226. the hills (ref. near the 509, Mesoamerican world-views, to astronomicos sun 28 Tres p. Francisco after Broda importance of basin were window's cerros had at most Septima American p. in 13, 47); August, and Astrophysics its 1939),81-103, in the Honduras", I. (ref. and a Padres: the superior 11; summit, a Col., Fig. the first von in already pottery eadem, et society", peak. of important connection on of the Valley en 44), de may the al. eighth Anthony history and Mexico: de glance, 1.6. Copan ed. Julian. Mesa the some viewing 1991), Mesoamerica", suburb Sahagun, for (ref. anthropology site las 273; direction en Nevertheless, ta architecture", conjunction: common "Cosmovision by well found corroborate London, mountain of The the Universidad Chichen Antiquity, century by Data orientaciones in other 13),461-500. p. E. Redonda and eadem, Mexico; (Honduras) since one, 74-120, with William Mexica. angle, have south 92, To F. Ecological Journal P. on political Historia System of Benson sites Figs was change Aveni, during all Venus top 1979), faced "The from been Itza, Pico of and and one lxii the the pp. the the 69 de de to T. in In of of in 1, in it y 1993JHA....24...17S © 70 304. 303. 302. 300. 301. Science Thompson, Lounsbury, Bryant Schele Recently dates inade. the history" Copan: through time-span American History and observations Tuckerman, Temple Baudez Even Miller, An Ethnology "Astronomical (ref. it Publications Philosophical employed was appraisal", if rejected 22 295), the The blocked by Planetary, were window of nearly pointed blood in the the still Ltd Figure Society, Indiana, knowledge" by astronomical Mayas of was 80 .• possible lunar, out, kings Structure years, added lO. Provided lix; xi ample Ivan (ref. and (ref. (1987), during Philadelphia, during later (ref. 93), solar interpretation 22A; 201), Sprajc observations by and 154), 63. which 63-71. a positions: the 123f. Claude few used 155. NASA time, 1964); decades, It under is of of F. A.D. as now the the Astrophysics Aveni, Baudez, Larios Vax 2 window, roughly evening clear to Pac's A.D. Skywatchers and "Archaeoastronomy that 1649 corresponding regency star arguing Fash, Data Temple could (Memoirs "Architectural System and/or that (ref. have 22A the 8), to of reign, post­ been view 104. the the at