University Microfilms International 300 N
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or "target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)” . If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure you of complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark it is an indication that the film inspector noticed either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, or duplicate copy. Unless we meant to delete copyrighted materials that should not have been film ed, you will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted you will find a target note listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photo graphed the photographer has followed a definite method in "sectioning” the material. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For any illustrations that cannot be reproduced satisfactorily by xerography, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and tipped into your xerographic copy. Requests can be made to our Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In all cases we have filmed the best available copy. University Microfilms International 300 N. ZEEB RD., ANN ARBOR. Ml 48106 8207236 Norton, Lloyd Darrell LOESS DISTRIBUTION AND PEDOGENESIS OF LOESS-DERIVED SOILS IN EAST-CENTRAL OHIO The Ohio State University Ph.D. 1981 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, M I 48106 Copyright by Lloyd Darrell Norton 1981 LOESS DISTRIBUTION AND PEDOGENESIS OF LOESS-DERIVED SOILS IN EAST-CENTRAL OHIO DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfullment of the Requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University by Lloyd Darrell Norton ***** The Ohio State University 1981 Reading Committee: Approved by Dr. G. F. Hall ______ Adv'iser Dr. N. E. Smeck Department of Agronomy Dr. J. M. Bigham ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Many people, too numerable to mention here, were instrumental in the initiation, and the conduction of the work which has led to the completion of this dissertation. I sincerely thank members of the reading committee: Dr. George F. Hall, advisor; Dr. J. M. Bigham, and Dr. Neil E. Smeck for their effort in reviewing this dissertation, and their constructive guidance through the years. In addition I would also like to thank Dr. Ian Whillans for serving along with the reading committee on my graduate committee. I also thank the many people directly involved in the soil survey program in Ohio for their help and suggestions, and especially the individuals involved in the soil characterization, and mineralogy laboratories at Ohio State University, whose labors afforded time to concentrate efforts on other problems. Special thanks go to Mickey Ransom, Martin Shipitalo, and William Jaynes for their help in performing analyses, and their intellectual discussions. I gratefully acknowledge financial support received to support this research from a Graduate School Alumni Research Award, and from various projects to the Agronomy Department ii from the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. I also appreciate the use of the computer facilities of the Instructional and Research Computer Center at Ohio State University. Most of all I would like to thank my wife, Connie for her patience and understanding, without which this work would have been impossible. iii VITA October 20, 1953 ..................... Born in Batesville, Indiana 1974..................................... Soil Surveyor, Indiana Department of Natural Resources 1975.*.................................. B. Sc. Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 1975-197 6...............................Graduate Research Associate Purdue Univeristy, West Lafayette, Indiana 1976..................................... M. Sc. Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 1976-197 7...............................Professional Associate Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 1977-1981 ...............................Technical Assistant Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center and Ohio State University Publications Norton, L. D., and A. L. Zachary. 1975. The classification of the soil developed from the Kope formation of Ordovician age soft calcareous shales in southeastern Indiana. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 85:367-368. Norton, L. D., and D. P. Franzmeier. 1976. Toposequences of loessial soils in southwestern Indiana. Agron. Abst. p. 164. Franzmeier, D. P., G. C. Steinhardt, J. R. Crum, and L. D. Norton. 1977. Soil characterization in Indiana I. field iv and laboratory procedures. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Sta. Res. Bull. No. 943. 30pp. Franzmeier, D. P., and L. D. Norton. 1978. Proposed changes in sandy textural class definitions. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:534. Norton, L. D. and D. P. Franzmeier. 1978. Toposequences of loess-derived soils in southwestern Indiana. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:62 2-627. Franzmeier, D. P., G. C. Steinhardt, and L. D. Norton. 1978. A model for the formation of fragipans in loess. Proc. of the 11th Congress International Soil Sci. Soc. Edmonton, Alberta. 1:82-83. Steinhardt, G. C., and L D. Norton. 1979. Comparison of soil structure resulting from permanent pasture and continuous row crop. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 88:421-428. Norton, L. D. 1979. Soils developed from the Kope geologic formation. Ohio J. Sci. 79:160-163. Smeck, N. E ., L- D. Norton, G. F. Hall, and J. M. Bigham. 1980. Computerized processing and storing of soil characterization data. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:649-652. Norton, L. D., and G. F. Hall. 1980. Pedogenesis of loess-derived soils in east-central Ohio and the differentiation of soil parent materials. Agron. Abst. p.184. Rhoton, F. E., J. M. Bigham, L. D. Norton, and N. E. Smeck. 1981. Contribution of magnetite to acid ammonium oxalate extractable iron in soils and sediments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 45:645-649. Bone, S W., and L. D. Norton. 1981. Ohio soils as map units with yield data and productivity index. Ohio State University Cooperative Extension Bull. 685, 43pp. v FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Pedology Studies in Pedology: Professors George Hall, Neil Smeck, Jerry Bigham, and Kaye Everett. Studies in Geology and Mineralogy: Professors Ian Whillans, Ernest Ehlers, and Gunter Faure. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS....................................................ii VITA................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES...................................................... x LIST OF FIGURES.....................................................xii INTRODUCTION..................................... ................... 1 MATERIALS AND METHODS............................................. 3 Field Methods................................................. 3 Laboratory Methods...........................................5 Physical Analyses......................................5 Bulk Density................... ................. 5 Particle-s ize Distribution....................5 Chemical Analyses......................................9 Carbonates........................ ...............9 Cation Exchange Capacity...................... 9 Extract able Bases.........................9 Extractable Acidity...................... 10 Citrate-Bicarbonate-Dithionite Extractions....................................... 11 Elemental Analysis by X-ray Spectrography.13 Soil pH............................................ 18 Mineralogical Analyses................................18 X-ray Diffraction............................... 18 Differential Scanning Calorimetry...........23 Infra-red spectroscopy.........................23 Scanning Electron Microscopy........................25 Soil Thin Section Preparation and Analysis 27 Computer Processing.......... 30 Vacuum Extractions.................................... 31 Chapter 1. LOESS DISTRIBUTION AND PLEISTOCENE STRATIGRAPHY IN EAST-CENTRAL OHIO.........................33 vii Literature Review............................................35 Loess Distribution....................................35 Loess and Pleistocene Stratigraphy.................38 Peoria Loess......................................42 Farmdale Loess (Roxana Silt)................. 43 Sangamon Paleosols . .........................46 Results and Discussion..................................... 48 Loess Distribution....................................48 Loess and Pleistocene Stratigraphy.................59 Summary and Conclusions........... .........................73 2. DIFFERENTIATION OF SOIL PARENT MATERIALS......... 74 Literature Review............................................75 Results and Discussion..................................... 78 Summary and Conclusions....................................93 3. A MORPHOLOGICAL