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Late-Quarternary Stratigraphy, Pedology

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Late-Quarternary Stratigraphy, Pedology AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Dustin White for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology, Geology, and Anthropology presented on May 27, 1998. Title: Late-Quaternary Stratigraphy, Pedology and Paleoclimatic Reconstruction of the Cremer Site (24SW264), South-Central Montana: A Geoarchaeological Case Study. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Robson Bonnichsen This study utilizes a multidisciplinary research approach integrating the sciences of archaeology, geology, pedology and paleoclimatology. Deeply stratified and radiocarbon dated sedimentary sequences spanning the last 10,000 yr B.P. are reported for the Cremer site (24SW264), south-central Montana. Previous investigations at the site revealed an archaeological assemblage with Early Plains Archaic through Late Prehistoric period affiliations. Expanded testing of the site integrates the existing cultural record with new data pertaining to Holocene environmental changes at this northwestern Great Plains locality. Detailed pedological descriptions were made along three trenches excavated at the site. The combined soil-stratigraphic record indicates that distinct intervals of relative landscape stability and soil development occurred at the site at ca. 10,000 yr B.P., 7,500 yr B.P. and intermittently throughout the last ca. 6,000 yr B.P. Periods of significant landscape instability (upland erosion and valley deposition) occurred immediately following each of the early Holocene soil forming intervals identified above, and episodically throughout the middle to late Holocene. The impetus for early Holocene environmental instability is attributed to generally increased aridity on the northwestern Great Plains. Comparative analyses of site data with both regional environmental proxy records and numerical models of past climates (General Circulation and Archaeoclimatic models) are made to test the findings from the Cremer site. The collective paleoenvironmental evidence indicates that the period of maximum post-glacial warming and aridity occurred at the Cremer site during the early Holocene period (prior to ca. 6,000 yr B.P.). These data also indicate that the existing archaeological assemblage from the site is younger than ca. 6,000 yr B.P., although future excavations may reveal cultural sequences associated with the earliest dated soils at the site. This geoarchaeological study of the Cremer site should contribute to a much needed research base in this sparsely studied region. ©Copyright by Dustin White May 27, 1998 All Rights Reserved Late-Quaternary Stratigraphy, Pedology and Paleoclimatic Reconstruction of the Cremer Site (24SW264), South-Central Montana: A Geoarchaeological Case Study by Dustin White A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies Presented May 27, 1998 Commencement June 1999 Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies thesis of Dustin White presented on May 27., 1998 APPROVED: Redacted for Privacy Major Professor, representing Anthropology Redacted for Privacy Committee Member, representing Geology Redacted for Privacy yommittee Member, representing Geology Redacted for Privacy Committee Member, representing Anthropology Redacted for Privacy Chair o Department of Redacted for Privacy can of Grad ate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. Redacted for Privacy Dustin White, Author ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to acknowledge a number of people who made important contributions to this thesis project. I thank Robson Bonnichsen for orchestrating the field investigations at the Cremer site and for providing material and financial support. Landowner George Cremer and family also provided material, financial and logistical support. Fellow O.S.U. graduate student Kevin Goodrich and Earthwatch volunteers were also of great assistance during the two field seasons at the Cremer site. Special thanks is given to Lucinda McWeeney for her efforts in identifying plant and charcoal remains. Additionally, staff at the Sweetgrass County Soil Survey kindly provided yet unpublished soil data for the study area and David Lopez from the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology provided information on local bedrock and structural geology. I extend my thanks to Herb Huddleston for providing both financial support and access to the O.S.U. soil laboratories. Roberta Hall was also a source of encouragement, as were staff at the Center for the Study of the First Americans. I also want to thank Bob and Reid Bryson for discussing their climate modeling technique with me and kindly generating the archaeoclimatic data for the Cremer site. Additionally, staff at the Center for Climatic Research at the University of Wisconsin-Madison assisted me in accessing data from the Community Climate Model and staff at the University of Wisconsin Soil and Plant Analysis Laboratory provided results from a number of soil tests. And finally, much appreciation is extended to my family and Misty Weitzel for their unconditional support. Special recognition is also given to Mary Beatty, who has been both mentor and friend throughout all stages of this research. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1- INTRODUCTION .1 Problem Statement 1 Previous Work at the Cremer Site 2 Objectives of Study 9 Organization of Study 10 CHAPTER 2- PHYSICAL SETTING OF THE STUDY AREA .13 Site Location 13 Geologic Structure and Bedrock 13 Topography and Drainage .22 Springs 26 Climate .27 Climate of the North American Great Plains 27 Modern Climate of the Study Area 30 Site Conditions During the 1995 and 1996 Field Seasons 35 Soils .40 Flora .42 CHAPTER 3- RESEARCH METHODOLOGY .45 Introduction 45 Field Methods 45 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Interdisciplinary Research Objectives of the 1995-1996 Cremer Site Project 46 Trench Excavations 46 Site Stratigraphy and Soil Profile Descriptions 49 Laboratory Methods .49 Particle Size Analysis 49 Organic Carbon Analyses and Soil pH 50 Charcoal Identification .51 Radiocarbon Samples 53 Paleoclimate Modeling .55 CHAPTER 4- SITE STRATIGRAPHY AND PEDOLOGY 56 Introduction 56 Site Stratigraphy and Pedology: An Overview .58 Trench 1 and the Northeast Streamface 59 Landform Morphology .59 Stratigraphy and Pedology: Trench 1 and the Northeast Streamface 61 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 1 (Northeast Streamface) .63 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 2 (Trench 1 at 24.0 m) .70 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 3 (Trench 1 at 8.0 m) 85 Evolutionary History of the Trench 1/Northeast Streamface Landform..102 Trench 2 109 Landform Morphology 109 Stratigraphy and Pedology: Trench 2 .111 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 4 (Trench 2 at 3.0 m) .112 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 5 (Trench 2 at 20.0 m) and Profile # 6 (Trench 2 at 32.5 m) 126 Evolutionary History of the Trench 2 Landform 126 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Trench 3 .135 Landform Morphology 135 Stratigraphy and Pedology: Trench 3 .136 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 7 (Trench 3 at 10.0 m) 137 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 8 (Trench 3 at 28.0 m) 146 Evolutionary History of the Trench 3 Landform 154 Significance of Site Stratigraphy to Paleoclimatic Reconstructions of Central Montana .156 CHAPTER 5- REGIONAL PALEOCLIMATE HISTORY 158 Introduction 158 Regional Climate Research in Areas Surrounding the Cremer Site 158 Paleoclimate Modeling 166 General Circulation Model (GCM) Results 167 Archaeoclimatic (Site-Specific) Model Results .172 Discussion 177 CHAPTER 6- CONCLUSIONS 183 Paleoenvironmental Summary of the Cremer Site 183 The Cremer Site Archaeological Record Re-visited 187 Recommendations for Future Research 190 REFERENCES 194 APPENDICES 203 TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued) Page Appendix A View of the Cremer Site Looking North 204 Appendix B View of the Cremer Site Looking South 205 Appendix C View of the Trench 1/Northeast Streamface Landform Looking Northeast 206 Appendix D View of the Trench 2 Landform Looking Southeast 207 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1.1 Northwestern Plains chronological chart.. 3 1.2 Summary of the natural and cultural stratigraphy of the Cremer site identified in 1979/1980 5 2.1 Physiographic map of Montana 14 2.2 Physiographic divisions of central Montana 16 2.3 Crazy Mountains Basin and Tertiary intrusives east of the Rocky Mountain Front 17 2.4 Bedrock geology of the Cremer site region 20 2.5 Topographic map of the Cremer site (20 feet contour interval) .24 2.6 Melville, Montana seasonal distribution of precipitation ...29 2.7 Cremer site study area average monthly temperature 34 2.8 Cremer site study area average monthly precipitation 36 2.9 Melville, Montana mean precipitation: 1961-1990, 1995 and 1996 39 2.10 Vegetation map of the central North American grasslands and adjacent areas 43 4.1 Plan view and topographic map of the Cremer site (50 cm contour interval) 57 4.2 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 1 (Northeast Streamface) 64 4.3 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 2 (Trench 1 at 24.0 m) 72 4.4 Fine-earth (< 2.0 mm in diameter) percentages by soil horizon at Profile # 2 (Trench 1 at 24.0 m) 75 4.5 Lithic coarse fragment (> 2.0 mm in diameter) percentages by soil horizon at Profile # 2 (Trench 1 at 24.0 m) .76 4.6 Total organic carbon (Walkley-Black) percentages by soil horizon at Profile # 2 (Trench 1 at 24.0 m) 77 LIST OF FIGURES (continued) Figure Page 4.7 Soil-Stratigraphic Profile # 3 (Trench 1 at 8.0 m) 86 4.8 Fine-earth (< 2.0 mm in diameter) percentages
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