Genesis of Mollisols Under Douglas-Fir
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Topic: Soil Classification
Programme: M.Sc.(Environmental Science) Course: Soil Science Semester: IV Code: MSESC4007E04 Topic: Soil Classification Prof. Umesh Kumar Singh Department of Environmental Science School of Earth, Environmental and Biological Sciences Central University of South Bihar, Gaya Note: These materials are only for classroom teaching purpose at Central University of South Bihar. All the data/figures/materials are taken from several research articles/e-books/text books including Wikipedia and other online resources. 1 • Pedology: The origin of the soil , its classification, and its description are examined in pedology (pedon-soil or earth in greek). Pedology is the study of the soil as a natural body and does not focus primarily on the soil’s immediate practical use. A pedologist studies, examines, and classifies soils as they occur in their natural environment. • Edaphology (concerned with the influence of soils on living things, particularly plants ) is the study of soil from the stand point of higher plants. Edaphologist considers the various properties of soil in relation to plant production. • Soil Profile: specific series of layers of soil called soil horizons from soil surface down to the unaltered parent material. 2 • By area Soil – can be small or few hectares. • Smallest representative unit – k.a. Pedon • Polypedon • Bordered by its side by the vertical section of soil …the soil profile. • Soil profile – characterize the pedon. So it defines the soil. • Horizon tell- soil properties- colour, texture, structure, permeability, drainage, bio-activity etc. • 6 groups of horizons k.a. master horizons. O,A,E,B,C &R. 3 Soil Sampling and Mapping Units 4 Typical soil profile 5 O • OM deposits (decomposed, partially decomposed) • Lie above mineral horizon • Histic epipedon (Histos Gr. -
The Impact of White Pine (Pinus Strobus) on a Mollisol After Seven Decades of Soil Development
Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS Volume 111 Number 3-4 Article 4 2004 The Impact of White Pine (Pinus strobus) on a Mollisol After Seven Decades of Soil Development Irina Kovda Institute of Geography, Moscow Eric C. Brevik Iowa State University Thomas E. Fenton Moscow State University Maria Gerasimova Valdosta State University Let us know how access to this document benefits ouy Copyright © Copyright 2005 by the Iowa Academy of Science, Inc. Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias Part of the Anthropology Commons, Life Sciences Commons, Physical Sciences and Mathematics Commons, and the Science and Mathematics Education Commons Recommended Citation Kovda, Irina; Brevik, Eric C.; Fenton, Thomas E.; and Gerasimova, Maria (2004) "The Impact of White Pine (Pinus strobus) on a Mollisol After Seven Decades of Soil Development," Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS, 111(3-4), 58-66. Available at: https://scholarworks.uni.edu/jias/vol111/iss3/4 This Research is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa Academy of Science at UNI ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Iowa Academy of Science: JIAS by an authorized editor of UNI ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Jour. Iowa Acad. Sci. 111(3,4):58-66, 2004 The Impact of White Pine (Pinus strobus) on a Mollisol After Seven Decades of Soil Development IRINA KOVDA1, ERIC C. BREVIK2A, THOMAS E. FENTON2, and MARIA GERASIMOVA3 1 Institute of Geography, Staromonetny 29, Moscow, 109017, -
Assessing Drought Regions and Vulnerability Through Soil Climate Regimes
Assessing Drought Regions and Vulnerability Through Soil Climate Regimes William J. Waltman University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915., Stephen Goddard, Gang Gu, Stephen E. Reichenbach, Mark D. Svoboda, and Jeffrey S. Peake. Abstract The agricultural landscapes of the Great Plains reflect a complex pattern of soil climate regimes (Soil Taxonomy, Soil Survey Staff, 1999) and inherent variability that influence the cropping systems and behavior of farmers. The historical crop yields and acreage harvested of crops were compared with climatic events through time to describe the trends and adaptations of farmers and changes in agroecology. The USDA National Agricultural Statistics Service and Risk Management Agency's county-level databases were coupled with soil climate regimes derived from the Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model to explain spatial relationships of crop yields and identifying growing environments favorable to corn, soybeans, sorghum, and wheat. In addition, these geospatial databases can be used to characterize shifts in growing environments through time and space. Comparisons were generated at the county level between irrigated and nonirrigated yields, yield ratios (corn:soybean) to identify favored environments, shifts in crop acreages reflecting past climatic events and changes in genetics, and dominant "cause-of-loss" processes for specific crops. The Enhanced Newhall Simulation Model was used to derive probabilities of soil climate regimes and differentiate agroecological zones. This study also addresses the changes in the agroecology and behavior of soil climate regimes in the Great Plains and connections to El Nino/La Nina events. Introduction Drought is the dominant process of crop loss nationally and within Nebraska. As Table 1 illustrates, on a statewide basis for Nebraska, nearly two-thirds of the 18.6 million harvested acres are covered by crop insurance. -
Keys to Soil Taxonomy
United States Department of Agriculture Keys to Soil Taxonomy Ninth Edition, 2003 Keys to Soil Taxonomy By Soil Survey Staff United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Ninth Edition, 2003 The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) prohibits discrimination in all its programs and activities on the basis of race, color, national origin, gender, religion, age, disability, political beliefs, sexual orientation, and marital or family status. (Not all prohibited bases apply to all programs.) Persons with disabilities who require alternative means for communication of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s TARGET Center at 202-720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, write USDA, Director, Office of Civil Rights, Room 326W, Whitten Building, 14th and Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20250-9410, or call 202-720-5964 (voice and TDD). USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. Cover: A natric horizon with columnar structure in a Natrudoll from Argentina. 5 Table of Contents Foreword .................................................................................................................................... 7 Chapter 1: The Soils That We Classify.................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2: Differentiae for Mineral Soils and Organic Soils ............................................... 11 Chapter 3: Horizons and Characteristics Diagnostic for the Higher Categories ................. -
Diagnostic Horizons
Exam III Wednesday, November 7th Study Guide Posted Tomorrow Review Session in Class on Monday the 4th Soil Taxonomy and Classification Diagnostic Horizons Epipedons Subsurface Mollic Albic Umbric Kandic Ochric Histic Argillic Melanic Spodic Plaggen Anthropic Oxic 1 Surface Horizons: Mollic- thick, dark colored, high %B.S., structure Umbric – same, but lower B.S. Ochric – pale, low O.M., thin Histic – High O.M., thick, wet, dark Sub-Surface Horizons: Argillic – illuvial accum. of clay (high activity) Kandic – accum. of clay (low activity) Spodic – Illuvial O.M. accumulation (Al and/or Fe) Oxic – highly weathered, kaolinite, Fe and Al oxides Albic – light colored, elluvial, low reactivity Elluviation and Illuviation Elluviation (E horizon) Organic matter Clays A A E E Bh horizon Bt horizon Bh Bt Spodic horizon Argillic horizon 2 Soil Taxonomy Diagnostic Epipedons Diagnostic Subsurface horizons Moisture Regimes Temperature Regimes Age Texture Depth Soil Taxonomy Soil forming processes, presence or Order Absence of major diagnostic horizons 12 Similar genesis Suborder 63 Grasslands – thick, dark Great group 250 epipedons High %B.S. Sub group 1400 Family 8000 Series 19,000 Soil Orders Entisols Histosols Inceptisols Andisols Gelisols Alfisols Mollisols Ultisols Spodosols Aridisols Vertisols Oxisols 3 Soil Orders Entisol Ent- Recent Histosol Hist- Histic (organic) Inceptisol Incept- Inception Alfisol Alf- Nonsense Ultisol Ult- Ultimate Spodosol Spod- Spodos (wood ash) Mollisol Moll- Mollis (soft) Oxisol Ox- oxide Andisol And- Ando (black) Gelisol -
Impact of Tillage on Physical Characteristics in a Mollisol of Northeast China
Plant Soil Environ. Vol. 60, 2014, No. 7: 309–313 Impact of tillage on physical characteristics in a Mollisol of Northeast China X.W. Chen, A.Z. Liang, S.X. Jia, X.P. Zhang, S.C. Wei Key Laboratory of Mollisols Agroecology, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, P.R. China ABSTRACT Soil management is aimed at the maintenance of optimal soil physical quality for crop production. In order to ex- plore the effects of tillage practices on soil physical properties, a study was conducted to compare the effects of no tillage (NT), moldboard plow (MP) and ridge tillage (RT) on soil bulk density (BD), soil penetration resistance (SPR), soil water content (SWC), soil macroporosity (MAC) and soil air-filled porosity (AFP) in Northeast China. Results showed that both NT and RT led to significant BD increment than MP at 0–20 cm (P < 0.05). Compared with MP, NT and RT increased SPR at the depths of 2.5–17.5 cm (P < 0.05). SWC of 0–10 cm layer was significantly higher in NT and RT than MP soils (P < 0.05). NT showed a significantly lower MAC than MP and RT at 0–20 cm soil depths (P < 0.05). All AFP values were above the limit of 0.10 cm3/cm3 under all tillage treatments. RT im- proved the soil physical quality as evidenced by decreased BD and SPR, and increased SWC, MAC and AFP relative to NT. Keywords: soil bulk density; soil penetration resistance; soil water content; soil macroporosity; soil air-filled porosity Soil physical properties can influence the avail- factor is soil air-filled porosity (AFP), an important ability and uptake of water, oxygen and nutrients criterion for soil aeration which is commonly used for plant growth (Filho et al. -
Geology As a Georegional Influence on Quercus Fagaceae Distribution
GEOLOGY AS A GEOREGIONAL INFLUENCE ON Quercus FAGACEAE DISTRIBUTION IN DENTON AND COKE COUNTIES OF CENTRAL AND NORTH CENTRAL TEXAS AND CHOCTAW COUNTY OF SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA, USING GIS AS AN ANALYTICAL TOOL George F. Maxey, B.S., M.S. Dissertation Prepared for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF NORTH TEXAS December 2007 APPROVED: C. Reid Ferring, Major Professor Miguel Avevedo, Committee Member Kenneth Dickson, Committee Member Donald Lyons, Committee Member Paul Hudak, Committee Member and Chair of the Department of Geography Sandra L. Terrell, Dean of the Robert B. Toulouse School of Graduate Studies Maxey, George F. Geology as a Georegional Influence on Quercus Fagaceae Distribution in Denton and Coke Counties of Central and North Central Texas and Choctaw County of Southeastern Oklahoma, Using GIS as an Analytical Tool. Doctor of Philosophy (Environmental Science), December 2007, 198 pp., 30 figures, 24 tables, references, 57 titles. This study elucidates the underlying relationships for the distribution of oak landcover on bedrock and soil orders in two counties in Texas and one in Oklahoma. ESRI’s ArcGis and ArcMap was used to create surface maps for Denton and Coke Counties, Texas and Choctaw County, Oklahoma. Attribute tables generated in GIS were exported into a spreadsheet software program and frequency tables were created for every formation and soil order in the tri-county research area. The results were both a visual and numeric distribution of oaks in the transition area between the eastern hardwood forests and the Great Plains. Oak distributions are changing on this transition area of the South Central Plains. -
Plant-Water Demand Characteristics in the Alfisol, Zaria Nigeria
Plant-Water demand Characteristics in the Alfisol, Zaria Nigeria Dim, L.A.1 – Odunze, A.C. – Heng, L.K. – Ajuji, S. Centre for Energy Research and Training, Ahmadu Bello University, P M B 1014, Zaria, Nigeria Email: [email protected]; Tel: 08023635501 Corresponding Author’s E-mail: [email protected] Abstract The Nigeria Guinea Savanna zone currently witness increasing intensification of agricultural production activities. The soils are said to have ustic moisture and isohyperthermic temperature regimes implying that rainfalls during the cropping season are limited, irregular or during the dry seasons crop production would be strongly affected by available soil water inadequacy for crop use and production. Supplemental or total water supply by irrigation would therefore be necessary to avert crop failure. Also physical restriction to root elongation can reduce soil water and nutrients uptake as well as plant growth irrespective of water and nutrient supply. This study therefore evaluated soil characteristics and water extraction depth by maize (test crop) in the Northern Guinea Savanna zone Alfisol in Zaria (110 10¹N and 7035¹E) Nigeria. Results show that minimal soil water was extracted by maize at seedling and crop maturity phases, and optimal at crop establishment to grain filling phases. Zone of active soil water extraction shown by the study is 10 to 20 Cm soil depth. Water rather accumulated at the shallow depths of 30 Cm and below following the presence of such sub soil free drainage obstructions as clay and plinthic layers. 1. Introduction Tropical semi-arid regions usually have large variations in physical conditions, both over time (variation in weather among years) and location (climate and edaphic conditions). -
Organic Carbon in Soils of the World
The Role of Terrestrial Vegetation in the Global Carbon Cycle: Measurement by Remote Sensing Edited by G. M. Woodwell @ 1984 SCOPE. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd CHAPTER 3 Organic Carbon in Soils of the World P. BURINGH Agricultural University of The Netherlands, Wageningen,The Netherlands ABSTRACT The loss of organic matter from soil is mainly the result of the clearing of forests for grassland or cropland. On the basis of the assumptions outlined here, the annual loss of organic carbon from the world's soils is between 2.5 x 1015g and 7.4 x 1015g, with 4.6 x 1015g being considered a realistic estimate. These amounts are 0.2, 0.5 and 0.3 per cent of the toial organic carbon (1477x 1015g) currently estimated to exist in the world's soils. Since the total organic carbon in soil in prehistoric times has been estimated as 2014 x 1015g, the loss since then has been 537 x 1015g, or 27 per cent of the amount present prior to the spread of civilization in the last two millennia. 3.1 INTRODUCTION The loss of organic matter from forest soils following disturbance is an important source of CO2 for the atmosphere. Bolin (1977) and Schlesinger (1977, 1983) have estimated the net loss of organic carbon from the world's soil. Bolin states that if it is assumed that from 25 to 50 per cent of the presently cultivated land has been converted from forest land since the early nineteenth century, the release of organic carbon from the soil to the atmosphere during the last two centuries can be estimated at 10 to 40 X1015g, with an annual loss at 0.1 to 0.5 x 1015g. -
Late-Quarternary Stratigraphy, Pedology
AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Dustin White for the degree of Master of Arts in Interdisciplinary Studies in Anthropology, Geology, and Anthropology presented on May 27, 1998. Title: Late-Quaternary Stratigraphy, Pedology and Paleoclimatic Reconstruction of the Cremer Site (24SW264), South-Central Montana: A Geoarchaeological Case Study. Abstract approved: Redacted for Privacy Robson Bonnichsen This study utilizes a multidisciplinary research approach integrating the sciences of archaeology, geology, pedology and paleoclimatology. Deeply stratified and radiocarbon dated sedimentary sequences spanning the last 10,000 yr B.P. are reported for the Cremer site (24SW264), south-central Montana. Previous investigations at the site revealed an archaeological assemblage with Early Plains Archaic through Late Prehistoric period affiliations. Expanded testing of the site integrates the existing cultural record with new data pertaining to Holocene environmental changes at this northwestern Great Plains locality. Detailed pedological descriptions were made along three trenches excavated at the site. The combined soil-stratigraphic record indicates that distinct intervals of relative landscape stability and soil development occurred at the site at ca. 10,000 yr B.P., 7,500 yr B.P. and intermittently throughout the last ca. 6,000 yr B.P. Periods of significant landscape instability (upland erosion and valley deposition) occurred immediately following each of the early Holocene soil forming intervals identified above, and episodically throughout the middle to late Holocene. The impetus for early Holocene environmental instability is attributed to generally increased aridity on the northwestern Great Plains. Comparative analyses of site data with both regional environmental proxy records and numerical models of past climates (General Circulation and Archaeoclimatic models) are made to test the findings from the Cremer site. -
The Soil Orders of Texas
The Soil Orders of Texas The system for classifying soils, Soil Taxonomy, is used worldwide. The highest level of Soil Taxonomy is the Soil Order. There are 12 recognized soil orders in the world. Of these, the state of Texas has 9. There are more than 1,300 soil series in Texas, and each series is classified in one of these 9 soil orders. The Dominant Soil Orders map represents the general distribution of 7 of the 9 soil orders in Texas. The 7 soil orders, Alfisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Ultisols, and Vertisols, are mapped extensively in the state. The other 2 soil orders, Histosols and Spodosols, which are mapped in the southeastern part of the state, are not shown on the map because they cover relatively small areas. The soil orders not found in Texas are Andisols (volcanic soils), Gelisols (frozen soils), and Oxisols (highly weathered tropical soils). Alfisols Inceptisols The Duval series is an example of an Alfisol. Alfisols have a subsurface The Weswood series is an example of an Inceptisol. Inceptisols are soils with accumulation of clay and have greater than or equal to 35 percent base weakly developed subsurface horizons. These soils may be shallow to saturation. Duval soils occur in the Northern and Western Rio Grande Plain on bedrock, occur on steeply sloping land, or they may be very deep soils in nearly level to gently sloping uplands. areas subject to intermittent flooding. Weswood soils occur along the flood plains of the Brazos and Colorado Rivers in central Texas. Aridisols Mollisols The Upton series is an example of an Aridisol. -
Report III - 3 Agro-Ecology
WEC-10-2001 Report III - 3 Agro-Ecology 1 WEC-10-2001 Table of Contents 1. Introduction _________________________________________________________________ 4 2. Agricultural Land ____________________________________________________________ 5 2.1 Land Holdings ___________________________________________________________ 5 2.2 Agricultural Regions______________________________________________________ 6 2.3 Available Land __________________________________________________________ 6 2.3.1 Cultivable VS pasture land _____________________________________________ 9 2.3.2 Available cultivable land _______________________________________________ 9 2.3.3 Irrigated areas expansion _______________________________________________ 9 3. Soils ______________________________________________________________________ 12 3.1 Background ____________________________________________________________ 12 3.2 An Overview of Soil Genesis ______________________________________________ 13 3.2.1 Soil forming factors __________________________________________________ 13 3.2.1.1 Climate __________________________________________________________ 13 3.2.1.2 Topography _______________________________________________________ 14 3.2.1.3 Vegetation ________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.1.4 Parent material ____________________________________________________ 14 3.2.1.5 Time ____________________________________________________________ 14 3.2.2 Soil formation processes _______________________________________________ 15 3.3 Brief Description of Soils _________________________________________________