OHIO ARCHAEOLOGIST VOLUME 48 NO. 2 SPRING 1998 The Archaeological Society of Ohio MEMBERSHIP AND DUES Annual dues to the Archaeological Society of Ohio are payable on the first of January as follows: Regular membership $17.50; husband and wife (one TERM copy of publication) $18.50; Individual Life Membership $300. Husband and EXPIRES A.S.O. OFFICERS wife Life Membership $500. Subscription to the Ohio Archaeologist, pub­ 2000 President Jeb Bowen, 1982 Velma Avenue, Columbus, OH lished quarterly, is included in the membership dues. The Archaeological 43224, (419)-585-2571. Society of Ohio is an incorporated non-profit organization. 2000 Vice-President William Pickard, 1003 Carlisle Ave., BACK ISSUES Columbus, OH 43224, (614)-262-9615. Publications and back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist: 2000 Executive Secretary Charles Fulk, 2122 Cottage Street, Ash­ Ohio Flint Types, by Robert N. Converse $37.50 add $4.50 P-H land, OH 44805, (419)-289-8313. Ohio Stone Tools, by Robert N. Converse $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H 2000 Recording Secretary Laurie Pahdopony, 4667 Refugee Rd., Ohio Slate Types, by Robert N. Converse $15.00 add $1.50 P-H Columbus, OH 43232. (614)-759-6344. The Glacial Kame Indians, by Robert N. Converse.$20.00 add $1.50 P-H 2000 Treasurer Gary Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 44266, 1980's & 1990's $ 6.00 add $1.50 P-H 1970's $ 8.00 add $1.50 P-H (330)-296-2287. 1960's $10.00 add $1.50 P-H 2000 Editor Robert N. Converse, 199 Converse Drive, Plain City, Back issues of the Ohio Archaeologist printed prior to 1964 are gen­ OH 43064, (614)-873-5471. erally out of print but copies are available from time to time. Write to 2000 Immediate Past President Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 business office for prices and availability. Charleston Pike, Chillicothe, OH 45601, (614J-772-5431. ASO CHAPTERS Aboriginal Explorers Club BUSINESS MANAGER President: Dick Getz, 10949 Millersburg Rd SW, Massillon, OH Paul Wildermuth, 2505 Logan-Thornville Road, Rushville, OH 43150, 1-800-736-7815. Alum Creek Chapter President: Craig Alward, 62 Belle Ave., Delaware, OH Beau Fleuve Chapter TRUSTEES President: Clarence K. Thomas, 291 Harrison Ave., Buffalo, NY 2000 James G. Hovan, 16979 South Meadow Circle, Strongsville, Blue Jacket Chapter OH 44136, (2161-238-1799. President: Jim Bartlett, 6044 East Rt. 36, Cable, OH 2000 Steven Kish, 3014 Clark Mill Road, Norton, OH 44203 Chippewa Valley Chapter (216)-753-7081. President: Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Rd, Medina, OH 2000 Walt Sperry, 6910 Range Line Road, Mt. Vernon, OH 43050, Cuyahoga Valley Chapter (6141-393-2314. President: Gary J. Kapusta, 3294 Herriff Rd., Ravenna, OH 2000 Russell Strunk, 1608 Clough Pike, Batavia, OH 45103, Dividing Ridges Chapter (5131-732-1400. President: John Mocic, Box 170, RD#1, Valley Drive, 2002 Martha P. Otto, 2200 East Powell Road, Westerville, OH Dilles Bottom, OH 43801,(614)-297-2641. Flint Ridge Chapter 2002 Carl Szafranski, 6106 Ryan Road, Medina, OH 44256, President: Samuel Bush, 2500 Condit Dr., Pataskala, OH (330)-723-7122. Fort Salem Chapter 2002 Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331, President: Lamont Baudendistel, 310 Water St., Bethel, OH (937)-548-0325. Fulton Creek Chapter 2002 John Mocic, Box 170, R.D. #1, Dilles Bottom, OH 43947 President: Don Mathys, 23000 St. Rt. 47, West Mansfield, OH (7401-676-1077. Johnny Appleseed Chapter President: Randy Hancock, 1202 St. Rt. 302, Ashland, OH REGIONAL COLLABORATORS King Beaver Chapter David W. Kuhn, 2103 Grandview Ave., Portsmouth, OH 45662 President: Richard McConnell, RD#8, Box 41, New Castle, PA Mark W. Long, Box 627, Jackson, OH 45640 Kyger Creek Chapter Steven Kelley, Seaman, OH President: Ruth A. Warden, 350 Watson Grove Rd., Cheshire, OH William Tiell, 13435 Lake Ave., Lakewood, OH Lake County Chapter James L. Murphy, University Libraries, 1858 Neil Avenue Mall, President: Douglas Divish, 35900 Chardon Rd, Willoughby Hills, OH Columbus, OH 43210 Lower Ohio River Valley Basin Chapter President: Sherry Peck, 598 Harvey Rd., Patriot, OH Gordon Hart, 760 N. Main St., Bluffton, Indiana 46714 Miamiville Chapter David J. Snyder, P.O. Box 388, Luckey, OH 43443 President: Raymond Lovins, P.O. Box 86, Miamiville, OH Dr. Phillip R. Shriver, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056 Mound City Chapter Jeff Carskadden, 960 Eastward Circle, Colony North, President: Carmel "Bud" Tackett, 906 Charleston Pk., Chillicothe, OH Zanesville, OH 43701 Painted Post Chapter Elaine Holzapfel, 415 Memorial Drive, Greenville, OH 45331 President: Brian Zack, 511 Pershing, Salem, OH All articles, reviews, and comments regarding the Ohio Archaeologist Plum Run Chapter should be sent to the Editor. Memberships, requests for back issues, President: Christopher Darin, Morning Glory Farm, 37086 Eagleton Rd,. changes of address, and other inquiries should be sent to the Busi­ Lisbon, OH ness Manager. Sandusky Bay Chapter President: George DeMuth, 4303 Nash Rd., Wakeman, OH Sandusky Valley Chapter PLEASE NOTIFY THE BUSINESS MANAGER OF ADDRESS President: Terri Hesson, 12440 St. Rte. 103, E, Carey, OH CHANGES IMMEDIATELY SINCE, BY POSTAL REGULATIONS, Seneca Arrow Hunters Chapter SOCIETY MAIL CANNOT BE FORWARDED. President: Don Weller, Jr., 3232 S. State Rt. 53, Tiffin, OH Six River Valley Chapter President: Brian G. Foltz, 6566 Charles Rd., Westerville, OH Standing Stone Chapter NEW BUSINESS OFFICE PHONPresident:E BeNUMBEn BurchamR, 381 1 S. County Line Rd., Johnstown, OH Sugarcreek Valley Chapter 1-800-736-781President:5 Tom Hornbrook, 4665 Carmont Ave., SW, Navarre, OH TOLL FREE TABLE OF CONTENTS PRESIDENT'S PAGE Thank you for the honor of electing me to serve as President of The Russell Mortine Site the Archaeological Society of Ohio. I shall make every effort to con­ by Wayne A. Mortine 4 tinue in the excellent tradition of service exemplified by my prede­ Three Adena Gorgets and a Pendant cessor in office, Bud Tackett. My special thanks and congratulations to the other officers, both newly elected and those continuing in by Larry Dyer 10 office. Lastly, I would like to remind each member that this is your Secret of the Little Miami Society. Any suggestions as well as any assistance are always wel­ by Michael J. Shannon 11 come.

The Melvin Phillips Mounds Revisited Thank You byD.R. Gehlbach 12 J.E. Bo wen Revisiting the Greenbrier Farm Mound byD.R. Gehlbach 14 Do We Have Neanderthal Ancestors? by Elaine Holzapfel 16 A Large Pestle From Erie County, Ohio by David W. Didion 19 Fine 3/4 Groove Axes by Richard Puterbaugh 21 Two Pipes From the Chester Larsen Collection by Chester Larsen 22 Ohio Discoidals by Chester Larsen 23 Award Winners and Scenes From 1998 A.S.O. Meetings 24 Update on the Renewed 1997 Dual-tipped Point Survey SOCIETY MEMBERS by Claude Britt, Jr. 26 Engraved Discoidal by David W. Kuhn 27 DO YOUR PART! Johnny Appleseed Chapter Awards Meeting by Jeff Zemrock 28 New Data on the Beaver Pond Site in Shelby County, Ohio ENLIST A NEW MEMBER by Claude Britt, Jr. 29 Roland Barnett Collection Displayed 30 A Corner Notch Point JOIN A CHAPTER by Walt Sperry 31 A Crawford County Expanded Notch by Walt Sperry 31 CONTRIBUTE AN ARTICLE A Fluted Point Find by Norman and Helen Wright 32

A Large Knife by Norman and Helen Wright 32 Miscellaneous Southwestern Medina County Artifacts by Jason Hanna 33 Andy Parks and the Pestle From Forty-Foot Pitch by Elaine Holzapfel 34

Bone Processing As A Factor In Interpretation Of A Late Woodland Site In Western New York by Zygmunt A. Bieniulis 36

Arrowheads - Sometimes by Scott Haskins 40 Annual Converse Award Presented To Dr. David Stothers 41 Book Review 42 Notice 43 Front Cover: This large Ohio Hopewell spear is in the collection of American Indian Burial Bill (H.B. 429) Ken Simper, Hamilton, Indiana. It is 7'A inches long and by David W. Kuhn 43 is made of Flint Ridge flint. THE RUSSELL MORTINE SITE by Wayne A. Mortine Newcomerstown, Ohio

The Russell Mortine farm was located were also recovered, as well as the post a few hundred yards west of the ice in Section 16, southern Hopewell Town­ hole pattern of a circular pole structure. margin. The resulting diversity of topog­ ship, Muskingum County, Ohio. This 180 The presence of Flint Ridge along the raphy, soils, and vegetation within the acre farm was surface collected exten­ northern periphery of the drainage was Jonathan Creek drainage basin as a sively by my late father Russell Mortine certainly an important factor in attracting whole, and particularly within the imme­ and occasionally by other family mem­ Adena, Hopewell, and other prehistoric diate area of the Mortine farm, would bers for approximately 20 years (from the peoples to the valley, as were the have provided a high degree of ecological late 1950s through the early 1970s). In the numerous rock overhangs and caves that variability. That is, there would have been following pages the artifacts from my could be found along Kent Run and other a great variety of plants and animals in father's collection will be discussed and tributaries which flow south from Flint the area that could have been utilized by illustrated. Ridge. Many of these shelters have been the prehistoric Indians. excavated and most have produced Natural Setting and Nearby Sites Adena and Hopewell artifacts, as well as The Mortine Site Artifacts Nearly all of the artifacts collected on artifacts from other periods. The closest There were 825 worked stone artifacts the farm were from a single site located of these shelters to the Mortine site is the collected from the Russell Mortine site. on the south side of Kent Run on a broad Fred Gutridge Cave (Pickenpaugh 1974), Many of these were in the early stages of creek bottom and a high adjoining ter­ located only a half mile up Kent Run, and manufacture and indefinite as to their ulti­ race. The elevation of the creek bottom is the Knight Hollow Shelter (Felumlee mate form or use. Four hundred and eight 863 feet above sea level with the sur­ 1983), also located along Kent Run about artifacts were complete enough to type. rounding ridges and rounded hilltops three miles downstream from the Mortine The following is a tabulation of the diag­ reaching elevations of 1040 feet. Kent site. Both of these rock shelters produced nostic artifacts from the site. Run drains the southern flanks of Flint Adena and Hopewellian pottery and stone Ridge and follows a rather circuitous artifacts, as well as artifacts from earlier Late Paleo-indian: route through southern Hopewell and and later periods. Examples of points that would relate to northwestern Newton townships, entering Additional sources of flint for the inhab­ a very early occupation of the site were Jonathan Creek at White Cottage. itants of the Kent Run-Jonathan Creek infrequent. There are only four crude Jonathan Creek flows east and northeast drainage basins were outcrops of Upper lanceolate or Piano forms (Figure 2). None for another five and a half miles and joins Mercer flint found at several locations in of the four show evidence of lateral the Muskingum River south of Zanesville northern Perry County. In the headwaters grinding that would denote final stages of (see Figure 1). area of Buckeye Fork, a northward manufacture. Two are made from Flint Although the Mortine site produced flowing tributary of Jonathan Creek, Stout Ridge flint and two from Upper Mercer artifacts from just about all cultural and Schoenlaub (1945) found evidence of flint. There are two square based and two periods, particularly interesting were the prehistoric quarry pits associated with constricted base preforms that appear to Adena and Hopewell components. The Upper Mercer outcrops. These pits were be related to the Piano lanceolate time Jonathan Creek drainage has one of the only six to seven miles due south of the period (Figure 16). All four of these pre­ highest densities of Adena and Hopewell Mortine farm. Both the gray and black forms are made from Upper Mercer flint. sites (including habitations, mounds, and varieties of Upper Mercer flint are present earthworks) of any of the hinterland in this locality, and for the most part this Early Archaic: drainage basins in eastern Ohio (Bowen flint can not be distinguished from There are five Archaic Bevels or Thebes 1990; Pacheco 1996; Carskadden and Coshocton County Upper Mercer. Stout points in the collection (Figure 3). Three Morton 1997). Evidence of a rather sub­ and Schoenlaub also report thin outcrops are made from Flint Ridge flint and two stantial Adena and Hopewell occupation of Upper Mercer flint at several locations from Upper Mercer flint. There are three in the neighborhood of the Mortine farm in southern Hopewell Township in the Big Sandy side-notched points (Figure 4), was the existence of at least three burial general vicinity of the Mortine farm. Even all made from light colored, mottled gray mounds within a mile radius of the farm. on the Mortine farm itself, numerous Upper Mercer flint. There are 13 Kirk One of these mounds is known to have weathered pieces of black Upper Mercer Corner Notched points (Figure 5), all yielded Late Adena artifacts. Within two flint occurred as float material in a plowed made from Upper Mercer flint. In addition, miles of the farm another three mounds field about three tenths of a mile south­ there is one serrated Kirk Stemmed point and a Late Adena sacred circle can be west of the site on the southern edge of made from Upper Mercer flint (Figure 4). found (Jeff Carskadden, personal com­ the farm. This field is on a dividing ridge There are four MacCorkle Stemmed munication 1998). An interesting Late between Kent Run and Painter Run (also points in the collection (Figure 6), three Adena non-mound site in the area was a tributary of Jonathan Creek), at an ele­ made from Flint Ridge flint and one from the Buckmeyer site, located on a ridge vation of about 900 feet. Upper Mercer flint. top overlooking Kent Run about a mile Yet another factor that made the Rounding out the Early Archaic compo­ downstream from the Mortine farm in the Jonathan Creek valley so attractive to the nents at the site are three LeCroy Bifur­ northwest comer of Madison Township, prehistoric inhabitants of the area was the cate points (Figure 6). One of these was Perry County. This hamlet or open-air fact that Jonathan Creek traverses two made from Flint Ridge flint and two were ceremonial site was excavated by Musk­ major physiographic provinces - the made from Upper Mercer flint. ingum College students in 1972-1973, Glaciated Allegheny Plateau to the west and over three thousand five hundred and the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau to Middle Archaic: pottery sherds were recovered from sev­ the east. In fact, the valley of Kent Run in There are six Stanley Stemmed points eral pit features, including remains of a Hopewell Township marks roughly the in the collection, all made from Flint Ridge Montgomery Incised vessel (Bush 1975). maximum edge of the lllinoian ice flint (Figure 6). There is also one Eva Several broken or "killed" cache blades advance. The Mortine site is situated just Basal Notch point made of mottled gray

4 Upper Mercer flint. Eva Basal Notch well-defined Hopewell blade cores and fragments, I suspect that the Russell Mor­ points are rare in the Muskingum Valley. five cruder examples (Figure 15). The tine site, at least during Late Adena and crude cores are sometimes referred to as Hopewell times, served primarily as a Late Archaic: "proto-bladelet cores" (Lepper 1998). workshop. Flint Ridge material was There are 21 Brewerton Side Notched Also present were 44 classic Hopewell brought down Kent Run to the site and points in the collection (Figure 8). Sixteen bladelets (Figure 14) and 88 Hopewell processed into tool blanks that were are made of Flint Ridge flint and five of bifacial preforms or cache blades in var­ eventually transported to Adena and Upper Mercer flint. There are 60 Brew­ ious stages of manufacture (Figure 16). Hopewell habitation sites elsewhere. Ear­ erton Corner Notched and related points Eight large lamellar flakes (Figure 17), four lier and later Indians may have used the (Figure 9). Fifty-six are made from Flint of which were retouched on the edges, site for temporary hunting camps. Ridge flint and four from Upper Mercer and ten more miscellaneous retouched flint. Many of these points show evidence flakes, all of Flint Ridge material, may Dedication and Acknowledgements of heat treating. There is one Vosburg date to the Hopewell occupation, This article is dedicated to my late point made from Upper Mercer flint although lamellar flake tools have been father Russell Mortine and my step­ (Figure 7). There are 16 Matanzas Side reported from late Adena sites in the area. mother Alice Mortine. I would also like to Notched points, six made from Flint thank my wife Bonnie for her assistance Ridge flint and ten made from Upper Late Woodland: in typing this manuscript and Jeff Mercer flint (Figure 10). Table Rock Points dating to the middle Late Wood­ Carskadden for providing information on Stemmed points are represented by three land Intrusive Mound period include four other sites in the vicinity of the Mortine examples, one fashioned of Flint Ridge Jack's Reef Corner Notched points farm. The help of these individuals is flint and two from Upper Mercer flint (Figure 18). Three of these are made from greatly appreciated. (Figure 7). The closely related Bottleneck Flint Ridge flint and one from Upper point type is represented by one point Mercer flint. Also dating to this period, but References made from Upper Mercer flint (Figure 7). perhaps a little later than the Jack's Reef Bowen, Jonathan E. Also present are nine Riverton points all points, is a single Raccoon Notched point 1990 Hopewell Middle Woodland Compo­ made from light colored, probably Flint made of Upper Mercer flint. Jack's Reef nents in the Western Flint Ridge Area, Ridge, material (Figure 11). Of particular and Raccoon Notched points were also Ohio. Paper presented at the 35th Mid­ interest is a single example of a terminal found in the nearby Knight Hollow Rock west Archaeological Conference, Evanston, Illinois. Archaic Buck Creek Barbed point made Shelter. from Harrodsburg, Indiana fossiliferous Ten Levanna triangular points, probably chert (Figure 11). Buck Creek Barbed Bush, Deborah E. dating to the tail end of the Intrusive 1975 A Ceramic Analysis of the Late Adena points are not a common type in the cen­ Mound occupation or slightly later, were tral Muskingum Valley, although other Buckmeyer Site, Perry County, Ohio. also found at the site (Figure 18). Five of The Michigan Archaeologist 21 (1):9-23. examples have been reported. these are made from Flint Ridge flint and five from Upper Mercer flint. Carskadden, Jeff and James Morton Transitional: 1997 Living on the Edge: A Comparison of Three Ashtabula points were found on Adena and Hopewell Communities in Late Prehistoric: the Central Muskingum Valley of the Mortine site. Two are made of Flint Twenty-two Late Prehistoric triangular Eastern Ohio. In Ohio Hopewell Com­ Ridge flint and one is made from Upper points were found at the site (Figure 19). munity Organization (pp. 365-401), Mercer flint (Figure 11). Twelve of these were made of Flint Ridge edited by William S. Dancey and Paul flint, and ten from Upper Mercer flint. Late L. Pacheco. The Kent State University Early Woodland: Prehistoric triangular points and shell Press, Kent, Ohio. There are 24 Adena points in the col­ tempered pottery (Philo Punctate) were lection. Eleven of these are probably early found at the nearby Knight Hollow shelter. Felumlee, Gary to middle Adena stemmed forms, 1983 Report on the Knight Hollow Rock including one classic early Adena ovate Shelter. Ohio Archaeologist 33(4):22- Miscellaneous Artifacts: 28. base point (Figure 12). Ten of these Additional stone artifacts from the Mor­ points, including the ovate base example, tine site include 15 end scrapers, 11 of Lepper, Bradley T. and William H. Pickard are made of Upper Mercer flint, and one which were made from Flint Ridge flint and 1998 Archaeological Investigations at Flint is made of Flint Ridge flint. Thirteen of the four from Upper Mercer flint (Figure 20). Ridge State Memorial, Hopewell Town­ Adena points have more defined shoul­ Other artifacts include a small stone celt, a ship, Licking County, Ohio: 1997 Miti­ ders, broader blades, and could probably notched flint axe, an axe or hoe made from gation of the Site of a Proposed Shelter be classified as late Adena Robbins a split igneous rock, and a crude atlatal House. Report of Archaeological Inves­ points (Figure 13). Some of these points weight (Figure 21). A broken slate pendant, tigations, Ohio Historical Society, show evidence of being substantially drilled from both sides, was also found Columbus. shortened due to resharpening. Eleven of (Figure 14). Rounding out the miscella­ these late Adena points are made of Flint Pacheco, Paul J. neous category were nine flint hammer- 1996 Ohio Hopewell Regional Settlement Ridge flint and two are made from Upper stones, seven made from Flint Ridge flint Patterns. In A View from the Core: A Mercer flint. The preference for colorful and two from Upper Mercer flint. Synthesis of Ohio Hopewell Archae­ Flint Ridge flint by late Adena peoples at ology (pp. 18-351, edited by Paul J. the Mortine site is similar to the situation Observations Pacheco. The Ohio Archaeological seen at other late Adena sites in the area. On the author's family visits and field Council, Columbus. trips to the site, special emphasis was Middle Woodland: Pickenpaugh, Merel E. placed on looking for evidence of long 1974 The Fred Gutridge Cave. The Redskin There are 11 Hopewell corner notched term occupations, especially plowed-out 9(2):60-65. points from the Mortine site, including pit features and sherds from broken pot­ nine made from Flint Ridge and two from tery vessels. These efforts were never Stout, Wilber and R.A. Schoenlaub Upper Mercer flint (Figure 14). Other arti­ successful. Based on the amount of Flint 1945 The Occurrence of Flint in Ohio. Geo­ facts from the Mortine site associated Ridge lithic debris at the site, and espe­ logical Survey of Ohio, Fourth Series, with the Hopewell component include ten cially cores, bladelets, and cache blade Bulletin 46, Columbus, Ohio.

5 WILLS CREEK WAKATOMIKA 1A CREEK

• I DRESDEN

LICKING) RTVER

FLINT | RIDGE I SALT CREEK" ark KEp ZANESVTXLE RUN

Ufc DUNCAN FALLS• PH1LO nl JONATHAN CREEK sY-

Fig. 1 (Mortine) Map of Muskingum County, Ohio, showing the location of the Mortine MUSKINGUM COUNTY, farm (1), the Buck- meyer site (2), OHIO h EIGHT KILOMETERS MEIGS i ! Guthridge Cave (3), DRAINAGE BASINS CREEK and the Knight Hollow AND TOWNS FIVE MILES shelter (4).

M0H*,f*2-

Fig. 2 (Mortine) Lanceolate forms: The first two points on the top row and the two points on the bottom row. The third and fourth points on the top row are Stringtown Lanceolates.

6 M»fct"i«f Mu.SK Co

fUtunttl

0 I 2 3 4 5 Fig. 3 (Mortine) All five points are Early Archaic bevels or I Thebes points. Fig. 4 (Mortine) The first two points, top row are Early Archaic Big Sandy Side Notched. Third and fourth, top row are Early Archaic side Notched points. First point, bottom row is a serrated Kirk Stemmed point. The second, third, and fourth points bottom row are Archaic comer notched points.

Fig. 5 (Mortine) All six are examples of Early Archaic Kirk Corner Notched points. Fig. 6 (Mortine) The points in the top row are Early Archaic McCorkel Stemmed. The points in the middle row are Early Archaic LeCroy Bifurcated. The points in the bottom row are Middle Archaic Stanly Stemmed.

Fig. 7 (Mortine) The first point in the top row is a Late Archaic Vos- burg, second point top row is a Late Archaic Bottleneck Stemmed, 2 3. third point top row is a Middle Archaic Eva. On the bottom row are Fig. 8 (Mortine) All of these artifacts are examples of Late Archaic three Late Archaic Table Rock Stemmed points. Brewerton side notched points. Fig. 9 (Mortine) Late Archaic Brewerton Corner Notched points.

0 I 2 3 4_ Fig. 11 (Mortine) Top row, first and second points are Transitional Fig. 12 (Mortine) Early Adena points. Ashtabula. Top row, third point Buck Creek Barbed, Terminal Archaic. Middle and bottom row, Late Archaic, Riverton points.

Fig. 14 (Mortine) Top row, Hopewell points. Bottom row first three arti­ facts are Hopewell bladelets. The fourth artifact is a broken ornamental Fig. 13 (Mortine) Late Adena points. piece drilled from both sides. Fig. 15 (Mortine) Flint Ridge Hopewell cores. Fig. 16 (Mortine) First artifact, top row is a lanceolate blank. Other blanks top row and bottom are Flint Ridge Hopewell blanks.

ft***'""!* yfW

•

yjS ]* M»^" pit**

Fig. 17 (Mortine) Blade and flake tools made from Flint Ridge material. •

n I 2 3 4 5

Fig. 18 (Mortine) Top row 1-3-4-5 points are Late Woodland, Jack's Reef Corner Notched. Top row, second point is a Late Woodland Raccoon Notched. The bottom row points are exam­ ples of Late Woodland Levanna points.

Fig. 19 (Mortine) Late Woodland Mississippian triangles.

Fig. 20 (Mortine) End scrapers.

•^ Fig. 21 (Mortine) Top row first artifact is a notched flint hoe. Top row, second artifact is a notched split stone axe or hoe. Bottom row, crude atlatl weight.

9 THREE ADENA GORGETS AND A PENDANT by Larry Dyer Columbus, Indiana

These Adena slate pieces are from Williams Co., Ohio - Cuyahoga Co., Ohio - Van Wert Co., Ohio - Williams Co., Ohio

10 SECRET OF THE LITTLE MIAMI by Michael J. Shannon Dayton, Ohio

Every now and then mother nature ruled supreme. We will never know what who wonder what the Ohio country was gives up a piece of the past to the lucky eastern Iroquois warrior lost this fine like three hundred years ago. But its few of us who happen to be in the right battle ax or the circumstances sur­ presence makes us wonder how many place at the right time. Such was the case rounding it. Did his canoe capsize? Was more relics of the past lie in secret silence on a summer day in 1958 when an eigh­ he the victim in a brutal battle? Or did he just waiting to be discovered. teen year old boy named Scott Ellis was just stop to rest on his way up one of the Michael J. Shannon of Dayton is an canoeing along the scenic Little Miami Ohio countries waterways, following a avid Ohio collector and connoisseur of River just below Muddy Creek, near the war trail? We will never know. the American Indian Tomahawk. small town of Kings Mills, Ohio. But the little hand forged spike ax, so The decision to stop along the forested perfect for transport through a wild land, Epilogue: river's edge for a quick sandwich and a yields its secrets to the collector. With an Scott Ellis placed the spike tomahawk little rest was the perfect combination for overall length of 133/t" it was perfect for in his canoe and took it home not real­ the discovery of a life time. As Scott sat thrusting into a waist thong and running izing at the time what he had discovered. next to his canoe, he noticed a funny little the narrow trails of the forest. Its 29/i6" He applied leather conditioner to the stick poking out of the sandy bank. With iron, beaver tailed blade was ample size dried haft which immediately returned it little interest he tapped at the small stick for dispatching any enemy or beast that to a rich cherry color. Scott moved to with his foot. In utter amazement the might happen upon its owner. The 2V North Carolina and has not been heard focus of his interest dislodged and out curved spike, its tip still sharp enough to from since. fell the perfectly preserved 1700, Iroquois draw blood, undoubtedly grappled many spiked tomahawk you see pictured here. a parcel both animate and inanimate. The ax with its rakish spike and cherry Yes, the Little Miami River spike ax with haft speaks volumes about a time and its age cracked and darkened, grease place when wood, metal and muscle stained haft tells a story to those of us

Figure 1 (Shannon) Spiked tomahawk found along the Little Miami River.

11 THE MELVIN PHILLIPS MOUNDS REVISITED by D. R. Gehlbach 3450 Sciotangy Columbus, OH

Continuing the series of brief reports on round. It was apparent that either through shapes and lengths. While this artifact the excavation of important but largely cultivation and/or erosion their size and form is normally categorized as an unpublicized prehistoric sites in Franklin shape had been altered over time. abrading or sharpening tool, the more County, the Phillips Mounds, 1, 2 and 3 At the base of Mound 1, a roughly rec­ formal design and configuration on one will be discussed. These mounds repre­ tangular round cornered structure was side of this example indicates special pur­ sent another significant manifestation of indicated by a series of single spaced pose use. A symbolic or even ceremonial the Adena people, in the northern part of postmolds. Associated artifacts included paint receptacle? The answer awaits fur­ the county. The site was first reported to orange-tan colored Adena Thick pottery, ther investigation. the Ohio Historical Society in late 1946 by including at least one massive lug handle Human remains were scant in the Arthur G. (Sarge) Smith, who warned that closely resembling the Dominion Land Phillips Mounds. Most burials were much of the habitation area including the Company site lugged pottery, found in apparently cremated with little bone mounds were in the process of being the Big Walnut Creek drainage in the residue remaining. destroyed by a continually expanding Eastern part of the county. Part of the significance of the Phillips gravel operation. By the time Raymond Mounds 2 and 3 produced two diag­ Mounds lies in their location, close to and Baby and his field staff from The Ohio nostic banded slate shield shaped one just west of the Worthington Works, long Historical Society were able to investigate hole pendants, two classic refined identified as one of the most northern the site, beginning in the summer of 1964, expanded center two hole gorgets, one Hopewell ceremonial sites in the state of at least one of the three mounds had drilled and the other undrilled, and typical Ohio. Were the two locations utilized con­ been mostly destroyed and residential middle/late period stemmed points of currently and if so what was the degree of development of the location was drab Delaware chert and Vanport flint. interface? Food for thought. underway. Located just north of Dublin- Also recovered were several Delaware One of peculiarities uncovered in the Granville Road, about 2000 feet west of chert blades or blanks, a crude hardstone my research into Franklin County, Ohio, the well known Jeffers (Worthington) pestle and a variety of flint tools. archaeology is the location of the Jeffers Mound and associated earthworks, the Probably, the most interesting artifact Mound within the Worthington Works. Phillips mounds followed the landform recovered in the 1964-65 excavations Strangely, this mound interrupts a section contour of the prominatory above the was an abrading stone tablet similar to of the south wall of a surrounding rectan­ deep Linworth Run ravine. This water other tablets often found in Ohio Adena gular earthworks undoubtedly built by the source ultimately drains into the Olen- sites. The most fascinating aspect of this Hopewell people. Could the Jeffers tangy River about one mile east of the piece is its careful well proportioned Mound itself be Adena in origin? site. design on one side. This side features a The writer would like to thank The Ohio The mounds ranged from 3 to 4 feet squared off raised surrounding lip Historical Society and Martha Otto, high at the time of their final inspection. At enclosing identical parallel deep squared- Curator of Archaeology, for access to least one, Mound 2, was elliptical in off grooves. The reverse surface has no Society files on The Melvin Phillips shape, while the others were more or less lip but three rough grooves of different Mounds.

12 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Rectangular banded slate pendant.

Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Expanded center banded slate gorget.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Keyhole shaped banded slate pendant.

Figure 4 (Gehlbach) Massive pottery lug handle.

Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Sandstone abrading stone. Figure 5A (Gehlbach) Reverse sandstone abrading stone.

13 REVISITING THE GREENBRIER FARM MOUND by D. R. Gehlbach 3435 Sciotangy Columbus, OH

The following is another in the series of the Cheney family and stored behind their rounded corners and an un-rectangular brief summaries of excavations of largely barn which was adjacent to the mound. tablet-like example. Banded slate and forgotten mounds in Franklin County, Additional history included its ownership highly polished Waverly sandstone Ohio. The Greenbrier (Pace) Mound was by not only the Cheneys but also the were the raw materials. explored by Raymond Baby, for The His­ Green, and Pace farming families, each of * A number of weak shouldered and torical Society as a salvage project in the whom surface collected artifacts off the classic Adena points, primarily of blue- summer of 1960. Impending residential land, while carefully preserving their gray Upper Mercer flint. Flint ridge development of the area had doomed this Christian graveyard location from material was noted on several weak once graceful and imposing marker of destruction. Mr. Cheney, in particular, shouldered specimens. both prehistoric and historic cemeteries, picked up many relics (primarily flint * Several Archaic corner notch Upper located in Truro Township approximately points) from the surrounding fields, some Mercer points. 10 miles east of downtown Columbus. of which he sold to neighbors. The domi­ * A cache of Flint Ridge leaf blade Like the neighboring William Davis nant form among these recovered arti­ blanks, most with "Hopewell-like" char­ Mound, this once well known edifice facts were weak shouldered square base acteristics. These were found in associ­ stood at the apex of a natural elevation of stemmed early Adena points. ation with one of the cremations. land. The setting above Big Walnut Creek, The Greenbrier Mound was primarily * Numerous large "Fayette Thick" pot­ 400 yards west of Noe-Bixby Road, was constructed of a yellow clay/loam like sherds, probably part of several large approximately halfway between Main and material in one episode, with burials flat base lugged storage vessels. Broad Streets or about one mile north of occurring 4 foot and 5 feet below the sur­ * Work shell sherds. the Davis Mound (Gehlbach, Volume 47, face. Interments included multiple individ­ * Several sharpening and cupstones. Number 3). The dimensions of the Green­ uals, largely cremated, placed in either brier (Pace) Mound at the time of its final circular or elliptical pits. There was at Most of the artifacts were found in destruction were 62.5 feet N/S and 61 least one incidence of bundled burials. All burial association. The admixture of feet E/W. The mound was described by of the deceased were placed between Archaic artifacts with Adena and an early observer as "representing nearly layers of bark. There was no evidence of Hopewell remains to be explained. a perfect circle". When finally explored by log cribbing. The writer failed to locate radiocarbon the excavation team, its above ground dates for Greenbrier, but neighboring height was determined to be 5.5 feet with Principal artifacts recovered were: dated sites with similar diagnostic fea­ a slightly lower elevation on its eastward- * Two hematite cones (one highly tures such as Dominion Land and Davis facing surface the result of slumping on engraved) suggest an early-middle Adena time that side. * A grit tempered clay tubular pipe of the frame in the 400-200 BC period. blocked end variety As is sometimes the case with a Pictured is a sampling of artifacts found * Several pendants and gorgets including in the mound. All are housed at The Ohio number of mounds, the Greenbrier a tapered rectangular drilled example, a Mound was re-used in the Historic period Historical Society. Photographs were partial semi-keeled specimen, a taken and research conducted courtesy as a settlers' cemetery. The headstones repaired rectangular example with were removed during the ownership of of The Ohio Historical Society.

14 Figure 1 (Gehlbach) Photograph of the Greenbrier Mound in June 1960. Figure 2 (Gehlbach) Typical points recovered in the excavation. Both Archaic and Adena types are represented.

Figure 3 (Gehlbach) Typical ornamental artifacts including a hematite cone, two pendants, and a broken semi-keeled gorget. Figure 4 (Gehlbach) A cache of unfinished blades, most with Hopewell-like features.

v- •4 Figure 5 (Gehlbach) Examples of Fayette Thick potsherds found in the mound fill.

15 DO WE HAVE NEANDERTHAL ANCESTORS? by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

If we cannot resolve the Neanderthal only had no nuclear family, but claims fossil skeletons. He adds that the size problem and thereby arrive at an under­ that the fossil record proves that males and unusual structure of the upper respi­ standing of the relationship of Nean­ ate meat where they caught it instead of ratory tract of Neanderthals compro­ derthals to "modern" Homo sapiens, returning to camp to share the feast, mised their language abilities. And, in her there would seem little hope of resolving while females survived on a diet of peas, biography of the Leakeys, Ancestral Pas­ any of the more complex issues con­ other plants, and small animals. Binford sions, Virginia Morell refers to Nean­ cerning human evolution. Chris Stringer believes that Neanderthal thought derthals as Homo neanderthalensis. This processes differed greatly from our own tells us that the rest of the Leakey family regard Neanderthals as evolutionary It isn't hard to tell where they stand: in that they did not anticipate future dead-enders. paleoanthropologists who see Nean­ needs. Binford writes, "Homo nean­ derthals as a separate species write derthalensis possessed another sensi­ In 1996 scientists Jean-Jacques Hublin Homo neanderthalensis; those who see bility entirely." of Paris and Fred Spoor of London scru­ them as closer kin to modern people, a Ian Tattersall, Chairman and Curator of tinized nine 34,000 year-old Neanderthal subspecies in fact, use the moniker the Department of Anthropology at the temporal bones. Their computerized Homo sapiens neanderthalensis. American Museum of Natural History, is tomographic scans revealed configura­ What's in a name, in this case, has sig­ vehement on the subject. He states, "By tions in inner-ear shape as different as nificant implications. If you use the term all established standards of mammalian those separating ape species. Their con­ Homo neanderthalensis, you think that systematics it is clear that Homo nean­ clusion: Homo neanderthalensis, a dif­ Neanderthals, as a separate human derthalensis is a distinct species." He ferent species, not ancestral to us. species, did not interbreed with our continues, "I cannot think of a pair of Albert Santa Luca of Harvard, in 1978, ancestral stock, could not have produced populations of living primates that differ performed the first complete description offspring if they had tried, and became to an equivalent degree in their skeletal of morphological features of Nean­ extinct 32,000 years ago, an evolutionary structure and are not classed as separate derthals. As a result of this work, he dead end, contributing nothing to the species." Tattersall bases his belief partly wrote, "since modern humans share modern gene pool. So scientists disagree on the unique brain shape of Nean­ none of the distinctive and specialized on whether we could have any Nean­ derthals and their very-different skull traits, it's highly unlikely that Nean­ derthal ancestors. configuration. derthals were our ancestors." Although Because the fossil evidence indicates Archaeologist Don Johanson is also Chris Stringer states that "ice made that Neanderthals and anatomically now convinced that Neanderthals should Neanderthals," (referring to their stocky modern humans lived in proximity for be considered a separate species which build), Santa Luca points out that Nean­ tens of thousands of years - may have ended in extinction. He argues that an derthals lived at times of great variations seen each other every day - it seems alien species (plant or animal) frequently in climate ranging from warm to arctic. unlikely that there would have been no has caused the extinction of what should mixing between the two. Some have been the better-adapted indigenous SOME SAY WE DO... researchers believe, however, that this form of life, and that Neanderthals could On the other hand is Milford Wolpoff, closeness was more apparent than real not compete successfully after Homo eminent paleoanthropologist at the Uni­ and may reflect climatic variation, with sapiens arrived. versity of Michigan. He is Homo sapiens Neanderthals shifting locations to follow Paleoanthropologist Yoel Rak recog­ neanderthalensis all the way. At Vindija the cold. nizes "profoundly different architecture" Cave in Croatia, he sees evidence of One odd thing about Neanderthals was in Neanderthals, such as the enormous, Neanderthal temporal bones evolving their teeth, which exhibit wear patterns broad, protruding nose, the massive along modern lines, along with thinning unlike those of any other hominid. Their double-arched brow ridges, the low cra­ of the notorious brow ridges. Wolpoff front teeth are often worn to a 45° bevel, nial vault, and the occipital torus or bun, sees the persistence of Neanderthal causing some experts to observe that which runs horizontally along the bone at traits, such as a large nose, in modern they must have used their teeth as the back of the head. Not the least of humans. He commented in National Geo­ another pair of hands. Because of this anatomical differences are the wide hips graphic, 1988, "What a schnozzle. We unique tooth wear, their smiles would of both males and females, with their lat­ still see it in Europeans of today." have appeared strange to our eyes. erally-facing hip sockets, which would Wolpoff is not alone in classifying Although Neanderthals stood 4 or 5 have provided Neanderthals with a dis­ Neanderthals as a subspecies of modern inches shorter than modern people, they tinctive posture and gait. The long bones, people. In Israel, Theodore McCown has were much more muscular, with dense, much thicker than ours, exhibit promi­ found Neanderthal skeletons that he says thick bone and large joints. An average nent muscle attachment markings, attrib­ were either evolving into modern humans Homo sapiens of today wouldn't have utes obvious on subadult skeletons as or interbreeding with them. A point for stood a chance in a wrestling match with well. Rak points out that subspecies Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, same an average Neanderthal. differ in relatively superficial qualities species. such as color, size, and behavior, but An important question has long been, SOME SAY WE DON'T... that Neanderthal differences far exceed could they speak? Don Johanson com­ Archaeologist Lewis Binford, who has those limits. mented that it would be hard to imagine excavated Neanderthal sites, observes Another proponent of Homo nean­ a group of Neanderthals sitting silently that Neanderthal behavior differed greatly derthalensis, Richard Leakey believes we around a campfire. At Kebara Cave in from the behavior of other hunter-gath­ possess no Neanderthal genes, for he Israel, in 1982, Ofer Bar-Yosef and erers. He believes that Neanderthals not can cite no evidence of interbreeding in Baruch Arensburg found the first hyoid

16 bone from the throat and larynx of a Yet, a study by Hutchinson, Larson, SOURCES 60,000 year-old Neanderthal, and that and Choi (Current Anthropology 1997), Berkowitz, Mark hyoid is indistinguishable from a modern suggests that Neanderthals were nutri- 1996 Neanderthal News. Archaeology maga­ one. To Bar-Yosef and Arensburg, this tionally stressed, possibly because they zine, Sept./Oct., p. 22. meant speech, and several more Homo were not as efficient in getting and pro- Hutchinson, Larsen, and Choi sap/ens neanderthalensis men were cessing food as other human groups, 1997 Stressed to the Max? Physiological "born." But then along came Phillip And for the most recent data, the July Perturbation in the Krapina Nean­ Lieberman, a linguist at Brown University, 1997 issue of Cell magazine published an derthals. Current Anthropology and said in Science News that the hyoid analysis from a fragment of Neanderthal 38(5):905-914. bone proves nothing; even chimpanzees arm bone. Researchers found that the have one. variation between Neanderthal and Johanson, Don and Lenora modem mtDNA was four times greater 1994 Ancestors - In Search of Human SOME SAY WE MIGHT... than that found between any two modem Origins. Villard Books, New York. Neanderthals were successful; they people, Kunzig, Robert thrived for over 100,000 years. It must be The DNA did not show any special sim- 1997 Atapuerca. Discover magazine, remembered that Neanderthal skeletons ilarities to present European DNA, indi- December. are often found because they were delib- eating that Neanderthals contributed no erately buried, which implies a degree of mtDNA to the modern gene pool, Leakey, Richard, and Roger Lewin culture. Skeletons of Neanderthal trauma Concerning this work, Simon Easteal, 1992 Origins Reconsidered. victims have been found frequently - Australian geneticist, observed that Doubleday, New York. these individuals survived because they within-species variation must be taken were provided for and protected by the into account, hence he thinks the DNA Morell, Virginia group. They quarried flint and carried it to test does not prove what it purports to. 1995 Ancestral Passions. Simon and Schuster, New York. a work area, where they fashioned than- Also disagreeing with the interpretation is gular-shaped points with which they Alan Templeton, Washington University Putnam, John J. tipped spears. These tools have impact geneticist. He reminds us that this DNA 1988 In Search of Modern Humans. fractures on the tips, a good indication was taken from only one individual and National Geographic, October 174(4). that weapons were thrown. Micro-wear that a single sample cannot be consid- analysis of their stone tools shows that ered conclusive. Tattersall, Ian they worked wood and hides. Certain I'm reserving my opinion until the 1995 The Last Neanderthal. Neanderthal artifacts have been identified coming millennium when DNA tests pro­ Macmillan, New York. as musical instruments. All these quali- vide better evidence, Wolpoff, Milford, and Rachel Caspari ties are consistent with what we know of 1997 Race and Human Evolution. other early humans. Simon and Schuster, New York.

Map 1 (Holzapfel) Dark area shows the homeland of Neanderthals, Europe and western Asia. (After Origins Reconsidered, by Richard Leakey and Roger Lewin.)

17 receding forehead ^"^T ""^V long skull

huge, arching £ brow ridges 7*~ "N&

large nasal area yl ^B " V. ly _^<—* f v^ occipital bun

_l \| small mastoid process worn incisors \m*~^" 1 /\zygomatic arch \ « / ^r (long and massive) receding chin 'massive mandible Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Skull of a modern human.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Neanderthal skull, showing some of the distinguishing characteristics.

Figure 3 (Holzapfel) On left is profile of modern human. Neanderthal profile on right. (After Sailer and Laitman in The Last Neanderthal by Ian Tattersall.)

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Flint tools made by Neanderthals. From left to right: First, pointed flake, the earliest technology (known as Levallois) of Neanderthals. This tool could date from 140,000 to 100,000 years before present. (Afterphotograph by Ofer Bar-Yosef in The Last Neanderthal.) Second, a typical example of Neanderthal technology, known as Mousterian. This unifacial knife or scraper found in France, made on a flake, dates to 100,000 to 40,000 years before present. (Afterphotograph by Ian Tattersall in The Last Neanderthal.) Third, a point made on a flake. Mousterian, 100,000 - 40,000 YBP. (Tattersall) Fourth, a small Mousterian hand-axe. France (Tattersall) Fifth, a narrow blade dating from around 35,000 years before present and is probably the last tool-type Neanderthals ever made. This technology, known as Chatelperronian, may have been a Neanderthal innovation or it could be an adaptation from another culture. (After photograph by Alain Roussot in The Last Neanderthal.)

18 A LARGE PESTLE FROM ERIE COUNTY, OHIO by David W. Didion 415 Scott St. Sandusky, Ohio 44870

Years ago, sometime in the late 1950's, I have tentatively concluded that the The site where the pestle was recov­ I found a section of what appeared to be primary use of this artifact was that of a ered is multicultural and has yielded point a hardstone tool of some kind. I had pestle, used in conjunction with a large styles from Early Archaic through Early found the piece while hunting relics on stone mortar, deeply cupped or bowl and Late Woodland and includes the the farm of my uncle Joe Herber, in Huron shaped. Perhaps the mortar has yet to be most recent small triangular arrow points. Township, Erie County, Ohio. In conver­ discovered and still lies on site. Perhaps it The site was spring fed and is situated on sation with my cousin Jim Herber, Joe's has already been removed from the site the slopes and top of a prominent glacial son, Jim informed me that both he and along with other field stones, having gone moraine. It is within one hundred yards of his dad had each found sections of a sim­ unrecognized as an artifact. a small creek which feeds into Sawmill ilar type stone. I gave the part that I had The measurements are as follows: Creek, which then empties into Lake Erie found to Jim. He later told me that it length, 17V2in. to the north. appeared the pieces fit together to form a diameter, 2% in. at widest, near center. rather large implement of some kind. I The material appears to be a green-gray never did get a chance at that time to see granite-like hardstone with some conglom­ the assembled pieces, but using his eration in the stone. description as a guide, I theorized that what we had collectively found might be some sort of hand held pick. Jim Herber now resides in Miller, Ohio, but recently returned for a visit and brought along the artifact so that I might examine and photograph it for the pur­ pose of preparing an article for publica­ tion in the "Ohio Archaeologist". Figure 1, is a photograph of the three sections of the artifact before assembly, from left to right, sections A, B, and C. Section A, which I at one time thought might have been the working "pick" end, does not appear to have ever been worked into a sharp or pointed tip for use as a digging implement. It is somewhat blunted and crude on this end. It does however show some slight wear. The rounded end of section C appears to be the working end. It is very nicely rounded, extremely smooth, and shows a high degree of use polish. Figure 4 is a close-up photograph of this end and shows this heavy polish. Figures 2 and 3 are views of the tool sections joined together and pho­ tographed from different angles. Figure 2 clearly shows some curvature along the length of the tool. I did not find any other use signs along the body of the piece, that is, any signs that it might have been pushed or rolled on its sides and used in the fashion of a roller pestle. The tool is basically round at all the cross sectional breaks. There appears to be a certain amount of pecking and shaping on the concave side of section A, leaving the midsection sort of flat. Figure 1 (Didion) Left to right - Sections A, B, and C.

19 Figure 2 (Didion) Left to right - Sections A, B, and C.

Figure 3 (Didion) Another view - Sections assembled.

Figure 4 (Didion) Rounded - polished end of Section C.

20 FINE 3/4 GROOVE AXES by Richard Puterbaugh Greenville, Ohio

Shown are three large axes from my collection.

Figures 1-2 (Puterbaugh) a 63A inch gray-green diorite axe from Bath Co., Ky.

3 Figure 3 (Puterbaugh) A Franklin County axe 8 /» inches Figure 4 (Puterbaugh) A 5'A inch diorite axe from long. It is made of black and yellow granite. Clark County made of black diorite.

21 TWO PIPES FROM THE CHESTER LARSEN COLLECTION by Chester Larsen 436 2nd St. East Brewster, Ohio

Shown in the accompanying color plates are two Ohio pipes. The first is a Hopewell monitor pipe of black steatite. It was originally collected by Frank Burdette, Springfield, Ohio. In the lower plate is a large sandstone pipe portraying some unknown animal. Both pipes are from Ohio but more specific provenience is not known.

22 OHIO DISCOIDALS by Chester Larsen 436 2nd St. E. Brewster, Ohio

Shown are eight discoidals from my collection. Left to Right - Top to Bottom Ross Twp., Butler Co., Ohio - Bourneville, Ross Co. - Ft. Ancient, Warren Co. - Tuscarawas Co. - Shiloh, Richland Co., Ohio - Wrightsville, Adams Co.

23 AWARD WINNERS AND SCENES FROM 1998 A.S.O. MEETINGS UPDATE ON THE RENEWED 1997 DUAL-TIPPED POINT SURVEY by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131

Back in the 1970's I ran surveys in points mentioned in this article, the one colored chert. Originally found in Lorain approximately 20 states to determine who found by Garman is the only one with a County, it had formerly been in the J. had knowledge of authentic Dual-tipped bifurcated base. Garman states that he Grant Keys collection. This is one of the Points (Britt, 1974, 1975, 1976). In 1997 I showed this piece to Bob Converse who smallest such points reported to date. decided to renew the old survey in the identified it as a Dual-tipped point. Concluding remarks Ohio Archaeologist to see if additional Holmes County Converse (1994:161) states that Dual- Ohio specimens might be reported. Four A very fine example from Holmes tipped points are scarce and probably more Ohio Dual-tipped points have County (Fig. 1 ,b) was reported by Sig and fewer than 50 reported specimens (from recently been reported to me. This article Bette Olenzak of Massillon, Ohio. Although Ohio) are known. I suspect that Bob Con­ will discuss these newly-reported artifacts I was unaware of the existence of this verse may have seen a few specimens and also it includes some data from the point, it had previously been illustrated in unknown to me. In fact, I was unaware of old 1970's surveys. the "Ohio Archaeologist" (Olenzak, 1983). the existence of the point he illustrated in Made from a light gray chert, according to his "Ohio Flint Types" book. Converse Discussion Olenzak, this point was found in Paint also states that Flint Ridge material in the At present I have knowledge of a total of Township in the 1880's. It was found by type is unknown. My old survey and my 29 Dual-tipped points from eleven states. the late Charles Suntheimer. current research certainly agree with Con­ Of these, 14 (48%) were found in Ohio. verse's assessment. I'll leave this survey The points other than the Ohio pieces were Hocking County open for a period of time in case addi­ found mostly in the South and other mid- Another fine example found in Hocking tional specimens might be reported. If western states. However, one point was County many years ago (Fig. 1,c) was more do not turn up, this, then, will prob­ reported from Virginia, and another one as reported by David Orndorf of Sunbury, ably be a final report. far away as Oregon. The one Virginia point Ohio. Orndorf states that about 12 years is the only one reported east of Ohio. None ago he and a friend were surface hunting Acknowledgements were reported for Indiana, although one along Salt Creek. As they were getting I wish to thank the following people for specimen was found in Illinois. ready to leave, an elderly gentlemen furnishing new data for this article: Lewis Table 1 shows the Ohio Dual-tipped stopped to inquire if they found anything. Garman, Roy E. Witchey, Sigmund points known to this writer from both the Then he proceeded to show them a Dual- Olenzak, and David Orndorf. old survey and this current research. This tipped point of black flint he had found in table shows the provenience of 12 speci­ the same field many years ago. Orndorf References mens. Provenience data on two additional states that he thought it to be a fake at Britt, Claude Jr. points were lost in a move many years the time because he had never heard of 1974 Dual-tipped Points: A very rare Ohio ago. anything like it. It is unknown who the flint type. Ohio Archaeologist 24 (3), As to the 14 Ohio specimens of which I elderly man was who found the point. But p. 18. am aware, the majority were fashioned it is certain where it was found and it was from light-colored chert (41.4%) or black definitely Ohio black flint. Orndorf sent an 1975 Regional Collaborator News: More flint (35.7%). Others were made from outline drawing of the point from memory Ohio Dual-tipped Points. glacial flint, Coshocton gray flint, and (Fig.1,c). He states the fact that in the Ohio Archaeologist 25 (2), p. 14, Delaware chert. (See Table II). Hocking County point the center notch 1976 Recent discoveries of Dual-tipped This current survey has turned up four was deeper than in the ones I illustrated Points. Ohio Archaeologist 26 (3), p. 12. additional Dual-tipped points-from Mercer, (Britt, 1997). The present whereabouts of Hocking, Lorain, and Holmes counties (Fig this point is anybody's guess. 1997 Old survey of Ohio Dual-tipped 1). These will be discussed next. Lorain County Points renewed. Ohio Archaeologist 47 (3), p. 27. Mercer County A fairly small specimen was reported from Lorain County by Roy E. Witchey of One specimen (Fig. 1,a) was reported Converse, Robert N. for Mercer County. It was found about 10 Norton, Ohio. See Fig. 1, d. Witchey 1994 Ohio Flint Types. Archaeological years ago by Lewis Garman of Celina. obtained it in Findlay, Ohio and was told Society of Ohio, p. 161. This is the only reported specimen made that Bob Converse had examined it and from Coshocton flint material. Also, it is identified it as a Dual-tipped point. From Olenzak, Sig and Bette the only point thus far reported from the photo I received from Witchey, this 1983 Rare Dual-tipped Point. West-central Ohio. Likewise, of the 14 point appears to be made from a light- Ohio Archaeologist 33 (2), p. 17. •4 Table 1 (Britt) Numbers of Wayne County Ohio Dual-tipped Points known Jefferson Co- Hocking Coun by this writer showing prove­ Tiffin, Ohio Medina, Ohio nience and lithic materials.

ilored chei in gray fll

Lithic materials Numbe reoor .,.Df \ 1 >] Reported by Black (lint 3r. . Lar Hothem, Robert Jack Thomas Stropkl, &. David Orndorf Figure 1 (Britt) Outline drawings of newly-reported Dual-tipped

Robert Jackson, Elmer C imm, Sig points from Ohio, a, Mercer County; b, Holmes County; Light-colored chert '• 41 . Olenzak, Richard Roesch and Roy E. Witchey c, Hocking County; d, Lorain County

Coshocton gray flint 1 7. Lewis Carman

Delaware chert 1 1. William Tiell •4 Table 2 (Britt) Percentages of various lithic materials in reported Dual-tipped Glacial flint 1 Elmer Grimm Points. Shown also are the names of most of the workers who did the reporting back Tot al urn. * in the 1970's and in the new 1997 survey. 26 ENGRAVED DISCOIDAL by David W. Kuhn 2103 Grandview Avenue Portsmouth, Ohio 45662

On May 8, 1997, an old-time artifact estate auction held at the residence in and both sides are engraved with a dif­ collector named Harold E. Young, died at Lucasville. Many of the items in the col­ ferent, single figure on each side. The the age of 96 years. He resided in lection were Ft. Ancient Culture artifacts side shown in Figure 1 has a full length Lucasville, Valley Township, Scioto from the Schisler Village Site, which is human engraved on it. The side shown in County, Ohio, most of his life. He col­ located just south of Lucasville in the Figure 2 is engraved with the figure of a lected prehistoric American Indian arti­ Scioto River bottom on land now owned bird, which appears to be sitting in a nest. facts during the 1930's through the by the State of Ohio. Each year the site is The discoidal was inside a small box (just 1960's, almost entirely from Scioto plowed and planted in corn or soy beans. the size of the discoidal), which had County. A large portion of his collection One artifact sold at the auction is written inside the lid: "Found by John was picked up in the Scioto River bot­ shown in Figures 1 and 2. It is a Ft. Violet, Lucasville, 1955." toms around Lucasville, after the 1937 Ancient Culture discoidal, made of fine­ flood waters receded. grained sandstone. It is 2V in diameter On Saturday, June 6, 1998, the Young and is %" thick. Both sides of the dis­ artifact collection was sold as part of his coidal are flat (not concave or convex),

Figure 1 (Kuhn) Full length human figure engraved on surface of sandstone discoidal from Schisler Village Site Figure 2 (Kuhn) Reverse side of discoidal shown in near Lucasville, Scioto County. Figure 1, with engraving of bird figure sitting on nest.

£*

• • * • " . '• •''•A ''; •'"« '•: ,y XV •'•-. .-•>> --•••••

- . .. ' • s#*k ......

• '.;V

Figure 1A (Kuhn) Tracing of human figure. Figure 2A (Kuhn) Tracing of bird.

27 JOHNNY APPLESEED CHAPTER AWARDS MEETING by Jeff Zemrock 903 Green Township Road 2850 Perrysville, Ohio 44842

Our January awards meeting was well 2nd place - Gary Risner, Willard, Ohio. 2nd place - Jeff Zemrock, attended and many fine displays were Slate celt (figure 2-center) Perrysville, Ohio. exhibited. Some guests were also present to enjoy the collections and learn from our 3rd place - Bob Frey. Discoidal (figure 3rd place - Pam & Kenny Rogers, members. 2-center) Greenwich, Ohio.

The following awards were given for Best slate type: Most educational: artifacts found in 1997. 1st place -Randy Hancock, Savannah, Elmer Bennett, Mansfield, Ohio. Ohio. Pendant (figure 3-top left) Adult category: 2nd place - Chad Enkemann, Shreve, Youth category: Best flint type: Ohio. Slate celt (figure 3-center left) Best find: 1st place -Tom Clancy, Lucas, Ohio. Fluted point (figure 1-upper right) Best non-lithic: Julie Ball, Lucas, Ohio. 1st place - Chad Enkemann, Shreve, Best collection: 2nd place - Don Beach, New London, Ohio. Sleigh bell (figure 4-left) Caleb Zemrock, Perrysville, Ohio. Ohio. Pipecreek bevel (figure 1-center right) 2nd place - Randy Hancock, The Johnny Appleseed Chapter of the Savannah, Ohio. Bayonet, WWII A.S.O. meets at Kingwood Center, 900 3rd place - Lenny Meade, Norwalk, or later (figure 4-right) Park Avenue West, Mansfield, Ohio. Ohio. Two points and a hafted Meetings are held on the first Wednesday shaftscraper (figure 1 -bottom right) Best site: of the month (April through November) at Neil Jones, West Salem, Ohio. 6:30 pm, and the first Saturday of the Best stone type: month (December through March) at 9:30 1st place - Tom Wolf, Bucyrus, Ohio. Best collection: am. New members and visitors are Grooved adze (figure 2-top left) 7sf place - Tom Wolf, Bucyrus, Ohio. always welcome.

Figure 5 (Zemrock) Figure 3 (Zemrock)

28 NEW DATA ON THE BEAVER POND SITE IN SHELBY COUNTY, OHIO by Claude Britt, Jr. P.O. Box 131 Rockville, Indiana 47872-0131

Background types on this site and it now appears that Soils Manual (1977 ?) states that the soils Many years ago I published an article in much of the site is on soils developed in the area have very high water tables the Ohio Archaeologist on the Beaver under prairie grass. These new data will and the area isn't fit for much of anything Pond Site near Tawawa, Ohio (Britt, be presented here. except farming. 1967a). That information was taken from Soil and Ecological Studies It appears now that the Indians may have data in my M.A. Thesis (Britt, 1967b). This lived in a small prairie around the pond site is on the Shelby-Champaign County A locational map of the site is shown (Fig. 1). This map shows the two soil while utilizing resources of the forest for line (Fig. 1). Most of the site is in Green food (small animals, nuts, greens, mush­ Twp., Shelby County, but it overlaps into types occurring in the area. These soils are Crosby silt loam (CrA) and Brookston rooms, etc). Some of the plants could have Champaign County for a distance of been used for medicinal purposes. Fire­ about 800 feet. I named it the Beaver silty clay loam (Bs). This is interesting because Brookston soils are mollic indi­ wood would have been available in sur­ Pond site because it had been S.G. rounding areas. Dr. Jane Forsyth (letter Brown's (my grandfather) farm and he cating that they developed under prairie grass cover. Hence, if the prairie was in communication, 1997) states that of the reported large numbers of beavers numerous prairies scattered around in dwelling in a two-acre pond around 1900. existence in Archaic times, the prehistoric peoples may have lived in a prairie sur­ western Ohio most were small, ranging This pond may be a glacial kettle. The site from five acres to no more than 100 acres. completely surrounds the pond. Some of rounding the beaver pond. There were probably some trees in surrounding areas Other foodstuffs which may have been the artifacts from the site were illustrated available to Archaic peoples at this site in my 1967 issue of the Ohio Archaeolo­ too. The people may have lived in both paleoenvironments. could have been fish and mussels in the gist, so they will not be repeated here. small stream west of the site. For sources I have re-visited the site many times Discussion of lithic raw materials, the site is situated on over the years, but I never surface col­ In the vicinity of the site are six more the "Wisconsin Boulder Belt", and hence a lected. Over the years the pond has been smaller ponds containing water year good source of igneous rocks for making ditched several times, but water still round. Years ago these ponds used to stone tools. There were no flint deposits in stands there much of the time and contain large leatherback turtles. The the immediate vicinity, but the area is not planted crops usually drown out. beaver pond itself and the other smaller far from the Logan County Chert deposits. I The site is basically an Archaic site, ponds were what probably attracted can remember of no artifacts from the area although 8.8% of total artifacts recovered Archaic peoples to the area. The ponds made from Logan County Chert. Many were Early Woodland. The majority of were probably a source of turtles, frogs, were made from black flint. points were Archaic Stemmed Points ducks, and other foodstuffs. Also, the (41% of total) and Archaic Corner- water would have attracted larger animals Added Note notched Points (27% of total). Most arti­ such as deer. Fresh drinking water was In the early 1950's I found three Dove­ fact material found on the site was flint, nearby. Only about 500 feet west of the tails of Flint Ridge material at Beaver however, grooved hammerstones, bell site is a spring which headwaters a small Pond. One was a 5-inch one. My grandfa­ pestles, celts, and two-hole slate gorgets stream. S.G. Brown who farmed the site ther, S.G. Brown, found lots of flint on the were also found. Lots of scrapers of with horses for many years used to keep site while plowing with horses prior to mixed types came from this site. a drinking cup in his pasture field at a 1930. Before I was born he gave all his good flint pieces to a collector in Quincy, Back in the 1960's I assumed that the hole he dug. He stated that there was Ohio. He said he gave away a whole shoe Beaver Pond site had been located in a ample fresh water for drinking only a foot box of flint he had found, and the box forest. I have recently studied the soil below the surface. The Shelby County contained several 5-inch points. He stated that many were made from black Trorrrr flint. In the late 1950's my grandfather and I visited the Quincy collector. We saw his impressive collection, but the man had kept no records and didn't even know what came from the Beaver Pond site more than 30 years prior.

References: Britt, Claude Jr. 1967a The Beaver Pond Site: A Multicompo- nent site in Shelby County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist (17) 3, pp 103-104. 1967b Archaic Occupation of West-central Ohio. M.A. Thesis No. 1313. Bowling Green State University. Forsyth, Jane 1997 Comments on Ohio prairies in a letter written to Claude Britt. Figure 1 (Britt) Locational map of the Beaver Pond Site in Shelby and Champaign counties near Tawawa.Shown are the soil types on the site (data from Shelby County Soil Manual). Two types of U.S. Dept of Agriculture, soil cover this site: Crosby (CrA) and Brookston (Bs). Brookston soil has a mollic epipedon indi­ (1977 ? ) Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey cating it developed under prairie grass. Dashed line shows the extent of the site. Not to scale, but of Shelby County, Ohio. Pub by ODNR. one inch equals approximately 1166 feet. 119 pages plus 33 maps.

29 ROLAND BARNETT COLLECTION DISPLAYED

At the Annual Meeting of the ASO Mr. Roland Barnett of South Charleston, West Virginia, dis­ played his extensive collection of Fort Ancient material. Gathered over a lifetime of excavation, the Barnett Collection is one of the largest Fort Ancient assemblages in the Midwest.

Editor Robert Converse and Roland Barnett

30 A CORNER NOTCH POINT by Walt Sperry Mt. Vernon, Ohio

I found this four-inch corner notch point while surface hunting in Pleasant Township, Knox County, Ohio, on June 13,1997. The Upper Mercer flint from which this point was made is well chipped. Fine serra­ tions run the entire length of the blade. The shorter barb could have been used for engraving.

Reference Cited Converse, Robert N. 1994 Ohio Flint Types Archaeological Society of Ohio.

Fig. 1 (Sperry) Four- inch corner notch point found in Knox County.

A CRAWFORD COUNTY EXPANDED NOTCH by Walt Sperry Mt. Vernon, Ohio

This fine expanded notch made of Flint Ridge chalcedony was found by John Myles on the family farm in western Crawford County in 1994.

31 A FLUTED POINT FIND by Norman and Helen Wright 1966 Meadowbrook Way Coshocton, Ohio 43812-3029

On April 11, 1997, Ron Ashman was searching the fields near the confluence of the Walhonding River and Killbuck Creek. Finding very little artifact material and hundreds of competitive footprints, in a heart-stopping moment he spotted this complete Holcombe-type fluted point. The length is 5 cm., the width is 3 cm., and it is 3 mm. thick.

Fig. 1 (Wright) Obverse and reverse of fluted point.

A LARGE KNIFE by Norman and Helen Wright 1966 Meadowbrook Way Coshocton, Ohio 43812-3029

This deeply patinated, presumably "Adena" knife was found by Sam Mizer about 65 years ago on what are now the PBF Farms near West Lafayette, Ohio. Close inspection in good light and angle reveals that the notches are recent and blacker. Pat Mizer of Walhonding, who submitted the specimen, is of the opinion that a "rambunctious" brother "improved" the artifact.

Fig. 1 (Wright) Nine inch knife from West Lafayette, Ohio.

u.,N«,.

32 MISCELLANEOUS SOUTHWESTERN MEDINA COUNTY ARTIFACTS by Jason Hanna 7252 Firestone Rd. Spencer, Ohio

My father or I have found all the arti­ facts pictured, on our farm since 1994. Pictured is only a small amount of our collection. Since 1994 we have person­ ally found almost 250 artifacts. In Figure 1, there is a wide assortment of styles and all presumably are Flint Ridge materials. The largest spear is just under 4 inches long. The one next to it was found last year by me and is highly translucent. The next two are both made of a glossy green flint. Both came out of the same field and have a blue streak Figure 1 (Hanna) going through them, making me believe they possibly came from the same core of flint. The last four are Adenas and corner notches. In Figure 2, there are four Paleo points. The first appears to be Clovis. It is fluted about 1/3 up on each side. The other three are all bases of broken paleos. In Figure 3 are four Ashtabula points. The largest is made of Flint Ridge mate­ rial and the rest are a type of Coshocton flint. Figure 2 (Hanna) Figure 4 shows some very nice side- notched points and one Adena. The largest is about 2 1/2 inches long. In Figure 5, three stone celts are pic­ tured. The middle one is an enormous example and is well polished. We have also found a few broken gorgets and another broken celt. This is a small portion of the artifacts we have found and I hope to show more in the future. If you have access to the internet you can visit my Arrowhead Website at: http://www.geocities.com/Yosemite/7991 or E-mail me at [email protected]. Figure 3 (Hanna)

Figure 4 (Hanna)

Figure 5 (Hanna)

33 ANDY PARKS AND THE PESTLE FROM FORTY-FOOT PITCH by Elaine Holzapfel 415 Memorial Drive Greenville, OH 45331

I first met Andy and Irene Parks at a The roller pestle had subsequently and his older brother, Morris, both flea market at the Preble County (Ohio) been purchased from a farm auction in dressed in striped overalls, walked the Fairgrounds in 1985. Visiting their home 1928 by a Mr. Larrison, of Fairhaven, plowed fields of Dixon Township col­ several months later, I found that the arti­ Ohio, who happened to be a friend of lecting artifacts after the spring rains. facts in the Parks collection nearly all Andy's. In May of 1982, Mr. Larrison's Married in 1932, Andy was assisted by his came from Preble County, not surprising widow consigned the pestle to Jake wife Irene in his interest in prehistory for since Mr. Parks had been a lifelong Campbell's auction in Liberty, Indiana, the rest of his life. Irene recently told me farmer in the county. Mr. Parks showed where Andy acquired the piece. that a friend had commented that the me a unique roller pestle which was of The Parks roller pestle was found more Parkses were "a good example of how particular interest to him. This pestle, pic­ than 100 years ago, and this must be the people ought to live." Andy Parks was an tured in Figures 1 and 3, measured 20 explanation for its pristine condition, as it old-fashioned fine and honest gentleman, inches long and displayed a high degree shows no chips, scratches or plow strikes. and I am proud to have known him. of workmanship. Made of diorite, the pestle is heavily Andy Parks, 77 years old at the time, ground and darkly patinated or stained. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS explained that this pestle had been found I've always suspected that there was a Marvin and Elnora (Frosty) Gilley, in the late 1800s at a locally well-known connection between the quality of the friends of Andy and Irene Parks from location called forty-foot pitch, about a pestle and its distinctive provenience, but West Manchester, Ohio, recognized the mile north of Eaton. Along State Route this is one of those archaeological ques­ importance of the Parks' collection, and 127, forty-foot pitch slopes steeply to tions there will never be an answer to. for the last several years Marvin and Bantas Fork Creek. Such a steep grade Andrew Harrison Parks, born in 1907, Andy spent many hours making sure that could not have been ignored in the horse- passed away earlier this year at the age of every artifact in the collection was cata­ and-buggy days. (At forty-foot pitch in 90. He inherited his love for the land and logued. The dedication and unselfishness 1792, a group of 250 Indians led by Little for prehistoric artifacts from his father, of Marvin and Frosty Gilley will long be Turtle and Blue Jacket attacked an army who gave Andy the flint and stone pieces appreciated. supply train of 100 mounted riflemen. he had picked up while plowing with The Parks roller pestle is now in the Fourteen soldiers were killed and pris­ horses in the 1800s. Andy often related reliable care of Rick Waibel of Springfield, oners were tortured.) that from the time he was 7 years old he Ohio.

Figure 2 (Holzapfel) Andy Parks on his John Deere in Dixon Town­ ship, Preble County, Ohio.

Figure 1 (Holzapfel) Forty-foot pitch is located in central Preble County.

34 •M Figure 3 (Holzapfel) The finely-made roller pestle from forty-foot pitch in Preble County, Ohio, measures 20 inches long.

Figure 4 (Holzapfel) Route 127 crosses Bantas Fork Creek in the foreground, about a mile north of Eaton, Ohio. The rise at the top of the photograph is forty-foot pitch.

Figure 5 (Holzapfel) Irene Parks holds an axe from the Parks collection, Andy displays the pestle from forty-foot pitch. 1993.

35 BONE PROCESSING AS A FACTOR IN INTERPRETATION OF A LATE WOODLAND SITE IN WESTERN NEW YORK by Zygmunt A. Bieniulis The Woodland Period in the Northeast, nario would be a progressive transition of a long cultural background. Settlers 1000 BC to AD 1600, is represented by from seasonal gathering towards some were selecting sites according to their intricate ecological adaptations of the form of planting, and a more permanent acquired abilities in providing subsis­ social groupings which were forming in settling (Ford 1979). tence. Cultivators' preference would be the region. During this time important There was a period of two-three hun­ the areas of riverine plains with fertile, changes were taking place. The study of dred years of cultural instability, resulting easy-to-work soil. Hunters would seek ecological effects on types of settle­ probably from the interaction of various partly open woodlands with intensive ments, populations, and their interaction groupings. Somewhere around AD 700 underbrush favored by deer herds, but with the surroundings remains an open two major changes took place. also providing foraging areas for elk, and subject. The approach presented here One was a progressive introduction of deep woods for bear and small animals. offers some perspective on the basis of corn and beans, most likely through the The proximity of streams would ensure middens with a minimum number of indi­ Mississippi valley activities. This required beaver, occasional fish, muskrat, rac­ viduals in the order of hundreds, as even more stable settlements, as a coon, turtle, and a host of other game. opposed to cases where hunting appar­ steady supply of grain and its storage had The question arises as to why hunter- ently was only occasional. to be accommodated. gatherers turned to permanent settle­ The early stage of the period is charac­ The other change was the invention of ments, and how we can justify this terized by the Meadowood Phase (Ritchie the bow and arrow. Here the innovation transition from archaic-like base camps. 1980). The study by Granger (Granger had almost drastic cultural effects. It was There is no direct way to approach this 1978) offers a review of related settle­ a major step from a not-so-easy-to- problem. However, what we can work ments and populations; the number of handle spear thrower, to a portable, light, with is the zo-archeological material. The individuals per site is estimated to have and effective weapon. variety and quantity of bones are already been 25 to 150. Occupation was probably The consequences were an improve­ an important indication of intensive activi­ seasonal; subsistence was based on ment in hunting, as now the prey could be ties. The key point becomes the modifica­ hunting, fishing, and gathering. This stage approached closely and the kill was made tion of bones. It suggests a complex appears to be a prolongation of the more practical. Another effect, appar­ processing of carcass and a thorough Archaic Period. The difference is in the ently, was a man-to-man, and group-to- extraction of nutrients. presence of ceramics, which is also a group hostility. This imposed the need for The variety of bones leads to a taxo- progressive process. protective enclosures of settlements, thus nomic and anatomic analysis. This pro­ Towards the end of this stage appear labor requirement and even greater site vides information on what animals were ceremonial funerals of the Adena people, permanency (e.g., Fort Ancient, Morgan hunted or trapped, and what proceedings blending eventually in time with 1970). were taking place between the kill site Hopewellian activities of elaborate burial The changes evolved over a span of and the settlement. Examination of parts mounds with rich furnishings (Silverberg time. By around AD 1000 major trends of the skeleton may reveal cut marks 1986). This lasted from 200 BC to AD 400 became almost definite throughout the resulting from the removal of soft tissue. and beyond, according to the subregion. Northeast, particularly western New York. From this we may derive some informa­ The Adena and Hopewell cultures are One would be the appearance of sites of tion about modes of carcass processing known essentially by their burial prac­ cultivators depending on corn, beans, and the difficulties that this presented, as tices. Mounds, as cultural exponents, cucurbits, and some wild plants like it is indicated further. were attended to only at funerals, mostly Chenopodium, Amarantus, Iva, Helianthus, Finally comes the modification of of prominent members of their groups Polygonum, Sambucus, etc. (Ford 1979). bones. Fragments do not happen by acci­ (Webb and Snow 1981; Brose and Greber The cultivators could supplement their dent. Careful scrutiny reveals patterns. 1979). Settlements and related modes of needs with acorns, beech and other nuts, First, bones were at least partly cleaned subsistence were scattered in ecological small game trapping, fishing, bird of the soft tissue. Second, they were surroundings. We know relatively little catching and occasional hunting. Typical opened for marrow removal. Third, they about these populations and their adapta­ sites of this type may be Eaton, West were cooked for grease and gel or col­ tions. Probably they lived in small bands, Seneca, Henry Long on Grand Island, lagen extraction. Fourth, they were occasionally forming sort of macrobands, Green Lake and Smokes Creek in crushed either in primary processing, or and were most likely semi-mobile season­ Orchard Park, all in western New York after initial cooking. The small fragments ally. Hunting, fishing, nut collection and (Gramly 1996). resulting from crushing could offer addi­ seed gathering were determining their The other trend, and corresponding tional gel (Vehik 1977). selection of sites, with most likely sea­ sites, would be that of predominance and Examination of large fragments leads to sonal annual circularity (Fowler 1971). dependence on hunting. Such sites are two fundamental operations which are This also suggests that the degree of characterized by large middens with sub­ confirmable by experimentation. They are mobility depended on sub-regional stantial animal bone accumulation, with cracking and splitting. Cracking results opportunities, thus no simple major some nut shells suggesting seasonal from hitting the bone with an object regional pattern should be expected gathering, some fish bone, small animals, harder than bone. This may be done with (Aschetal 1979). probably acquired by trapping, and occa­ bone held in hand by one epiphysis (Bin­ ford 1981), or by supporting bone on an Interpretations oscillate from perma­ sional roasted com. A limited horticultural anvil. Choice of anvil, position of bone nency, suggested by ceramics and culti­ activity around long houses was very and point of striking may produce dif­ vation, to seasonal shifting according to likely practiced by women (Caldwell ferent effects. Characteristic, however, food concentrations (Johnson 1979). 1971). Typical sites in western New York are the elongated fragments or splinters, There is also the question whether some would be Newton-Hopper, Goodyear, and (fig. 1). plants were simply gathered seasonally, Simmons, considered in this report. or actually cultivated. The most likely sce­ The two trends were the consequence Splitting is effected by indirect

36 impacting. A wedge-like object is applied standing the behavior of people in this Brose, D.S. and N. Greber to the bone placed on a support. The type of settlement. Their ways of extrac­ 1979 Hopewell Archeology. Kent University wedge is hit with a hammer, most likely a tion of every aspect of nutrition are of Press, Kent, OH. piece of wood. The effect is a negative special significance. bevel at the point of application of the We may conclude that the sites with a Caldwell, J.R. 1971 Eastern North America. In Prehistoric wedge, easily detectable on large frag­ large concentration of animal bones, such ments (Bieniulis 1998) (fig. 2). Agriculture. Struever, S., ed. Natural as the one examined here, represent set­ History Press, Garden City, NY Crushing is an operation of hitting the tlements in favorable ecological surround­ bone, supported on a hard anvil, also with ings. Effective exploitation of such Ford, R. I. a hammer. The result is a variety of small surroundings suggests a special cultural 1974 Gathering and Gardening: Trends and fragments, some with the scars of impact. trend. In particular, cooking of purposely Consequences of Hopewell Subsis­ Cooking is detectable by the conditions fragmented bones ensured the utmost in tence Strategies. In Hopewell Arche­ of the bone. It removes from it the organic nutrition extraction. ology; Brose D. S. & N. Greber. Kent components. The remaining structure This may justify large, settled popula­ University Press, Kent, OH contains essentially calcium and other tions of hunters. Blending efficient Fowler, M.L. mineral elements which are resistant to hunting with advanced processing gives 1971 Agriculture and Village Settlement in weathering, unless exposed to acidic us a picture of group activities other than North American East. In Prehistoric solutions in the soil (fig. 3). accepted as standard division into mobile Agriculture. Struevers, S., ed. Natural There are also bones fragmented and hunters and settled cultivators. With History Press, Garden City, NY carrying dark, shaded colorations. Those advanced processing in the settlement, must have been exposed to heat near a the entire quarry, even after primary quar­ Gramly, R.M. fireplace, but not to fire itself. They sug­ tering at the kill site, was hauled to the 1996 Two Early Historic Iroquoian Sites in gest heating of bones stored during habitation place. Western New York. Persimmon Press, Buffalo, NY winter for later consumption, and Thus, finding in excavations every part processed by cracking or splitting (fig. 4). of the quarry's osteology, with patterned Granger, J.E. Bones found in excavations were sub­ modifications and the presence of suit­ 1978 Meadowood Phase Settlement Pattern jected to actions described above. In able cooking vessels, forms a picture of a in the Niagara Frontier Region of most cases parts surrounding the joint, cultural system, in this case in the Late Western New York State. Anthropolog­ such as distal humerus, proximal radio- Woodland period of the Northeast. How­ ical Papers, Museum of Anthropology, ulna, distal radius, proximal metacarpus, ever, it may be tested in other cultural Univ. of Michigan 65, Ann Arbor distal femur, proximal tibia, distal tibia areas or other periods. and proximal metatarsus were left in The case presented here points to the Johnson, A.E. somewhat intact condition. They show, Kansas City Hopewell. In Hopewell significance of bone taphonomy in the Archeology; Brose D.S. & N. Greber. however, intensive biting and gnawing by interpretation of the site and related activ­ Kent University Press carnivores. Experimentations in carcass ities. Other studies could follow, thus processing with lithic tools indicate that there may be a confirmation or modifica­ Morgan, R.G. bones were very difficult to separate at tion of the stand taken here (Bieniulis, 1970 Fort Ancient. The Ohio Historical the joints as the ligaments and tendons 1995). Further study will present a re- Society, Columbus, OH cannot be easily cut across. evaluation of the site population, and its Fragmentations, found in excavations, duration, on the basis of the nutritional Ritchie, W.A. indicate that bones were cracked at both aspect of hunting and intensive pro­ 1980 The Archeology of New York State. sides of the joint and then cooked. This cessing, as demonstrated here. Harbor Hill Books, Harrison, NY would soften the ligaments, but not sepa­ Silverberg, R. rate them from the bones. Joints were 1986 The Mound Builders. Ohio University then disposed of in the midden, where Press, Athens, OH; London. they would attract carnivores which References would bite around the epiphyses, Vehik, S. Asch, D.L. et al removing the remaining tissue, eventually 1977 Bone Fragments and Bone Grease 1979 Woodland Subsistence and Settlement Manufacturing A Review of Their separating jointed bone sections and in West Central Illinois. In Hopewell Archeological Use and Potential. In the leaving characteristic bite traces (fig. 5, 6). Archeology; Brose D. S. and N. Greber. Plains Anthropologist vol. 22 # 77. If further extraction of gel was intended, Kent University Press, Kent, OH then joints, after primary cooking, were Lincoln, Nebraska Bieniulis, Z.A. crushed and cooked again to be finally dis­ Webb, W.S. and C.E. Snow 1995 Taxonomy vs Taphonomy in Primary posed of in the form of small fragments. The Adena People. University of Ten­ Analysis of Zooarcheological Material. Every step, presented here, is testable. It nessee Press, Knoxville, Tennessee is found in numerous cases of fragmented Ohio Archeologist 45 (2) 30-33 bones. It was also, which may be easily 1998 Indirect Impacting as Agent of Long White, M.E. Bone Modification. In Press. repeated, tested experimentally (fig. 7). Iroquois Culture History in the Niagara Frontier Area of New York State. The reconstruction of the sequence of Binford, L.R. events, and consequent fragmentation The University of Michigan Press, 1981 Bones, Ancient Men, and Modern Ann Arbor forms, becomes a tool leading to under­ Myths. Academic Press, New York

37 Figure 1 (Bieniulis) Cracking of bone; typical splinters. Figure 2 (Bieniulis) Splitting; bevels at indirect impact points.

M Figure 3 (Bieniulis) Smooth cooked bones (at right), and weathered bones (at left). Speci­ mens from the same excavation.

•4 Figure 4 (Bieniulis) Heated bones (at left) compared to bones exposed to fire (at right).

38 M Figure 5 (Bieniulis) Examples of distal humerus and proximal radio-ulna cracked near joint.

•^ Figure 6 (Bieniulis) Examples of distal femur and proximal tibia cracked near joint. Visible intensive bites by carnivores.

•^Figure 7 (Bieniulis) Experimental cracking of femur (bottom) compared to sample from excavation (top).

39 ARROWHEADS - SOMETIMES by Scott Haskins Columbus, OH

Collecting "arrowheads" usually indi­ idea of land ownership, justice, and reli­ Wars. News of hostile activity and antici­ cates an interest in an array of prehistoric gion were baffling, but the practicality of pated movement could be quickly relayed American Indian artifacts. "Arrowhead" is commercial dyes and paints, glass, iron to soldiers and settlers far and wide. a convenient misnomer for hobbyists. and steel could be demonstrated and Cursed though the telegraph lines may Much of the flint and chert "points" found measured quickly by every individual. have been the insulators on the poles glis­ in a field or bought and traded at shows Hunters and warriors found new ways to tening in the sun did not go unnoticed by around the country were likely used as tip traditional weapons, and liked them. the warriors. Chipped glass from these knives, scrapers, abraders, awls, or tips A favorite "raw" material for use in fash­ items became serviceable arrowheads for lances. Many people are surprised to ioning points for arrows was the dis­ many times over. Glass points are indeed learn of the proliferation of such items carded iron bands that bound wooden some of the most finely done of all. throughout the "Tame East" as opposed barrels. "Barrel hoop iron" was an ideal Obsidian, also called Volcanic Glass by to the "Wild West". The explanation is width and thickness; a blade could be some, was always available in area of the that most of the hand worked flint and made proportionate to the shaft of the Southwest and around the Rockies. It has stone that turns up in the proverbial corn­ arrow, and the stem or base was not too been recognized even today as capable of field is very, very old. The makers pre­ thick to be held firmly between the split yielding a stunningly keen edge. Glass- dated the historic tribes of book and wood. It clearly would take more than a chipping Indians may have had prior prac­ movie by hundreds of years, more often deer antler tine to cut and shape the iron tice working with Obsidian. by thousands. A random find by an ordi­ bands. The problem was solved either by Simple nails have been used to tip nary citizen could have been chipped out employing other manufactured tools arrows. The common square nail of the from a parent core of flint when the obtained from the whites, or by "out­ 19th century would fit into a slender shaft blocks for the Egyptian pyramids were sourcing" to willing and accessible black­ quite pretty well. Sharpened bone was being quarried. The bow - and arrow - is smiths. I've had a number of barrel-hoop also made into arrow and spear points. believed to be a relatively recent idea in points in my collection over the years, The farther one looks to the north and North America. Smallish stone points, and also have a larger, heavier piece that west the greater the frequency of Walrus often triangular are still being found. The seems to have been made from a file. ivory being shaped and sharpened. shafts to which they were affixed, being Some iron arrowheads / spearheads have A fair number of authentic 19th century of organic material, have long since been a slight bevel to one or both edges. The arrows survive in museums and private reclaimed by bacteria and acidic soil. stems of the iron points I've personally collections, often right down to the original examined indicate they were not mass The arrow was well established as a split feathers. The only material I have ever produced - no two are exactly alike. They hunting tool and a personal weapon seen used to tie point to shaft is sinew, may be notched, one, two or three times, among the historic contact-period tribes stripped to a diameter little greater than a at various angles and patterns. Notches of North America. Bows were certainly in human hair. A good source of photos of are not symmetrical, indicating the "cali­ use before white traders began to offer arrows (and bows) from all around the brated eyeball" method at work. There is muskets and early rifles to the natives. country is INDIAN AND ESKIMO ARTI­ ample record of European made axes and There is evidence of the use of flint, chert, FACTS OF NORTH AMERICA. It is only knives being traded to the Native Ameri­ obsidian, etc. by the post-Columbus, available in hardback but has been in cans, but I see little mention - and less post-Conquistador Indians on their remaindered shops and second hand physical evidence - of the smaller arrow­ arrows and lances. A widespread charac­ stores for years. The text is less than heads being offered. teristic of the American Indian, however, exhaustive but there are good, sharp is a basic pragmatism toward European The telegraph was an important weapon images of a vast array of personal use manufactured goods. The white men's in the white arsenal during the late Indian American Indian tools, weapons and toys.

40 ANNUAL CONVERSE AWARD PRESENTED TO DR. DAVID STOTHERS

At the annual meeting of the Archaeological Society of Ohio held in Columbus on May 17th, Dr. David Stothers of the University of Toledo was named as the recipient of the Annual Robert N. Con­ verse Award for contributions to Ohio archaeology. Although the award is usually given to non-profes­ sional archaeologists, it was felt that in recognition of his work with amateurs, avocationalists and collec­ tors, Dr. Stothers richly deserves the honor. Dr. Stothers has organized numerous archaeolog­ ical projects in the Toledo area and has involved many amateurs in his work. He has published numerous reports in The Ohio Archaeologist and his research has done much to clarify the prehistory of northern Ohio. His efforts exemplify the accomplish­ ments which can be achieved when professionals and non-professionals work together. The award is accompanied by a plaque and $100.

Robert N. Converse presenting the Annual Converse Award to Dr. David Stothers.

Dr. David Stothers of the University of Toledo in his laboratory. On his right are avocationalists Doug Roose and Larry Imber.

41 BOOK REVIEW Hidden Cities: The Discovery and Loss of Ancient North American Civilization by Roger G. Kennedy, The Free Press, a division of MacMillan, Inc.

Reviewed by James A. Marshall, whose Mr. Kennedy discusses at length the As to the Great Hopewell Road, they approach since 1965 has been to marshal interest and knowledge of George Wash­ represent it as an extension of known par­ the facts of prehistoric constructions by ington and Thomas Jefferson in these allel straight walls southwest from Newark systematically surveying and mapping works and on page 61, he speaks of earthworks all the way to Chillicothe. The more than 225 sites in eastern North Richard Jonathan Shipp, a Kentuckian air photos taken in the 1930's from the America. He has published five articles in landowner in the 1780's. I could have told Smithsonian Anthropological Archives that Ohio Archaeologist and has delivered him of the present day landowner I bought in the 1960's, 1970's, and early many papers at Midwest Archaeological descendant of the same last name, who 1980's, clearly show these parallel walls to Conferences. He has no theories about several years ago informed me that he a point about 3.5 miles southwest of the these works and is committed to had a second cousin named Harry Shippe Newark Octagon. Beyond that point for advancing no theories in order to keep his Truman and that not even Margaret can many miles, the photos in this same series work free from bias of theory. spell the name right! do show a number of previously unknown- Let nothing said herein distract from my Hidden on page 55 is an hypothesis of to-me earthworks along the general route estimation that there is greatness in this Mr. Kennedy and Dr. Bradley Lepper. As I but do not show an extension of these par­ book. Some of it is well hidden. The dust understand it, starting from the Citadel allel walls. jacket quotes, "The world of the first and Old Fort geometrical earthworks and I plotted these parallel walls on the Americans was richer, greater, more won­ parallel walls near Portsmouth, Ohio and Newark and Heath municipal aeropho- drous by far than most of us have ever moving north along the Scioto River togrammetric maps which are based on imagined or than most histories have ever through Graded Way and other works the Ohio State Grid Coordinate system even implied "I welcome Mr. near Piketon, possibly visiting Frankfort, south zone. These walls I found were not Kennedy's interest in the prehistoric con­ Dunlaps, Cedar Bank, Mound City, exactly straight. I extended the two long structions, the first reason being that my Hopeton, Clarks, then a 61 mile Great straight sections using the grid system self-appointed task has been a very long Hopewell Road from what is now Chilli­ coordinates all the way to Chillicothe. This and lonely one. cothe to the works at Newark - all these is a very precise method. If there were Mr. Kennedy wrote to me in December works are seen together as a religious pil­ parallel walls constructed on these lines 1993 and I wanted very much for him to grimage and processional route some­ or even the general area of those lines, come to my house to look at the earthwork thing like the Stations of the Cross in they remain very faint on these air photos. surveyed maps, air photos, survey notes, Christian practice, but with each station One of the two long straight sections and all, but we never did get together. If one or a few miles from the other. Cere­ points exactly to the top of Sugarloaf and we had, he would have had far fewer monies or religious practices are believed the other to the top of Bald Hill a few errors of fact, including dimensional errors, to have taken place at each station. This miles northeast of Chillicothe and about 2 in his book. He would also have avoided is a magnificent synthesis of the facts of miles east of the hospital. Prolonging the paying so much attention to a few per­ these works and I wish that the author Sugarloaf line a few miles farther, it fits sons, each of whom considers himself had greatly elaborated on it. Confirming very closely the Marietta Road for about 3 knowledgeable about one or at most two their theory are many of my findings of miles. This road was recorded as an of these prehistoric constructions, and has fact indicating that these works were Indian trail by Squier and Davis in 1847. If a pet theory considered to be worth the planned, located in the Ohio country, these same straight lines are extended to world's attention. These few persons seem designed on a sand table or ancient the northeast at Newark, they meet the to have not yet learned that theories are counterpart of a drafting board, then laid highest elevations in Horns Hill Park. I useful only as to the number of facts on out on the ground by prehistoric persons think these facts indicate a prehistoric which such are based - which in their who knew the specific geometry of the surveyed line from Newark to Chillicothe cases is very few or no facts at all. One of other works. To say it differently, these possibly using fires on these hills as these persons provided Mr. Kennedy with works' geometry indicate that all of them backsights and foresights. a diagram the title of which is Comparison together are one, well understood, well- There are some great ideas in this of sizes of Ohio Sites. Eighteen sites are thought-through chapter in Native Amer­ book, and I will build on them in future indicated and the dimensions and shapes ican geometry. To say it again, all these articles in Ohio Archaeologist. I recom­ shown are wildly in error. named works were contemporary. mend this book highly.

42 NOTICE . . .

Beginning with the November, 1998 meeting a small table charge will be made to dealers, because of increased costs in the meeting room and other expenses. No charge will be made for display only tables.

AMERICAN INDIAN BURIAL BILL (H.B. 429) by David W. Kuhn Attorney at Law 2103 Grandview Avenue Portsmouth, OH 45662

The American Indian Burial Bill (H.B. defines the crime of desecration. As now purpose of the proposed legislation can 429) was introduced in the Ohio House of constituted, the statue provides, inter alia, be accomplished without using the words Representatives during the 1997-1998 that "no person....shall purposely deface, "burial objects". That is, "cemetery" can Regular Session of the 122nd General damage or otherwise physically mis­ be simply defined to mean "any place of Assembly by Representatives Ogg, treat....any....Indian mound or earthwork, burial containing human remains". This Jacobson, Jones, Lewis, Miller, Van thing, or site of great historical or archae­ would encompass all cultures and races Vyven, Garcia, Prentiss, Opfer, Sykes, ological interest." H.B. 429 seeks to add of mankind, whether prehistoric or his­ Logan, Hartley, Tavares, Britton, Boyd, the word "cemetery" after the word toric. Pringle, Lucas, Ford, Roman, Jolivette "earthwork", and defines "cemetery" the The continued use of the phrase "without and Sulzer. The Ohio House passed the same as described above. A violation of privilege to do so" in the vandalism statute, bill, and as of this writing, it is in the that provision of the statute is a second makes it inapplicable to property owners or Senate Judiciary Committee, which is degree misdemeanor. to persons acting with the property owners chaired by State Senator Louis W. The crimes of vandalism and of dese­ permission. Thus, as always, it is impera­ Blessing, whose address is "Senate cration are acts which provoke public tive that field collecting artifacts (surface Building, State House, Columbus, OH outrage, and the punishment for viola­ hunting or by excavation) be with the prop­ 43215". Other members of the State tions depends upon the amount of phys­ erty owner's permission. Any, other activity Judiciary Committee are Robert R. Cupp, ical harm done. H.B. 429 broadens the could constitute the crime of vandalism, Janet C. Howard, Bruce E. Johnson, scope of these crimes to include all burial not to mention trespassing. Robert E. Latta, W. Scott Oelslager, Jef­ sites which "contain American Indian With respect to the desecration statute, frey D. Johnson, Leigh E. Herington, burial objects placed with or containing it currently prohibits damaging or mis­ Anthony Latell and Michael C. Shoe­ American Indian human remains." treating any Indian mound or earthwork. maker. Clearly, this phase can be interpreted in The proposed legislation would also pro­ The bill is to amend Sections 2909.05 different ways. Even the words them­ hibit damaging or mistreating any "ceme­ and 2927.11 of the Ohio Revised Code, to selves can be subject to various interpre­ tery" as that term is defined in the statute. include in the definition of the term tations. For example, what are "burial Would this apply to a farmer who know­ "cemetery", certain American Indian objects"? Anyone who has any knowl­ ingly and purposely plows through a burial sites. Section 2909.05 is the edge of what kinds of objects have been burial site? There are several places in statute which defines the crime of van­ associated with American Indian burials Ohio where this occurs annually. One dalism, a fifth degree felony, that is pun­ knows that just about any type of artifact such site is the Schisler Village Site, a Ft. ishable by a fine of up to $2,500.00 in is apt to have been placed with a burial. Ancient Culture site situated on land addition to other penalties. The statute, Furthermore, the proposed legislation which is owned by the State of Ohio. Will as now constituted, provides, inter alia, contains no standard to determine the the State employee, or its tenant, be that "no person...shall knowingly cause meaning of the words "placed with". committing the crime of desecration each serious physical harm to...any place of Does the proposed legislation apply time the Schisler Village Site is plowed? burial". H.B. 429 seeks to replace the only to those "burial objects" actually If you feel like commenting on this pro­ words "place of burial" with the word placed with American Indian human posed legislation, you may write to the "cemetery", and it further defines "ceme­ remains, or does it also include "burial Senate Judiciary Committee. tery" as "any place of burial and includes objects" which could be placed with burial sites that contain American Indian American Indian human remains? The EDITOR'S NOTE: burial objects placed with or containing proposed statutory definition of "ceme­ If any of your state representatives are American Indian human remains." The tery" fails to answer this question. Fur­ listed as sponsors of this bill, write or call existing statute also defines "serious ther, is it the "burial objects" which must them and tell them to kill it. It is an anti- physical harm" as "physical harm to prop­ contain American Indian human remains, archaeology bill in the guise of cemetery erty that results in loss to the value of the or is it the "burial sites" that the legislation protection. The bill it amends has been in property of $500.00 or more." would require contain American Indian effect, and has served efficiently, for over Section 2927.11 is the statute which human remains? It is submitted that the a century.

BACK COVER A unique trophy axe of banded slate. It is six inches long and was found near West Liberty, Ohio.

43 OBJECT OF THE SOCIETY The Archaeological Society of Ohio is organized to discover and conserve archaeological sites and material within the State of Ohio, to seek and promote a better understanding among students and collectors of archaeological material, professional and non-professional, including individuals, museums, and institutions of learning, and to disseminate knowledge on the subject of archaeology. Membership in the society shall be open to any person of good character interested in archaeology or the collecting of American Indian artifacts, upon acceptance of written application and payment of dues.