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Pravila Lui Vasile Lupu EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLIC!! POPULARE ROMiNE www.dacoromanica.ro CETEMoticascaISE IMPTUnd www.dacoromanica.ro Coperta de Mircea Cristescu www.dacoromanica.ro ADUNAREA IZVOARELOR VECHIULUI DREPT ROMTNES C VI WM RhelliffilSCd li IRETEIliil EDITIE CRITICA EDITURA ACADEMIEI REPUBLICII POPULARE ROMINE www.dacoromanica.ro Editia a fost Intocmitg de COLECTIVUL PENTRU VECHIUL DREPT ROMINESC AL ACADEMIEI R.P.R. condus de 1 ACADEMICIAN ANDREI RADULESCUI si format din ALEXANDRU COSTIN, VASILE GRECU, VINTILA. GAFTOESCU, CONSTAN TIN TEGANEANU, GHEORGHE VLADESCU-RÀCOASA, ANIBAL TEODORESCU, GHEORGHE CRONT, RADU DIMIU, OVID SACHELARIE, GHEORGHE NICOLAIASA La o parte din lucräri au participat ANICUTA POPESCU si MIRCEA M. SADOVEANU www.dacoromanica.ro INTR ODUCERE Situatia economici,Economia Moldoveidin prima jumä'tatea secolului socialtil politieli a Moldovei m primaal XVII-lea incepe sa aibä' un caracter agrar din ce In ce jumitate a secoluluimai accentuat. Domeniile boierilor§iale manä'stirilor al XVII-lea crescuserä prin acapararea unor noi pä'minturi ale Ora- nilor liberi 1). Boierimea moldoveanä' nu mai era o boierime militará §i de aceea Ii cduta veniturile indeosebi pe calea extinderiii exploatärii moOilor, urmä'- rind prin actiunile ei politice sä'-si consolideze pozitia de clasä stäpinitoare. Deoarece mo§iile constituiau principala mirsà de venituri pentru feudali, ace§tia incepurà sä' le exploateze nu numai pentru a obtine cantitatea de produse necesare gospodä'riei lor, ci §i pentru piatä', fenomen caracteristic de altfel multor tàri europene 2). Din cauza monopolului turcesc, in Moldova nu s-a putut Ina dezvolta In mod liber exploatarea agricolä. In vederea pro- ductiei de cereale pentru piata mondialà. Documentele din prima jum'ätate a secolului al XVII-lea aratä' cá boierii mänästirile au urm'ärit sporirea veniturilor lor din mo§ii prin cre§terea productiei agricole, intensificind exploatarea täranilor dependenti. Continuind sä deposedeze pe tärani de päminturile lor, boieriii mä'nästirile au avut nevoie §i de bratele de muncrt ale täranilor, inclt interzicerea stramutä'rii täranilor apä'ru ca o necesitate pentru stäpfnitorii feudali. Legarea Váranilor de gliei sanctionarea fugii lor au avut loe tocmai In aceastä' perioadä 3). Vezi, de ex. Documente privind Letona Rominiei, A, XVII, vol. III, nr. 30. Pentru domeniile hiserice§ti, vezi ibid., nr. 73. In privinta latifundiilor ce se constituiesc, vezi ibid., vol. IV, nr. 261, 276, 296, 335. K. Marx, Forme premergatoare productiei capitaliste, Bile., E.S.P.L.P., 1956, p.31 53; F. Engels, Dec(zderea feudalismului f i ridicarea burgheziei, Buc., Ed. P.C.R., 1945, p. 7. Vezi In acest sens F'. P. Panaitescu, Dreptul de striimutare al Iciranilor in ¡ante nomine (pina la mijlocul secolului al X V II-leaf , in Studii gi materiale de istorie medie, vol. I, Buc., 1956, p. 111-117. www.dacoromanica.ro 6 CARTE- ROMINEASa DE INV.A.TXTURX Masurile represive luate impotriva täranilor de eáltre statul feudal dove- desc ch. rezistenta §i protestul acestora deveniserä un fenomen general. Wäs- coalele täräne§ti s-au intensificat la sfir§itul secolului al XVI-leai inceputul secolului al XVII-lea. In tratatul incheiat la 1.595 intre Stefan Ravan Sigismund Bathory se prevede cu privire la Moldova pedeapsa Cu moartea pentru cei care « ar näväli Cu forta in casele §i curtile boierilor » §i. se stabile§te ca täranii « care s-ar adäposti intr-ascuns pe mo§ii strdine, sä fie adu§i inapoi » 1). Pedepsirea täranilor fugiti §i readucerea lor pe mo§ie formeazAobiectul multor porunci domne§ti inainte de Vasile Lupu 2). Termenele pentru urmä- rirea täranilor fugiti au variat de la un an pinä la §apte ani 3). Din seria actelor interne referitoare la readucerea täranilor pe mqie, amintim in deosebi a§ezämintul lui Miron Barnovschi din 16/26 ianuarie 1628 din care se vede cá este vorba de o mäsurà cu caracter general 4). Vasile Lupu a dat el insu§i citeva porunci pentru interzicerea fugii täranilor. Pravila din 1646 n-a fädut decit sà consacre §i ea printr-o dispozitie generalà interzicerea dreptului de strämutare a täranilor dependenti. Dezvoltarea fortelor de productie a determinat §i o remarcabilä' dezvol- tare a me§te§ugurilor. La ora§e me§te§ugurile din prima jumätate a secolului al XVII-lea se caracterizeazá prin desfä§urarea muncii in ateliere, unde se confectionau obiectei pentru piatà, oglindind progresul realizat in specia- lizarea muncii. ProducAtorii de mgrfuri erau in acela§i timp §i negustorii propriilor lor produse, dar apärurà.' §i negustorii propriu-zi§i, ca intermediani intre produatoriiconsumatori 4). Me§te§ugurile s-au dezvoltat §i pe domeniile feudale in cadrul economiei inchise, dar unii boieri §i. unele mänästiri aveaui in ora§e ateliere me§te§u- gäre§tii instalatii industriale pentru sporirea veniturilor lor. Achizitionind prävälii §i case in ora§e, feudalii urmäreau sä desfacä pe acestà cale produsele domeniilor lor 4). In acela§i timp, pentru a scäpa de situatia lor servilà, multi me§te§ugari säte§ti se stabileau in ora§e, devenind astfel oameni liberi. Organizindu-se la inceput In asociatii numite fràtii, me§te§ugarii s-au constituit, pe la mijlocul secolului al XVII-lea, in bresle cu statute proprii 7). Textul tratatului In colectia Hurmuzaki, Documente, vol. III, partea I, Buc., 1880, p. 479. Cf. Doc. priv. ist. Rom., A, XVII, vol. III, nr. 68, 116, 120, 159. Vezi P. P. Panaitescu, op. cit., p. 111-117. a) B. P. Hasdeu, Arhiva istoricd, vol. I, p. 175-176. Vezi St. Olteanu, Mestesugurile din Moldova in secolul al XVII-Iea, In Saida Fi materiale de istorie medie, vol. III, Buc., 1959, p. 190-196. Ibidem, p. 196-197. Doc, priv. ist. Rom., A, XVII, vol. II, nr. 452; ibid., vol. III, nr. 301.. www.dacoromanica.ro INTRODUCERE 7 Aceasta organizare profesionalà a fost sprijinita de domnie, care urm'area sa se consolidezei pe aceasta cale, opunind marii boierimi noile forte sociale ce sustineau monarhia 1).*i din acest punct de vedere al sprijinirii me0e§u- gurilor de care domnie, aparitia pravilei din 1646 a fost determinatg de con- ditiile istorice concrete ale Moldovei. Comertul intern a cunoscut progrese importante datoria dezvoltdrii me§te§ugurilor, dar comertul exterior, avind ca obiect mai Cu seama grinele vitele, era acaparat in mare masurd de negustoriii amätarii turci §i greci 2). Ca i me§te§ugarii, negustorii alcatuiau o categorie sociala de bazà in ora§ele moldovene, dupà cum dovedesc inse§i denumirile de atunci ale ulitelor ora- sene§ti. Documentele atesta' diferentieri de avere in rindurile negustorilor me§te§ugarilor. Aceste elemente or'ä§ene§ti au contribuit §i la dezvoltarea culturii §i la izbinda limbii romine in administratie, in literatura' §i in biserica. Aparitia «Gärtii romine§ti de invataturd » din 1646, ca legiuire tipärita in limba romink a fost determinata. §i de aceste noi forte sociale. Ora§ele moldovene au cunoscut In aceasta perioadä framintari sociale proprii. Me§tepgarii inegustorii moldoveni luptau impotriva asupririi fiscale, impotriva stApinitorilor feudali, impotriva grecilori turcilor 3). Mi§- carile sociale au capätat astfel un caracter complex, razvratirea sociará imple- tindu-se cu manifestarile indreptate impotriva elementelor sträine. Framin- -Wile interne s-au mai complicat §.1 cu contradictiile dintre mica boierime gi marea boierime §i mai ales cu ràzvratirile Impotriva domnilor 4). In prima jumätate a secolului al XVII-lea, dominatia otomana' asupra Moldovei s-a agravat in primul rind prin majorarea haraciului. De la 30-32 000 de talen i suma cerut4 Moldovei la inceputul secolului al XVII-lea hara- ciul s-a ridicat la 70-75 000 de talen i in timpul domniei lui Vasile Lupu 5). Aceasta dublare a tributului a fost insotia §i de alte impuneri grele, intre care cele mai apasatoare au fost contributiile cerute de turci pentru nevoile campaniilor lor. Dom,inatia otomana s-a agravati din cauza politicii de aservire pe care a practicat-o clasa conducatoare, care se impacase cu aceasta dominatie, deoarece Ii permitea sa inà populatia sub cele mai strivitoare sarcini econo- mice. Rapacitatea otomanä s-a manifestat in chip deosebit prin practica maziliriii inlocuirii domnilor. Pentru a stoarce sume eft mai marii cit mai F. Engels, Deaderea feudalismului f i ridicarea burgheziei, Buc., Ed. P.C.R., 1945, p. 6 8. Vezi N. Iorga, Istoria comerplui rominesc, vol. I,Buc., 1925, p. 259 §i urm. Vezi Doc. priv. ist. Rom., A, XVII, vol. III, nr. 159, 162. Cf. Gh. Cront, Dreptul bizantin in idrile romine. .Pravila Moidovei din 1646, In Studii», an. XI (1958), nr. 5, p. 50. 6) Vezi M. Berza, Haraciul Moldovei qi rilrii Romine,sti in sec. XV XIX, In Studii f i materiale de istorie medie, vol. II, Buc., Ed. Academiei R.P.R., 1957, p. 17-29. www.dacoromanica.ro 8 CARTE ROMINEA SCX DE INVXTXTURX des din vinzarea tronului, turcii 1ncurajau intrigile grupurilor boiere§ti inte- resate sa aducA In scaunul tärii pe partizanii lor. In scurta perioada de 34 ani ce precede donania lui Vasile Lupu, s-au perindat pe tronul Moldovei 14 domni ; In ace§ti ani (1600-1634) istoria inregistreaza de fapt 18 domnii, deoarece 4 dintre coi 14 domni au ocupat tronul de cite douä ori, la diferite intervale 1). Avind o duratä de 1-9 ani, exceptional de lunga In raport cu domniile precedente, domnia lui Vasile Lupu (1634-1653) a reprezentat prin Insu§i acest fapt o perioada de consolidare a autoritatai monarhice, care a fäcut cu putintä Intocmirea §i tipärirea cuprinzätoarei legiuiri ce s-a numit o Cartea romineasca de invataturà » din 1646. Intofmirea Vfirtii De0 contactul cu viata bizantinä, pe de o parte, §i prezenta rommesti de invii- fatua grecilor care vin In Tara Romineasca 0 Moldova In numär tot mai mare, pe de alta parte, facuserä sa circule la noi unele lucräri juridice avind la baza vechea legislatae romano-bizantinä, cu toate acestea obiceiul pämintului continua s'a reglementeze raporturile juridice dintre oameni cu aceea0 putere ca 53i In trecut.
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