Prostor 22 [2014] 2 [48]

PROSTOR 22 [2014] 2 [48]

ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING

SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 174-187 Darko Kahle Multi-story Attached Houses Višekatne ugraðene kuæe u Zagrebu OF ARCHITECTURE in Zagreb between 1850 and 1927 izmeðu 1850. i 1927. ISSN 1330-0652 Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak CODEN PORREV UDC 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” UDK 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” UDK | UDC 71/72 22 [2014] 2 [48] 159-368 7-12 [2014] A

Fig. 1. a) Bronze model of the Lower Town area, displayed at the corner of Bakaèeva and Cesarèeva St, in the vicinity of Ban Josip Jelaèiæ Sq, Zagreb; b) Attached buildings of Lower Town area built from 1848 to 1918 Sl. 1. a) Bronèani model Donjega grada postavljen na uglu Bakaèeve i Cesarèeve ulice, u blizini Trga bana Josipa Jelaèiæa, Zagreb; b) Ugraðene zgrade na podruèju Donjega grada izgraðene u razdoblju izmeðu 1848. i 1918. Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 175

Darko Kahle

Office of the Licensed Architect Darko Kahle, PhD Ured ovlaštenog arhitekta dr.sc. Darko Kahle HR - 10000 Zagreb, Jurjevska 18 HR - 10000 Zagreb, Jurjevska 18 [email protected] [email protected]

Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak UDC 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” UDK 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.04. - History and Theory of Architecture 2.01.04. - Povijest i teorija arhitekture and Preservation of the Built Heritage i zaštita graditeljskog naslijeða Article Received / Accepted: 5. 3. 2014. / 8. 12. 2014. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 5. 3. 2014. / 8. 12. 2014.

Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb between 1850 and 1927 Višekatne ugraðene kuæe u Zagrebu izmeðu 1850. i 1927.

attached apartment house ugraðena najamna kuæa attached tenement house ugraðena najamna kasarna Austria-Hungary Austro-Ugarska Jews Židovi Zagreb (Agram) Zagreb (Agram) 1848-1927 1848.-1927.

Three-and-more story attached houses in Zagreb emerged sequentially after Dvokatne i višekatne ugraðene kuæe pojavile su se u Zagrebu odmah nakon the unification of Gradec and Kaptol in 1850, according to the first modern ujedinjenja Kaptola i Gradeca 1850. godine, prema novomu Graðevinskom Building code after its enforcement in 1857 and according to the new Building redu nakon njegova stupanja na snagu 1857. godine, odnosno prema planu renewal and improvement plan of 1888 after the devastating earthquake in obnove starih i gradnje novih zgrada iz 1888. poslije razornog potresa 1880. 1880. From 1892 to the beginning of the First World War a few new types of godine. Izmeðu 1892. i poèetka Prvoga svjetskog rata nekoliko je novih tipova attached houses finally shaped the Lower Town, an area of rectangular build- ugraðenih kuæa konaèno uoblièilo Donji grad, podruèje pravokutnih graðevnih ing blocks between the railway lines, planned barracks areas and the northern blokova izmeðu željeznièkih pruga, planiranih sklopova kasarni i sjevernih slopes of the city. gradskih obronaka. 176 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

INTRODUCTION1 use today. Consequently, in this article the term attached house will be used for a com- UVOD mon Continental European town house and subsequently for its Zagreb derivative in the second half of 19th century. For consistency reasons the American definition of a story and its way of counting is used hereinafter.

LITERATURE LITERATURA Contemporary nineteenth century literature on the subject started to flourish in profes- sional publications, mostly with articles where particular architects and builders shared their views with other colleagues. In the English speaking world, dictionaries or the- sauruses on the subject were issued and reissued frequently. A prominent one was A Dictionary of Architecture and Building: Bio- graphical, Historical and Descriptive, a three volume set edited by Russell Sturgis.8 Arti- cles on apartment house and tenement house were written by George Hill. Contemporaneous German approach differ- entiated in making more conversant monographs, leveled by proficiency of the intended public. Ludwig Klasen’s so called Grundriss- vorbilder were designated mainly for crafts- V irtually rectangular area of building blocks men (builders, carpenters, masons), with in the center of Zagreb, colloquially known as plain descriptive text approach, provided the Lower Town (Fig. 1), has recently been with plates. Their first volume was Wohn- u. 9 confirmed as a balanced ensemble worth Geschäftshäuser. More elaborated was Al- admiring.2 However, typologies of contained bert Geul’s twofold monograph, Die Anlage buildings remained somewhat obscure, in der Wohngebäude & Die Äussere der Wohn- spite of a few excellent research projects car- gebäude, again with text (in Fraktur) and 10 ried out in this century.3 To span this gap, a plates. Since the author was a professor at 11 research project was undertaken in the City the Technische Hochschule in Munich from Archives in Zagreb, where almost all the legal its founding in 1868, his text incorporated documentation concerning private building academic writings with analytical approach. entrepreneurship has been preserved.

4 1 In memory of Architect Aleksander Laslo (1950-2014). Average Continental European town house 2 I wish to thank the reviewers of this article and other is analogous to the English terraced house5 editorial staff for their meticulous work on the improve- in terms of its position and the relative orien- ment of this article, making it more pleasant for the rea- tation of its circumferential walls. They both der. I also wish to thank Prof. Zlatko Juriæ, PhD, for his continuous encouragements during the long and someti- have a street façade (front), a yard façade, me exhaustive research in the City Archives in Zagreb. and two sides adjacent to the neighboring Special thank goes to Prof. Dragan Damjanoviæ, PhD, for houses. The important difference is the shape supplying me with unique Herman Bolle’s plan of its own apartment house in 6 Žerjaviæeva Street, a valuable asset of the corresponding city block: whereas for future comparisons. Finally, an overwhelming approa- English city blocks are rows of houses closed ch would be unthinkable without generous help of all the with two opposite semidetached members, members of the Archives staff, headed by the Chairman 6 Prof. Darko Rubèiæ. Last but not least, it is my duty to re- their Continental European counterparts have member late Architect Aleksander Laslo, whose pionee- a more rectangular shape, flanked on edges ring role in the research of both the Austro-Hungarian and with corner houses7 having two fronts in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia periods of architectural history crossed streets. Therefore the term terraced of Zagreb, should be inspiring. Blau, Rupnik house cannot be used when referring to a 3 , with contributors, 2007 4 Stübben, 1907: 22 common Continental European town house. 5 Klasen, 1880: 69-70 Instead, the term attached house is appropri- 6 Stübben, 1890: 54-61 ate. It is linguistically coherent with a respec- 7 Stübben, 1923: 30 tive term semidetached house, where for the 8 Sturgis, 1989 third member (a detached house) the syno- 9 Klasen, 1880 nym - a free standing house is in frequent 10 Geul, 1885; Geul, 1893 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 177

The most scientific subject of its time, self- 1848 until today as a synchronized chain of verified during three consecutive editions12 in strategically conditioned events. Such an ap- more than thirty years, was Joseph Stübben’s proach is fully acknowledged when looking at first chapter of his seminal13 handbook Der the military or political history of Zagreb. Städtebau in edition Handbuch der Architek- Recently, Mirela Slukan Altiæ published an ar- tur, simply called Die städtischen Wohnun- ticle under the title Morphological and Func- gen. The author succeeded in contextualizing tional Change in the Zagreb Lower Town the position of various European and North (Donji Grad) 1862-1914 Based on Cadastral American dwelling types inside average city Sources.19 In spite of some errant illustra- blocks of the time by exercising necessary 20 14 tions it succeeded in perceiving morpho- technical knowledge. logical alterations of contemporary urban Recent insight into history of dwelling types fabrics from cadastral surveys of the Lower may be demonstrated by three paradigma- Town. tic monographs. Stefan Muthesius, a great With reference to the literature in Croatian, it grandnephew of Herman Muthesius, brilliant- might be summarized that there exists a doz- ly researched and analyzed Great Britain’s en or more formative articles or books, most most characteristic building type in The Eng- 15 of them unfortunately not translated into En- lish terraced house. A more international glish as a whole. Late Professor Emeritus Ivo comparative study was made by Robert Olsen, Maroeviæ had commenced a scientific reval- where one can find cultural interactions from orization of historic styles in the domestic three most important world metropolises in architecture of the Lower Town in seminal the middle of the 19th century: London, Paris articles 21 and and Vienna.16 Richard Plunz examined resi- About historicism in Zagreb A dential building types from the 19th century proposal for a typology of Zagreb domestic architecture in the second half of the 19th cen- New York City in an exhaustive study, care- 22 fully displaying many unknown details of de- tury. Snješka Kneževiæ researched origins sign and execution of these edifices.17 and formation of the Green Horseshoe of Zagreb23, a U-shaped ensemble in the middle To my best knowledge, late Aleksander Laslo of the Lower Town. wrote the first introductory article published in English on the architecture of Zagreb from The author published a series of articles the second half of the 19th century until the about Zagreb apartment houses and their le- beginning of First World War, as a part of an gal conditions: Built-in Apartment Houses in intercultural art history study of Austro-Hun- Zagreb between 1928 and 1934; Built-in garian Empire and its immediate successor Apartment Houses in Zagreb between 1935 states.18 However, a lighthouse of serious in- and 1945; Corner House in Zagreb between teractions into the Zagreb building practices 1928 and 1944; Building Code for the City of remains the aforementioned Project Zagreb: Zagreb between 1850 and 1918; Building Transition as Condition, Strategy, Practice, Code for Zagreb between 1919 and 1931 and where Eve Blau and Ivan Rupnik with their Law on Building from 1931 and finally Projects contributors presented a history of urbaniza- and Realizations by Vladimir Šterk in Zagreb tion of the Zagreb area from the Revolution in between 1923 and 1941.24

11 Today TU Munich DEFINITIONS 12 Stübben, 1890; Stübben, 1907; Stübben, 1923 13 Bergdoll, 2000: 265-266 DEFINICIJE 14 Bergdoll, 2000: 265-266 Muthesius A story (BE: storey) is a primary vertical level 15 , 1990 unit in a building. Ordinary building is verti- 16 Olsen, 1986 Plunz cally divided by floors, i.e. it has more stories 17 , 1990 25 18 Laslo, 1999 (BE: storeys). Conventionally, a number of 19 Slukan Altiæ, 2006 stories is given including the ground floor, i.e. 20 At Figurae 2-10, the Südbahnhof and the correspon- four-story building comprises the first story ding complex of Kronprinz Rudolf barracks appears erro- (BE: the ground floor) and three consecutive neously diminished and posted some 250 meters in the stories (2nd to 4th story; United Kingdom: 1st to NE direction from its actual position. [Slukan Altiæ, 2006: rd 6-11, 13-15] 3 storey). Therefore, three-and-more story 21 Maroeviæ, 1977: 123 house would designate a house with at least 22 Maroeviæ, 1987: 165 two equal stories used for dwelling. 23 Kneževiæ, 1996: 9 A mezzanine is the story with a lower ceiling 24 Kahle, 2002: 155; Kahle, 2003: 33; Kahle, 2004.a: 77; than a regular story and is usually not count- Kahle Kahle Kahle , 2004.b: 203; , 2006: 117; , 2008: 193 ed as such.26 However, a common practice in 25 Sturgis, et al., 1989: III, 659 Sturgis Zagreb in those times was to designate a 26 , et al., 1989: II, 907 regular story as a mezzanine, to legally erect 27 This practice was disrupted as of 1940, when contemporary Building code stipulated counting mezzanines as a building with one story more than pre- regular stories. scribed by the Building code.27 Therefore a 178 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

standard mezzanine story is counted here as fices had to have an entrance from the a regular story. street.34 Buildings with only basement and Attic is usually the space immediate below first story or less were ineligible. Another im- rafters of a double pitched, mansard or flat portant condition was that the edifice had to roof. If it was used for residential purposes as be erected from the beginning, i.e. no edifices per an occupancy permit, then it is counted built on existing basements or built connect- here as a regular story.28 ed to preserved yard buildings were eligible.35 Unexecuted projects of above described A closed type of construction is a spatial or- edifices officially submitted for approval were ganization where houses are usually built also taken into a research database as an au- side by side: in the United Kingdom, the tonomous class. Finally, edifices present and Netherlands, in the northern parts of Germa- inventoried on the field but whose projects ny and in the United States in rows, whereas and/or permits were not present at the City in other parts of Europe which were under Archives made another class. During the substantial German influence, in blocks.29 process of data mining, a working copy of a An attached residential building is an edifice database of attached buildings in Microsoft ∂ 36 built for predominantly residential purposes Access was made. in blocks, consisting of at least two stories Time boundaries were taken according to oc- above ground; subtypes might be: attached currences which shaped the emerging and house: a residential building with a principal flourishing of the types of attached buildings. residential area, built mostly for the upper Consequently, four time spans were created: classes, that may contain a few minor apart- from unifying of Gradec and Kaptol into Za- ments; attached apartment house: a residen- greb in 1850 to the earthquake in 1880 (1851- tial building with some usually equal residen- 1880), further from the earthquake to dou- tial areas to let (apartments) built mostly for bling the city territory through annexation the middle or upper middle classes30, they eastwards of further municipalities in 1900 may contain a few minor tenements in the (1881-1900), then from doubling city territory basement or attic, usually for paid house- to the dissolution of Austro-Hungarian Em- keepers; and the attached tenement house: a pire in 1918 (1901-1918) and literally as an af- residential building with a lot of equal sub- termath, first years of Kingdom of Serbs, standard residential areas to rent (tene- Croats and Slovenes until January 1st, 1928 31 ments) built for the lower classes. (1919-1927).37 From the typological point of Building permit is a license allowing the com- view one can make new, two time spans, ac- mencement of a construction of an edifice, cording to the ratio of two story attached usually granted by the City construction of- houses alone taken as one class and three- fice or a City council. Likewise, an occupancy and-more story attached houses as the other permit is a license allowing the commence- class. In the time span from 1850 to 1891 the ment of the use of an edifice. Their data of ratio is roughly equal, where in the time span approval or issuance may enable the syn- from 1892 to 1927 the ratio is roughly four or chronization of events in the emergence of a five to one in favor of the three-and more- particular building type. story attached houses.

THE METHODOLOGY OF RESEARCH 28 Sturgis, et al., 1989: I, 170 29 Sturgis, et al., 1989: I, 309: Block: D&E METODOLOGIJA ISTRAŽIVANJA 30 Sturgis, et al., 1989: I, 82-89 A comprehensive research of legal documen- 31 Sturgis, et al., 1989: III, 777-781 tation of attached buildings erected in the 32 Kahle, 2002: 155; Kahle, 2003: 33; Kahle, 2004.a: 77 period between 1857 and 1927 was conduct- 33 A building which has a ground and the principal floor, regardless of the existence of the basement. ed at the City Archives in Zagreb, 27 Opatièka 34 On the other hand, many two stories semidetached or Street, from September 2008 until December detached residential buildings in the so called the Villen- 2013. Attached residential buildings erected vierteln (villa part) of Zagreb possess same floor plans as from 1928 to 1945 were researched and pub- their attached counterparts in blocks, except that the entrance is opposite to the street, which enables two identical lished before in articles in periodical ”Pros- floor plans on the main stories (ground and principal floor), tor” in the Croatian language, where terminus i.e. they were simply derived from attached buildings. ”built-in” instead of ”attached” was used.32 35 Later it was the reason for not including the seminal Klein’s street building in 19 Ilica Street into the database. Edifices that were researched were all those Contemporary legal documents in German (then the offi- with at least two stories above ground33, cial language of the Agram city officials) mentions the bui- whether they were of residential or of some lding as an Anbau (En: extension). other use, originally mostly public. Semide- 36 The completed database will be published as a supple- ment set of tables to the book ”Attached Houses in Zagreb tached buildings were included, but only as from the Revolutions of 1848 to the Cominform Resolution closing members of an area of attached build- of 1948: Typologies, Morphologies and Meanings”. ings. Therefore all eligible semidetached edi- 37 A time boundary of former research see: Kahle, 2002. Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 179

DEVELOPMENT OF THE CITY areas remote from Zagreb.38 The most elabo- OF ZAGREB REGARDING THE RAILWAY, rated contemporary project amended future BUILDING CODE AND AREAS railway station about eight kilometers south- wards from the cities of Gradec and Kaptol at OF CLOSED TYPE OF CONSTRUCTION the opposite bank of the Sava River.39 Subse- RAZVOJ ZAGREBA U ODNOSU quently, German railway enthusiast and the NA ŽELJEZNICU, RED GRAÐENJA United States citizen Carl Friedrich Zimpel 40 I ZATVORENI NAÈIN IZGRADNJE pointed out in 1845 that Zagreb (Agram) with regard to its capital positions is a unique Railway projects in the Croatian territory in focal point for establishment of water, road the first half of 19th century were planned in and rail communications in Croatia.41 German architect and a civil engineer Franz Jakob 42 38 First project, proposed by Army Captain Josip Knežiæ Kreuter proposed in 1848 a railway node in (Knesich) in 1829, was a cable rail from Sisak (Sissek) to Zagreb with the railway station near the to- Karlovac (Carlstadt). Another project, proposed by the day’s Zagreb Main Railway Station43, as a same author in 1838, was a horse railway from Sisak (Sis- sek) to Bandino Selo (Bandinoszelo), with a road connec- constitutive part of the project for a railway tion to Josipdol (Josefsthal) and further to Senj (Zengg). line from Zemun (Semlin) to Rijeka (Fiume). [Köster, 1999: 56-67] 39 A project for the horse railway from Sisak (Sissek) to Centralization and equalization of the Austri- Karlovac (Carlstadt), designed by the Italian Civil Engineer an Empire after the Revolutions of 1848 ele- Marcantonio Sanfermo in 1842, was proposed by the citizens vated Zagreb44 to a capital city of the Domin- of Rijeka (Fiume) and backed up by Karl Ludwig von Bruck, a 45 future Secretary of Finance of the Austrian Empire during the ion (Kronland) of Croatia and Slavonia. In time of Neo-absolutism. [Stulli, 1975: I, 389-425] 1850, the new Emperor Francis Joseph I (born 40 German language was an official language of commu- 1830, ruled from 1848, deceased 1916) conse- nication between dominions and court administration until the creation of Transleithania in 1867, regarding the quently ordered unification of former cities imperial military matters further until to the dissolution of Gradec and Kaptol and a few surrounding vil- Empire in 1918. Therefore all respective official names of lages into the State capital Zagreb corresponding places and institutions are given. (Lande- 46 41 His remarks were made in a letter to the future Hun- shauptstadt Agram). Military success at the garian Regent - President Lajos Kossuth in Rijeka (Fiume) Italian battlefield in 1849 and successful mo- on September 18th, 1845 [Stulli, 1975: I, 495-502]. More bilization against Prussia in 1850-5147 as- about Carl Friedrich Zimpel (1801-1879) can be found on German Wikipedia: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl- sured the imperial administration to reassign Friedrich_Zimpel. the existing railroad network and its expan- 42 Kreuter, 1848: 17-18. He put a semiofficial term Croa- sion plans to the military needs, with demand tian Railway in circulation (Croatische Bahn, Kreuter, 1848: 27). More about Franz Jakob Kreuter (1813-1889) can on double-track railway lines wherever pos- be found on German Wikipedia: http://de.wikipedia.org/ sible.48 Zagreb was designated as one of the wiki/Franz_Jakob_Kreuter. most important military nodes in Croatian Kreuter 43 Hrv.: Zagreb Glavni kolodvor [ , 1848: 27] and Hungarian parts of the Empire.49 A con- 44 Sturgis, et al., 1989: I, 714, Croatia, Architecture of. 45 Hrv.: Krunovina. According to this legislation, Croatia cession was consecutively laid down for became legally equal with Hungary and stayed in this po- Croatian Railways.50 sition until the Croatian-Hungarian Settlement in 1868. German language was introduced and used as the official In 1852 military authorities demanded from Dominion language until 1860, although some important civil administration a comprehensive plan for bills and codes were translated into Croatian, e.g. Ordi- nance … on proceedings of Sanitary Police in the State completion of the railroad network in the Capital Zagreb, De: Verordnung … über Handhabung der Monarchy, which was technically carried on Reinlichkeitspolizei in der Landeshauptstadt Agram, Hrv.: by Carl Ritter von Ghega and completed next Naredba … o rukovanju redarstva za èistoæu u zemaljskom 51 glavnom gradu Zagrebu (1856). year. Prioritizing the Vienna-Trieste dou- 46 Hrv.: Zemaljski glavni grad Zagreb ble-track railway line, he projected a con- 47 Köster, 1999: 180 necting double-track line from Zidani Most 48 De: ”so weit als möglich” [Köster, 1999: 234] (Steinbrück) to Sisak (Sissek), with branch Köster 49 , 1999: 259 lines to Karlovac (Carlstadt) and Nagykani- 50 De: (C)roatische Bahn [Horn, 2007: 195-197]; De: (K)roatische Bahn, in ”Concessions-Urkunde” of the ”Süd- sza (Kanisza) respectively. Therefore the new bahngeselschaft” from September 23rd, 1858 [*** 1868: Zagreb railway station (Bahnhof Agram, to- 62-91]; no Croatian contemporary terminus existed. They day Zagreb West Railway Station) was finally were subjugated to Südbahn with uncompleted double- track banks from Zidani Most to Krško (De: Gurkfeld), then positioned more westwards, to the embar- Dominion of Styria, today a part of modern Slovenia. rassment of contemporary citizens.52 Still, 51 Köster, 1999: 260. Two years later, 1856, the Chief of the upcoming railway to Zagreb meant two Staff of the Austrian Military Feldmarschalleutnant Hess made a strategic evaluation of the projected network for important things. First, new gauge banks military transportation. He pointed out that the projected made an ideal defense against permanent network … is sufficient to the endeavor of thoroughly con- floods thus enabling a huge possibility for necting all important cities and fortresses among each 53 other. (De: ”Das genügte dem Bestreben, möglichst fläch- settlement , and second, the railway trans- endeckend alle wichtigen Städte und Fortifikationen unter- port soon enabled the use of new structu- einander zu verbinden.”) [Köster, 1999: 225] re materials like steel beams or decorative 52 Hrv.: Zagreb Južni kolodvor, today Hr: Zagreb Zapad- ni kolodvor [Kneževiæ, 1996: 20] front elements like plaster statues or stone 54 53 Kahle, 2007: 68 slabs , much later Siegwart reinforced con- 54 Bedenko, 2000: 97 crete beams. 180 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Fig. 2. Cuno Waidmann: Two-story attached house The State government (Landesregierung)55 new regulation plan disrupted Prilaz from Waidmann, 4 Deželiæeva St, 1887, front, today: Canadian Embassy issued a Building Code for the Capital City of Reljkoviæeva Street and added a new connec- Sl. 2. Cuno Waidmann: Jednokatna ugraðena Zagreb (Bauordnung für das Landeshaupts- tor street from Ilica Street to the railway sta- graðanska kuæa Waidmann, Deželiæev prilaz 4, 1887., tadt Agram)56, which was enforced on Febru- tion at the east border of the designated mili- proèelje, danas: Ambasada Federalne Kraljevine ary 1st, 185757 and was valid until the year tary area (today Republike Austrije Street). Kanade 1940. Building code inaugurated principles At the middle of the 19th century world mar- Fig. 3. Leo Hönigsberg & Julio Deutsch: Three-story for laying out rectangular city blocks in a attached apartment house Koos, 60 Palmotiæeva St, kets became obsessed with investments in closed type of construction. Two- or more railways, in the United States as pure market 1897, front, approved unexecuted variant story attached house was put as an element Sl. 3. Leo Hönigsberg & Julio Deutsch: Dvokatna speculations after the Mexican-American War ugraðena najamna kuæa Koos, Palmotiæeva 60, 1897., of city regulation. Walls, vaulted cellars, pas- in 1846-48, but in the Neo-absolutist Austrian proèelje, odobrena neizvedena inaèica sages and stairways were to be brick made. Empire as an administration-driven military Floors of upper stories were allowed to be of Fig. 4. Anon.: Four-story attached apartment house enterprise. In 1857 the American market wooden beams. The first story was to be risen Vrbanèiæ, 27 Ilica St, 1859, three-story front in an shock soon became the ”Railway crash” and approved project, four-story front adjusted to the above the pavement for 3/4 m, to enable nat- flooded all the markets in Northern America executed building by the author, torn down in 1906 ural ventilation of the basement. Roofs were and Europe, and finally Vienna as well.61 The Sl. 4. Anon.: Trokatna ugraðena najamna kuæa prescribed as tiled double-pitched commonly Vrbanèiæ, Ilica 27, 1859., odobreno proèelje crash slowed expansion plans, but did not with beaver-tail tile roofing. za dvokatnu kuæu, a prilagoðeno trokatnoj kuæi, (Biberschwanz) halt them. Consequently, the railway line prema izvedenom stanju, prilagodio: autor, New regulation plan was also demanded from Zidani Most to Sisak was finished in srušeno 1906. from the City Construction and Fire Council 1862 with simple steel Howe truss bridge (Bau- und Feuerlösch- Comission).58 This across the river Sava. One of the first de- building code, together with a future regula- tached apartment houses in Zagreb was the tion plan were made and enacted under the Südbahn house, finished together with the enormous influence of the military and the railway station in 1862 and placed in its close railway. northeastern proximity as one of two flanked Parallel position of the new four-story gov- residential buildings to the station, thus mak- ernment building (today the Seat of the Uni- ing an emerging railway square. A branch line versity of Zagreb), erected from 1856 to from south embankment of the Sava River to 185959 with the new railway station, built the important military fortress Karlovac was from 1861 to 1862, may indicate the existence opened in 1865. In the same year a new regu- of the oldest part of Lower Zagreb regulation lation plan was confirmed62 at the Croatian plan at least in the year 1856, as mutually ar- Court Chancellery (Die kroatische Hofkan- ranged with the construction authorities. It zlei)63 as an amalgam of more rectangular was a simple rectangular plan with two new longitudinal streets, today Deželiæev Prilaz 55 Hrv.: Visoka zemaljska vlada 60 and Klaiæeva Street , perpendicular to five 56 Hrv.: Red gradjenja za Zemaljski glavni grad Zagreb new transversal streets, today partially recti- 57 *** 1914: 1 fied Meduliæeva, Kaèiæeva, Primorska, Krajiš- 58 Hrv.: Gradjevno-vatrogasni odbor, replaced in 1881 ka and Reljkoviæeva Streets (the last one as a with City Construction Office (Hrv.: Gradski gradjevni ured). chaussee-like connection with Ilica Street 59 Kneževiæ, 1996: 22 and new Railway Station Square). However, 60 It is quite possible that the third longitudinal street in the military reserved a vast area in the close this mutual plan was supposed to be the today’s Dalma- northeastern vicinity of railway station (today tinska Street. Dr. Franjo Tuðman Square) to place future 61 *** 2014: 1-6 barracks. The final version of this area in the 62 Kahle, 2007: 69 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 181

blocks from the railway station, to Franko- land area northeast of the projected main Fig. 5. Franz Klein & Janko Nikola Grahor senior: Three-story corner apartment house Siebenschein, panska Street / Savska Street and more ad- railway station became visible in the second 2 Preradoviæeva St, 1873, front from Preradoviæev justed blocks to existing street pattern from Regulation plan from 1888. The New Hun- (Cvjetni) Sq, radically remodeled the government building (today the Seat of garian State railway station (today’s Zagreb Sl. 5. Franz Klein & Janko Nikola Grahor senior: the University building) to the Draškoviæeva Main Railway Station) was finished in 1892.67 Dvokatna ugraðena ugaona najamna kuæa Siebenschein, Preradoviæeva 2, 1873., Street (Fig. 1). The railway station and the proèelje s Preradoviæeva (Cvjetnoga) trga, government building were flanked with squa- ANALYSIS radikalno promijenjeno res (aforementioned railway square as today ANALIZA Fig. 6. Janko Jambrišak, Franz Klein & Janko Nikola the French Republic Square resp. government Grahor senior, et al.: Fronts of the three-story square as today Marshall Tito Square). - attached houses in Maria Valeria St, today Praška Two-story attached residential buildings St, 1868-1876 Due to the turbulent political and war affairs The main reason for including two story at- Sl. 6. Janko Jambrišak, Franz Klein & Janko Nikola in the Austrian Empire which were reconciled tached buildings into the research was the Grahor senior i dr.: Proèelja dvokatnih ugraðenih by the Austro-Hungarian Compromise64 in fact that certain parts of the Lower Town were najamnih kuæa u Ulici Marije Valerije, danas Praška, 1867, main decisions concerning town plan- erected with this class of apparently smaller 1868.-1876. ning and railway networking were resolved buildings, especially Deželiæev Prilaz, parts of as political compromises. Such one was the Dalmatinska, Meduliæeva, Kaèiæeva, Primors- branch railway line to Nagykanisza, which ka and Klaiæeva Streets in the western part, was supposed to be built as soon as traffic parts of Gajeva, Masarykova, Preradoviæeva, volumes on other Südbahn lines in close Gunduliæeva and Hebrangova Streets in the neighborhood would allow that.65 The afore- central part, as well as many streets that were mentioned regulation plan contained at least at that time periphery (Podolje, Slovenska, six variant solutions of this line in the Zagreb Savska Streets etc.). Reasons were twofold: area, whereas the most favorable solution two story apartment houses were cheaper to regarding the future settlement area was build, easier to manage and later simpler to built in 1870. In 1868, the Dominion of Croatia intersect into a reasonably great number of and Slavonia was submerged into the Hun- tenements, which would occur permanently garian part of the Habsburg Monarchy as an after the turn of the century, especially in the internally self-governed dominion called the consecutively arranged quadrant northeast- Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dal- ern of Maksimirska and Domjaniæeva Streets matia66, enlarged by the annexation of the (Kuhaèeva, Eisenhutova, Fijanova, Padovèeva Croatian and Slavonian parts of the former Streets etc.). Second, immediately after the Military Frontier in 1881. Another reserved earthquake in 1880 many new landlords erected two story houses as their homes, princi- pally in blocks around Hebrangova, Preradovi- 63 The Chancellor (Hofkanzler) was at the time Ivan Ma- žuraniæ, later Viceroy from 1873 to 1880. [Willoweit, Lem- æeva, Berislaviæeva and Gunduliæeva Streets, berg, 2006: 393] but notably fewer in Deželiæev Prilaz and its 64 By making Austria-Hungary, formally known as the surroundings. Kingdoms and Lands Represented in the Imperial Council (Cisleithania) and the Lands of the Holy Hungarian Crown It has to be stated that some residential ar- of Saint Stephen (Transleithania). rangements were pioneered in this class of 65 *** 1868: 63 houses. Examples are: an unexecuted project 66 A title ”Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dal- from 1873 for a two story tenement building matia” was only nominal because in the Austrian part of the Empire the Kingdom of Dalmatia with its capital city in 8 Meduliæeva Street, made by the master Zara, today Zadar existed, from 1867 to 1918. builder Luigi Gagliardi, with a gallery where 67 Hrv.: Kolodvor Državnih željeznica [Galjer, 2000: 162] one can enter into the kitchen from the gal- 182 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

buildings had been built, another 47 buildings of the same class were detected on the field but without any legal documentation in the City Archives. Finally, in the same institu- tion another 93 files with submitted projects of unexecuted buildings of the class are sto- red as well. Typologies of three-and-more story attached residential buildings - After conditioning the issuance of a building permit with explana- tory drawings (i.e. project), according to the 1857 Building code, first executed three-and- -more story attached residential building was four-story attached apartment house Vrbanèiæ at former address 27 Ilica Street in 1859 (Fig. 4).72 The approved project was ambiguous73 and partly against the building regulations.74 Fig. 7. Franz Klein & Janko Nikola Grahor senior: lery and into the room from the kitchen, i.e. There was only one apartment per floor, in- Three-story attached apartment house Neidhardt, 68 deed a lavish one. It contained four rooms 8 Praška St, 1872, second-story floor plan only dry closets were common ; a tenement Sl. 7. Franz Klein & Janko Nikola Grahor senior: house Poppl in 9 Primorska Street, made by (Zimmer), a salon, a wardrobe (Garderobe), a Dvokatna ugraðena najamna kuæa Neidhardt, Janko Jambrišak, from 1877 with corridors sleeping alcove (Alkoven) and an anteroom Praška 8, 1872., tlocrt prvoga kata similar to the executed schemes of three- (Vorzimmer). Serving parts of the apartment (a kitchen, a room and two chambers) were Fig. 8. Janko Jambrišak: Three-story attached and-more story attached buildings and ex- apartment house Pelleš, 3 Tomiæeva St, 1868, plained later, arrangement from 1882 of a physically separated from the living parts second-story floor plan bathroom with the cast iron bath; a first ap- through a stairway landing (Vorplatz). A stair- Sl. 8. Janko Jambrišak: Dvokatna ugraðena najamna plication of a German neorenaissance69 fa- well was semicircular, probably supported kuæa Pelleš, Tomiæeva 3, 1868., tlocrt prvoga kata çade in the attached residential building in with one or two cast iron columns.75 Cast iron 1887 by Cuno (Kuno) Waidmann (Fig. 2), close semicircular stairwells were built until the together to a similar façade in 1888 by Leo earthquake in 1880. However, the majority of Hoenigsberg70; first light shaft arrangement houses at this time had a vaulted staircase for a water closet and pantry in 1889 by Fer- with one semicircular or two parallel flights, do Stejskal, and finally a first documented whose vanishing was obviously conditioned usage of a water closet in 1890 by Georg as a consequence of the earthquake. Vaulted (Gjuro) Carnelutti.71 staircases remained in two-story houses until the turn of century, probably because of their For the above mentioned reasons this type of relative cheapness as compared to the new house was predominant for first builder and steel supported staircases with two parallel architects in Zagreb (Plochberger senior, Jam- flights, which in higher buildings became brišak, Grahor senior, Heinzel senior, Klein, standard until the 1930s. A minor part of Fig. 9. Johann (Ivan) Plochberger senior: Stejskal, Bösenbacher senior, Grahor junior, three-and-more residential buildings in this Three-story apartment house Plochberger, Waidmann, Geher, Carnelutti, Kralik senior, 20 Hebrangova St, 1877, third-story floor plan time had spatial organization of four apart- Sl. 9. Johann (Ivan) Plochberger senior: etc.). To the contrary, two-and-more houses ments per floor, derived from contemporary Dvokatna ugraðena najamna kuæa Plochberger, (often with additional apartments) were built ordinary Vienna apartment house. Hebrangova 20, 1877., tlocrt drugoga kata by as few as Milan Lenuci, Leo Hönigsberg Interestingly enough, there were attempts to and Herman Bollé. Fig. 10. Johann Schnuparek & Ferdinand (Ferdo) apply a new design, not only of fronts (Fig. 5, Stejskal: Three-story apartment house Stantz, Preliminary quantities of three-and-more 6) but of floor plans too. In 1872 Franz Klein & 4 Hebrangova St, 1879, third-story floor plan - Sl. 10. Johann Schnuparek & Ferdinand (Ferdo) story attached buildings According to the Janko Nikola Grahor senior transformed the Stejskal: Dvokatna ugraðena najamna kuæa Stantz, database for a period between 1851 and 1927, aforementioned scheme into two apartments Hebrangova 4, 1879., tlocrt drugoga kata in Zagreb 917 three-and-more story attached per floor with serving parts separated and

68 This arrangement was immensely popular in the 1920s with the so called „houses without approval”, which were built at Trnje and Trešnjevka, southern from the Zaprešiæ-Dugo Selo railway. 69 Mennekes, 2005 70 22 Meduliæeva Street, today Italian Embassy in Croa- tia. He also, together with his partner Julio Deutsch, designed first Zagreb Jugendstil front in the year 1896 (Fig. 3), but unfortunately the landlord changed it to a neo- -baroque. 71 It was marked on the approval drawings simply as Tloris englezkih Closeta sa spravom na vodu (Plan of the English Closets provided with water, i.e. WC). 72 It was torn down together with its wall-shared neighbor at 25 Ilica Street in 1906. Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 183

placed into yard wings (Fig. 7). This scheme is 1878 (Vetsera attached dwelling house, 61 Fig. 11. Janko Holjac, a licensed civil architect: Three-story apartment house Amruš, probably a forerunner of schemes with two Tkalèiæeva Street) but the complete tenement 5 Strossmayerov Sq, third-story floor plan parallel yard wings. In 1868 Janko Jambrišak scheme of this kind was used in 1896 (139 Ili- Sl. 11. Janko Holjac, ovlašteni civilni arhitekt: invented clean rectangle scheme of two ca Street, 3 Slovenska Street and surprising- Dvokatna ugraðena najamna kuæa Amruš, apartments per floor with entrance galleries ly, a first tenement house with a flat Holzze- Strossmayerov trg 5, tlocrt drugoga kata (Fig. 8), later in 1877 Johann Plochberger sen- ment roof, 29 Nova Ves Street, designed by Fig. 12. Janko Josip Grahor junior, a licensed ior converts it to a regular rectangle scheme Hinko Rieszner). civil architect: Sewage water-closet facility (Fig. 9). Finally in 1879 Johann Schnuparek at three-story apartment house Matica, Derivatives of two apartments per floor be- and Ferdo Stejskal divided living and serving 8 Žerjaviæeva St, 1893, partial section and floor plan came usual after the earthquake, when in Sl. 12. Janko Josip Grahor junior, ovlašteni civilni parts with an L-shaped corridor (Fig. 10). They year the 1887 Jambrišak applied separate arhitekt: Instalacija odvodnje WC-a u dvokatnoj also cut its own scheme in half for accommo- bathroom with the cast iron elliptical bath, ugraðenoj najamnoj kuæi Matica, Žerjaviæeva 8, dating one apartment per floor at narrow lots. 1893., djelomièan presjek i tlocrt oriented to a maid room, i.e. bathroom was Two apartments per floor will remain the ma- ventilated with fresh air via the maid room. jority spatial organization of Zagreb attached This conception was used to the end of Sec- apartment house until the end of the Second ond World War. In the year 1893 architect World War. On the other hand, a number of Grahor junior utilized a water closet with the dwellings or apartments whose parts were ventilation arrangement through a common not closed, i.e. the ensembles of usually two window with pantry (Fig. 12), or both had a rooms were connected with adjoining kitch- common light well (airshaft). Both these ar- ens only through a common corridor, in which rangements were immensely popular in spite common dry closets were placed as well, was of the attempts of forbidding them by City exceptionally high. First scheme emerged in Construction Office. In the matter of fact, light wells were used from the beginning, but only 73 Preserved files include floor plan of fourth story (III. 76 Stock) and section and elevation for a three-story (Zwei- in year 1893 young architect Martin Pilar stockiges) building. made two arrangement schemes which after 74 Building code stipulated that every new building the First World War became more prominent must have its own circumference walls adjacent to the nei- in the Zagreb residential architecture (Fig. ghbor buildings, where according to approved plans, the 11). He soon made a partner enterprise called Vrbanèiæ house had a common wall with its left neighbor Pilar, Mally & Bauda. This architectural office (25 Ilica Street), i.e. it was an extension (Anbau) to its left 77 neighbor. Such model was quite usual in the 1870s, and the building firm became popular for obviously tolerated by the city officials. trailblazing buildings with flat roofs and inno- 75 The stairwell of same sort can be seen today in the vative housing schemes designed by Pilar. three-story apartment house Pelleš at 9 Tomiæeva Street, Together they erected 10 such houses, al- erected in the year 1868 (Fig. 7). most a half of 25 attached buildings with a 76 Juriæ, 1994: 153 flat Holzzement roof from the year 1893 to 77 Juriæ, 1996.a: 105 1927. The seminal one was the Mally apart- 184 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi

Fig. 13. Janko Holjac, a licensed civil architect: ment house at 28 Mihanoviæeva Street of idential buildings in the 1930s and remained Three-story apartment house Maruzzi, 4 Vodnikova St, 1901, elevation, section and second-/third-story 1898, with the coal burning steam central in use until the 1950s. It can be argued that in floor plan heating system, steel supporting staircase as a less than forty years’ time span, from the Sl. 13. Janko Holjac, ovlašteni civilni arhitekt: a light well, covered with a glass canopy for earthquake to the end of First World War Za- Dvokatna ugraðena najamna kuæa Maruzzi, natural ventilation (Fig. 14). However, the greb grew up exponentially, taking shape as Vodnikova 4, 1901., proèelje, presjek i tlocrt prvoga/drugoga kata majority decided not to apply the Holzzement an aesthetically pleasant city built in closed in whole, but only on yard-oriented parts of blocks. Front designs were milder than ex- the roof. Other architectural offices equally pected, blending the old design procedures implemented similar devices. The architec- with newly emerged architectural styles. Ad- tural firm of Leo (Lav) Hönigsberg and Julius ditionally, in the 1900s attached tenement (Julio) Deutsch was famous for their advanced houses were erected in Trnjanska and Parom- front designs and their young apprentices linska Streets for migrants from other parts such as Alois (Vjekoslav) Bastl or Otto (Oton) of Croatia, who found their employment in Goldscheider. The firm was also known as an emerging industries at the city periphery. early bird in design, calculation and applica- After the emergence of the Kingdom of Serbs, Fig. 14. Building firm Pilar, Mally & Bauda, signed by tion of steel and/or reinforced concrete ele- Croats and Slovenes at the end of the First Julius (Julio) Mally: Three-story apartment house ments. The first elevator in Zagreb was prob- World War, when the stipulated money con- Mally, 28 Mihanoviæeva St, 1898 ably built in 1907 in the four-story corner version became a threat to the old capital in- Sl. 14. Gradjevno poduzetništvo Pilar, apartment house Poppoviæ, 4 Ban Josip Jela- Mally & Bauda, arhitekt, inženjer i graditelj, stitutions, the City construction office simply parafirao Julius (Julio) Mally: Dvokatna ugraðena èiæ Square, by Benedik&Baranyai. Another took the unapproved regulations for the area najamna kuæa Mally, Mihanoviæeva 28, 1898. pioneer in residential architecture of the time east from Draškoviæeva Street and let the pri- was Janko Holjac. Probably inspired by the vate investors build a lot of attached apart- Hellmer&Fellner solution for the Croatian Dis- ment houses, to save the investments from count Bank (Hr: Hrvatska Eskomptna banka) devaluation.78 Being designed in a hurry, in 3 Ilica Street in 1899, with a semi-pitched those attached houses mostly repeated floor mansard roof to the street and a flat roof to plans and façade patterns from their pre-war the yard, in 1901 he invented a similar section counterparts. for a common three-story attached apartment building, where residential areas were also CONCLUSION yard-oriented, the ground-level-in-yard parts of a basement was used for housekeepers ZAKLJUÈAK and the yard-oriented and flat-roofed parts of attic were used as studio apartments - in fact This article is completion of a research started all of its five stories were habitable. He also fifteen years ago covering the attached apart- invented a standard rectangular two-apartment house in the period between the World ment per floor scheme with side light wells at Wars and perpetuated with articles in Croatian same building (Maruzzi apartment house, 4 in the periodical ”Prostor”. It became appar- Vodnikova Street; Fig. 13). This scheme was in wide use for the first Modern attached res- 78 Timet, 1961: XII Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 185

ent that the traces of the origin of this building of the façade designs tied to a certain archi- Bibliography type should be searched for within the period tect, typological diagrams of the styles used from the end of the Revolution in 1848 and be- in front developments etc. Literatura yond the end of the First World War in 1918, The emphasized attached apartment houses with living ties to the beginning of the Modern in this article are substantial in emergence of Movement in Zagreb. In their seminal book new or deriving old floor plan schemes, verti- ”Project Zagreb” Eve Blau and Ivan Rupnik cal organizations of buildings according to tackled only briefly the development of the the valid building code, or front composi- housing types so it seemed that some addi- tions, to establish a few prominent examples tional research should be made. worth to follow. The research was conducted at the State Ar- 1. Bedenko, V. (2000), Franjo Klein i razvoj histo- Rapid expansion of attached apartment hou- chives in Zagreb from 2008 to the end of ricistièke arhitekture u Zagrebu (Franz Klein and ses in Zagreb after the earthquake in 1880 2013, where practically all legal documenta- the development of Historicism Architecture in until the end of the Second World War and Malekoviæ tion is preserved, i.e. building and occupancy Zagreb), in: , V.: Historicizam u Hr- beyond was possible due to the combination vatskoj, Knjiga I. (Historicism in Croatia, Vol. I), permits, approved drawings tied to these of political interactions in the Habsburg Em- Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, 86-99, Zagreb permits, etc. Therefore it was possible to pire and in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and 2. Bergdoll, B. (2000), European Architecture build a comprehensive database in the elec- Slovenes as one of its successor states. Land- 1750-1890, in: Oxford History of Art: Western Ar- tronic form of this particular type, containing lords, master builders and architects of vari- chitecture, Oxford University Press, Oxford, En chronologically ordered data of owners, buil- ous notably Jewish minority origins made a 3. Blau, E.; Rupnik, I.; et al. (2007), Project Za- ders, plans, fronts, etc. After more than nine significant contribution. Hence the evolution greb: Transition as Condition, Strategy, Practi- tenths of the houses have been researched, of this building type converged gradually but ce, Actar, Barcelona, Sp one can make an X-ray image through the city inevitably to the Modern Architecture. 4. Galjer, J. (2000), Arhitektura željeznièkih kolo- structure of the time: chronological diagrams dvora u Hrvatskoj u drugoj polovini 19. stoljeæa of the city development, structural diagrams [Proofread by Gordana Èaliæ, prof.] (The Architecture of Railway Stations in Croatia in the second half of 19th Century), in: Malekoviæ, V.: Historicizam u Hrvatskoj, Knjiga I. (Histori- cism in Croatia, Vol. I), Muzej za umjetnost i obrt, 158-165, Zagreb 5. Geul, A. (18852, Frakt.), Die Anlage der Wohn- gebäude (The plan of a residential building), Gebhardt, Leipzig, De 6. Geul, A. (18932, Frakt.), Die Äussere der Wohn- gebäude (The front of a residential building), Gebhardt, Leipzig, De 7. Horn, A. (2007), Die croatische Bahn (Croatian Railway), in: Artl, G.; Gürtlich, G.; Zenz, H.: Mit Volldampf in den Süden: 150 Jahre Südbahn Wien-Triest (Full Steam to the South: 150 Years of Südbahn Vienna-Trieste), Österreichisches Staatsarchiv, 195-197, Wien 8. Juriæ, Z. (1994), Arhitekt Martin Pilar: zagrebaèki radovi 1889.-1900. (Architect Martin Pilar: Works in Zagreb between 1889 and 1900), ”Radovi Insti- tuta za povijest umjetnosti”, 18: 153-167, Zagreb 9. Juriæ, Z. (1996a), Josip Markoviæ, Viktor Kovaèiæ, Aladar Baranyai i Lav Kalda u poduzeæu Pilar& Mally&Bauda 1900.-1907. (Josip Markoviæ, Vik- tor Kovaèiæ, Aladar Baranyai and Lav Kalda in the architectural firm Pilar&Mally&Bauda between 1900 and 1907), ”Arhitektura”, 1 (212): 105-113, Zagreb 10. Juriæ, Z. (1996b), Arhitekt Otto Goldscheider, zagrebaèki radovi za „Hönigsberg i Deutsch” (Architect Otto Goldscheider: Works in Zagreb for architectural firm Hönigsberg&Deutsch), ”Život umjetnosti”, 58: 70-77, Zagreb 11. Kahle, D. (2002), Zagrebaèka ugraðena najamna kuæa u razdoblju od 1928. do 1934. godine (Built-in Apartment Houses in Zagreb between 1928 and 1934), ”Prostor”, 10 (2 /24/): 155-167, Zagreb 12. Kahle, D. (2003), Zagrebaèka ugraðena najamna kuæa u razdoblju od 1935. do 1945. godine (Built-in Apartment Houses in Zagreb between 1935 and 1945), ”Prostor”, 11 (1 /25/): 33-43, Zagreb 13. Kahle, D. (2004a), Zagrebaèka uglovnica u razdoblju od 1928. do 1944. godine (Corner House 186 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Sources Izvori

In Zagreb between 1928 and 1944), ”Prostor”, 26. Muthesius, S. (1990De, 1982En), Das Englische Archive Sources 12 (1 /27/): 77-85, Zagreb Reihenhaus (The English terraced house), in Arhivski izvori 14. Kahle, D. (2004b), Graðevinski propisi grada edition Die blauen Bücher; Karl Robert Lan- Zagreba u razdoblju od 1850. do 1918. godine gewiesche, Königstein im Taunus, De 1. City Archives in Zagreb: HR-DAZG-1122 Zagreb (Building Code for the City of Zagreb between 27. Olsen, R. (1986), The city as a work of art: Lon- City Council / Building Documentation Collec- 1850 and 1918), ”Prostor”, 12 (2 /28/): 203-215, don, Paris, Vienna, Yale, New Haven, CT tion / Microfiches No. 1-565 Zagreb 28. Plunz, R. (1990), A history of housing in New 15. Kahle, D. (2006), Graðevinski propisi za grad York City, Columbia University Press, New York Zagreb u razdoblju od 1919. do 1931. godine i 29. Slukan Altiæ, M. (2006), Morphological and Sources of illustrations Graðevinski zakon iz 1931. godine (Building Functional Change in Zagreb Lower Town (Donji Izvori ilustracija Code for Zagreb between 1919 and 1931 and grad) 1862-1914 Based on Cadastral Sources, Law on Building from 1931), ”Prostor”, 14 (1 ”Prostor”, 14 (1 /31/): 3-19, Zagreb Fig. 1. Author z/31/): 117-129, Zagreb 30. Stulli, B. (1972), Prijedlozi i projekti željeznièkih Figs. 2., 16. Kahle, D. (2007), Stambene kuæe Novog gra- pruga u Hrvatskoj 1825.-1863. (Proposals and 3., 7.-14. ðenja u sjevernim dijelovima Zagreba u raz- projects of railways in Croatia between 1825 HR-DAZG-1122, Microfiches No. 1-565 doblju od 1928. do 1945. godine (Modern Re- and 1863), I&II, Sveuèilište u Zagrebu Fig. 4. HR-DAZG-1122, Signature No. 1525 sidential Buildings in the Northern Parts of Za- 31. Sturgis, R.; et al. (1989R of 1901-02), Sturgis’ Fig. 5. https://www.facebook.com/media/set/? greb in the Period from 1928 to 1945), Sveuèilište Illustrated Dictionary of Architecture and Buil- set=o.331660500284311&type=3 u Zagrebu, diss. doc., Zagreb ding, three volumes, Dover, Mineola, NY Fig. 6. Contemporary postcard, author’s collection 17. Kahle, D. (2008), Potpisani projekti i realizacije 32. Stübben, J. (18901), Die städtischen Wohnun- Vladimira Šterka u Zagrebu od 1923. do 1941. gen (The city dwellings), first chapter from the (Projects and Realizations by Vladimir Šterk in book: Der Städtebau (Building of cities), in edi- Abbreviations and Symbols Zagreb between 1923 and 1941), ”Prostor”, 16 tion: Handbuch der Architektur (A handbook of (2 /36/): 193-209, Zagreb architecture), Bergsträsser, Darmstadt, De Kratice i simboli 18. Klasen, L. (prob. 1880), Grundrissvorbilder Stübben, J. 2 33. (1907 ), Die städtischen Wohnun- De,En (Plan patterns), Abth. I.: Wohn- und Geschäfts- gen (The city dwellings), first chapter from the xxxx a fully bilingual edition häuser (Residential and Office houses), Baum- book: Der Städtebau (Building of cities), in edi- xxxxR of xxxxn reprinted edition of edition gärtner, Leipzig, De tion: Handbuch der Architektur (A handbook of AmE American English Kneževiæ, S. 19. (1996), Zagrebaèka zelena potkova architecture), Kröner, Stutgart, De Anon. Anonimous (Zagreb’s Green Horseshoe System of Parks), Stübben, J. 3 34. (1923 ), Die städtischen Wohnun- At Austria Školska knjiga, Zagreb gen (The city dwellings), first chapter from the 20. Köster, B. (1999), Militär und Eisenbahn in der book: Der Städtebau (Building of cities), in edi- BE British English Habsburgermonarchie 1825-1859 (Military and tion: Handbuch der Architektur (A handbook of CT Connecticut Railway in Habsburg Monarchy between 1825- architecture), Gebhardt, Leipzig, De Èe Czech 1859), R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, De 35. Timet, T. (1961), Stambena izgradnja Zagreba De German, Germany 21. Kreuter, F. (1848), Die Verbindung der untern Do- do 1954. godine: ekonomsko-historijska analiza En English nau mit dem Adriatischen Meer durch eine Eisen- (Residential building construction of the City of bahn von Semlin nach Fiume (The Connection of Zagreb until 1954: An economical and historical Frakt. Fraktur Lower Danube Area with Adriatic Sea through analysis), JAZU, Zagreb Fr French Railway from Zemun to Rijeka), Gerold, Wien, http: 36. Willoweit, D.; Lemberg, H. (2006), Reiche und Hrv. Croatian //books.google.hr/books?id=BJw_AAAAcAAJ&pri Territorien in Ostmitteleuropa: historische Be- Hu Hungarian (Magyar) ntsec=frontcover&hl=hr&source=gbs_ge_sum- ziehungen und politische Herrschaftslegitima- mary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false tion (States and Territories in the East-middle It Italian 22. Laslo, A. (1999De,En), Zagreb 1880-1918: Moder- Europe: Historical Relationships and Political MKAV Magyar KirályiÁllamvasutak ne Architektur und Städtebau in Zagreb (Mo- Legitimation to Power), Oldenbourg Verlag, NY New York (US State) dern Architectural Town Planning in Zagreb), in: München, De prob. probably Blau, Platzer: Mythos Großstadt: Architektur 37. *** (1868), Sammlung aller die Concession und ® registered mark or brand und Stadtbaukunst in Zentraleuropa 1890-1937 die Constituierung der k.k. priv. Südbahn-Ge- (Shaping the Great City: Modern Architecture in sellschaftbetreffenden Urkunden (A Collection Sp Spain Central Europe, 1890-1937); 136-139, Prestel, of all Certificates relevant to the Concession and München, De Constitution of the k.k. priv. Südbahn-Gesell- 23. Maroeviæ, I. (1977), O historicizmu u Zagrebu schaft), General-Direction der k.k. priv. Süd- (About historicism in Zagreb), ”Peristil”, 20: bahn-Gesellschaft, Wien Im Selbstverlage der 123-144, Zagreb Gesellschaft 24. Maroeviæ, I. (1987), Prijedlog za tipologiju stam- 38. *** (1914), Gradjevni propisi za Slob. i kr. glavni bene arhitekture u Zagrebu u drugoj polovici 19. grad Zagreb (Building Code for Free and Royal stoljeæa (A proposal for a typology of Zagreb do- Capital City of Zagreb), Tiskara i litografija C. Al- mestic architecture in the second half of 19th cen- brecht, Zagreb tury), ”Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti”, 39. *** (2014), The slumps that shaped modern fi- 11: 165-185, Zagreb nance, The Economist, Print edition, Apr 12th, 25. Mennekes, R. (2005), Die Renaissance der deu- 49-55: 1-6, http://www.economist.com/news/ tschen Renaissance (The Renaissance of a Ger- essays/21600451-finance-not-merely-prone-cri- man Renaissance), Michael Imhof Verlag, Pe- ses-it-shaped-them-five-historical-crises-show- tersberg, De -how-aspects-today-s-fina Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 187 Summary Sažetak

Višekatne ugraðene kuæe u Zagrebu izmeðu 1850. i 1927.

Ovaj èlanak predstavlja završetak istraživanja koje lukama, žalbe, službeno dopisivanje i drugo. Time pa koji je buduæe blokovsko podruèje Donjega gra- je poèelo prije petnaest godina i obuhvatilo ugra- je omoguæena izrada sveobuhvatne baze podataka da osigurao od poplava i omoguæio trajno naselja- ðene najamne kuæe od poèetka 1928. godine do ugraðenih zgrada u elektronièkom obliku, koja vanje. Ipak, ubrzana urbanizacija poèinje tek nakon kraja Drugoga svjetskog rata, a objavljeno je u sadrži kronološki poredane podatke vlasnika, arhi- potresa 1880. godine. nekoliko autorovih èlanaka u ovomu znanstvenom tekata, graditelja, poduzetnika, tlocrtnih rješenja, Istaknuti primjeri ugraðenih najamnih kuæa u ovo- èasopisu. Poslije objave navedenih èlanaka posta- konstruktivnih sustava, proèelja i drugih relevant- me èlanku bitni su prema kriterijima pojave novih lo je jasno da treba proširiti istraživanje istoga tipa nih podataka za taj graðevinski tip. Veæ nakon više ili deriviranja starih tlocrtnih shema, komparacije kuæa na cijelo razdoblje - poèevši od revolucija od 90% istraženih zgrada, pretraživanjem ove baze vertikalne organizacije zgrada u odnosu na tada 1848. godine, ujedinjenja prethodnih naselja u mo- podataka moguæe je rendgenski skenirati gradsku važeæe graðevinske propise, odnosno kompozicije derni Zagreb 1850. godine, donošenja Reda graðe- strukturu Zagreba toga razdoblja: kronološke dija- proèelja prema razvoju stilova, jer su time uspostav- nja 1855. godine, koji propisuje ugraðenu zgradu grame razvoja grada, strukturalne dijagrame tlocrt- ljeni istaknuti primjeri koje je nakon toga slijedila kao osnovni element izgradnje, pa sve do nakon nih rješenja vezanih za pojedinog arhitekta ili gra- veæina. Prvoga svjetskog rata, odnosno do kraja 1927. go- ditelja, tipološke dijagrame razvoja stilova koji su Nadalje, brza ekspanzija ugraðenih najamnih kuæa dine. Detaljna obrada ovoga graðevinskog tipa i bili korišteni na proèeljima i drugo. u Zagrebu poslije potresa 1880. godine, koja je objava rezultata istraživanja slijedi u autorovoj Najavom dolaska željeznice u Zagreb, poslije revo- trajala sve do poèetka Prvoga svjetskog rata, a na- knjizi Ugraðene zgrade u Zagrebu od revolucija iz lucije 1848. godine pokrenuti su procesi moderni- stavila se odmah nakon toga rata i praktièno trajala 1848. godine do rezolucije Informbiroa iz 1948. go- zacije, meðu kojima su za nastanak ugraðene zgra- sve do poèetka Drugoga svjetskog rata 1941. godi- dine: tipologije, morfologije i znaèenja. de presudna dva: donošenje i implementacija Reda ne, bila je moguæa zahvaljujuæi politièkim interak- Istraživanje je provedeno u Državnom arhivu u Za- graðenja 1855. odnosno 1857. godine, koji je naj- cijama u Habsburškoj Monarhiji i Kraljevstvu Srba, grebu od sredine 2008. godine do kraja 2013. godi- manje jednokatnu ugraðenu zgradu - dakle zgradu Hrvata i Slovenaca kao jednoj od država nasljed- ne, gdje je pohranjena praktièki sva dokumentacija s barem dva puna kata iznad tla - normirao kao nica. Kuæevlasnici, graditelji i arhitekti pripadnici upravnoga postupka povezanog s izgradnjom ugra- prevladavajuæi graðevinski tip, te koloplet politièkih manjina, a posebno židovske, srpske i nje maèke ðenih zgrada, odnosno graðevne dozvole, dozvole i ekonomskih odluka koje su dovele do prolaska manjine, dali su znaèajan doprinos. Stoga je razvoj za uporabu, odluke o odobrenju nacrta promjene, prvih željeznièkih pruga gradskim podruèjem 1862. toga graðevinskog tipa postupno, ali neizbježno, odobreni nacrti povezani s upravo navedenim od- i 1870. godine, a time je uspostavljen sustav nasi- doveo do - moderne arhitekture. DARKO KAHLE

Biography Biografija

DARKO KAHLE, PhD, Architect (ARB, United Kingdom), Dr.sc. DARKO KAHLE, arhitekt (ARB, Ujedinjeno Kra- Licensed Architect (HKA, Croatia), Research Fellow ljevstvo), ovlašteni arhitekt (HKA, Hrvatska), znan- (Croatia); 1989 Master of Architecture, 2002 MSc in stveni suradnik (Hrvatska); 1989. diplomirani inže- Architecture and Urban Planning, 2007 PhD in Archi- njer arhitekture, 2002. magistar tehnièkih znanosti, tecture and Urban Planning (University of Za greb, 2007. doktor tehnièkih znanosti (Sveuèilište u Za- School of Architecture, Graduate School of Built grebu, Arhitektonski fakultet, Mediteranski centar Heritage Split). From 2002 onwards: eight published za graditeljsko naslijeðe Split). Od 2002. godine scientific articles, four executed renovation and res- objavio je osam znanstvenih radova, èetiri izvedena toration projects and two competition projects. projekta obnove i dva natjeèajna projekta.