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Prostor 22 [2014] 2 [48] PROSTOR 22 [2014] 2 [48] ZNANSTVENI ÈASOPIS ZA ARHITEKTURU I URBANIZAM A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING SVEUÈILIŠTE POSEBNI OTISAK / SEPARAT OFFPRINT U ZAGREBU, ARHITEKTONSKI FAKULTET Znanstveni prilozi Scientific Papers UNIVERSITY OF ZAGREB, FACULTY 174-187 Darko Kahle Multi-story Attached Houses Višekatne ugraðene kuæe u Zagrebu OF ARCHITECTURE in Zagreb between 1850 and 1927 izmeðu 1850. i 1927. ISSN 1330-0652 Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak CODEN PORREV UDC 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” UDK 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” UDK | UDC 71/72 22 [2014] 2 [48] 159-368 7-12 [2014] A B Fig. 1. a) Bronze model of the Lower Town area, displayed at the corner of Bakaèeva and Cesarèeva St, in the vicinity of Ban Josip Jelaèiæ Sq, Zagreb; b) Attached buildings of Lower Town area built from 1848 to 1918 Sl. 1. a) Bronèani model Donjega grada postavljen na uglu Bakaèeve i Cesarèeve ulice, u blizini Trga bana Josipa Jelaèiæa, Zagreb; b) Ugraðene zgrade na podruèju Donjega grada izgraðene u razdoblju izmeðu 1848. i 1918. Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 175 Darko Kahle Office of the Licensed Architect Darko Kahle, PhD Ured ovlaštenog arhitekta dr.sc. Darko Kahle HR - 10000 Zagreb, Jurjevska 18 HR - 10000 Zagreb, Jurjevska 18 [email protected] [email protected] Original Scientific Paper Izvorni znanstveni èlanak UDC 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” UDK 728.1 (497.5 Zagreb)”18/19” Technical Sciences / Architecture and Urban Planning Tehnièke znanosti / Arhitektura i urbanizam 2.01.04. - History and Theory of Architecture 2.01.04. - Povijest i teorija arhitekture and Preservation of the Built Heritage i zaštita graditeljskog naslijeða Article Received / Accepted: 5. 3. 2014. / 8. 12. 2014. Èlanak primljen / prihvaæen: 5. 3. 2014. / 8. 12. 2014. Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb between 1850 and 1927 Višekatne ugraðene kuæe u Zagrebu izmeðu 1850. i 1927. attached apartment house ugraðena najamna kuæa attached tenement house ugraðena najamna kasarna Austria-Hungary Austro-Ugarska Jews Židovi Zagreb (Agram) Zagreb (Agram) 1848-1927 1848.-1927. Three-and-more story attached houses in Zagreb emerged sequentially after Dvokatne i višekatne ugraðene kuæe pojavile su se u Zagrebu odmah nakon the unification of Gradec and Kaptol in 1850, according to the first modern ujedinjenja Kaptola i Gradeca 1850. godine, prema novomu Graðevinskom Building code after its enforcement in 1857 and according to the new Building redu nakon njegova stupanja na snagu 1857. godine, odnosno prema planu renewal and improvement plan of 1888 after the devastating earthquake in obnove starih i gradnje novih zgrada iz 1888. poslije razornog potresa 1880. 1880. From 1892 to the beginning of the First World War a few new types of godine. Izmeðu 1892. i poèetka Prvoga svjetskog rata nekoliko je novih tipova attached houses finally shaped the Lower Town, an area of rectangular build- ugraðenih kuæa konaèno uoblièilo Donji grad, podruèje pravokutnih graðevnih ing blocks between the railway lines, planned barracks areas and the northern blokova izmeðu željeznièkih pruga, planiranih sklopova kasarni i sjevernih slopes of the city. gradskih obronaka. 176 PROSTOR 2[48] 22[2014] 174-187 D. KAHLE Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi INTRODUCTION1 use today. Consequently, in this article the term attached house will be used for a com- UVOD mon Continental European town house and subsequently for its Zagreb derivative in the second half of 19th century. For consistency reasons the American definition of a story and its way of counting is used hereinafter. LITERATURE LITERATURA Contemporary nineteenth century literature on the subject started to flourish in profes- sional publications, mostly with articles where particular architects and builders shared their views with other colleagues. In the English speaking world, dictionaries or the- sauruses on the subject were issued and reissued frequently. A prominent one was A Dictionary of Architecture and Building: Bio- graphical, Historical and Descriptive, a three volume set edited by Russell Sturgis.8 Arti- cles on apartment house and tenement house were written by George Hill. Contemporaneous German approach differ- entiated in making more conversant mono- graphs, leveled by proficiency of the intended public. Ludwig Klasen’s so called Grundriss- vorbilder were designated mainly for crafts- V irtually rectangular area of building blocks men (builders, carpenters, masons), with in the center of Zagreb, colloquially known as plain descriptive text approach, provided the Lower Town (Fig. 1), has recently been with plates. Their first volume was Wohn- u. 9 confirmed as a balanced ensemble worth Geschäftshäuser. More elaborated was Al- admiring.2 However, typologies of contained bert Geul’s twofold monograph, Die Anlage buildings remained somewhat obscure, in der Wohngebäude & Die Äussere der Wohn- spite of a few excellent research projects car- gebäude, again with text (in Fraktur) and 10 ried out in this century.3 To span this gap, a plates. Since the author was a professor at 11 research project was undertaken in the City the Technische Hochschule in Munich from Archives in Zagreb, where almost all the legal its founding in 1868, his text incorporated documentation concerning private building academic writings with analytical approach. entrepreneurship has been preserved. 4 1 In memory of Architect Aleksander Laslo (1950-2014). Average Continental European town house 2 I wish to thank the reviewers of this article and other is analogous to the English terraced house5 editorial staff for their meticulous work on the improve- in terms of its position and the relative orien- ment of this article, making it more pleasant for the rea- tation of its circumferential walls. They both der. I also wish to thank Prof. Zlatko Juriæ, PhD, for his continuous encouragements during the long and someti- have a street façade (front), a yard façade, me exhaustive research in the City Archives in Zagreb. and two sides adjacent to the neighboring Special thank goes to Prof. Dragan Damjanoviæ, PhD, for houses. The important difference is the shape supplying me with unique Herman Bolle’s plan of its own apartment house in 6 Žerjaviæeva Street, a valuable asset of the corresponding city block: whereas for future comparisons. Finally, an overwhelming approa- English city blocks are rows of houses closed ch would be unthinkable without generous help of all the with two opposite semidetached members, members of the Archives staff, headed by the Chairman 6 Prof. Darko Rubèiæ. Last but not least, it is my duty to re- their Continental European counterparts have member late Architect Aleksander Laslo, whose pionee- a more rectangular shape, flanked on edges ring role in the research of both the Austro-Hungarian and with corner houses7 having two fronts in the Kingdom of Yugoslavia periods of architectural history crossed streets. Therefore the term terraced of Zagreb, should be inspiring. Blau, Rupnik house cannot be used when referring to a 3 , with contributors, 2007 4 Stübben, 1907: 22 common Continental European town house. 5 Klasen, 1880: 69-70 Instead, the term attached house is appropri- 6 Stübben, 1890: 54-61 ate. It is linguistically coherent with a respec- 7 Stübben, 1923: 30 tive term semidetached house, where for the 8 Sturgis, 1989 third member (a detached house) the syno- 9 Klasen, 1880 nym - a free standing house is in frequent 10 Geul, 1885; Geul, 1893 Scientific Papers | Znanstveni prilozi Multi-story Attached Houses in Zagreb… D. KAHLE 174-187 22[2014] 2[48] PROSTOR 177 The most scientific subject of its time, self- 1848 until today as a synchronized chain of verified during three consecutive editions12 in strategically conditioned events. Such an ap- more than thirty years, was Joseph Stübben’s proach is fully acknowledged when looking at first chapter of his seminal13 handbook Der the military or political history of Zagreb. Städtebau in edition Handbuch der Architek- Recently, Mirela Slukan Altiæ published an ar- tur, simply called Die städtischen Wohnun- ticle under the title Morphological and Func- gen. The author succeeded in contextualizing tional Change in the Zagreb Lower Town the position of various European and North (Donji Grad) 1862-1914 Based on Cadastral American dwelling types inside average city Sources.19 In spite of some errant illustra- blocks of the time by exercising necessary 20 14 tions it succeeded in perceiving morpho- technical knowledge. logical alterations of contemporary urban Recent insight into history of dwelling types fabrics from cadastral surveys of the Lower may be demonstrated by three paradigma- Town. tic monographs. Stefan Muthesius, a great With reference to the literature in Croatian, it grandnephew of Herman Muthesius, brilliant- might be summarized that there exists a doz- ly researched and analyzed Great Britain’s en or more formative articles or books, most most characteristic building type in The Eng- 15 of them unfortunately not translated into En- lish terraced house. A more international glish as a whole. Late Professor Emeritus Ivo comparative study was made by Robert Olsen, Maroeviæ had commenced a scientific reval- where one can find cultural interactions from orization of historic styles in the domestic three most important world metropolises in architecture of the Lower Town in seminal the middle of the 19th century: London, Paris articles 21 and and Vienna.16 Richard Plunz examined resi- About historicism in Zagreb A dential building types from the 19th century proposal for a typology of Zagreb domestic architecture in the second half of the 19th cen- New York City in an exhaustive study, care- 22 fully displaying many unknown details of de- tury. Snješka Kneževiæ researched origins sign and execution of these edifices.17 and formation of the Green Horseshoe of Zagreb23, a U-shaped ensemble in the middle To my best knowledge, late Aleksander Laslo of the Lower Town.
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