Biology 348: Laboratory 3 14 February 2017

Laboratory 3, 14 February 2017

Systematics of hemimetabolous orders, identification of families, sorting traps, curating specimens.

Today you will: • Review how to find relevant literature. • Collect and sort your traps to order. Tabulate your data using the accompanying data sheet. We will have a handout and a lecture on data analyses next week. • Listen to the presentations on the hemimetabolous insect orders. • Learn how to use dichotomous keys. • Use the collection and your new samples to identify hemimetabolous insects. Included are the Taxoboxes from your textbooks. o Collembola: Springtails (often considered non-Insect Hexapods): Taxobox 1, p. 493 o Archaeognatha: Bristletails: Taxobox 2, p. 495 o Zygentoma: Silverfish: Taxobox 3, p. 496 o Ephemeroptera: Mayflies: Taxobox 4, p. 497 o Odonata: Dragonflies & damselflies: Taxobox 5, p. 498 o Orthoptera: Crickets, katydids, & grasshoppers: Taxobox 9, p. 502 o Dictyoptera: Mantids, roaches, & termites: Taxoboxes 14, 15, 16, pp. 506- 508 o Dermaptera: Earwigs: Taxobox 7, p. 500 o Phasmatodea: Stick insects: Taxobox 11, p. 503 o Psocodea, “Psocoptera”: Bark & book lice: Taxobox 17, p. 509 o Psocodea, Phthiraptera: Chewing & sucking lice: Taxobox 18, p. 510 o Thysanoptera: Thrips: Taxobox 19, p. 511 o Hemiptera: True Bugs, Cicadas, Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Spittle Bugs, Aphids, Jumping Plant Lice, Scale Insects, Whiteflies, Moss Bugs: Taxobox 20, p. 512

• You will be responsible for all of the taxa in the following handout. You should know how to recognize them and how to identify them. The taxon boxes in your textbook are also highly informative on these orders.

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COLLEMBOLA

Springtails (Greek, kola = glue; embolon = peg, stopper)

Springtails are minute insects (5-6 mm at most) that are primitively wingless. They are often excluded from the Insecta because of their endognathous mouthparts and instead included in the non-Insecta Hexapoda. They generally live in soil, leaf litter, humus, or vegetation; although there are some aquatic and even some marine species. The snow flea lives on snow in winter and feeds on algae. Others feed on decaying plant and animal material, pollen, mold, and there are a few carnivores. They are important in soil structure formation and energy flow in soil communities.

They can be recognized by the springing mechanisms of the abdomen consisting of a tenaculum + furcula; and by the collophore, and eversible bilobed adhesive organ on the abdomen that is important in water uptake (this is where they get their name).

The best way to collect these is by the use of funnels; they are best stored in 80% ethanol or mounted on slides. There are more than 6,000 species worldwide with 750 species from 85 genera found in the USA and Canada.

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ARCHAEOGNATHA

Bristletails (Greek, archaeos = ancient; gnatha = jaw)

Like Zygentoma, bristletails are primitively wingless. They differ in having large compound eyes pushed together dorsally into the mid-line of the head, having the middle terminal filament much longer than the lateral filaments, and being cylindrical with an arched thorax instead of flattened. They are also covered with scales and have styli and vesicles on most of their abdominal segments.

They live in forests under leaves, bark, rocks, etc. They are nocturnal and their eyes glow when illuminated. They are active and jump when disturbed. They feed on algae, mosses, lichen, and detritus. The best way to collect them is with funnels; they are best kept stored in 80% ethanol or on pins. There are 250 species worldwide, 35 of which can be found in the USA and Canada.

ZYGENTOMA

Silverfish & Firebrats (Greek, zyg = bridge; entoma = insect)

Silverfish and firebrats are generally flattened insects with a covering of fine scales. They are plesiomorphically wingless (i.e. they share this character with Crustacea; contrast this to sucking lice that are homoplasiously wingless to these—they have secondarily lost their wings) and generally live in moist leaf litter and under bark. Others are subterranean, living in caves and animal burrows. Domestic species (Lepisma sacharina, silverfish, and Thermobia domestica, firebrat) can withstand dry conditions. Most Zygentoma feed on detritus, but domestics feed on starchy substances and can be pests.

They can be recognized by the reduction of their compound eyes to a few ommatidia; by their flattened body shape; by the body generally covered with scales. In addition the compound eyes are not contiguous dorsally (separating them from bristletails), the abdomen has styli and vesicles, and the median terminal filament is shorter than the lateral cerci.

The best way to collect these is by the use of Burlese funnels. They are best stored in 80% ethanol or on pins. There are 328 species worldwide, with approximately 30 in the USA and Canada.

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EPHEMEROPTERA

The Mayflies (no examples, see website) (Greek, ephemeros = short-lived; pteron = wing)

Mayflies are small, soft-bodied insects with a cylindrical, elongate shape. They are unique in that there is a winged immature stage, the subimago. It is a winged immature stage that is not sexually mature.

Adults of short, bristle-like antennae, 2 pairs of triangular wings with many veins that are held vertical when the adult is at rest. The hindwing is much smaller than the forewing (sometimes it is nearly absent). The legs are long, particularly the male forelegs. They have well-developed eyes and both nymphs and adults have 3 terminal filaments. The adult mouthparts are reduced and nonfunctional. They do not eat as adults; instead they fill their digestive system with water. This is why they float on the water surface and make such good models for fly- fishing ties.

These insects spend most of their life as aquatic nymphs (this can be a few short weeks to as many as four years) where they are mostly detritivores (there are some herbivores on algae as well). They molt into adults en masse and will swarm by the millions. Groups of males will fly up and down; females will fly into the swarm and be grabbed by the elongated clasping forelegs of the males. The females are visually recognized by the males—hence the large eyes. Mating takes place in flight and usually occurs at dusk.

Ephemeroptera from ephemeropterologist John Meyer, North Carolina State University

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ODONATA

Derived from the Greek "odonto-", meaning tooth, refers to the strong teeth found on the mandibles of most adults.

Use the following key to identify major families of California odonates. Before lab is over you should identify, to family, one individual in the collection. Key is modified from one developed by Ralph Holzenthal, University of Minnesota. Figures are from Borror, Triplehorn, and Johnson (1989) The Study of Insects, 6th Edition. Saunders College Publishing.

1A Hindwing approximately equal to forewing, wings at rest held either together 2 above body or slightly divergent; head transversely elongate (wide) (damselflies, suborder Zygoptera) 1B Hindwing wider than forewing, head not transversely elongate, more rounded; 4 wings at rest head horizontally (dragonflies, suborder Anisoptera) 2A More than 10 Calopterygidae antenodal X-veins (an) (broad-winged damselflies)

2B 2 or 3 antenodal X-veins 3 3A M3 arising nearer arculus (arc) than nodus (nod); wings usually diverent above Lestidae body at rest (spread-winged damselflies)

3B M3 arising nearer nodus (nod) than arculus (arc); wings usually held together Coenagrionidae above at rest (narrow-winged damselflies)

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4A Triangles in hindwing and forewing not similar in shape, forewing triangle 5 farther distad of arculus than triangle in hindwing; most of costal and subcostal cross veins in line

4B Triangles in hindwing and forewing 6 similar in shape and about equiidistant from arculus; most of the costal and subcostal cross veins not in line

5A Foot-like, well developed anal loop with well-defined “toe”; hind margin of Libellulidae compound eyes straight or with very small lobe (common skippers)

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5B Anal loop elongate with a bisector; triangle in hindwing opposite arculus or Corduliidae nearly so; 1 or 2 cu-a cross veins in hind wing (see right-hand image in (green-eyed dilemma 4A skimmers) 6A Brace vein (bvn) behind proximal end of 7 stigma (st)

6B No brace vein behind proximal end of stigma Cordulegastridae (Biddies) 7A Compound eyes separated on dorsal Gomphidae side of head (clubtails)

7B Compound eyes in contact along dorsal Aeshnidae side of head (darners)

The families: Zygoptera: Damselflies • Calopterygidae: broad-winged damselflies: relatively large, occur along streams. • Lestidae: spread-winged damselflies: chiefly in swamps or still water. • Coenagrionidae: narrow-winged damselflies: this is the largest and most common family of Californian damselflies. Found in most habitats, rather week fliers. Males are often more brightly colored than females. Anisoptera: Dragonflies • Libellulidae: common skimmers: Vary in length from 20-75 mm, most common of the California dragonflies. Many species have wings marked with spots or bands. • Corduliidae: green-eyed skimmers. Mostly black or metallic, most species have brilliant green eyes in flight. • Cordulegastridae: biddies: Large brownish-black dragonflies with yellow markings. • Gomphidae: clubtails: Another large group with large individuals. Most are dark- colored and often have yellowish or greenish markings. They often have a swollen abdominal terminus (hence the name). • Aeshnidae: darters: Includes largest and most powerful dragonflies (generally >75mm).

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ORTHOPTERA

Grasshoppers, Katydids, Crickets (Greek, orthos = straight; pteron = wing)

Orthoptera contains a rather varied assemblage of insects, many of which are very common and well known. Most of them are plant feeders, and some of these are important pests of cultivated plants. A few are predaceous, a few are scavengers, and a few are more or less omnivorous.

The Orthoptera may be winged or wingless, and the winged forms usually have four wings. The front wings are usually elongate, many-veined, and somewhat thickened and are referred to as tegmina. The hind wings are membranous, broad, and many-veined, and at rest they are usually folded fanwise beneath the front wings. Some species have one or both pairs of wings greatly reduced or absent. The body is elongate, the cerci are well developed (containing from one to many segments); and the antennae are relatively long (sometimes longer than the body) and many-segmented. Many species have a long ovipositor, which is sometimes as long as the body. In others the ovipositor is short and more less hidden. The tarsi are usually three-to four- segmented. The mouthparts are of the chewing type (mandibulate), and the metamorphosis is simple or incomplete.

You will need to be able to identify the two major suborders, the Caelifera and the Ensifera (see P. 14 of the handout from week #1).

You should also recognize the following families:

ENSIFERA: Tettigoniidae—long-horned grasshoppers or katydids. o long antennae, wings folded vertically over back, ovipositor well-developed and vertically flattened (often blade or sickle-shaped). o 4-segmented tarsi. o tympanum located on front tibia

Gryllotalpidae—mole crickets. o forelegs modified for digging; distinctive shape

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Gryllacrididae—cave and camel crickets o long antennae, elongate ovipositor, wingless, humped back. o our most commonly encountered members are Jersualem crickets (genus Stenopelmatus, more recently included in their own family the Stenopelmatidae)

Gryllidae—true crickets o long antennae, wings folded over one another, elongate ovipositor. o 3-segmented tarsi (distinguish from Tettigoniidae)

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CAELIFERA: Acrididae—short-horned grasshoppers o short antennae, typical grasshopper shape o pronotum covers only thorax (distinguish from Tetrigidae)

Tetrigidae—pygmy grasshoppers o like a little grasshopper, but with a distinctive, prolonged pronotum projecting part way over wings.

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DICTYOPTERA

(Greek, diktuon = net; pteron = wing)

Blattodea: Roaches & Termitoidae: Termites Mantodea: Mantids

These three orders comprise a monophyletic assemblage of rather closely related insects. We will discuss the phylogenetics later in the course.

Blattodea: Roaches (excluding Termites)

These are generally nocturnal scavengers in forest leaf litter, caves, canopy, etc. Only 9 of 4000 known species are household pests. The economically important species include the oriental roach (Blatta orientalis), the brown-banded roach (Supella longipalpa), the German roach (Blattella germanica) and the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana).

You can recognize these particularly by the fact that their pronotum is large with laterally expanded sides and it protrudes forward over the hypognathous head. In addition, the legs are adapted for running, the antennae are long and slender, and the fore wings (if present) are leathery.

There are approximately 70 species in the U.S. and Canada.

Examples of various commonly encountered cockroach species. Notice the long, simple antennae, and the expanded pronotum that covers the head.

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Termitoidae (formerly Isoptera): Termites

These soft-bodied insects can digest cellulose with the aid of intestinal micro-organisms, and they are important primary decomposers of wood in tropical and subtropical regions. All termites are social, with complex life histories that include caste differentiation (A: sexual winged adult; B: nasute soldier; C: worker; D: mandibulate soldier), except in the most primitive forms).

They can be identified by their elongate cylindrical body with a slight constriction between the thorax and abdomen, by their short antennae, by their large mandibles and head, and by their strictly social habits. When the wings are present they are large and both pairs are exactly alike (hence the name Isoptera: Greek, iso = same, pteron = wing).

There are approximately 2000 species worldwide with 41 species in the U.S. and Canada. They are incredibly important in numerous ecosystems but are of course more infamous for their destruction of wooden structures.

Mantodea: Mantids

These feed exclusively on other arthropods, including other members of their own species. Some tropical species display remarkable cryptic forms and coloration. They are readily recognized by their raptorial forelegs, their triangular head, and their leathery forewings.

There approximately 1200 species worldwide with 20 species (all from the family Mantidae) in the U.S. and Canada.

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DERMAPTERA

Earwigs

(Greek, dermatos = skin; pteron = wing)

These are generally omnivorous, but some tropical species are ectoparasitic or predaceous. Some females guard eggs and young in small nests, repel intruders, and lick the eggs to prevent fungal growth. Several species invade homes and may be nuisance, but Labidura riparia is a predator of lepidopterous pests of agricultural crops.

In general, these insects are somewhat flattened and elongate. They have short fore wings (similar to beetle elytra) and the hind wings fold underneath. But the most distinctive feature is probably their forceps-like cerci that function in mating behavior and copulation.

There are approximately 1850 species in the world, most of which are tropical. There are 23 species in the U.S. and Canada, including 5 introduced species.

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PHASMATODEA

Walkingsticks

(Greek, phasma = apparition or phantom)

These insects feed on leaves at night and hide during the day via protective coloration and form. Some exude foul smelling, irritating milky defensive fluid. Many females are parthenogenetic. Nymphs can regenerate legs unlike other insects.

Phasmids are greatly elongate, either cylindrical and resembling twigs or flattened and resembling leaves. They exhibit incredible protective resemblance and diversity of forms. Interestingly, even their eggs resemble seeds.

All figures in this handout are from Borror, Triplehorn, & Johnson, An Introduction to the Study of Insects, except this last one which is from your textbook.

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PARANEOPTERA

The Paraneoptera form a monophyletic sister clade to the Holometabola. The lineages that we will look at are characterized by having the lacinia of maxilla with a slender rod—the first stages toward having piercing, sucking mouthparts. You will need to know the Thysanoptera, Phthiraptera, and Psocoptera to order. The Hemiptera you will need to know in more detail as described below.

PSOCOPTERA

Booklice and Barklice

(Greek, psokos = gnawed or rubbed; pteron = wing)

These are quite small and soft-bodied insects, generally less than 5mm in length. They are found on branches, trunks of trees and shrubs, rock outcrops, caves, dead leaves, etc. They feed on algae, lichen, and detritus. Some are associated with bird and mammal nests or live phoretically on birds (habitats similar to ancestral lice). Some live in colonies in silken webs on trunks of trees. Some in the family Liposcelidae live in houses or in stored grain.

They generally have long, slender antennae and can immediately be recognized by their bulging face and depressed head. The fore-wings are larger than the hindwings; the wings are held rooflike over the body. In general the venation is reduced and there are many wingless species. They have no cerci.

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PHTHIRAPTERA

Chewing and Sucking Lice

(Greek, phthir = lice; aptera = wingless)

Members of the suborder Anoplura are obligate ectoparasites of eutherian mammals and are highly successful blood feeders (haemophagous). Others are obligate ectoparasites of birds and mammals in feathery and hairy coats, where they feed on keratinous or dermal material, sebaceous secretions, or even blood. They are usually host specific. There are interesting parallels between host species and louse evolution.

Head and body lice (Pediculus humanus) vector relapsing fever, which is caused by a spirochaete (Borrelia sp.). The infection is caused by scratching a crushed louse into the skin. They also vector epidemic typhus caused by Rikketsia mooseri. The louse becomes infective after biting a typhus-infected person, the infection results from scratching feces or louse into skin.

Lice are generally small and flattened with a prognathous head. They are characterized by numerous reductions that match their parasitic lifestyle. They are always wingless and have short antennae. The eyes are small, the legs are short and modified for grasping.

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THYSANOPTERA

Thrips

(Greek, thysanos = thread; pteron = wing)

These insects are readily and immediately recognizable by the shape of the wings and the mouthparts. The wings, when present, are straplike with an edge fringe of long setae. The piercing-rasping or “punch-and-suck” mouthparts are made of a left mandible that rasps away plant tissue and produces a puncture for lacinial stylets to enter and suck.

Thysanoptera have haplodiploid reproduction (males from unfertilized eggs, females from fertilized eggs). They suck plant juices, particularly from leaves and young shoots. Others feed on eggs and larvae of insects, mites, and nematodes; or they feed on fungi and algae in rotting wood or juices oozing from rotting wood. Many plant-feeding species are harmful to cereal crops, field crops, fruits, and garden flowers. Carnivorous species are important in biocontrol of mites on cotton, for example. Often found in enormous numbers.

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HEMIPTERA

True Bugs, Cicadas, Leafhoppers, Planthoppers, Spittle Bugs, Aphids, Jumping Plant Lice, Scale Insects, Whiteflies, Moss Bugs

(Greek, hemi = half; pteron = wing)

This group is exceptionally diverse morphologically. It is also the largest non-holometabolous order. In particular, the mouthparts are diagnostic, with mandibles and maxillae modified as needle-like stylets, lying in a beak-like, grooved labium, collectively forming a rostrum or proboscis.

The Hemiptera were once divided into two groups, Heteroptera (true bugs) and “Homoptera” (everything else). However, “Homoptera” represents a paraphyletic grade rather than a clade. Currently, you will be required to recognize the following taxa, including their rank and nesting relationships.

Order Hemiptera Suborder Sternorrhyncha Superfamily Psylloidea: Jumping Plant Lice Superfamily Aleyrodoidea: Whiteflies Superfamily Coccoidea: Scale Insects Superfamily Aphidoidea: Aphids Suborder Fulgoromorpha Superfamily Fulgoroidea: Planthoppers Suborder Cicadomorpha Superfamily Cicadoidea: Cicadas Superfamily Cercopoidea: Froghoppers & Spittlebugs Superfamily Membracoidea: Leafhoppers & Treehoppers Suborder Coleorrhyncha: Moss Bugs (NB: you will not see these and will not be required to recognize them). Suborder Heteroptera: True Bugs (there are Family Gerridae: Water Striders Family Belostomatidae: Giant Water Bugs & Toe-Biters Family Corixidae: Water Boatmen Family Cimicidae: Bed Bugs Family Reduviidae: Assassin Bugs Family Miridae: Leaf Bugs Family Coreidae: Leaf-footed Bugs and Squash Bugs Families Lygaeidae & Rhopalidae: Seed Bugs Family Pentatomidae: Stink Bugs

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Use the following key to identify these major groups of California hemipterans. Before lab is over, you should identify, to the level above, one individual in the collection. Please note that a key IS NOT A CLADE. It does not necessarily reflect relationships. It is the most expeditious way to identify a group of interest.

1A Beak attached forward on head (A), with distinct gular area sclerotized Heteroptera between labium and neck. Wings folded flat and overlapping over abdomen; (true bugs) wings typically strongly sclerotized basally (corium), membranous apically, smaller than hindwings (hemelytron)

1B Beak arising ventrally close to the anterior of the thorax (B). Wings held 2 roof-like over the abdomen (although numerous wingless forms) (“Homoptera”) 2A Tarsi 1- or 2-segmented, antennae (when present) long & filiform. Beak 3 arising between front coxae (Sternorrhyncha). Note that it is often easier to simply learn the different groups of Sternorrhyncha (which are all quite distinctive; see dilemmae 3-5 below) than to check for this character. 2B Tarsi 3-segmented, antennae short and bristle-like. Beak arising from back 6 of head (Auchenorrhyncha).

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3A Tarsi 1-segmented with 1 claw. When winged, one pair of wings. Coccoidea Scale-like or grublike and wax covered. Many as adults with no (scale insects) appendages or obvious eyes or antennae. Beak often not obvious.

3B Tarsi 2-segmented with 2 claws; winged with four wings, beak long. 4 4A Antennae 5-10 segmented, forewing thicker than hindwing Psylloidea (jumping plant lice)

4B Antennae 3-7 segmented, wings not as above. 5 5A Wings with whitish powder, cornicles absent. Aleyrodoidea (whiteflies)

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5B No powder on wings, cornicles conspicuous Aphidoidea (aphids)

6A Antennae on sides beneath eyes; 2 anal veins form Y-vein Fulgoroidea (planthoppers)

6B Antennae on front between eyes, no Y-vein (Cicadomorpha) 7

7A 3 ocelli present, forewing membranous Cicadoidea (cicadas)

7B 2 ocelli or none 8

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8A Hind tibia with 1 or 2 stout spines and a crown of short spines at tip Cercopoidea (froghoppers & spittlebugs)

8B Hind tibia otherwise Membracoidea (Leafhoppers & Treehopper

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Diagnosis of common families of Heteroptera. Note that there are far more families of Heteroptera than are listed below (and that you need to know).

Miridae: Plant bugs. This is the largest family of heteropterans. Diagnosis: well-developed cuneus, membrane with 1 or 2 closed cells. Rather soft-bodied, some brightly marked. Features: 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head 3. Tarsal claws apical, tip of last tarsal segment entire. 4. Antennae 4-segmented. 5. Prosternum without groove which beak fits into. 6. Forewing with corium, membrane, and usually clavus differentiated; pronotum usually without triangular process that extends back over scutellum. 7. Ocelli Present. 8. Tarsi, at least on hind legs, 3-segmented. 9. Antennal segments similar. 10. Hemelytron without a cuneus; small to minute (1.2 to 5.0 mm in length) 11. Beak 4-segmented

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Lygaeidae: Seed bugs (e.g. milkweed bugs). Diagnosis: Only 1-5 veins in membrane of hemelytron. Features: 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head 3. Tarsal claws apical, tip of last tarsal segment entire. 4. Antennae 4-segmented. 5. Prosternum without groove which beak fits into. 6. Forewing with corium, membrane, and usually clavus differentiated; pronotum usually without triangular process that extends back over scutellum. 7. Ocelli Present. 8. Tarsi, at least on hind legs, 3-segmented. 9. Antennal segments similar. 10. Hemelytron without a cuneus 11. Beak 4-segmented 12. Tips of front and middle tibiae without process; arolia present 13. Membrane of hemelytra with only 4 or 5 veins.

Rhopalidae: Scentless plant bugs. Diagnosis: membrane of hemelytra with many veins, usually pale-colored, less than 10mm in length, scent glands absent. Features 1-13 as in Coreidae.

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Coreidae: Leaf-footed bugs & squash bugs. Diagnosis: Very fine striated longitudinal vennation; looks like a reduviid without the beak. 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head 3. Tarsal claws apical, tip of last tarsal segment entire. 4. Antennae 4-segmented. 5. Prosternum without groove which beak fits into. 6. Forewing with corium, membrane, and usually clavus differentiated; pronotum usually without triangular process that extends back over scutellum. 7. Ocelli Present. 8. Tarsi, at least on hind legs, 3-segmented. 9. Antennal segments similar. 10. Hemelytron without a cuneus 11. Beak 4-segmented 12. Tips of front and middle tibiae without process; arolia present 13. Membrane of hemelytra with many veins 14. Usually dark-colored, over 10mm in length; scent glands present, opening between middle & hind coxae. 15. Head narrower and shorter than pronotum, bucculae extending backward beyond base of antennae, hind coxae more or less rounded or quadrate.

Reduviidae: Assassin bugs. Diagnosis: Front legs usually raptorial (front femora enlarged); beak sticks in prosternum. Features: 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head 3. Tarsal claws apical, tip of last tarsal segment entire. 4. Antennae 4-segmented. 5. Prosternum with a median, finely striated, longitudinal groove; beak 3-segmented, tip fits into groove; front legs usually raptorial.

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Pentatomidae: Stink bugs. Diagnosis: Triangular scutellum, corium extends to anal area. 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head. 3. Antennae 5-segmented 4. Tarsi 3-segmented; body not covered with velvety pubescence; hemelytra with clavus and membrane differentiated, 2 basal antennal segments similar to others. 5. Tips of front and middle tibia without flat apical process. 6. Tibiae not armed with strong spines. 7. Scutellum shorter, more or less triangular; if large and broadly rounded posteriorly, colors are bright and contrasting, corium of hemelytra broad, extending to anal margin of wing. 8. Tarsi three segmented.

Gerridae: Water striders. Diagnosis: Long body, swim on water surface. Features: 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head. 3. Tarsal claws, especially on front legs, anteapical, tip of last segment more or less cleft. 4. Midlegs arising closer to hindlegs than forelegs; hind femora extending well beyond apex of abdomen; all tarsi 2-segmented. Ocelli small but present.

Corixidae: Water boatmen. Diagnosis: Oarlike front tarsi; transverse lines on dorsal surface. Features: 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae shorter than head, usually hidden in cavities beneath eyes; no arolia; aquatic or semiaquatic. 3. Ocelli absent. 4. Front tarsi 1-segmented and modified into scoop-shaped structures, beak very short and hidden, appearing 1-segmented; dorsal surface of body usually with fine transverse lines.

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Belostomatidae: Giant water bugs & toe-biters. Diagnosis: BIG, membrane of hemelytra with many veins, abdomen with short terminal filaments. 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae shorter than head, usually hidden in cavities beneath eyes; no arolia; aquatic or semiaquatic. 3. Ocelli absent. 4. Beak segmentation clearly evident. 5. Hind tarsi with claws. 6. Front legs raptorial.

Cimicidae: Bed bugs. Diagnosis: VERY flat, no wings. Features: 1. Compound eyes present. 2. Antennae as long or longer than head 3. Tarsal claws apical, tip of last tarsal segment entire. 4. Antennae 4-segmented. 5. Prosternum without groove which beak fits into. 6. Ocelli absent. 7. Beak 3-segmented; wings vestigial; ectoparasites of birds & mammals.

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