DOCSLIB.ORG

Patterning of the Adult Mandibulate Mouthparts in the Red Flour Beetle

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Patterning of the Adult Mandibulate Mouthparts in the Red Flour Beetle Genetics: Published Articles Ahead of Print, published on November 30, 2011 as 10.1534/genetics.111.134296 Patterning of the adult mandibulate mouthparts in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum David R. Angelini*§, Frank W. Smith§, Ariel C. Aspiras*, Moto Kikuchi§, and Elizabeth L. Jockusch§ * American University, Department of Biology, Hurst Hall 101, 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW, Washington, DC 20016-8007, USA § University of Connecticut, Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, 75 N. Eagleville Rd, Storrs, CT 06269-3043, USA Short running title: Metamorphosis of Tribolium mouthparts Keywords: ● appendage patterning ● insect mouthparts ● serial homology ● adult development ● metamorphosis ● Coleoptera ● RNA interference Corresponding author: David R. Angelini American University Department of Biology, Hurst Hall 101 4400 Massachusetts Ave NW Washington, DC 20016-8007, USA e-mail: [email protected] phone: 202-885-2113 (office/lab) fax: 202-885-2182 1 Copyright 2011. Abstract Specialized insect mouthparts, such as those of Drosophila, are derived from an ancestral mandibulate state, but little is known about the developmental genetics of mandibulate mouthparts. Here, we study the metamorphic patterning of mandibulate mouthparts of the beetle Tribolium castaneum, using RNA interference to deplete the expression 13 genes involved in mouthpart patterning. These data were used to test three hypotheses related to mouthpart development and evolution. First, we tested the prediction that maxillary and labial palps are patterned using conserved components of the leg-patterning network. This hypothesis was strongly supported: depletion of Distal-less and dachshund led to distal and intermediate deletions of these structures while depletion of homothorax led to homeotic transformation of the proximal maxilla and labium; joint formation required the action of Notch signaling components and odd-skipped paralogs; and distal growth and patterning required EGF signaling. Additionally, depletion of abrupt and pdm/nubbin caused fusions of palp segments. Second, we tested hypotheses for how adult endites, the inner branches of the maxillary and labial appendages, are formed at metamorphosis. Our data reveal that Distal-less, Notch signaling components and odd-skipped paralogs, but not dachshund, are required for metamorphosis of the maxillary endites. Endite development thus requires components of the limb proximal-distal axis patterning and joint segmentation networks. Finally, adult mandible development is considered in light of the gnathobasic hypothesis. Interestingly, while EGF activity is required for distal, but not proximal, patterning of other appendages, it is required for normal metamorphic growth of the mandibles. 2 Article summary Specialized insect mouthparts are derived from an ancestral mandibulate state, with chewing mandibles and maxillary and labial palps. Little is known about the patterning of mandibulate mouthparts. Through functional study of 13 genes in the beetle Tribolium castaneum, we examine patterning in mandibulate mouthparts and test several hypotheses about the evolution of insect mouthparts. The maxillae and labium in this beetle share many patterning features with legs. Endites, the inner mouthpart branches, require the same genes involved in axial patterning and joint formation. Intriguingly, the mandibles of T. castaneum, which evolved through loss of distal identity, nonetheless require EGF signaling, which is required for development of distal regions of other appendages. 3 Introduction Arthropods share a body plan of serially homologous body segments (Snodgrass 1928; Boxshall 2004; Brusca et al. 2002). Within this body plan a great diversity of forms has been generated in several ways, including changes in the number of body segments, patterns of regionalization (tagmosis), and appendage morphology. While insects are the most diverse arthropod group in terms of species numbers, they have a fixed pattern of tagmosis and little variation in the number of body segments (Brusca et al. 2002). Diversification of appendage morphology, however, has played a key role in the diversification of insects; mouthpart morphology is especially variable across lineages, which has enabled exploitation of diverse dietary niches. Early insects evolved a generalized set of mouthparts useful in biting, chewing, and manipulation of food. Over the last 350 million years, insect mouthparts diversified along with new food sources, and many specialized mouthparts have been derived from the ancestral mandibulate form (Grimaldi and Engel 2005). Some examples of mouthpart specializations include the piercing stylets and beak of bugs (Hemiptera), the elongated galea tubes used by Lepidoptera in nectar feeding, and the sponging proboscis of brachyceran flies. The developmental genetics of several of these specialized mouthparts has been studied (Abzhanov et al. 2001; Angelini and Kaufman 2004; Joulia et al. 2005), and it is assumed that these specialized morphologies evolved by modification of an ancestral leg-like appendage-patterning network (see Boyden 1947; Roth 1984; Angelini and Kaufman, 2005b). However, much less attention has been directed toward the development of mouthparts that retain the ancestral mandibulate morphology. Thus, the hypothesis that ancestral insect mouthparts developed using a general arthropod appendage-patterning network remains to be fully tested. Mandibulate mouthpart morphology is characterized by a robust pair of unsegmented mandibles followed by two pairs of multi-branched appendages, the maxillae and labium (Fig 1; Grimaldi and Engel 2005; Snodgrass 1928). The short, unsegmented mandibles are believed to have been derived from segmented appendages by loss of distal regions, rendering them serially homologous to only the proximal regions of other appendages (Panganiban et al. 1994; Snodgrass 1935). The maxillary and labial appendages have an outer palp and inner branches called endites. Endites are an ancestral feature of arthropod appendages, but the maxillary and labial endites are the only endites unambiguously present in living insects (Boxshall 2004). It has 4 been suggested that maxillary and labial palps were modified from distal regions of ancestral appendages that were more leg-like in morphology and function (Snodgrass 1928). This notion is based in part on the presence of leg-like palps in the Archaeognatha, the sister group to all other insects (Regier et al. 2010). The mandibulate mouthpart morphology is retained with only minor modifications in many living groups, including beetles. Here, we use developmental genetic data from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, to address three questions about the metamorphic patterning of mandibulate mouthparts. First, we test the hypothesis that the main axis of the adult maxillary and labial appendages is patterned using genes also required in the leg development network. Key aspects of this network are conserved in the legs of numerous arthropods, suggesting that they were likely components of the leg patterning network of ancestral arthropods (e.g. Abzhanov and Kaufman 2000; Angelini et al. in revision; Angelini and Kaufman 2005b; Beermann et al. 2001; Inoue et al. 2002; Jockusch et al. 2000; Palopoli and Patel 1998; Prpic and Damen 2009; Rogers et al. 2002; Schoppmeier and Damen 2001). Second, we test several hypotheses about the mechanism that governs branching of the PD axis to give rise to endites. The development of endites has been attributed variously to reiteration of the main PD patterning network (Giorgianni and Patel 2004; Williams 1998), to action of the joint formation network (Olesen et al. 2001), or to initiation of a dachshund-dependent mechanism (Sewell et al. 2008). Third, we test the extent to which mandible metamorphosis depends only on proximal components of the limb-patterning network, as predicted by the gnathobasic mandible hypothesis (Snodgrass 1928). To test these hypotheses, we have investigated the function of 13 genes during mouthpart metamorphosis in T. castaneum using RNA interference (RNAi). This set of genes includes the canonical “leg gap genes” Distal-less (Dll), dachshund (dac), and homothorax (hth); the epidermal growth factor (EGF) signaling pathway, another important regulator of distal development; Notch and its ligands and the odd-skipped (odd) family of transcription factors, which regulate growth and joint formation of large regions of the limbs. Our results show that, as predicted, palp development parallels leg development. Leg gap genes and genes used in joint formation are functionally conserved. The data are partially consistent with two of the three hypotheses for endite development, but do not suggest a role for dac in endite metamorphosis. Mandible development was affected in surprising ways. The EGF ligand encoded by Keren 5 (Krn) regulates distal development of most appendages, but is required to promote axis elongation in the mandibles at metamorphosis. These data suggest that patterning of mandibulate mouthparts retains greater similarity with patterning in legs than does patterning of mouthparts in species with specialized mouthpart structures. Materials and Methods Beetle culture Wildtype cultures of Tribolium castaneum were obtained from Carolina Biological Supply Company and maintained at 32°C under conditions recommended by the supplier. Preparation of double-stranded RNA and RNA interference Candidate genes were identified for study in T. castaneum (Table 1) based on
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Mitochondrial Genomes of Palaeopteran Insects and Insights
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The mitochondrial genomes of palaeopteran insects and insights into the early insect relationships Nan Song1*, Xinxin Li1, Xinming Yin1, Xinghao Li1, Jian Yin2 & Pengliang Pan2 Phylogenetic relationships of basal insects remain a matter of discussion. In particular, the relationships among Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera are the focus of debate. In this study, we used a next-generation sequencing approach to reconstruct new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from 18 species of basal insects, including six representatives of Ephemeroptera and 11 of Odonata, plus one species belonging to Zygentoma. We then compared the structures of the newly sequenced mitogenomes. A tRNA gene cluster of IMQM was found in three ephemeropteran species, which may serve as a potential synapomorphy for the family Heptageniidae. Combined with published insect mitogenome sequences, we constructed a data matrix with all 37 mitochondrial genes of 85 taxa, which had a sampling concentrating on the palaeopteran lineages. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on various data coding schemes, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences under diferent models of sequence evolution. Our results generally recovered Zygentoma as a monophyletic group, which formed a sister group to Pterygota. This confrmed the relatively primitive position of Zygentoma to Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera. Analyses using site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model strongly supported the Palaeoptera clade, with the monophyletic Ephemeroptera being sister to the monophyletic Odonata. In addition, a sister group relationship between Palaeoptera and Neoptera was supported by the current mitogenomic data. Te acquisition of wings and of ability of fight contribute to the success of insects in the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Insect Trackway from the Upper Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous Eolian Sandstones of São Paulo State, Brazil: Implications for Reconstructing Desert Paleoecology
    A new insect trackway from the Upper Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous eolian sandstones of São Paulo State, Brazil: implications for reconstructing desert paleoecology Bernardo de C.P. e M. Peixoto1,2, M. Gabriela Mángano3, Nicholas J. Minter4, Luciana Bueno dos Reis Fernandes1 and Marcelo Adorna Fernandes1,2 1 Laboratório de Paleoicnologia e Paleoecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Programa de Pós Graduacão¸ em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 4 School of the Environment, Geography, and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom ABSTRACT The new ichnospecies Paleohelcura araraquarensis isp. nov. is described from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation of Brazil. This formation records a gigantic eolian sand sea (erg), formed under an arid climate in the south-central part of Gondwana. This trackway is composed of two track rows, whose internal width is less than one-quarter of the external width, with alternating to staggered series, consisting of three elliptical tracks that can vary from slightly elongated to tapered or circular. The trackways were found in yellowish/reddish sandstone in a quarry in the Araraquara municipality, São Paulo State. Comparisons with neoichnological studies and morphological inferences indicate that the producer of Paleohelcura araraquarensis isp. nov. was most likely a pterygote insect, and so could have fulfilled one of the Submitted 6 November 2019 ecological roles that different species of this group are capable of performing in dune Accepted 10 March 2020 deserts.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny
    insects Article Three Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Orestes guangxiensis, Peruphasma schultei, and Phryganistria guangxiensis (Insecta: Phasmatodea) and Their Phylogeny Ke-Ke Xu 1, Qing-Ping Chen 1, Sam Pedro Galilee Ayivi 1 , Jia-Yin Guan 1, Kenneth B. Storey 2, Dan-Na Yu 1,3 and Jia-Yong Zhang 1,3,* 1 College of Chemistry and Life Science, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China; [email protected] (K.-K.X.); [email protected] (Q.-P.C.); [email protected] (S.P.G.A.); [email protected] (J.-Y.G.); [email protected] (D.-N.Y.) 2 Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada; [email protected] 3 Key Lab of Wildlife Biotechnology, Conservation and Utilization of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China * Correspondence: [email protected] or [email protected] Simple Summary: Twenty-seven complete mitochondrial genomes of Phasmatodea have been published in the NCBI. To shed light on the intra-ordinal and inter-ordinal relationships among Phas- matodea, more mitochondrial genomes of stick insects are used to explore mitogenome structures and clarify the disputes regarding the phylogenetic relationships among Phasmatodea. We sequence and annotate the first acquired complete mitochondrial genome from the family Pseudophasmati- dae (Peruphasma schultei), the first reported mitochondrial genome from the genus Phryganistria Citation: Xu, K.-K.; Chen, Q.-P.; Ayivi, of Phasmatidae (P. guangxiensis), and the complete mitochondrial genome of Orestes guangxiensis S.P.G.; Guan, J.-Y.; Storey, K.B.; Yu, belonging to the family Heteropterygidae. We analyze the gene composition and the structure D.-N.; Zhang, J.-Y.
    [Show full text]
  • ENTOMOLOGY 322 LABS 13 & 14 Insect Mouthparts
    ENTOMOLOGY 322 LABS 13 & 14 Insect Mouthparts The diversity in insect mouthparts may explain in part why insects are the predominant form of multicellular life on earth (Bernays, 1991). Insects, in one form or another, consume essentially every type of food on the planet, including most terrestrial invertebrates, plant leaves, pollen, fungi, fungal spores, plant fluids (both xylem and phloem), vertebrate blood, detritus, and fecal matter. Mouthparts are often modified for other functions as well, including grooming, fighting, defense, courtship, mating, and egg manipulation. This tremendous morphological diversity can tend to obscure the essential appendiculate nature of insect mouthparts. In the following lab exercises we will track the evolutionary history of insect mouthparts by comparing the mouthparts of a generalized insect (the cricket you studied in the last lab) to a variety of other arthropods, and to the mouthparts of some highly modified insects, such as bees, butterflies, and cicadas. As mentioned above, the composite nature of the arthropod head has lead to considerable debate as to the true homologies among head segments across the arthropod classes. Table 13.1 is presented below to help provide a framework for examining the mouthparts of arthropods as a whole. 1. Obtain a specimen of a horseshoe crab (Merostoma: Limulus), one of the few extant, primitively marine Chelicerata. From dorsal view, note that the body is divided into two tagmata, the anterior Figure 13.1 (Brusca & Brusca, 1990) prosoma (cephalothorax) and the posterior opisthosoma (abdomen) with a caudal spine (telson) at its end (Fig. 13.1). In ventral view, note that all locomotory and feeding appendages are located on the prosoma and that all except the last are similar in shape and terminate in pincers.
    [Show full text]
  • Amphibious Fishes: Terrestrial Locomotion, Performance, Orientation, and Behaviors from an Applied Perspective by Noah R
    AMPHIBIOUS FISHES: TERRESTRIAL LOCOMOTION, PERFORMANCE, ORIENTATION, AND BEHAVIORS FROM AN APPLIED PERSPECTIVE BY NOAH R. BRESSMAN A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of WAKE FOREST UNIVESITY GRADUATE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND SCIENCES in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Biology May 2020 Winston-Salem, North Carolina Approved By: Miriam A. Ashley-Ross, Ph.D., Advisor Alice C. Gibb, Ph.D., Chair T. Michael Anderson, Ph.D. Bill Conner, Ph.D. Glen Mars, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my adviser Dr. Miriam Ashley-Ross for mentoring me and providing all of her support throughout my doctoral program. I would also like to thank the rest of my committee – Drs. T. Michael Anderson, Glen Marrs, Alice Gibb, and Bill Conner – for teaching me new skills and supporting me along the way. My dissertation research would not have been possible without the help of my collaborators, Drs. Jeff Hill, Joe Love, and Ben Perlman. Additionally, I am very appreciative of the many undergraduate and high school students who helped me collect and analyze data – Mark Simms, Tyler King, Caroline Horne, John Crumpler, John S. Gallen, Emily Lovern, Samir Lalani, Rob Sheppard, Cal Morrison, Imoh Udoh, Harrison McCamy, Laura Miron, and Amaya Pitts. I would like to thank my fellow graduate student labmates – Francesca Giammona, Dan O’Donnell, MC Regan, and Christine Vega – for their support and helping me flesh out ideas. I am appreciative of Dr. Ryan Earley, Dr. Bruce Turner, Allison Durland Donahou, Mary Groves, Tim Groves, Maryland Department of Natural Resources, UF Tropical Aquaculture Lab for providing fish, animal care, and lab space throughout my doctoral research.
    [Show full text]
  • MYRIAPODS 767 Volume 2 (M-Z), Pp
    In: R. Singer, (ed.), 1999. Encyclopedia of Paleontology, MYRIAPODS 767 volume 2 (M-Z), pp. 767-775. Fitzroy Dearborn, London. MYRIAPODS JVlyriapods are many-legged, terrestrial arthropods whose bodies groups, the Trilobita, Chelicerata, Crustacea, and the Uniramia, the are divided into two major parts, a head and a trunk. The head last consisting of the Myriapoda, Hexapoda, and Onychophora (vel- bears a single pair of antennae, highly differentiated mandibles (or vet worms). However, subsequent structural and molecular evidence jaws), and at least one pair of maxillary mouthparts; the trunk indicates that there are several characters uniting major arthropod region consists of similar "metameres," each of which is a func- taxa. Moreover, paleobiologic, embryologie, and other evidence tional segment that bears one or two pairs of appendages. Gas demonstrates that myriapods and hexapods are fiindamentally exchange is accomplished by tracheae•a branching network of polyramous, having two major articulating appendages per embry- specialized tubules•although small forms respire through the ological body segment, like other arthropods. body wall. Malpighian organs are used for excretion, and eyes con- A fourth proposal (Figure ID) suggests that myriapods are sist of clusters of simple, unintegrated, light-sensitive elements an ancient, basal arthropod lineage, and that the Hexapoda that are termed ommatidia. These major features collectively char- emerged as an independent, relatively recent clade from a rather acterize the five major myriapod clades: Diplopoda (millipeds), terminal crustacean lineage, perhaps the Malacostraca, which con- Chilopoda (centipeds), Pauropoda (pauropods), Symphyla (sym- tains lobsters and crabs (Ballard et al. 1992). Because few crusta- phylans), and Arthropleurida (arthropleurids). Other features cean taxa were examined in this analysis, and due to the Cambrian indicate differences among these clades.
    [Show full text]
  • Herpetofauna and Aquatic Macro-Invertebrate Use of the Kino Environmental Restoration Project (KERP)
    Herpetofauna and Aquatic Macro-invertebrate Use of the Kino Environmental Restoration Project (KERP) Tucson, Pima County, Arizona Prepared for Pima County Regional Flood Control District Prepared by EPG, Inc. JANUARY 2007 - Plma County Regional FLOOD CONTROL DISTRICT MEMORANDUM Water Resources Regional Flood Control District DATE: January 5,2007 TO: Distribution FROM: Julia Fonseca SUBJECT: Kino Ecosystem Restoration Project Report The Ed Pastor Environmental Restoration ProjectiKino Ecosystem Restoration Project (KERP) is becoming an extraordinary urban wildlife resource. As such, the Pima County Regional Flood Control District (PCRFCD) contracted with the Environmental Planning Group (EPG) to gather observations of reptiles, amphibians, and aquatic insects at KERP. Water quality was also examined. The purpose of the work was to provide baseline data on current wildlife use of the KERP site, and to assess water quality for post-project aquatic wildlife conditions. I additionally requested sampling of macroinvertebrates at Agua Caliente Park and Sweetwater Wetlands in hopes that the differences in aquatic wildlife among the three sites might provide insights into the different habitats offered by KERF'. The results One of the most important wildlife benefits that KERP provides is aquatic habitat without predatory bullfrogs and non- native fish. Most other constructed ponds and wetlands in Tucson, such as the Sweetwater Wetlands and Agua Caliente pond, are fuIl of non-native predators which devastate native fish, amphibians and aquatic reptiles. The KERP Wetlands may provide an opportunity for reestablishing declining native herpetofauna. Provided that non- native fish, bullfrogs or crayfish are not introduced, KERP appears to provide adequate habitat for Sonoran Mud Turtles (Kinosternon sonoriense), Lowland Leopard Frogs (Rana yavapaiensis), and Mexican Gartersnakes (Tharnnophis eques) and Southwestern Woodhouse Toad (Bufo woodhousii australis).
    [Show full text]
  • Segmentation and Tagmosis in Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 46 (2017) 395e418 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Segmentation and tagmosis in Chelicerata * Jason A. Dunlop a, , James C. Lamsdell b a Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Invalidenstrasse 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany b American Museum of Natural History, Division of Paleontology, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY 10024, USA article info abstract Article history: Patterns of segmentation and tagmosis are reviewed for Chelicerata. Depending on the outgroup, che- Received 4 April 2016 licerate origins are either among taxa with an anterior tagma of six somites, or taxa in which the ap- Accepted 18 May 2016 pendages of somite I became increasingly raptorial. All Chelicerata have appendage I as a chelate or Available online 21 June 2016 clasp-knife chelicera. The basic trend has obviously been to consolidate food-gathering and walking limbs as a prosoma and respiratory appendages on the opisthosoma. However, the boundary of the Keywords: prosoma is debatable in that some taxa have functionally incorporated somite VII and/or its appendages Arthropoda into the prosoma. Euchelicerata can be defined on having plate-like opisthosomal appendages, further Chelicerata fi Tagmosis modi ed within Arachnida. Total somite counts for Chelicerata range from a maximum of nineteen in Prosoma groups like Scorpiones and the extinct Eurypterida down to seven in modern Pycnogonida. Mites may Opisthosoma also show reduced somite counts, but reconstructing segmentation in these animals remains chal- lenging. Several innovations relating to tagmosis or the appendages borne on particular somites are summarised here as putative apomorphies of individual higher taxa.
    [Show full text]
  • Cooption of an Appendage-Patterning Gene Cassette in the Head
    Cooption of an appendage-patterning gene cassette in PNAS PLUS the head segmentation of arachnids Emily V. W. Settona and Prashant P. Sharmaa,1 aDepartment of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 Edited by Nipam H. Patel, University of California, Berkeley, CA, and accepted by Editorial Board Member David Jablonski February 28, 2018 (received for review November 20, 2017) The jointed appendages of arthropods have facilitated the spec- ventral tissue. Ectopic expression of both Dmel–Sp6-9 and Dmel- tacular diversity and success of this phylum. Key to the regulation btd can induce wing-to-leg transformations, but Dmel–Sp6-9 has of appendage outgrowth is the Krüppel-like factor (KLF)/specific- a more important role in D. melanogaster leg fate specification, ity protein (Sp) family of zinc finger transcription factors. In the as Dmel–Sp6-9 can rescue double-null mutants, whereas Dmel- fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the Sp6-9 homolog is activated btd cannot. In later development, both Dmel–Sp6-9 and Dmel-btd by Wnt-1/wingless (wg) and establishes ventral appendage (leg) are required for proper leg growth in larval stages (27, 28). fate. Subsequently, Sp6-9 maintains expression of the axial pat- Beyond D. melanogaster, gene expression surveys of Sp6-9 have terning gene Distal-less (Dll), which promotes limb outgrowth. In- demonstrated conservation of expression domains across insects and triguingly, in spiders, Dll has been reported to have a derived role one crustacean [all members of the same clade, Pancrustacea (29)]; as a segmentation gap gene, but the evolutionary origin and reg- taxonomically broader surveys of wg have shown broadly conserved ulation of this function are not understood because functional in- expression patterns across Arthropoda.
    [Show full text]
  • Geological History and Phylogeny of Chelicerata
    Arthropod Structure & Development 39 (2010) 124–142 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Arthropod Structure & Development journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asd Review Article Geological history and phylogeny of Chelicerata Jason A. Dunlop* Museum fu¨r Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Research on Evolution and Biodiversity at the Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, D-10115 Berlin, Germany article info abstract Article history: Chelicerata probably appeared during the Cambrian period. Their precise origins remain unclear, but may Received 1 December 2009 lie among the so-called great appendage arthropods. By the late Cambrian there is evidence for both Accepted 13 January 2010 Pycnogonida and Euchelicerata. Relationships between the principal euchelicerate lineages are unre- solved, but Xiphosura, Eurypterida and Chasmataspidida (the last two extinct), are all known as body Keywords: fossils from the Ordovician. The fourth group, Arachnida, was found monophyletic in most recent studies. Arachnida Arachnids are known unequivocally from the Silurian (a putative Ordovician mite remains controversial), Fossil record and the balance of evidence favours a common, terrestrial ancestor. Recent work recognises four prin- Phylogeny Evolutionary tree cipal arachnid clades: Stethostomata, Haplocnemata, Acaromorpha and Pantetrapulmonata, of which the pantetrapulmonates (spiders and their relatives) are probably the most robust grouping. Stethostomata includes Scorpiones (Silurian–Recent) and Opiliones (Devonian–Recent), while
    [Show full text]
  • Tetrapod Limb and Sarcopterygian Fin Regeneration Share a Core Genetic
    ARTICLE Received 28 Apr 2016 | Accepted 27 Sep 2016 | Published 2 Nov 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13364 OPEN Tetrapod limb and sarcopterygian fin regeneration share a core genetic programme Acacio F. Nogueira1,*, Carinne M. Costa1,*, Jamily Lorena1, Rodrigo N. Moreira1, Gabriela N. Frota-Lima1, Carolina Furtado2, Mark Robinson3, Chris T. Amemiya3,4, Sylvain Darnet1 & Igor Schneider1 Salamanders are the only living tetrapods capable of fully regenerating limbs. The discovery of salamander lineage-specific genes (LSGs) expressed during limb regeneration suggests that this capacity is a salamander novelty. Conversely, recent paleontological evidence supports a deeper evolutionary origin, before the occurrence of salamanders in the fossil record. Here we show that lungfishes, the sister group of tetrapods, regenerate their fins through morphological steps equivalent to those seen in salamanders. Lungfish de novo transcriptome assembly and differential gene expression analysis reveal notable parallels between lungfish and salamander appendage regeneration, including strong downregulation of muscle proteins and upregulation of oncogenes, developmental genes and lungfish LSGs. MARCKS-like protein (MLP), recently discovered as a regeneration-initiating molecule in salamander, is likewise upregulated during early stages of lungfish fin regeneration. Taken together, our results lend strong support for the hypothesis that tetrapods inherited a bona fide limb regeneration programme concomitant with the fin-to-limb transition. 1 Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Universidade Federal do Para´, Rua Augusto Correa, 01, Bele´m66075-110,Brazil.2 Unidade Genoˆmica, Programa de Gene´tica, Instituto Nacional do Caˆncer, Rio de Janeiro 20230-240, Brazil. 3 Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA. 4 Department of Biology, University of Washington 106 Kincaid, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evolution and Development of Arthropod Appendages
    Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development Proceedings of a symposium honoring Adolf Seilacher for his contributions to paleontology, in celebration of his 80th birthday Derek E. G. Briggs, Editor April 1– 2, 2005 New Haven, Connecticut A Special Publication of the Peabody Museum of Natural History Yale University New Haven, Connecticut, U.S.A. December 2005 Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development Proceedings of a symposium honoring Adolf Seilacher for his contributions to paleontology, in celebration of his 80th birthday A Special Publication of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University Derek E.G. Briggs, Editor These papers are the proceedings of Evolving Form and Function: Fossils and Development, a symposium held on April 1–2, 2005, at Yale University. Yale Peabody Museum Publications Jacques Gauthier, Curatorial Editor-in-Chief Lawrence F. Gall, Executive Editor Rosemary Volpe, Publications Editor Joyce Gherlone, Publications Assistant Design by Rosemary Volpe • Index by Aardvark Indexing Cover: Fossil specimen of Scyphocrinites sp., Upper Silurian, Morocco (YPM 202267). Purchased for the Yale Peabody Museum by Dr. Seilacher. Photograph by Jerry Domian. © 2005 Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University. All rights reserved. Frontispiece: Photograph of Dr. Adolf Seilacher by Wolfgang Gerber. Used with permission. All rights reserved. In addition to occasional Special Publications, the Yale Peabody Museum publishes the Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, Postilla and the Yale University Publications in Anthropology. A com- plete list of titles, along with submission guidelines for contributors, can be obtained from the Yale Peabody Museum website or requested from the Publications Office at the address below.
    [Show full text]