DOCSLIB.ORG

The Exoskeleton of the Male Genitalic Region in Archaeognatha, With

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Exoskeleton of the Male Genitalic Region in Archaeognatha, With ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny Jahr/Year: 2018 Band/Volume: 76 Autor(en)/Author(s): Klass Klaus-Dieter, Matushkina Natalia A. Artikel/Article: The exoskeleton of the male genitalic region in Archaeognatha, with hypotheses on the early evolution and the morphological interpretation of genitalia in insects 235-294 76 (2): 235 – 294 18.7.2018 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2018. The exoskeleton of the male genitalic region in Archaeo- gnatha, with hypotheses on the early evolution and the morphological interpretation of genitalia in insects Klaus-Dieter Klass 1 & Natalia A. Matushkina 2 1 Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Museum of Zoology, Königsbrücker Landstrasse 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany; Klaus- Dieter Klass [[email protected]] — 2 Department of Ecology and Zoology, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Ukraine; Natalia A. Matushkina [[email protected]] Accepted 16.iii.2018. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on 29.vi.2018. Editor in charge: Frank Wieland Abstract. The ventral exoskeleton of abdominal segments 7 – 9, including the phallic organs (belonging to segment 9 or 10), is described for five archaeognathan species: Machilis hrabei and Lepismachilis notata (Machilidae-Machilinae), Pedetontus unimaculatus (Machili- dae-Petrobiinae), Petrobiellus takunagae (Machilidae-Petrobiellinae), and Machilinus sp. (Meinertellidae). In the focus are the segmental patterns of sclerites and formative elements, and fine structures of the cuticular surface. The results are compared with earlier descriptions of these body parts in Archaeognatha. Hypotheses of homonomy (transsegmental and male-female) and homology at the level of Ectogna- tha (= Insecta) are proposed and insect-wide terminologies applied. Morphological interpretations are revised, if required, with a focus on the segmental assignment and other aspects of the male genital opening and phallic organs. A data matrix of 39 male genitalic characters is composed as a source of information for subsequent phylogenetic and taxonomic work on Archaeognatha. Some discussions on character evolution are given; few apomorphies agree with previous molecular results of a clade Petrobiellinae + Meinertellidae, but phylogenetic conclusions remain limited due to poor data for outgroup comparison (mainly for Zygentoma). We compare and discuss the occurrence of genitalic specialities (= structural differences compared to pregenital segments) on segments 7 – 9 in both sexes. The new data shows that male Archaeognatha exhibit many genitalic specialities on segment 9 and few on segment 8, whereas females show many on segments 9 and 8 and on the posterior part of segment 7; the male specialities are largely a subset of the female ones, except for structures categorised as phallic in the male being largely absent in the female (with possible exceptions). Based mainly on the genitalic specialities common to both sexes, we discuss two discrete scenarios for the early sex-shared evolution of the genitalic region in stem-Insecta: (1) The ‘aquaeductal hypothesis’ proposes that water-uptake from crevices was the initial driving force of structural specialities that today mainly serve for genitalic functions. (2) The ‘sensorial hypothesis’ proposes that improving the sensorial exploration of the substrate was the driving force. Key words. Genitalia, penis, phallic organs, gonapophysis, paramere, morphology, homology, evolution, taxonomy, SEM. 1. Introduction In Insecta (= Archaeognatha + Zygentoma + Pterygota) BIRKET-SMITH 1974; ROHDENDORF & RASNITSYN 1980: the males bear external genitalia, i.e. the phallic organs, p. 22; see Appendix chapter 8 for a preliminary discus- on the ventral side of the posterior part of the abdomen. sion). The phallic organs range from being very simple Together with the genital opening upon or close to them, (e.g. Embio ptera: ROSS 2000) to highly complicated (e.g. the genitalia either belong to abdominal segment 9 or Dictyo ptera: KLASS 1997) in their structure. Complicat- 10, being either derivatives of (parts of) the 9th- or 10th- ed structuring includes the presence of many sclerites, segmental limbs or formations independent of limbs. Hy- many formative elements (such as processes, apodemes, potheses on the morphological interpretation of the phal- and ridges), and a rich musculature. The symmetry of lic organs are highly diverse, with many questionable the phallic organs ranges from fully bilateral (e.g. many arguments but also conflicting evidence (e.g. SNODGRASS Ortho ptera: SNODGRASS 1937) to asymmetrical in a way 1936, 1957; BECKER 1966: p. 264; BITSCH 1974b: p. 218; that the homonomy of elements of the two sides has re- ISSN 1863-7221 (print) | eISSN 1864-8312 (online) 235 Klass & Matushkina: Male genitalia of Archaeognatha mained obscure (e.g. Dictyo ptera: KLASS 1997; Phasmat- dition of the coxal lobes on venter 9 and the presence on odea: HELM et al. 2011). The ontogenetic development of venters 8 and 9 of long, sclerotised gonapophyses (often the phallic organs (e.g. SNODGRASS 1936, 1957; MATSUDA called ‘parameres’ in the males) instead of coxal vesicles 1976 and references therein) starts with a pair of primary (BITSCH 1994). In the males, both pairs of gonapophyses phallic lobes. These either fuse medially to form an un- can be present or absent; those of venter 9 are, if present, paired penis (Archaeognatha, Zygentoma); or each forms intimately associated with the penis. one penis of a pair (Ephemero ptera); or each lobe divides Archaeognatha is most likely the sister group of the (ty pial for Neo ptera), usually in a mesal mesomere and remaining Insecta, the Dicondylia, which comprise Zyg- a lateral paramere, and the two mesomeres often fuse to entoma and Pterygota (e.g. BEUTEL & GORB 2006; KJER form a median aedeagus. The phallic organs as such are et al. 2006; KLASS 2009; MISOF et al. 2014). Therefore, likely – though not with certainty – homologous across the morphology of the male genitalic region in Archaeo- the Insecta, but their morphology is so diverse that the gnatha is important for conclusions on the early evolu- homology of their elements in different order-level taxa tion of this body part in Insecta and for the use of it as is widely unknown (see SNODGRASS 1957). This is espe- a character system for phylogenetic work. In addition, cially evident when comparing taxa with highly compli- among the insects with well differentiated male and fe- cated phallic organs, such as Dictyo ptera and Phasmato- male genitalic regions, the archaeognathans are the ones dea (see KLASS 1997 and HELM et al. 2011, respectively). where male and female genitalic morphologies as well as Homologies may even partly not exist, as both the struc- the morphologies of genitalic and pregenitalic abdomi- tural complexity and the asymmetry could well have nal segments are most similar, with the homonomies be- been acquired independently in different major lineages. tween sexes and among segments being largely resolved The starting point of phallic evolution in insects may (BITSCH 1974a,b). The abdominal morphology of Ar- have resembled the simple, more or less cylindrical me- chaeognatha is thus also of great significance in tracing dian penes of Archaeognatha (BITSCH 1974b) and Zyg- the origin of insect genitalia under consideration of both entoma (BIRKET-SMITH 1974), but there are competing sexes. This matter was never analysed in detail. hypotheses of paired penes like those of Ephemero ptera The numerous illustrations of archaeognathan male being ancestral (e.g. SNODGRASS 1936). The females seem genitalia in taxonomic contributions are mostly sketches to consistently lack projections potentially homonomous focused on the shape and surface structures (e.g. seta- with the phallic organs (e.g. BITSCH 1974a,b for Archaeo- tion) of the projecting parts: coxal lobes, penis, and gon- gnatha). However, whether females possess projecting apophyses (e.g. STURM & MACHIDA 2001: figs. 4.3., 8.26, or non-projecting elements isosegmentally homonomous 8.27; BACH DE ROCA et al. 2013). Contributions consider- with particular phallic elements depends strongly on the ing the other exoskeletal parts of the male genitalic region morphological interpretation of the male phallic organs are scarce. Most of them only treat selected parts (SMITH and other postabdominal structures of both sexes, which 1969, 1970) or are very sketchy (SNODGRASS 1935, 1936). is widely unclarified. GUSTAFSON (1950) studied several archaeognathan spe- Many of the non-phallic parts of the posterior abdo- cies in order to conclude on the origin of insect genitalia, men of male insects can show differentiations more or but his work lacks detailed descriptions and illustrations. less strongly involved in genitalic functions. Most usu- MATSUDA’s (1957) investigation of the archaeognathan ally the ventral side of abdominal segment 9 (= venter Neomachilis halophila Silvestri, 1911 is focused on the 9) shows differentiations correlated with the placement abdominal musculature; he only provides a brief textual of the phallic organs on or immediately behind it. This description and diagrammatic drawings of the male geni- mainly concerns an elongation of its limb vestiges (coxal talic exoskeleton. BECKER (1966) conducted comparative lobes) and often their median fusion
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea
    Brigham Young University BYU ScholarsArchive Theses and Dissertations 2018-07-01 Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Brigham Young University Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd Part of the Life Sciences Commons BYU ScholarsArchive Citation Pacheco, Yelena Marlese, "Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 7444. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7444 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco A thesis submitted to the faculty of Brigham Young University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Michael F. Whiting, Chair Sven Bradler Seth M. Bybee Steven D. Leavitt Department of Biology Brigham Young University Copyright © 2018 Yelena Marlese Pacheco All Rights Reserved ABSTRACT Ecomorph Convergence in Stick Insects (Phasmatodea) with Emphasis on the Lonchodinae of Papua New Guinea Yelena Marlese Pacheco Department of Biology, BYU Master of Science Phasmatodea exhibit a variety of cryptic ecomorphs associated with various microhabitats. Multiple ecomorphs are present in the stick insect fauna from Papua New Guinea, including the tree lobster, spiny, and long slender forms. While ecomorphs have long been recognized in phasmids, there has yet to be an attempt to objectively define and study the evolution of these ecomorphs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mitochondrial Genomes of Palaeopteran Insects and Insights
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN The mitochondrial genomes of palaeopteran insects and insights into the early insect relationships Nan Song1*, Xinxin Li1, Xinming Yin1, Xinghao Li1, Jian Yin2 & Pengliang Pan2 Phylogenetic relationships of basal insects remain a matter of discussion. In particular, the relationships among Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera are the focus of debate. In this study, we used a next-generation sequencing approach to reconstruct new mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) from 18 species of basal insects, including six representatives of Ephemeroptera and 11 of Odonata, plus one species belonging to Zygentoma. We then compared the structures of the newly sequenced mitogenomes. A tRNA gene cluster of IMQM was found in three ephemeropteran species, which may serve as a potential synapomorphy for the family Heptageniidae. Combined with published insect mitogenome sequences, we constructed a data matrix with all 37 mitochondrial genes of 85 taxa, which had a sampling concentrating on the palaeopteran lineages. Phylogenetic analyses were performed based on various data coding schemes, using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inferences under diferent models of sequence evolution. Our results generally recovered Zygentoma as a monophyletic group, which formed a sister group to Pterygota. This confrmed the relatively primitive position of Zygentoma to Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Neoptera. Analyses using site-heterogeneous CAT-GTR model strongly supported the Palaeoptera clade, with the monophyletic Ephemeroptera being sister to the monophyletic Odonata. In addition, a sister group relationship between Palaeoptera and Neoptera was supported by the current mitogenomic data. Te acquisition of wings and of ability of fight contribute to the success of insects in the planet.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Insect Trackway from the Upper Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous Eolian Sandstones of São Paulo State, Brazil: Implications for Reconstructing Desert Paleoecology
    A new insect trackway from the Upper Jurassic—Lower Cretaceous eolian sandstones of São Paulo State, Brazil: implications for reconstructing desert paleoecology Bernardo de C.P. e M. Peixoto1,2, M. Gabriela Mángano3, Nicholas J. Minter4, Luciana Bueno dos Reis Fernandes1 and Marcelo Adorna Fernandes1,2 1 Laboratório de Paleoicnologia e Paleoecologia, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil 2 Programa de Pós Graduacão¸ em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil 3 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada 4 School of the Environment, Geography, and Geosciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, United Kingdom ABSTRACT The new ichnospecies Paleohelcura araraquarensis isp. nov. is described from the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Botucatu Formation of Brazil. This formation records a gigantic eolian sand sea (erg), formed under an arid climate in the south-central part of Gondwana. This trackway is composed of two track rows, whose internal width is less than one-quarter of the external width, with alternating to staggered series, consisting of three elliptical tracks that can vary from slightly elongated to tapered or circular. The trackways were found in yellowish/reddish sandstone in a quarry in the Araraquara municipality, São Paulo State. Comparisons with neoichnological studies and morphological inferences indicate that the producer of Paleohelcura araraquarensis isp. nov. was most likely a pterygote insect, and so could have fulfilled one of the Submitted 6 November 2019 ecological roles that different species of this group are capable of performing in dune Accepted 10 March 2020 deserts.
    [Show full text]
  • Biochemical Divergence Between Cavernicolous and Marine
    The position of crustaceans within Arthropoda - Evidence from nine molecular loci and morphology GONZALO GIRIBET', STEFAN RICHTER2, GREGORY D. EDGECOMBE3 & WARD C. WHEELER4 Department of Organismic and Evolutionary- Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology; Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. ' Friedrich-Schiller-UniversitdtJena, Instituifiir Spezielte Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie, Jena, Germany 3Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW, Australia Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, U.S.A. ABSTRACT The monophyly of Crustacea, relationships of crustaceans to other arthropods, and internal phylogeny of Crustacea are appraised via parsimony analysis in a total evidence frame­ work. Data include sequences from three nuclear ribosomal genes, four nuclear coding genes, and two mitochondrial genes, together with 352 characters from external morphol­ ogy, internal anatomy, development, and mitochondrial gene order. Subjecting the com­ bined data set to 20 different parameter sets for variable gap and transversion costs, crusta­ ceans group with hexapods in Tetraconata across nearly all explored parameter space, and are members of a monophyletic Mandibulata across much of the parameter space. Crustacea is non-monophyletic at low indel costs, but monophyly is favored at higher indel costs, at which morphology exerts a greater influence. The most stable higher-level crusta­ cean groupings are Malacostraca, Branchiopoda, Branchiura + Pentastomida, and an ostracod-cirripede group. For combined data, the Thoracopoda and Maxillopoda concepts are unsupported, and Entomostraca is only retrieved under parameter sets of low congruence. Most of the current disagreement over deep divisions in Arthropoda (e.g., Mandibulata versus Paradoxopoda or Cormogonida versus Chelicerata) can be viewed as uncertainty regarding the position of the root in the arthropod cladogram rather than as fundamental topological disagreement as supported in earlier studies (e.g., Schizoramia versus Mandibulata or Atelocerata versus Tetraconata).
    [Show full text]
  • Is Ellipura Monophyletic? a Combined Analysis of Basal Hexapod
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Organisms, Diversity & Evolution 4 (2004) 319–340 www.elsevier.de/ode Is Ellipura monophyletic? A combined analysis of basal hexapod relationships with emphasis on the origin of insects Gonzalo Giribeta,Ã, Gregory D.Edgecombe b, James M.Carpenter c, Cyrille A.D’Haese d, Ward C.Wheeler c aDepartment of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 16 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA bAustralian Museum, 6 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia cDivision of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024, USA dFRE 2695 CNRS, De´partement Syste´matique et Evolution, Muse´um National d’Histoire Naturelle, 45 rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France Received 27 February 2004; accepted 18 May 2004 Abstract Hexapoda includes 33 commonly recognized orders, most of them insects.Ongoing controversy concerns the grouping of Protura and Collembola as a taxon Ellipura, the monophyly of Diplura, a single or multiple origins of entognathy, and the monophyly or paraphyly of the silverfish (Lepidotrichidae and Zygentoma s.s.) with respect to other dicondylous insects.Here we analyze relationships among basal hexapod orders via a cladistic analysis of sequence data for five molecular markers and 189 morphological characters in a simultaneous analysis framework using myriapod and crustacean outgroups.Using a sensitivity analysis approach and testing for stability, the most congruent parameters resolve Tricholepidion as sister group to the remaining Dicondylia, whereas most suboptimal parameter sets group Tricholepidion with Zygentoma.Stable hypotheses include the monophyly of Diplura, and a sister group relationship between Diplura and Protura, contradicting the Ellipura hypothesis.Hexapod monophyly is contradicted by an alliance between Collembola, Crustacea and Ectognatha (i.e., exclusive of Diplura and Protura) in molecular and combined analyses.
    [Show full text]
  • Insecta, Apterygota, Microcoryphia)
    Miscel.lania Zoologica 20.1 (1997) 119 The antennal basiconic sensilla and taxonomy of Machilinus Silvestri, 1904 (Insecta, Apterygota, Microcoryphia) M. J. Notario-Muñoz, C. Bach de Roca, R. Molero-Baltanás & M. Gaju-Ricart Notario-Muñoz, M. J., Bach de Roca, C., Molero-Baltanás, R. & Gaju-Ricart, M., 1997. The antennal basiconic sensilla and taxonomy of Machilinus Silvestri, 1904 (Insecta, Apterygota, Microcoryphia). Misc. ZOO~.,20.1: 119-123. The antennal basiconic sensilla and taxonomy of Machilinus Silvestri, 1904 (Insecta, Apterygota, Microcoryphia).- Some special antennal sensilla ('rosettenformige' and basiconica) of five species of Mach~fihus(Mei nertellidae): M. casasecai, M. helicopalpus, M. kleinenbergi, M. rupestris gallicus and M. spinifrontis were studied. The distribution patterns of the sensilla are different for each examined species and identical in both sexes. The sensillogram thus provides a good taxonomic characteristic for their identification. Key words: Taxonomy, Antennal sensilla, Basiconic sensilla, Machilinus. (Rebut: 8 VI1 96; Acceptació condicional: 4 XI 96; Acc. definitiva: 17 XII 96) María José Notario-Muñoz, Rafael Molero-Baltanás & Miguel Gaju-Ricart, Depto. de Biología Animal (Zoología), Univ. Córdoba, 14005 Córdoba, España (Spain).- Carmen Bach de Roca, Depto. de Biología Animal, Vegetal y Ecología, Univ. Autónoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Barcelona, España (Spain). l This work was supported by Fauna Ibérica III SEUI-DGICYT PB92-0121. O 1997 Museu de Zoologia Notario-Muñoz et al. lntroduction M. casasecai Bach, 1974, 8 88 y 2 99, Lérida (Spain) 28 V 86; M. spinifrontis Bach, The insects' antennae are provided with 1984, 4 88' y 5 99, Jaén (Spain) 11 VI1 82 specialized sensilla which function, rnainly, and 10 X 82.
    [Show full text]
  • Eidesstattliche Erklärung
    ‐ Dissertation ‐ INTEGRATIVE SPECIES DELIMITATION IN THE ALPINE JUMPING‐BRISTLETAIL GENUS MACHILIS LATREILLE, 1832 Thomas Dejaco May 2014 Molecular Ecology Group Institute of Ecology University of Innsbruck 6020 Innsbruck, Austria 1st supervisor: Univ.‐Prof. Dr. Birgit C. Schlick‐Steiner 2nd supervisor: PD Dr. Florian Steiner i Leopold‐Franzens‐Universität Innsbruck Eidesstattliche Erklärung Ich erkläre hiermit an Eides statt durch meine eigenhändige Unterschrift, dass ich die vorliegende Arbeit selbständig verfasst und keine anderen als die angegebenen Quellen und Hilfsmittel verwendet habe. Alle Stellen, die wörtlich oder inhaltlich den angegebenen Quellen entnommen wurden, sind als solche kenntlich gemacht. Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde bisher in gleicher oder ähnlicher Form noch nicht als Magister- /Master-/Diplomarbeit/Dissertation eingereicht. 19. Mai 2014 Datum Unterschrift Machilis sp. B from Trögener Klamm (southern Carinthia, Austria). Photograph courtesy of Gernot Kunz. ii ABSTRACT Jumping‐bristletails (Archaeognatha or Microcoryphia) are certainly one of the least studied insect groups. Information on their phylogenetic relationship (both within and among hexapod sister groups) and their general biology is very scarce. Within the genus Machilis, 94 species have been described, among which numerous Alpine small‐scale endemics are found. Endemic species are treasures of biodiversity that need to be conserved in the face of the ongoing biodiversity crisis. This is especially important for the European Alps, which are poor in endemic species compared with other biodiversity hotspots like the Mediterranean region. The very basic requirement for any biodiversity assessment is knowledge about the number and taxonomic affiliation of species inhabiting the area under observation. Unfortunately, species determination in Alpine representatives of the genus Machilis is obscured by vaguely defined species limits.
    [Show full text]
  • An Overview of Systematics Studies Concerning the Insect Fauna of British Columbia
    J ENTOMOL. Soc. B RIT. COLU MBIA 9 8. DECDmER 200 1 33 An overview of systematics studies concerning the insect fauna of British Columbia ROBERT A. CANNINGS ROYAL BRITISI-I COLUMBIA MUSEUM, 675 BELLEVILLE STREET, VICTORIA, BC, CANADA V8W 9W2 GEOFFREY G.E. SCUDDER DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISI-I COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA V6T IZ4 INTRODUCTION This summary of insect systematics pertaining to British Co lumbia is not intended as an hi storical account of entomologists and their work, but rath er is an overview of th e more important studies and publications dealing with the taxonomy, identifi cati on, distribution and faunistics of BC species. Some statistics on th e known size of various taxa are also give n. Many of the systematic references to th e province's insects ca nnot be presented in such a short summary as thi s and , as a res ult, the treatment is hi ghl y se lec tive. It deals large ly with publications appearing after 1950. We examine mainly terrestrial groups. Alth ough Geoff Scudder, Professor of Zoo logy at the University of Briti sh Co lumbi a, at Westwick Lake in the Cariboo, May 1970. Sc udder is a driving force in man y facets of in sect systemat ics in Briti sh Co lum bia and Canada. He is a world authority on th e Hemiptera. Photo: Rob Ca nnin gs. 34 J ENTOMOL. Soc BR IT. COLUMBIA 98, DECEMBER200 1 we mention the aquatic orders (those in which the larv ae live in water but the adults are aerial), they are more fully treated in the companion paper on aquatic in sects in thi s issue (Needham et al.) as are the major aquatic families of otherwise terrestrial orders (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • Evolution of Insect Olfactory Receptors
    RESEARCH ARTICLE elifesciences.org Evolution of insect olfactory receptors Christine Missbach1*, Hany KM Dweck1, Heiko Vogel2, Andreas Vilcinskas3, Marcus C Stensmyr4, Bill S Hansson1†, Ewald Grosse-Wilde1*† 1Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; 2Department of Entomology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; 3Institute of Phytopathology and Applied Zoology, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Germany; 4Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden Abstract The olfactory sense detects a plethora of behaviorally relevant odor molecules; gene families involved in olfaction exhibit high diversity in different animal phyla. Insects detect volatile molecules using olfactory (OR) or ionotropic receptors (IR) and in some cases gustatory receptors (GRs). While IRs are expressed in olfactory organs across Protostomia, ORs have been hypothesized to be an adaptation to a terrestrial insect lifestyle. We investigated the olfactory system of the primary wingless bristletail Lepismachilis y-signata (Archaeognatha), the firebratThermobia domestica (Zygentoma) and the neopteran leaf insect Phyllium siccifolium (Phasmatodea). ORs and the olfactory coreceptor (Orco) are with very high probability lacking in Lepismachilis; in Thermobia we have identified three Orco candidates, and in Phyllium a fully developed OR/Orco-based system. We suggest that ORs did not arise as an adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle, but evolved later in insect evolution, with Orco being present before the appearance of ORs. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.02115.001 *For correspondence: [email protected] (CM); [email protected] (EG-W) Introduction †These authors contributed All living organisms, including bacteria, protozoans, fungi, plants, and animals, detect chemicals in equally to this work as senior their environment.
    [Show full text]
  • Ancient Rapid Radiations of Insects: Challenges for Phylogenetic Analysis
    ANRV330-EN53-23 ARI 2 November 2007 18:40 Ancient Rapid Radiations of Insects: Challenges for Phylogenetic Analysis James B. Whitfield1 and Karl M. Kjer2 1Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61821; email: jwhitfi[email protected] 2Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008. 53:449–72 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on diversification, molecular evolution, Palaeoptera, Orthopteroidea, September 17, 2007 fossils The Annual Review of Entomology is online at ento.annualreviews.org Abstract by UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS on 12/18/07. For personal use only. This article’s doi: Phylogenies of major groups of insects based on both morphological 10.1146/annurev.ento.53.103106.093304 and molecular data have sometimes been contentious, often lacking Copyright c 2008 by Annual Reviews. the data to distinguish between alternative views of relationships. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 2008.53:449-472. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org All rights reserved This paucity of data is often due to real biological and historical 0066-4170/08/0107-0449$20.00 causes, such as shortness of time spans between divergences for evo- lution to occur and long time spans after divergences for subsequent evolutionary changes to obscure the earlier ones. Another reason for difficulty in resolving some of the relationships using molecu- lar data is the limited spectrum of genes so far developed for phy- logeny estimation. For this latter issue, there is cause for current optimism owing to rapid increases in our knowledge of comparative genomics.
    [Show full text]
  • Insects, Extatosoma Tiaratum (Macleay, 1826) by David S
    The Phasmid Study Group JUNE 2013 NEWSLETTER No 130 ISSN 0268-3806 Extatosoma tiaratum © Paul Brock See Page 11. INDEX Page Content Page Content 2. The Colour Page 9. Phasmid Books – Gray 1833 3. Editorial 10. My Little Friends 3. PSG Membership Details 11. PSG Winter Meeting 19.1.13 3. The PSG Committee 12. Sticks go to School 4. PSG Website Update 13. Development of Phasmid Species List Part 5 4. Contributions to the Newsletter 15. A New Leaf Insect Rearer’s Book 4. Diary Dates 16. X-Bugs 5. PSG Summer Meeting Agenda 16. Dad! It’s Raining Stick Insects 6. PSG Summer Meeting 17. BIAZA Big Bug Bonanza 6. Livestock Report 17. Stick Talk 7. PSG Merchandise Update 18. Holiday to Colombia 7. Newsletter Survey Results 19. Questions 8. National Insect Week @ Bristol Zoo Gardens 20. Macleay’s Spectre It is to be directly understood that all views, opinions or theories, expressed in the pages of "The Newsletter“ are those of the author(s) concerned. All announcements of meetings, and requests for help or information, are accepted as bona fide. Neither the Editor, nor Officers of "The Phasmid Study Group", can be held responsible for any loss, embarrassment or injury that might be sustained by reliance thereon. THE COLOUR PAGE! Acrophylla titan female. Picture on left, becomes picture on right. Unknown species. See page 18. See page 9. Ctenomorpha Acanthoxyla spp, brown version. See page 8. Acanthoxyla spp, green version. See page 8. marginipennis. See page 10. Pictures on the left are from when Sir David Attenborough went to Bristol Zoo Gardens on 21st May 2013 to film for his “Natural Curiosities” series, where he focused on butterflies (regarding metamorphosis) with a short piece on parthenogenesis – hence the Phyllium giganteum he is holding in the photo.
    [Show full text]
  • Arkansas Endemic Biota: an Update with Additions and Deletions H
    Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science Volume 62 Article 14 2008 Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions H. Robison Southern Arkansas University, [email protected] C. McAllister C. Carlton Louisiana State University G. Tucker FTN Associates, Ltd. Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Robison, H.; McAllister, C.; Carlton, C.; and Tucker, G. (2008) "Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions," Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science: Vol. 62 , Article 14. Available at: http://scholarworks.uark.edu/jaas/vol62/iss1/14 This article is available for use under the Creative Commons license: Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0). Users are able to read, download, copy, print, distribute, search, link to the full texts of these articles, or use them for any other lawful purpose, without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This Article is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UARK. It has been accepted for inclusion in Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science by an authorized editor of ScholarWorks@UARK. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Journal of the Arkansas Academy of Science, Vol. 62 [2008], Art. 14 The Arkansas Endemic Biota: An Update with Additions and Deletions H. Robison1, C. McAllister2, C. Carlton3, and G. Tucker4 1Department of Biological Sciences, Southern Arkansas University, Magnolia, AR 71754-9354 2RapidWrite, 102 Brown Street, Hot Springs National Park, AR 71913 3Department of Entomology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1710 4FTN Associates, Ltd., 3 Innwood Circle, Suite 220, Little Rock, AR 72211 1Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract Pringle and Witsell (2005) described this new species of rose-gentian from Saline County glades.
    [Show full text]