J ENTOMOL. Soc. B RIT. COLU MBIA 9 8. DECDmER 200 1 33

An overview of systematics studies concerning the fauna of British Columbia

ROBERT A. CANNINGS

ROYAL BRITISI-I COLUMBIA MUSEUM, 675 BELLEVILLE STREET, VICTORIA, BC, CANADA V8W 9W2

GEOFFREY G.E. SCUDDER

DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF BRITISI-I COLUMBIA, VANCOUVER, BC, CANADA V6T IZ4

INTRODUCTION This summary of insect systematics pertaining to British Co lumbia is not intended as an hi storical account of entomologists and their work, but rath er is an overview of th e more important studies and publications dealing with the , identifi cati on, distribution and faunistics of BC species. Some statistics on th e known size of various taxa are also give n. Many of the systematic references to th e province's ca nnot be presented in such a short summary as thi s and , as a res ult, the treatment is hi ghl y se lec tive. It deals large ly with publications appearing after 1950. We examine mainly terrestrial groups. Alth ough

Geoff Scudder, Professor of Zoo logy at the University of Briti sh Co lumbi a, at Westwick Lake in the Cariboo, May 1970. Sc udder is a driving force in man y facets of in sect systemat ics in Briti sh Co lum bia and Canada. He is a world authority on th e Hemiptera. Photo: Rob Ca nnin gs. 34 J ENTOMOL. Soc BR IT. COLUMBIA 98, DECEMBER200 1 we mention the aquatic orders (those in which the larv ae live in water but the adults are aerial), they are more fully treated in the companion paper on aquatic in sects in thi s issue (Needham et al.) as are the major aquatic families of otherwise terrestrial orders (e.g. the Dytiscidae in Coleoptera, Corixidae in Hemiptera, Culicidae in Diptera, and so on). However, when numbers of species are reported below for various orders or families, aquatic spec ies are included. The classification used here follows Kristensen (1991) except that the so-called entognathous hexapods (e.g., Collembola) are treated as classes. A great benefit of this scheme is that it is based on a cladogram and is supported by phylogenetic discussion. Danks (1979) summarized the in sect fauna of Canada and indicated that there are about 54,000 insect species in the country, with almost half of these undescribed or unrecorded. Cannings and Cannings (1996) estimated that there are about 35,000 species in BC, over 60 per cent of the Canad ian fauna. Spencer (1952) briefly reviewed the status of knowledge of the insect orders in the province up to 1951. Since this, major advances have occurred in many, but not all, groups. The systematic overview of many groups in the Yukon (Danks and Downes 1997) is a usefu l basis for the study of the insect fauna of northern BC, even though collections from the region may be scattered or lack in g. In an an notated list of the potentially rare and endangered spec ies in BC, Scudder ( 1994) gave references to the available checklists, major monographs and keys useful for the identification of our in sect fauna. Nadel (1996), Scudder (1996) and Biological Survey of Canada (1996) Ii sted some systematic special ists able to identify BC material.

SYSTEMATIC SURVEY Class Protura Based on regional distributions elsewhere, Marshall (1993) estimated that 25 species of proturans should live in Be. However, only three species in two families have been repol1ed: Nipponenlomon bifldum Rusek, N. kevani Rusek and Vesiclilenlomon marshalli Rusek - all described from Douglas-fir forest near Shawnigan Lake (Rusek 1974). The North American genera were keyed by Co peland and Imadate (1990); the world fauna was treated by Tuxen (1964).

Class Collembola Spencer (1948a) published a preliminary list of the springtails known in Be. This was augmented by Skidmore (1995) who, in a recent checkl ist of the Co llembola of Canada and Alaska, listed 145 spec ies and 14 families from th e province. This list, however, represented spec ies from only a small number of localiti es and habitats , and omitted some recorded ones; for example, about 19 taxa li sted by Battigelli and Marshall (1993) were not included. In addition, one more family and at least 25 other species, as well as several undescribed species, have since been collected in BC by J. Addison , H. Nadel and B. Baumbrough (l.A. Addison, in lilt.; G. Marshall , in litt.) . Marshall (1993) estimated 200 species occur in the province and noted that there is a desperate need for basic taxonomic and ecological studies in Be's so il fauna. A detailed and annotated checklist of the Collembola for the entire province is sorely needed; a good basis for such a work is the treatment of the North American fauna by Christiansen and Bellinger (1998).

Class Diplura Three species of Diplura in two families are recorded in BC (Spencer 1952; Marshall 1993), but more are likely to occur (V.G. Marshall, in litt.). As well as the widely distributed Campodea and the japygid, Eval/japyx sonoranus Silvestri, recorded from Victoria, another japygid from the Gulf Islands and the Queen Charlotte Isl ands is .I. ENTOMOL. soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER 2001 35 apparently undescribed (M.A. Muegge, in fill .). Ferguson (1990a) provided a ke y to th e fami lies of Diplura and genera ofCampode inae in the United States .

Class In secta Order Archeognatha The two families of jumping bri stl etail s, the Mac hilidae and Meinertellidae, both occur in th e province, but there is no current checklist. Mesomachifis canadensis Sturm () and Nearcto/inus allriantiacus (Schoett) (Me in erte llid ae) are rarely co ll ected spec ies of grassland and dry forest communities in the Interior (Scudder 1994). A species of Pedetontus is common above high tide on rocky seashores on the south coast. New record s and new species from BC have been published by Sturm (1991) and Sturm and Bach de Roca (1992) but th ese were not included in the ava il ab le key to th e genera of th e conti guous United States (Ferguson 1990b) .

Order Thysanura Two ali en species of bri stletail s, Lepisma saccharina Linnaeus (silverfi sh) and Thermobia domestica (Packard) (fi rebrat) commonly occur ind oors in BC (Scudder 1994). Both are household pests. Ferguson ( 1990b) published a key for th e identification of these and other species .

Order Ephemeroptera Ten fami li es and 92 spec ies of may fli es are reco rd ed in BC. Needham el al., in a companion paper to this one, discuss systematic and eco logical studi es on the aquatic in sects of th e province.

Order Odonata There are 87 species of dragonflies and damselflies known in the province. These are contained in ten families. Needham et al., in a companion pape r to thi s one, di sc uss systematic and ecological stu dies on the aq uati c in sects of the province.

Order Blattodea Vickery and Scudder ( 1987) recorded 14 species of cockroaches in three families in BC, but probably fewer than fi ve of these are established. Blallel/a germanica (Linnaeus) is the most common and has been reported throughout the so uthern part of the province (Vi ckery and Kevan 198 5). All our spec ies have been introd uced from elsewhere through commerce (e.g. Belton el al. 1986) or from laboratory cultures; none live freely outside bui ldings except, perhaps, B. germanica, which is known to survive in refuse heaps. Vickery and Kevan (1985) provided keys for their identificat ion.

Order Mantodea There are onl y two spec ies of mantids in the provin ce, both in th e famil y Mantidae -­ the rare, native minor (Scudder) and the ali en, introd uced religiosa Linnaeus (R.A. Cannin gs 1987 ; Vickery and Scudder 1987). Both species are restricted to the Okanagan Valley, alth ough recent spec imens of Mantis from so uthern Vancouver Island suggest a population may be estab li shed th ere. Vickery and Kevan ( 1985) gave keys for identification and R.A. Ca nnin gs ( 1987) documented th e occurrence and ecology of Litaneutria.

Order Isoptera Three nat ive and one introd uced termite spec ies li ve in Be. They are Reliculotermes hesperlls Banks (Rhinotermitidae), ZooterlJl opsis angll.l'tico/fis (Hagen) and Z. nevadensis 36 J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER200 1

(Hagen) (Termopsidae) and the alien Oyptotermes brevis (Walker) (Kalotermitidae) (Vickery and Scudder 1987). Oyptotermes occurs only in indoor colonies here. Beall (1931) and Spencer (1937a) wrote about the provincial species, but the most comprehensive early work was never publ ished - J .K. Jacob's Masters thesis (Jacob 1938). Vickery and Kevan (1985) provided identification keys.

Order Grylloblattodea Buckell (1925) first collected Cty llob/atta ealllpodeiformis Walker in 1925 under logs at 2286 metres elevation in the Selkirk Mountains near Invermere. The species was captured a second time in BC beneath rocks on a talus slope on Mt. St. Pauls (Mt. Paul) near Kamloops (Gregson 1938). This collection at only 427 metres elevation in dry forest on 14 November 1936 surpri sed entomologists, because earlier reports associated this unusual insect with hi gh altitude habitats. Campbell (1949) detailed the circumstances of its occurrence at Kamloops and in this paper Spencer speculated that the Cry/lob/alia at Kamloops might be a separate race from the Rocky Mountain one. Kamp (1973) made extensive collections of Cryllob/alla throughout BC and the western United States; he considered the Kamloops populations to be the nominate subspecies, C. e. eampodeij'o /,111 is; thi s is also th e opinion of V.R. Vickery (in filt.). Kamp (1973) also extensive ly studied th e habits, habitats, temperature preferences, and comparative lipid composition of Cty llob/atta and late r described new species and subspecies from BC, namely G. e. athapaska Kamp from Stone Mountain, G. e. nahanni Kamp from the Cassiar Mountains and C. seudderi Kamp from Whistler Mountain in Garibaldi Provincial Park (Kamp 1979). All of these are potentially rare in BC (Scudder 1994). Cry/lob/alia c. campodeif'ormis is widely distributed and recently was collected commonly in both logged and un logged terrain at high elevation forests in the Interior (D. Huggard, in lill.). Gregson (1996) gave a popular summary of Cryl/ob/atta in the province. The species and subspecies were keyed by Vickery and Kevan (1985).

Order Dermaptera Four alien species of earwigs in three families are reported from BC (Vickery and Scudder 1987); they were keyed by Vickery and Kevan (1985). The species are: Aniso/abis maritima (Bonelli) and Ellborellia annulipes (Lucas) (Anisolabididae), Labia minor (Linnaeus) (Spongiphoridae) and Forjicu/a auricli/aria Linnaeus (Forficulidae). Anisolabi.l' frequents ocean beaches on the southwest coas t; Forjicula is the common earwig, an irritant to many ga rd eners.

Order Orthoptera Early studies on the ecology and systematics of the Orthoptera in the province were published by Buckell (1921 , 1922, 1924, 1925), Handford (1961), and Treherne and Buckell (1924a, 1924b). Spencer (1958a) outlined the natural control complex affecting in Southern Interior grasslands. He also described the habits, larval stages and economic importance of two nemestrinid that paras itize the grasshoppers in this region (Spencer 1958b). More rece ntl y, Vickery and Nagy (1973) documented additional ecological information on local species and Scudder and Kevan (1984) published an updated li st. In the most recent annotated ch ecklist of the Orthoptera in Canada, Vickery and Scudder (1987) listed 1 17 species in 12 families from the province. Of the 40 species of Ensifera (katydids, crickets) li sted, 5 are adventitive (recorded but not established) and one is an alien introduced spec ies. Among the 77 Caelifera (grasshoppers), 2 are adventitive. Eleven Orthoptera spec ies in BC are poss ibly rare (Scudder 1994). J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLU MB IA 98. DECEMBER 200 1 37

Vickery and Kevan (1985) published a monograph on the fauna , and Otte ( 1981 , 1984) provided invaluable additional in formation. Although the spec ies are relatively well studi ed, th e identity of so me is still in doubt. For example, th e Jerusa lem recorded in BC as Stenopelma/us fi/sells Haldem an is actually an undescribed species and the identiti es of Gryl/us species need clarification (D. Wiesmann , pers. comm.). In fact , the correct id entity of all material in co ll ec ti ons in BC needs verification.

Order Plecoptera Nine families of stonefli es con taining 132 species are recorded in Be. Needham el al., in a companion paper to thi s one, discuss systematic and ecological studies on the aquatic insects of the province.

Order Psocoptera Although the bark lice have not been well studied in BC, 22 spec ies in 13 families have been recorded (Mockford 1993). This work supplies identification keys, but determinations are difficult.

Order Phthiraptera The bird lice (Amblycera) and mammal li ce (Anoplura) were favourite groups of G.J. Spencer, who published th e original li sts of our fauna . The Ambl ycera we re examined by Spencer ( 1928, 1948b, 1957) and Ballard and Ring (1979). The most modern treatm ent of bird lice in Canada (Wheeler and Threlfa ll 1989) listed four families , 168 species and subspecies and their known hosts in Be. Emerson (1972) is also a useful reference for bird lice. Spencer (1966) publi shed an annotated list of the Anoplura of BC, and some of the entri es were corrected by Kim el al. (1986), who also provided identification keys. Twenty-six species in 8 families are known from the prov ince. Both Spencer (1966) and Kim el al. (1986) li sted th e known hosts.

Order Thysa noptera Ch iasson (1986) recorded 44 species of thrips in 3 families in Be. The fauna has not been well studied.

Order Hemiptera Following the many ea rl y record s of Hemiptera from BC published before 1920 in th e 'Annual Repol1 of the Entomolog ical Soc iety of Ontario', Pars hl ey (1919, 1921), Stoner (1920, 1925), Downes (1924), and Torre-Bueno (1925) reported other species from the province. Downes (1927), the first true hemipterist to intensive ly survey th e provincial bug fauna , produced a complete check li st. Subseq uentl y, many add itions have been published, including those by Downes ( 1935 , 1957), Scudder ( 1960, 196 1a , 1961 b, 1985 , 1986, 2000) and Schwartz and Scudder (1998, 2000). Waddell (1952) made a li st of the Hemiptera from th e Kootenay Valley, but thi s lacked prec ise locality records. Published papers on th e sca le in sects in the province include Venables (1939) and Kozar el al. ( 1989), whil e Kitching (1971) li sted and keyed th e Psyllidae. Gillespie (1985) published a paper on whiteflies. Fo ll ow in g a series of 19 papers on aphids by A.R . Forbes and C.K. Chan (with various co-workers) that appeared from 1973 to 1989, Forbes and Chan ( 1989) published a li st of ap hids and host plants known from Be. Two more papers (Forbes and Chan 199 1; Chan and Frazer 1993 ) followed. The recent checklist of Ca nadian and Alaskan species of Hemiptera (Maw el al. 2000) li sted 580 species of Stern orrhyncha (aphids, psyllid s, whitefli es and sca les), 534 Clypeorrhyncha (c icadas, 38 J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT COLU MI3I A 98. DECEM13ER2001 leafhoppers, froghoppers and treehoppers), 79 Archaeorrhyncha (planthoppers) and 815 Prosorrhyncha (true bugs), for a tota l of 2008 species in 72 fami li es. Additional species new to BC have been added since, and several new species are being described . The Heteroptera (Prosorrhyncha) of the Montane Cordillera Ecozone were listed by Scudder (1998), and the Clypeorrhyncha and Archaeorrhyncha by Hamilton (1998). Several monographs on the Canadian fauna are available to aid the determination of BC species. These include treatments of the minute pirate bugs (Anthocoridae) (Kelton 1978), the flatbugs (Aradidae) (Matsuda 1977), the spittlebugs (Cercopidae, Clastopteridae) (Hami lton 1982), the prairie plant bugs (Miridae) (Kelton 1980), stink bugs (Pentatomidae) (McPherson 1982), and genera of aphids (Aphidoidea) (Foottit and Richards 1993). References to other li terature are given by Maw el al. (2000).

Order Neuroptera Seven of the eight families of Neuroptera reported from BC are terrestrial - the Berothidae, Chrysopidae, Coniopterygidae, Hemerobiidae, Mantispidae, Myrme leontidae and Polystoechotidae. The Sisyridae, whose larvae feed on sponges, are aquatic. Spencer (1942) gave preliminary lists of all families and most have been invest igated in detail sin ce then, res ulting in a li st of at leas t 66 terrestrial spec ies . Lomal7ly ia oeeidenlalis (Banks) is the onl y species of Berothidae known in the province, recorded from Lytton by Spencer ( 1942). The green lacewings (Chrysopidae) have been investigated in detail by Garland (1982, 1984, 1985 , 2000, 200 I); 18 species in 7 genera are now reported, some of which may be considered rare (Scudder 1994). The brown lacewings (Hemerobiidae), studied by Klim aszewski and Kevan (1985, 1987, 1988, 1992), are represented by 33 spec ies in 5 genera; some of these may be at risk (Scudder 1994). In his monographs on the Coniopterygidae, Meinander (1972, 1974) listed on ly four species from the province, but the family has been little studied here. Two species of Mantispidae occur, Climaeiella brunnea (Say) and Manlispa pulehella (Banks), the former from Vancouver Island to the Rockies, the latter only in the Okanagan Valley. Mantispa pulehella, at least, may be at ri sk in the province because of its rarity and limited distribution. In BC there are five species of an ti ion s in three ge nera, but on ly four species have been named with certainty; works useful in th e identificat ion of Myrmeliontidae include Banks (1927) and Stange (1970). The fami ly Po lys toechotidae is represented by a single rare spec ies , Polysloeeholes punelalus (Fabricius).

Order Raphidioptera Spencer ( 1942) Ii sted two species of snakefl ies, but the recent wor ld revision of the Raphidioptera by Aspock el al. (1991) indicates th at eight spec ies in two fami li es occur in the province. Of these, Aguila adnixa (Hagen) is the most common and widespread. Aguila bieolor (Albarda), known only from the Osoyoos area, and A. ero/ehi Banks, collected on ly from Summerland in BC, may be at ri sk .

Order Megaloptera The Megaloptera is a small order in BC ; this aquatic group includes the dobsonflies (Corydalidae) and the alderflies (Sia li dae). The former family contains three species, the latter has five recorded in the province. Needham el aI. , in a companion paper to this one, discuss systematic and ecological studies on the aquatic in sects of the province.

Order Coleoptera The most recent checklist of the beet les of Ca nada and Alaska (Bousquet 1991) li sted 3626 species in BC, which is about half the total number in Canada. One-hundred families are represented; the ten most spec io se are the Staphylinidae (581), Carabidae including th e 1. ENTOMOL. soc BRIT. COLUM BIA 98. D ECEM BER 200 1 39 ti ger beetl es (4 83 ), Curculionidae (26 1), Elateridae ( 194), Chrysomelidae ( 181 ), Dyti scidae ( 167), Cerambyc idae ( 145) and Scolytidae ( 134), Coccinellid ae (94) and Scarabae idae (88). There are probabl y anoth er 1200 or more spec ies still unrecorded in th e provin ce. This li st, of course, rests on many ea rli er works in the province. Spencer (1952) noted a few of th em, and Hatch ( 1952) added de tail. Menti oned are the studi es of Keen (1895) in the Queen Charl ottes, th e long list by Aude n ( 1925) from Mi dday Va ll ey near Merritt, th e co ll ec ti ons of Clark ( 1948 , 1949) aroun d Terrace and th ose of Hard y, es peciall y in the Cerambycid ae and Buprestidae, on Va ncouve r Island ( 1942, 1944, 195 0) and elsewhere ( 1948). The large coll ec ti ons and studies of Stace-Smith ( 1929, 1930), R. Hopping ( 1922) and G. Hopping ( 1932 , 1937) we re also criti cal. Th e most signifi cant publicati on on the prov in ce's beetl es remain s Hatch's monum ental fi ve-part trea ti se (Hatch 1953, 1957, 1962, 1965 , 197 1) key in g and describing all the spec ies in th e Pacific Northwest (including south ern BC) known at th at time. Arn ett ( 1983) co mpil ed No rth American speci es , and most genera can be identifi ed usin g Arn ett ( 196 8) ; Bousquet ( 1991 ) hi ghli ghted generic revi sions and good sources for speci es keys . Scudder ( 1994) li sted I 14 rare beetl e speci es and subspeci es in the province. Campbell ( 1979) summari zed th e Canadi an fa un a. And erson ( 1997) compil ed the faun a of th e Yu ko n; th e bi ogeograph y of many BC species, especiall y northern ones, is cl arified by this wo rk. The Carabidae has been a favo urite fa mil y of study in th e prov ince, and much of the systemati c and ecological work on th e ground beetl es has depended on the id entifi cati on power of the keys and desc ripti ons in Lindroth ( 196 1-1 969). Wa lli s (196 1) wrote a monograph on the ti ge r bee tl es (C icindelid ae) of Canada and Freitag ( 1999) pro vid ed an up-to-d ate taxo nomy of th e group, whi ch is pl aced by many in the Carabid ae (see Bousqu et 199 1). A sampling of signi fica nt papers revi sin g ground bee tl e groups th at dea l with BC speci es include Ball ( 1966) (P/ero.l' tiehus subge nu s Ciyobius), Bousquet (1988) (Dysehirius), Erwin ( 1970) (Braehinus), Go ul et ( 1983) (£Iaphrus) and Maddison (1993) (Bembidion subge nu s Brae/eon). Kava naugh examined th e biogeograph y of th e Ca rab idae, espec iall y of the Queen Charl otte Islands ( 1992) and, in the ge nu s Nebria, throughout north western North Ameri ca (Kavanaugh 1980, 1988 ). Spence and Spence ( 1988) studi ed th e introd uced ground bee tl es of western Canada and the innuence humans have had on their di stribution. Some of the surveys of carabids in th e prov ince are noted in th e compani on paper on coll ecti ons, surveys and conse rvation (Ca nn ings e/ al.) in thi s issue . And erson and Peck ( 1985) treated th e Silphidae and Agyrtidae of Canada and Campbell (1968) revi sed th e M icropepl idae. Th e extensive provin cial di ve rsity of the Leiodid ae (small scavenger bee tl es) is not well kno wn, but so me ge nera have been revi sed, fo r example, Anis%ma (Wh ee ler 1979). Modern revi sions of many genera of th e hu ge fa mily Staphylinidae occurring in BC are ava il abl e, fo r exa mple, Bledius (Herman 1986) , Q lI edilis (S metana 197 1) and Ta chinus (Ca mpbell 1973 , 1988), alth ough large ga ps remain . The largest Canadi an sub famil y, the Aleocharinae , is especia ll y poo rl y known, alth ough some gen era have bee n studied , such as Alcochara (Klimaszews ki 1984). Sc udder ( 1994) li sted several rare spec ies; Pscudohaida ro/hi Hatch (Omaliinae) was fo und for the first time in Canada during th e canopy studi es in th e Carm anah Vall ey (Campbell and Winchester 1993). J. Cooper is currentl y rev isin g th e Scarabaeidae of Ca nada and Alas ka (B ousq uet 199 1). The dung beetles of th e Aph od iin ae are common in th e provinc e; Gordon and Cartwri ght ( 1988) rev iewed th e tri be Aeg iali in i. The Buprestidae of Ca nada and Al as ka was rev ise d by Bright ( 1987); thi s work in cludes keys to, and desc rip tions of, all th e 88 kn own spec ies in the prov in ce. Eve rson ( 1978) reco rd ed 23 spec ies fi' om so uthern Vancouve r Island . Th e Ptil odac tylidae , with onl y three spec ies in Canada, is represented in 40 1. ENTOMOL. Soc BRIT COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER 2001

BC only by Ptilodactyla serricollis (Say); Cannings and Fisher (1987) recorded the species for the first time in the province. The Elateridae are speciose in BC, but there is no overall treatment. However, Lane (1952) summarized earlier work and produced a preliminary list of 150 species. Becker (1956, 1979) treated several large genera, including Agrioles and Atholls. The introduction of two European species of Agrioles was reported by Vernon and Pats (1997). The most common BC lampyrids, those in the genus Ellychnia, do not produce light as adults, and few people have ever reported fireflies in the province. However, there are two light-producing species recorded in the literature, Pyropyga nigricans (Say) and Pholuris penmylvanica (DeGeer) (Bousquet 1991) and a study by R.A. Cannings and B. McVickar has turned up one or two more. BC has at least 94 species of Coccinell idae, more than any other Canadian province. Some of these have been introduced for biological control, and the interaction of native and alien species is of interest. The taxonomy of BC (and nearctic) species is rather well known, owing to the monograph of Gordon (1985). Belicek (1976) examined the western species and analysed the biogeographic relationships between those in Alberta and Be. The pioneering work of Hardy in the study of Be's Cerambycidae was mentioned earlier. The family in the province is large ; the 145 species represent 40 per cent of the Canadian fauna. Linsley (1962a, 1962b, 1963 , 1964) and Linsley and Chemsak (1972, 1976, 1985) treated the North American fauna. With 181 species in the province, the Chrysomelidae is even larger. The Chryso melin ae were reviewed by Wilcox (1972). Numerous genera common in BC have been revi sed, for example CllIysomela (Brown 1956), Oyptocephallls (White 1968) and Plaleumaris (Askevold 1991). Bright (1992) revi sed the Canadian curcul ionoid families, except Curculionidae and Scolytidae. Anderson (1988a) documented the weevils of the Queen Charlotte Islands and the Montane Cordillera Ecozone in the southern Interior (Anderson 1998). Some revisions that include significant provincial taxa deal with the Rhynchaeninae (Anderson 1989), the Cleonini (Anderson 1988b), and genera such as Dorylomlls (O'Brien 1970) and Tychius (Clark 1971). The Scolytidae have a high profile in Be forestry and are well known taxonomically; Bright (1976) revised the Canadian speci es . Duncan (1987) provided an identification guide to DendrOClonlls in the province.

Order Strepsiptera The Strepsiptera are endoparasites of Hemiptera and so litary Andrena bees, often classified with the Coleoptera. Although there are a number of unpublished observations in the province, only two spec ies in the Stylopidae, Slylops advarians Pi erce, and S leechi Bohart, are recorded by Bou sq uet ( 1991 ). Kenner (in /ill.) collected Slylops shannoni (P ierce) paras itizing Andren(l hljJpoles Robertson in a Richmond garden.

Order Hymenoptera The excellent treatment of the Hymenoptera families ed it ed by Goulet and Huber (1993) keyed all th e BC families of this hu ge order and gave many references to systematic studies. Krombein el al. (1979) is the latest catalogue of th e North American fauna; it included ta xo nomic details and brief summa ries of distribution and biology of the species. Masner (1979) summarized the Canad ian fauna. Nevertheless, no complete check Ii st of spec ies has ever been produced. The number of spec ies , even described ones, in the province has not been calculated, but our estimate of recorded and unrecorded spec ies is about 10,000 in around 70 families. The Hymenoptera is probably the largest order in BC, and contains the largest number of unrecorded and und esc ribed species. The diverse parasitic forms are especially in adequately known. Sc udder (1994) li sted 79 rare spec ies that may be of management concern. 1. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLU~II3 I A 98. D[ CE~ IB ER 200 1 41

Spencer (1952) gave the most important early compilations of provincial species: the li sts of ants (B uckell 1927, 1932), bees (Buckell 1949, 1950, 1951), vespid wasps (B uckell and Spencer 1950), sphecid wasps (Spencer and Wellington 1948) and ichn eum on id wasps (Guppy 1948). The fauna of Symphyta (sawflies and relat ives) in th e Montane Cordillera Ecozone (the southern half of th e BC Interior) was nicel y summ ari zed by Goulet ( 1998). Th e 254 species record ed represent 69 of th e I 19 Canad ian genera. Most of the species (95 per cent) are native and about 17 per cent occur no where else in Canada. The ali en fauna arrived mainly through Pacific coastal ports and via the nursery trade. Sawfl y systematics is ge nera ll y up-to-date for most BC genera. Gou let (1992) covered all the fauna at the generic leve l and man y other groups have rece ntl y been treated. Goulet ( 1986) studied th e Dolerini (Tenthredinidae) and M iddl ekauf ( 1984) examined the Oruss idae. Sm ith published monographs on several subfamilies of th e Tenthredinidae, inc luding the All ant in ae (Smith 1979) and revi sed genera such as Nell/alinus (Smith 1986) and Arge (Sm ith 1989). Exampl es of other genera treated are Deda (G ibson 1980a), Fallocampa (Wong 1977), Macrophya (Gibson I 980b) and Tenlhredo (arczlCl!a group) (Gou let 1996). Basic taxonomic studies of the vast superfamilies Ichneumonoidea, Proctotrupoidea, Chalicidoidea, Cynipoidea and others that relate to species in Canada and BC are meagre. Examp les of class ificatory studies in th e Paras itica inclu de works on the Braconidae by Marsh (1965), Mason ( 1978, 198 I) and Qu icke and Sharkey ( 1989) and on the Ichn eumonidae by Barron (1976) and Townes ( 1969- 197 1). Finl ayso n ( 1990) and Gillespie and Fi nl ayson ( 1983) studied th e larvae of th e Ap hidiidae and Ichneuillonidae, respecti ve ly, and made significant contributions to the systemati cs of th ese group s. Mackau er ( 1968), Mackauer and Campbell (1972) and Smi th el al. ( 1999) also examined various aspects of the systematics of th e Aphidiidae, imp0l1ant parasitoid s of aphids, in Be. Masner ( 1979) noted th at the Proctotrupoidea in North America is, perhaps, the least known of the superfamilies of parasitic Hymenoptera - abo ut 90 per cent of the species are undescribed or un studi ed ; he (Masner 1976) revised part of the Diapri idae in North America. In the Platygastroid ea, Masner ( 1980) keyed th e ge nera of the Sce li onidae of the Holarctic. Yoshimoto (1984) outlin ed th e class ificati on and id entificati on of the Canad ian fami li es and subfamili es of chalcido id wasps. Darling ( 1983) revi se d th e nea rctic spec ies of Euperilampus (Peri lampidae) and keyed the New World genera of Chryso lamp in ae (Pteromalidae) (Darling 1986). Heraty ( 1985) keyed the ge nera and rev ised the species of Eucharitin ae (E ucharitidae) in North America and Huber ( 1988) examined Gonalocerlls in the Mymaridae. The hymenopterous paras itoids of various forest pests have been documented in BC: for example, 13 species attacked the bl ac k-h eaded budworm on Vancouver Island (Gray and Shep herd 1993) and 9 parasitized, or we re hyperparasi tes in , the larch casebearer (Andrews and Geistl in ge r 1969). The acu leate Hymn eoptera are diverse in the province. Omitting th e bees, Finnalllore (1998) talli ed 408 species in BC, about 45 per cent of th e kno wn Canad ian fauna . He calculated th at although 243 spec ies are recorded from the Montane Cordi ll era Ecozone in BC (th is includes all of the so uthern Interi or), thi s is abou t 70 per ce nt of the true total. About two-thirds of ac ul eate wasps found in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone prefer grass lands or the dry, wa rm habitats found on lo we r so uth -fac in g slopes; 69 spec ies (25 per cent) are restricted to the Okanagan Valley (Finnamore 1998). The superfamily Chrys id oid ea is represe nted in BC by four fami li es; relevant systemat ic wo rks in clu de Bohart and Kimsey (1982) (Chrys ididae), Evans ( 1978) (Be th yli dae), Olmi ( 1984) (Dryinidae) and Olmi ( 1995) (Elllbolemidae). The five BC families of the Vespoidea are striking and mostl y famili ar in sects. The Tiphi id ae we re treated by Allen ( 1965, 1968, 197 1). There are few relevant wo rks for th e 42 1. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT COLUMBIA 98, DECEMBER200 1

Mutillidae; onl y Finnamore ( 1998) and th e ea rl y paper by Micke l ( 192 8) dea lt with the BC spec ies . Although there we re a few pre limin ary li sts of Formi cidae from th e province (e.g. , Buckell 1932 , Bl acker 1992), th e descriptions, keys , and distributional informati on prov ided by Naumann et al. (1 999) are the most detail ed data avail abl e on the ants in Be. The spider was ps of the famil y Pompilidae were, in part, dea lt with by Townes (195 7) and th e vespid was ps by Akre et al. ( 1980), Miller (1 96 1), Carpe nter and Cumming ( 1985), Cumming (1 989) and oth ers. Ge rber (1990) documented the spread into BC, in the 1980s, of the introduced ye ll owjac ket wasp, Paravespula gerl11 anica (Fabricius) and Cannin gs ( 1989a) record ed an As ian horn et, Vespa sil11illil11 a xanthoptera Cameron, on Vancouve r Island . The Apoidea of BC can be split into two general groups, the sphecid was ps and their relat ives, th e bees. Th e Sp hec idae are di ve rse, oft en spectac ul ar and es peci all y abundant in th e dry Interi or; 174 of th e 189 spec ies record ed in BC are fo und in th e Monta ne Cordill era Ecozone (Finn amore 1998). Revi sions relevant to BC spec ies include those of th e tribes Sceliphronini and Sph ecini (Boh art and Menke 1963) and the genera Crabro (Bohart 1976) , Cerceris (Ferguson 1984), Mim esa (Finn amore 1983) and Tachysphex (Pul aws ki 1988). The ge nera of bees in North Ameri ca were detail ed and keyed by Mi chener et al. ( 1993). Some useful bee stud ies include th ose of th e hu ge genus Andrena (A ndrenidae) by LaBerge ( 1986-1 989), th e Anth oph orini (Brooks 1988 ), th e genera of New Wo rld Megac hilini (M itc hell 1980) and Bombus (Milliron 197 1). Although much bee research is done in BC at M. Win ston's laboratory at Simon Fraser Uni ve rsity, it is mos tl y in fi elds oth er than systemat ics. The dive rsity of native bee species pollin ating berry crops in th e Frase r Vall ey was exa mi ned; 13 spec ies we re recorded, most of them bumblebees (Win ston and Graf 1982).

Order Mecoptera The ge nu s Boreus in th e Boreid ae is th e only known taxon of Mecoptera in Be. Th ese snow scorpi onfli es are small fli ghtl ess in sects that most comm onl y are found hopping on th e snow in winter. Penn y ( 1977) pub li shed a monograph on th e fa mil y; the five named spec ies in BC were included in th e descripti ons and identifi cation keys. D. Blades (pers. comm .), now studying the ge nus in the pro vin ce, beli eves that th ere is at least one undescribed species from th e south coast. Borell.\· elegans was chosen as the embl em of the Entomological Soci ety of BC and the Soc iety's news letter is named for th e ge nu s (Cannings 1981 ).

Order Siphonaptera Spencer (1936, 1937b) and Wag ner ( 1936) publi shed the main ea rl y papers on the fl eas in Be. Holland ( 1985 ), in hi s sup erb wo rk on the group in Canada, Al aska and Gree nl and , li sted 6 famili es , 98 spec ies and 6 additi onal subspec ies in the prov ince. There apparently is some end emi sm; fo r example, Megarthroglossus sicamlls Jord an and Rothschild is restri cted to Bu shy-tail ed Woodrats (Neotoma cinerea (Ord)) in the Dry Interi or. Fleas tra nsmit bubonic plague to mammals in th e Interi or. The bac terium was record ed in Yell ow-be llied Marm ots (Marmota flaviventris (A udubon and Bachm an)) in 1950 (Holl and 1985) and in wood rats and so me carni vo res in 1988 (D. Nagorsen, pers. comm .)

Order Diptera Th e Manual of Nearcti c Diptera (McAlpine el al. 198 1, 1987 , McAlpine and Wood 1989) is th e major single resource for information on systemati cs and biology of North Amer ican (a nd BC) Diptera. Illustra ted keys identify ad ult (a nd often immature) spec im ens to fa mily and ge nus, ci tati ons for generi c rev isions are give n and phyloge neti c hypoth eses for hi gher categori es are outlin ed. Subsequentl y, signi fica nt ad va nces in hi gher .I . ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. D rCEM BER 2001 43 classification directly relevant to BC studies were published by dipterists at the Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes in Ottawa (Wood 1991 , Sinclair e/ al. 1994, Cumming et al. 1995). The ta xo nomic and distributional status , to the early 1960s, of many BC species was outlined by Stone e/ al. (1965). Stone (1980) also summarized the history of North American dipterology, and included many major publications and biographies of workers important in naming the province's species. The work of McAlpine (1979), who summarized the Canadian fauna , and Cole (1969) has relevance to most fly families in BC, but no complete checklist of species has ever been developed and it is unclear how many species are known for the province. Our estimate of recorded and unrecorded spec ies is about 8500 in almost 100 families. Scudder (1994) li sted 76 species that are possibly rare and threatened. Spencer (1952) mentioned the pioneering work of Osburn (1908), Sherman (1920), Garrett (1925) and Spencer (1943 , 1948c). Spencer (1948c) li sted the Tipulidae known at that time. A most interesting genus in this huge family is Chionea, wingl ess crane flie s that walk about on the snow. These are common in the province and have been monographed by Byers (1983); S.G. Cannings (1987) added C. maenabeana Alexander to the Canadian list. Cramp/onomyia speneeri Alexander, named after the famous University of BC professor who discovered it, is the sole member of the Pachyneuridae in Canada; the larvae live in dead red alder (Alnus rllbra Bong.) logs. Its biology and distribution were recorded by Vockeroth (1974) and Cannings and Ca nnings (1979). The Bibionidae are by far the most common Diptera fo ss ils in the abundant Eocene shales of the province. Rice (1959) gave an overview of many of th e species; 20 of 22 are in the ge nus Pleeia, which today is largely a tropical taxon. Cec idomyiidae and Mycetophilidae are hu ge families in the forests of BC but remain large ly unknown despite their importance in plant and so il hea lth. A little work has been done, however. For example, in the Cecidomyiidae, Tonks (1974) found a spec ies of Oligo/rophus new to Canada on junipers on Vancouver Island ; Coher (2000) made some changes to the taxonomy of the mycetophilids based on collections from Winchester's surveys of forest insects in the Cannanah Valley. Curran ( 1927) and McFadden ( 1972) li sted a number of the Stratiomyidae in th e province. Although many of its spec ies develop in wetlands, we have not included th e Tabanidae in the aquatic in sec t chapter, but deal with the famil y here. The deer and horse flie s are of great importance because the females suck mammali an blood. Both Teskey (1990) and Turner (1985) are useful for identifying BC spec ies . Teskey (1985) also dealt with so me of the immature stages. Irwin and Lyneborg (1980) described and keyed the nearctic genera of the Therev idae. The single member of the Apioceridae in Canada, Apioeera bani Cazier, one of the rarest of the province's flies from the sandy shrub­ steppes of the South Okanagan, was included in a revi sion of the genus by Cazier (1982). The sa me locations support another rare fl y, Nell10mydas pan/herinlls (Gerstacker), the so le species of the Mydidae in BC and one of only two in Canada. In the Asilidae, revis ions of large genera such as Cyr/opogon (Wilcox and Martin 1936), EjJeria (Wilcox 1966), Lasiopogon (Cole and Wilcox 1938) and Dive/ria and related genera (Adisoemal10 and Wood 1975) included refere nces to spec ies in Be. The var iou s taxonomic works of Curran, for example, the designation and summary of th e ge nu s Eueyrtvpvgon (Curran 1923) also are rel evan t. Foxlee's (1942) intensive collecting around Robson in the Co lumbia Valley of th e West Kootenay reg ion resulted in spec im ens that are still the main so urc e of our knowledge for that reg ion. Adisoemarto (1967), in hi s overview of the Asilidae of Alberta, included reco rd s from the province. Cannings (1994) updated th e species li st for the re gion and published an account of the spec ies found in a grassland typical of mesic sites at low elevations in the southern Okanagan Valley (Cannings 1989b). He has studied th e taxo nomy and biogeography of Rhadiurglls (Cannings 1993) 44 .I . ENTOMOL. Soc BRIT COLU M[JIA 98. DECEMBER 2001 and the large genus Lasiopogon (Cannings 2002). Cannings' (1997) work on the fauna of the Yukon gave a picture of the probable robber fly fauna of Be's northern regions. Cannings (1998) outlined the fauna of the Montane Cordillera Ecozone, covering much of the Interior. There remains much work to be done on the provincial fauna of the two very diverse families of the Empidoidea. Spencer (1943) made an early list of the , and Pollet and Cumming (1998) revised Achalcus. Sinclair studied the higher classification of the Empididae and reviewed Trichoclinocera (Sinclair 1994). There is much more known about the large family Syrphidae in the province. Osburn (1908) made an early list, added to by Allan (1969) and Morgan and Arrand (1971). Yockeroth revised a number of genera including Paragus (1986) and Platycheirus (1990) and published a monograp h of the large subfami ly Syrphinae (1992) - all vital for an understanding of the province's fl ower flies. Also in the Achiza, other genera have received relevant and useful revisions by st ud ents elsewhere; examples include Cymnophora (Phoridae) (Brown 1987) and Pipunculus (Pipunculidae) (Skevington and Marshall 1998). Few acalyptrate families have been treated from a provincial perspective, let alone a Canadian one. Smith (1959) produced a preliminary list of the Conopidae of the province. In the Sphaeroceridae, Marshall and others have revised a number of genera, for example, Spelobius (Marshall 1985). The Canadian fauna of a handful of families has been analysed, including the Agromyzidae (Spencer 1969), the M icropezidae (Merritt and Peterson 1976) and the Piophilidae (McAlpine 1977). Likewise, in the calyptrate Cyclorrhapha, reference to the BC fauna is found in a number of works such as Hall (1948) for the Calliphoridae and Wood (1985) for the blondeliinine tachinids.

Order Trichoptera There are 279 species of caddisflies in 15 families recorded in BC Needham et al., in a companion paper to this one, discuss systematic and ecological studies on the aquatic insects of the province.

Order Lepidoptera The authoritative li st of the Lepidoptera of North America that has been the basis of systematic study in BC for almost 20 years is Hodges et al. (1983). Munroe (1979) summarized the Canadian fauna. The recently pub Iished 'Butterflies of British Columbia' (Guppy and Shepard 200 I) is the major sin gle resource on the butterflies of the province. It thoroughly covers the description, distribution, taxonomy and status of the 187 species recorded in BC and provides an exhaustive bibliography of publications dealing with the systematics and biology of the fauna. The authors described eleven new subspecies and estimated that nine more peripheral species will be added to the provincial list. There are several older publications dealing with the butterflies on a broader geographical scale; the most useful is the recent 'The Butterflies of Canada' (Layberry el al. 1998). There is no modern treatment of the of the region, although the ongoing and detai led ' Moths of North America north of Mexico ' (selected monographs are cited below under specific families) covers some important groups. Studies on the families of the province at the species level are sorely needed. Approximately 4000 spec ies of Lepidoptera in about 60 families occur in Be. Scudder (1994) li sted 6 1 species that are possibly rare and threatened . Guppy et al. (1994) and Guppy and Shepard (200 I) gave details of the butterflies and skippers that are of conservation concern. In Guppy and Shepard (200 I), Shepard wrote an excellent account of the early history of Lepidoptera collections and systematics in BC, a hi story that goes back to 1850. The discussion focuses on butterflies and skippers, but it is a good source of historical papers on all BC Lepidoptera. The monumental three volume work by Edwards (1868-72, 1874- J. E N TO~ I O L Soc. B RI T. CO L U ~II3 I !\ 98. DECHIBE R 200 1 45

84, 1887-9 7) was the earliest North American butterfly work th at included some of th e BC fa un a; it is still of great ta xo nomi c significance. Anderson ( 1904) published th e first synth es is of BC material, foll owed by several provinci al and reg ional li sts culminatin g in Blac km ore ( 1927 ). Thi s was fo ll owed 24 years later by Ll ewell yn Jones' (195 1) ' Ann otated Check Li st of th e Macrolepidoptera of Briti sh Co lumbi a', which not onl y summ ari zed the known di stribution of each speci es, but in clu ded fli ght periods and larval food pl ants. G.A . Hardy documented the Lepidoptera ,faun a of southern Vanco uver Island in the 1950s and 1960s, and published a number of studies of th e larva l stages and life hi stori es of both butterfli es and moths in the ' Proceedings of th e Entomological Society of British Co lumbia' (e.g., Hard y 1957, 1963). Also in th e ' Proceedin gs ' and the 'Journal ' th at suc ceeded it, a lon g se ri es of annotated li sts documented th e fo rest in sec ts of the provinc e, and Lepidoptera pl ayed a large role (Ross and Evans 1957; Sugden 1968). Guppy ( 1956) studi ed th e macrolepidoptera of Vanco uv er Island . Underhill surveyed th e faun a of Mannin g Provincial Park (Harcombe and Underhill 1970) and Threatful (1989) studied th e butterfli es of Mount Revelstoke and Glaci er Natio nal Park s. Kondl a et al. (1994) doc umented the butterflies of th e Peace Ri ver district and Kondl a ( 1999) reported on the spec ies he coll ected in th e Pend d'Oreill e Valley. Fi scher et al. (2000) recorded the macrolepidoptera of the Chilcotin . Significant range extensions, including additions of butterfl y and moth spec ies to th e prov ince 's faun a, ha ve been record ed in the annual ' Fi eld Season Summ ary' of th e Le pid opteri sts' Soci ety for over 50 years. Other recent in ve ntory efforts are di scu ssed in the paper by Ca nnin gs et al. on in sect co ll ec ti ons and surveys in thi s issue. Th e affiniti es of Yuk on Le pidoptera we re exa mined by La fontaine and Wood ( 199 7), throwing li ght on the biogeograp hy of man y BC fo rm s. The introduction of ali en Lepidoptera is docum ented in publicati ons such as Gilles pi e and Gill es pi e (1982), whi ch record ed 48 pl ant feedin g spec ies and their hi story in th e provin ce. Num erous taxonomic and bi ogeographi c studies have been pu blished by BC butterfly spec iali sts. Shepard published on th e taxonomy of 30loria (S hepard 1975 ), Parnassius (S hepard and Manley 1998) and other taxa. Guppy ( 1986) studi ed geographi c va ri ati on in the wing melani sm of the butterfl y Parnassills phoebus (Fabri ciu s) and Troubridge and Parshall ( 1988) rev iewed th e Geneis po/ixenes (Fabri cius) complex. All thi s butterfly wo rk is enca psul ated in Guppy and Shepard (2 00 I). The moths of BC need mu ch wo rk , but many treatm ents of taxa of various sizes are scattered through the literature; th ose li sted here are onl y 'a small sa mple . In th e hu ge Ge lec hi oid ea , with many BC spec ies, Landry (1991 ) has studi ed the North American Scythrididae and I-lodges (1 974) th e Oecophoridae. The typi ca l leafrollers of th e Tortri co id ea are represe nted in th e prov ince by th e large , economicall y import ant To rtri cidae; much of the wo rk of in te rest deals wi th the popul ati on dynamics of spruce budworm taxa and the fi ght aga in st cod ling moth , best di sc ussed in oth er papers in thi s vo lume. The Pyraloid ea is dominated by th e famil y Pyralidae; mu ch of the North Ameri can fauna was rev ised by Munroe ( 19 72 -1 976). The conewo rm s of the ge nu s DiOlyctria, impol1ant in BC forests, we re rev iewed by Mutuura et a f. ( 1969), Mutuura and Munroe ( 1972 -1 973) and Sopow et al. ( 1996). In BC th e Geometrid ae makes up most of th e superfamily Geo metroidea, and th e family is abundant in pro vin cial co ll ec ti ons. Many taxa were revi ewed by McGuffin (e.g., McG uffin 1988 ) and he also made import ant contributions to th e desc ripti on of larvae (e.g. McG uffi n 195 8). Bolt e (1 990) rev ised th e ge nu s Eupelhecia. In the Bombycoidea, th e tent caterpillars of the Las iocampi dae have received much att ention, and we re studi ed by Franclemont ( 1973 ). Th e Satu rn ii dae in clu des some of our largest in sects, the giant silkmoth s, whi ch are noti ced by eve ryo ne who comes ac ross them. The BC species we re in cluded in the rev ision by Fe rguson ( 197 1-1 972) and in Tuskes el al. ( 1996). Cannin gs 46 J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BR IT. COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER 200 I and Guppy (1989) recorded Hyalophora gloveri Strecker for the first time in BC and Morewood (2 000) studied th e colour pattern dim orphi sm in the more common H euryalis (Boisduval). The hawkmoths of the Sphingidae in the superfamil y Sphingoidea also attract the attention of the ge neral public. The BC faun a is sma ll ( 16 species) but spectacular. They are described and illustrated in BOl'kent and Gree nway (1997). The nearctic species are treated by Hodges ( 1971 ). The superfamil y Noctuoidea is probabl y the largest in the order; its largest fami ly, the Noctuidae, alone has about 2000 species in Canada (Munroe 1979). Hardwick (1970) studied th e genera of the nearcti c Heli othidinae and Lafontaine (e.g. , 1987, 1998) revi sed parts of th e fami ly. He also discussed in detail th e biogeographic hi story of Euxoa in western North America (Lafontaine 1982). The north ern and Asian affiniti es of Beringian noctuids were examined by Lafontaine and Wood (1988); thi s puts the di stributions of many BC species in to perspective. Troubridge and co-work ers have recently described a number of noctuid spec ies from BC, in cluding several Oncocnemis (Troubridge and Crabo 1998).

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank 1. Addison, D. Bl ades, S. Can nings, C. Guppy and V. Marshall for help in the preparation of this paper.

REFERENCES Adisoemarto, S. 1967. The Asi li dae (Diptera) of Alberta. Quaestiones En tomologicae. 3: 3-90. Ad isoemarto. S. and D.M. Wood. 1975 . The ncarctic species of /Jioe/ria and six rclated genera (Diptera, As ilidac). Quaestiones Entomologicae II : 505 -576. Akre, R.D .. A, Greene, .I ,r:. MacDonald , P.l Lando lt and II ,G, Dav is. 1980. Yellowjackets of Ameri ca north of Mexico , U.S. Department of Agricul ture, Agri culture Handbook No. 552,102 pp. Allan, D.A. 1969. Syrphidae co ll ected mostl y in southern areas of the Okanagan Valley, British Co lumbia. Journal of the En tomological Society of Briti sh Col umbi a 66: 19-2 1. All en, H,W. 1965. Ti phiin ae (Hymenoptera; Ti phiidae) of wcs tern North Amcri ca . Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sc iences of Phil ade lphia 11 7: 45-1 15, Allen. H. W. 1968, A monographi c stud y of the genu s I'a/'(//il'hia. Transacti ons of the Amcrican En tomological Society 94: 25 -1 0<) , Allen , II.W, I <)7 1. A monographi c study of the ge nus Tipliia (H ymenop tera : Ti phii dae) of western North Ameri ca , Transactions of the Am erican I'ntomol ogical Society 97 : 20 1-359, Anderson. E.M, 1902 , Catalogue of Bri tis h Co lumbia Lepi doptera. I3riti sh Col um bia Provinci al Museum , Victori a. 13C. 56 pp. Anderson. R.S . 1988a, The Cu rculi oni dae of the Queen Charl otte Island s, I3riti sh Co lumbi a. (Insecta: Co leoptera) , Ca nad ian Journ al of Zoo logy 66: 2406-24 14, Anderson. R,S. 1988b. Systematics. phylogeny and biogeography of New World weevi ls tradi tionall y of the tribe Cleonin i (Co leoptera: Curculi onid ae; Cleonin ac) Quaesti ones En tomologicae 23: 43 1- 709. Anderson, ItS. 1989. Rev ision of the subfa mil y Rh ynchaenin ae in North Am erica (Coleoptera: Curculi onidae). Transactions of th e American Entomologica l Society I 15 : 207 -3 12. Anderson. R,S. 1997. An overview of the beet les (Co leo pt era) of the Yukon. Pp, 406-444 In : 1-1 , V, Dank s and J,A, Downes (Lds,). In sec ts of the Yu~o n . Bi ological Survey of Canad a (Terrestrial ). Ottawa. ON, 1034 pp, Anderson. R.S, 1998. Wee vils (C urcu li onoidea). In : I.M . Smith and G,G,E, Scudder (Eds,), Assessmen t of species divers ity in the Mont ane Cordillera Ecozone. Bur li ngton: Ecological Monitoring and Assess ment Net I\lork, http://wI\lII. .eman-rese.ca/eman/reports/publ ica tions/99 _mont ane/weevi Is/ intro .hlInl. Anderson. R. S and S,B. Peck 19 85. The carri on beetle s of Ca nada and Alas ka (Coleoptera: Silphi dae and Agyrtidac). Th e in sects and arachnids of Canada. Part 13, Agricu lture Canada Publicati on 1778, 12 1 pp. And rews. ru . and N.J, Ge istlin ge r. 1969, Parasi tes of the larch cascbearer. CO/f'ophu/'(/ /orice l/a (I-Ibn,) , in Brit is h Co lum bia (Lepidoptera: Co \coph ol' idae), Joul'll<11 01' th e I ~ ntomolo g i ca l Society of Briti sh Co lum bia 66: 50-51 J. ENTOMOL. Soc BRIT. COLUMBIA 98, DECEMBER 200 1 47

Arnctt . R.H.. .Ir. 1968 . The Beetl es of the Unit ed States (a manual for identificati on). Th e Ameri can Entomologica l Institute. Ann Arbor. MI. 111 2 pp, Arnett , R.H, . .Ir. 1983 (Ed.) . Chec kli st of the Beelles of North and Central America and th e Wes t In dies. f lora and f aun a Publi shers. Ga in esvill e. fL. As kevo ld, IS (199 1). Class i li ca ti on, reconstru cted phylogeny. and geographi c hi story of thc New World members of Plare llllloris Thomp so n. I SS9 (Co leoptera: Chrys om elid ae: Do nac iin ae ). Memoirs of th e Entomologica l Soc iety or Ca nada 15 7. 175 pp . Aspock. H.. U. Asplic k and I I. Rausch, 199 1, Di e Raphi diopt eren dc r Frde, Ein e monographi sc he Darstellung del' Sys tematik . Taxo nomi c. Bi o)ogie. Oko log ie und Chorologie del' rezenten Raphi dioptercn der Erdc, mit cin eI' zusammen fassenden Obersie ht del' foss il en Raphidi opteren (In secta: Neuropteroidea). Goeckc und Eve rs. Krefeld , 2 Bde: 730 pp. 550 pp, Auden, KT. 1925. A di stribut ional survey or thc Coleoptera of th e Midday Va ll ey ncar Me rritt , Bri tish Co lumbia. B,A. thes is. Uni versity of Briti sh Co lumbi a. Van couvcr. BC Ba ll. G,E. 1966. A revision or thc North American species of the subgenu s C,:l 'obills Chaudoir (Pleroslic/llIs, Ca rabid ae. Co leoptera). Op uscul a lntomologica Supp lementum 28. 166 pp, Ba ll ard, I T and R.A , Rin g, 1979, Th e cc toparas it es of some marin e birds fi'om Ba mficld Marine Stati on. Bri tis h Co lulllbi a. with parti cul ar reference to the cOlllm on Illurre (Uria aalge (Pont.)) . Ca nad ian ./ ourn al of Zoology 57: 1980-1 984. Ba nks. N. 1927, Revision of th e nea rcti c Mynneli ontidae, Bull etin or the Mu se um of Comparati vc Zoo logy at Harvard Co ll ege 68: 1-84. Barron, ./ ,R , 1976, Sys temati cs of nearcti c Ellceros (Hymenoptera: Ichneumo ni dae: Eucerotinae). Naturali ste Canadi en 103: 285 -375, Batti ge ll i, J.P. and V.G. Marshall. 1993. Re lati onshi ps between so ilf ~Hl1la and soil po llutants. Pp. 3 1-34 In : V,G. Ma rshall (COlllp .). Proceed ings of the Forest Ecosystem Dynami cs Work shop. February 10-11 . 1993, FRDA Report 2 10. Fores lry Canada and Brili sh Co lum bia Mini stry of Forests, Victori a. x + 98 pp, Beall. G. 193 1, Notes on the terlllit es of Bri tish Co lumbia. Proceedi ngs of the En tomologica l Soc iety of British Co lumbi a 28 : 33 -35. Becker, E.C 1956. Rev ision of the nearctic species of "jgrioles (Co leop tera: Elateri dae ). Th e Canadi an Entomologist 88 . Suppl emenl No, I, 10 1 pp , Becker, E.C 1979, Rev iew of the western nea rcti c species of ,eli/lO llS (Co leo ptera : Flateridae). with a key to the species north of Panama. Th e Ca nadian Entom oiogisl III : 569-6 14, Beli cek . ./ , 19 76. Cocci ncl li dae of wes tern Ca nada and Alas ka with analyses of the translllontanc zoogeographi c relati onshi ps betwee n th e f ~ll l1l a of Briti sh Co lum bia and Albe rt a (In secta: Co leopt era: Cocc inelli dae), Quaes ti ones Ent olll ologicae 12: 283 -409. Belton. P .. G,S, And erson and G,L. St. Hil aire, 1986, A reco rd of the Surin am Cockroach in Vanco uve r. Journ al or the Entomologica l Society of Brili sh Co lumbi a 83: 73 -74 . Bio logica l Survey of Canada, 1996. Ann otated li st of wo rk ers on s),s le lll ati cs and f ~ll l1l i s ti cs of Ca nad ian insects and ce rt ain related gro ups. 3rd eel. Ott awa. ON. 11 9 pp, Blac ker. N.C 1992. Some ants (Il ymenop iera: Formi cidae) from south ern Va ncouver Island. Briti sh Co lumbia . ./ ourn al of the Entomologica l Soc iety of I3riti sh Co lum bia 89: 3-12 . Bl ac km ore. E, II. 192 7, Check-li st of the macro lepi dopt era of Briti sh Co luimbi a (b utterflies and moth s). Briti sh Co lumbia Prov in cial Mu se um . Vi ctoria. Be. 47 pp . Bo hart. R,M. 1976, A rev iew of th e nea rcti c spec ies of Crobro (Il ymenoptcra: Sph ec id ae). Transacti ons of the Ameri can Entomologica l Society 102: 229-287. Bohart. R.M, and AS Me nke. 1963. A reclass ifi ca ti on of th e Sphec in ae with a rev ision of th e nearcti c species of the tribes Scelip hronini and Sp hecin i (Hymenoptera. Sphec iJae) , Uni versity of Californi a Pu blicati ons in Enl omology 30: 9 1-1 82, Bohart. R.M. and L. S. Kimsey 1982, A synopsis of the Chrys idi dae in America nOrlh of Mex ico, Me moirs of the Ameri can Ent omological Inslit ul c 33, 266 pp, Bo lte . K.I3. 1990. Gui de to th e Geomelri dae of Ca nada (Lepi dop tera) VI. Subfamil y Larent iin ae I. Rev isio n of the ge nus t.'lIpelhecia, Me moirs of th e Ento mological Soc iety of Canada 151, 25 3 pp, Bork ent. e. and I.. Greenway. 1997. Sp hin x moth s (Famil y Sp hin gidae) in I3 rili sh Co lum bia : biolog ica l notes and fi eld key based on spec im ens in the co ll ec ti on at the Royal I3 riti sh Co lumbia Mu se um . hIIp :1I I VII'I v, roya Ibcmu sc um . bc. ca/nh _papers/sp hi n:\ mot h sis ph in x. html Bo usqu et, Y. 1988. Dyschirius of Ameri ca north of Mex ico: descri pti ons of new spe cies with keys to spec ies groups and spec ies (Co lcop lera: Ca rab idae), The Canad ian Ent omologist 120: 361-387 , Bousquet. y, (Ed.). 199 1, Chec kli st of the beclles of Ca nada and Alaska, Agri cul ture Ca nada Publi ca ti on 186 1/E. 430 pp . 48 .I . ENTOMOL. Soc BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER 200 I

Bright, D.E .. Jr. 19 76. The bark beetl es of Ca nada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 2. Agriculture Canada Publicati on 15 76. 241 pp. Bright, D.E. , Jr. 198 7. The metaili c wood-boring beetl es of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 15. Agriculture Ca nada Publicati on 1810. 335 pp. Bright, D.E. , Jr. 1992. The weevils of Ca nada and Alaska , Volume I (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea, except Scolytidae and Curculionidae). The insects and arachn ids of Canada. Part 21. Agriculture Canada Publication 1882. 217 pp . Brooks, R.W . 1988 . Systematics and phylogeny of the ant hophorine bees (Hymeniptera: Anthophoridae: Anthophorini). Un iversity of Kan sas Science Bulletin 53: 436-5 75. Brown, B. V. 198 7. Revision of the CVlllnophora (Diptera: Phoridae) of the Holarctic Region: classifi cation. reconstru cted phylogeny and geographic hi story. Systemati c Entomology 12 : 27 1-304. Brown, W..J. 1956. The New World species of Chrysollleia L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomclid ae). The Canad ian Entomol ogist 88 , Supplement No.3. 54 pp. Buckeil, E.R. 1921. Notes on the ecological distribution of somc Orthop tera from the Chilcotin di strict of British Columbia. Proceedi ngs of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Col umbi a 18 : 32-38. Buckeil , E.R. 1922. A li st of th e Orthoptera and Dermaptera recorded from British Columbia prior to the year 1922, with arUlotations. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbi a 20: 9-41 . Buckeil, E. R. 1924. Additions and co rrec ti ons to the li st of British Columbi an Orthoptera. Proceed ings of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Columbia 21: 7-12. Buckcil, E. R. 1925. Notes on some Briti sh Columbia Gry ll oblattaria, De rm ap tera and Orthoptera. Proceed ings of the Entomologica l Society of British Columbi a 22: 35 -36. Buckeil, E. R. 192 7. An ann otated li st of the ants of British Columbi a. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbi a 24: 30-34. Buckell. E. R. 1932. A li st of the ants of I3riti sh Columb ia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 29: 22-25 . Buckeil, E.R. 1949. Records of bees from Briti sh Columbia -- Andrenidae. Proceed in gs of the Entomological Society of British Columbi a 45: 27-30. Buckell. E. R. 1950. Records of bees from British Co lum bia -- Megachilidae. Proceed in gs of the En tomological Society of British Columbi a 46: 21-29. Buckell , E. R. 1951. Records of bees li'o m Briti sh Columbi a -- Bombidae. Proceedin gs of the Entomological Society of British Columbi a 47: 7-11. Buckeil , E. R. and G.J. Spencer. 1950. The social wasps (Vespidae) of Briti sh Co lumbia. Proceedin gs of th e En tomological Soci ety of Brit ish Co lu mb ia 46: 33-40. Byers. G.W. 198 3. The crane ny genu s Chionea in North America. Uni vers ity of Kansas Science Bulletin 52: 59-195. Campbell. M.G. 1949. Notes on Crvlloblatra at Ka ml oops. Proceedings of the Entomologica l Society of British Columbia 45 : 1-5. Campbell. .I.M . 1968. A rev ision of th e New Wo rld Micropeplinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with a rearrangement of the wor ld species. The Canadian Entomologist 100: 225 -267. Campbc ll , .I .M. 19 73. A revi sion of the genu s Taehinlls (Coleoptera: Staphylini dae) of No rth and Central America. Mem oirs of the Entomo logica l Soc iety of Ca nada 90.137 pp. Ca mpbell. .I .M. (Ed.) 1979. Coleoptera . Pp . 355 -387 In : I-LV. Danks (Ed.), Ca nada and its in sect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Soc iety of Canada 108. 573 pp. Campbell. .I.M . 1988. New species and records of North Ameri ca n (achinus Gravenhorst (Coleoptera: Stap hylinidae) . The Canad ian Entomologist 120: 231-295. Campbell , .I .M. and N.N. Winchester. 1993. fo irst record cf Pseudohaida rothi I-latch (Coleoptera: Staphylini dae: Omaliinae) li'om Canada. Jou rn al of the Entomological Society of British Columbi a 90: 583. CanJlings. R.A. 1981. Borells elegans, the ESBe insect. Bareus I (I): 2. Cannings, R.A. 1987. The Ground Manti s, Litoneutria lIIinor (Dictuoptera: Mantidae), in British Columbi a. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbi a 84: 64 -6 5. Cannings, R.A. 1989a. An Asian hornet, /'espa Silllillillla xall/hoptera (Ilymenoptera: Vespidae) in North Ameri ca . .I ourn al of the Entomologica l Society of Briti sh Columbia 86: 9 1. Ca nnings. R.A. 1989b. The robber fli es (Diptera: As ilidae) of a Festllea grass land in th e Okanagan Vall ey, 13ritish Columbia . .I ourn al of the Entomologica l Society of Briti sh Columbi a 86: 14-26. Cannings . R.A. 1993 . New synonomy of R/wdillrglls variabilis (Zellcrstedt) (D iptcra: Asilidae) with notes on morphology, natural hi story, and geograp hi ca l va riation. The Ca nad ian Entomologist 125: 337-354. Canni ngs. ItA. 1994. Robber Flies (D iptera: As ili dae) new to Canada. Brit ish Columbi a, Yukon. and th e Northwest Territories wit h notes on distribution and habitat. Journal of th e Ent omological Soc iety of British Columbi a 9 1: 19-26. J. ENTOMOL. Soc BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. DE C E~ II3ER 2001 49

Cannings. R.A. 1997. Robber Flics (Diptera: Asilidae) of th e Yukon. Pp . 637-662 In : 1-I.V . Danks and .I.A . Downes (Eds.). Insects of th e Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ottawa, ON. 1034 pp . Cannings, R.A. 1998. Robber Fli es (Insecta: Diptera: Asilidae). In : I.M. Smith and G.G.E. Scudder (Eds.). Assess ment of species diversity in th e Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network. http ://eqb-dqe.cc iw.caieman/reports/publications/99_montane/robber_liintro. h tml. Cannings, R.A. 2002. The Sys tematics of the Robber Fly genus Lasiopogon (Diptera: Asilidae). Roya l British Co lumbia Muscum, Victoria. BC 352 pp. Cannings. R.A. and RJ. Ca nnin gs. 1979. A northerly range cx tension for Cralllptonolllyia spenceri Alexander (Diptera: Pach yneuridae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Co lumbia 76: 16. Cannings. R.A. and 1.G. Fisher. 1987. Pti!odacty!a serrico!!is (Coleoptera: Ptilodactyli dae) in Brit ish Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 84: 52. Cannings, R.A. and e.S. Guppy. 1989. Glover's Si!kmoth, I-fva!ophora g!overi Strecker (Lepidoptera: Saturniidac), new to British Co lumbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 86: 89-90. Cannings, S.G. 1987. Chionea macnabeana Alexander, a micropterus crane fly (Diptera: Tipulidae) new to Canada. Journal orthe Entomological Society of British Co lum bia 84: 50-51. Cmmings, R..I. and S.G. Cannings 1996. Briti sh Co lumbia: a Natural History. Douglas and Mcintyre, Vancouver. Be. 310 pp. Carpenter. J.M. and J.M. Cu mmin g. 1985. A character anal ys is of the North Ameri ca n pottcr wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae: Eu meninae). Journal of Nat ural Hi story 19 : 877-916. Cazier, M.A. 1982. A revision of the North Am erican flie s be longing to the genus '/piocera (Diptera, Apioceridae). Bu ll et in orthe American Muse um of Natural Hi story 171 (4): 285-464. Chan, CX. and B.D. Fraze r. 1993 . The aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae) of British Co lumbi a. 21. Further additions. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 90: 77-82. Chiasson, H. 1986. A synopsis of the Thysa noptera (thrips) of Canada. Memoirs of the Lyman Entomological Museum and Rcscarch Laboratory. Macdonald Collcge. McGill University 17 . Montrea l, OC I53 pp. Christiansen, K.A. and P. Bellinger. 1998. The Co ll embola of North America, North of thc Rio Grandc. 2nd ed. Grinell Co ll ege, Grinell . IA . 1518 pp. Clark, W.E. 1971 . A taxonomi c rev ision of the weevi l genus ()lcilills Gennar in America north of Mexico. (Coleoptera : Curculionidac). Brigham Young Un iversity Science 13ulletin (Biological Scries) 13(3): 1- 39. Clark, M.E. 1948. An annotated li st of Coleoptera taken at or near Terrace, Briti sh Co lumbi a. Part I. Proceed ings of thc Entomological Society of British Columbia 44: 24-27. Clark. M. E. 1949. An annotated li st of Coleoptera taken at or nca r Terrace. flriti sh Co lumbia. Part 2. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 45: 2 1-24. Coher, E.1. 2000. Preliminary study of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae) tj'om the Carmanah Valley, Vancouver Island. Briti sh Co lumbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Co lum bia 96: 5- 6. Co le, F.R. 1969. The Flies of Western North America. University of Ca lifornia Press, Berkeley, CA. Co le, F.R. and 1. Wilcox. 1938. The gcncra Lasiopogol1 Loew and :/Iexiopogol1 Curran in North America (Diptera - Asilidae). Entomologica Americana 18: 1-91. Copeland, 1'.1'. and G. Imad ate. 1990. Insecta : Protura. Pp. 911-933 In : D.L. Dindale (Ed.). Soil Biology Guide. John Wiley and Sons. New York, NY. Cumming, 1.M . 1989. Class ification and evo lution of the eumenine wasp genus SYllllllorphus Wesmael (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 148. 168 pp. Cumming. 1.M .. B..I. Sinclair and D.M. Wood . 1995. Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera - Eremoneura. Entomologica scandinavica 26: 120-151 . Curran. C II . 192 3. Studies in Canad ian Diptera. I. Re\'ision of the asilid gc nus Cyrtopogol1 and alli ed gencra. The Canadian Entomologist 55: 92-95, 116-125 . 132- 142, 169- 174, 185- 190. Curran. C IL 1927. Synopsis of the Canadian Stratiomyidae (D iptera). Transactions of thc Royal Society of Canada 21: 191 -228. Danks. I-LV. 1979. Summary of the divers ity of Ca nadian terrestrial arthropods. Pp 240-244 In : II.V . Danks (Ed). Ca nada and its insect L1una. Mcmoirs of the Entomo logical Society of Ca nad a 108. 573 pp . Danks, H.V. and J.A. Down es (Eds.). 1997. Insects of the Yukon. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestri al Arthropods). Ottawa. 1034 pp. 50 1. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT COLUMBIA 98. D EC EMBER 200 1

Darling. D.C. 1983. A review of the New World species of Euperilampus (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), with notes about host associations and phylogenetic relationships. Questiones Entomologicae 19 : 1-40. Darling, D.C. 1986. Revision of the New World Chryso lampinae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).The Canadian En tomologist 118: 913-940. Downes, W. 1924. New records of Hemiptera from British Co lumbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 21: 27-33. Downes, W. 1927. A preliminary li st of the Hcmiptera and Homoptera of British Co lumbia. Proceedi ngs of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 23: 1-22. Downes, W. 1935. Additions to the li st of B.C. Hemiptera. Proceed ings of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 31: 46-48. Downes. W. 1957. Notes on so me Ilemiptera which ha ve been introduced into British Co lumbia, Proceedings of the En tomological Society of British Co lumbi a 54: 11-13. Duncan. B. 1987. An illustrated guide to the identi fic at ion and di stribution of the species of Dendroc/onlls Erichson (Coleoptera: Scolytidac) in Briti sh Co lumbi a. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 84: 101-11 2. Edwards, W.H. 1868-72. The Butterflies of North America. Vol. I. American Entomological Society, Philadelphia. PA. Edwards, W.H. 1874-84. The Butterflies of North America. Vol. 2. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Edwards, W.H. 1887-97. The Butterflies of North America. Vol. 3. I-I oughton Mifflin, Boston, MA. Emerson, K.C. 1972. Check li st of the Mallophaga of North America (North of Mexico). Parts I-IV . Desert Test Center, Dugway. UT. Erwin, T.L. 1970. A rec lassification of the bombardier beetles and a taxonomic revision of th e North and Middle American species (Carabidae: Brachinida). Quaestiones Entomologicae 6: 4-215. Evans. II. E. 1978. The Bcthylidae of America north of Mexico. Memoirs of th e American Entomological In st itute 27. 332 pp. Everson, P. 1978. Buprestidae of sou thern Vancouver Island . Jou rnal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 75: 38-40. Ferguson, D.C. 197 1-19 72. Bombycoidea, Saturniidae. The Moths of America north of Mexico, Fasc. 20.2A; 20.2B. E.W. Classey Ltd. and R.I3.D. Publications, London. Ferguson, G.R. I n4. An annotated synonymic li st of North American and Caribbean wasps of the gcn us Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Philanthidae). New York Entomo logical Society 91: 466-502. Ferguson. L.M. 1990a. In secta: Diplura. Pp. 951-963 In : D.L. Dindale (Ed.). So il l3iology Guide . .I ohn Wil ey and Sons, New Yo rk , NY. Ferguson, L.M. 1990b. In secta: Microcoryphia and Thys anul·a . Pp 935 -949 In : D.L. Dindal e (Ed .). So il Biology Gu ide . .Iohn Wiley and Sons, New York, NY. Finlayson, T. 1990. The systematics and taxonomy of fin al-instar larvae of the family Aphidiidae (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of th e Entomologica l Society of'Canada 152.74 pp. Finnamore, A.T. 198 3. Revi sion of' the American species of iv/ilil esa (Hymenop tera: Pemphrcdon id ae: Pscninae). Lyman Entomological Museu m and Research Laboratory, Memoir No. 12. 17 1 pp. Finnamore. A. T. 1998. Aculeate Wasps. In : I.M . Smith and G.G.E. Scudder (Ed s. ). Assessment of'species diversity in the Montane Cordill era Ecozonc. Burlington: Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Nct \ vork. hIt p:! le g b-dqe. cc i\ v. ca/cm3n/reports/pu b Ii cat ion s/99 _montanc/wasps/intro. html. Fis cher, A.I. , J.H . Shepard and C.S. Guppy. 2000. Macrolepidoptera inventory of the Chilcotin Di strict. Unpub li shed report, Roya l I3ritish Co lumbi a Museum, Victoria, 13C. 8 pp + maps and data appendices. Fooltit, R.G. and W.R. Richards. 1993. The genera of aphids of Canada (I-Iomoptera: Aphidoidea and Phyll oxeroidea). The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 22. Agriculture Canada Publicat ion 1885. 766 pp. Forbes, A.R. and C.K. Chan 1989. Aphids of' British Columbia. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Technical Bulletin 1989-1 E. Forbes, A.R . and C.K. Chan. 1991. The ap hid s (I-Iomop tera: Aphididae) of' Briti sh Co lumbi a. 20. Further additions . .I ournal of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 88: 7-14. Foxlee, II.R. 1942. A li st of' nineteen species of' Asilidae co ll ected at Robson, B.C. (Diptera). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Co lumbia 38: 14. Franclemont, .I.G. 1973. Bombyeoidea, Apatelodidae, Bombyeidae, Lasiocampidae.The Moths of America north of Mexico, Fase. 20. 1. E.W. Classey Ltd. and R.B.D. Publications, London. Freitag. R. 1999. Catalogue of the Tiger Beetles of Canada and the United States. NRC Research Press Ottawa, ON. 195 pp . Garland , .I.A . 1982. Thc taxonomy of Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Insecta: Neu roptera). Ph.D. thesis. McGill University, Montreal, QC. .I. ENTOMOL. Soc:. BRIT COLUMI3IA 98. DECEMBER 200 I 51

Garland, lA. 1984. Catalogue of Chrysopidae of Canada and Alaska (Neuroptera). Neuroptera International 3: 93-94. Garland, lA. 1985. Identification of Chrysopidae in Canada, \Vith bionomic notes (Neuroptera). The Canadian Entomologist 117: 737 -762. Garland, J.A. 2000. The Chrysopidae of Canada (Neuroptera): recent acquisitions chiclly in British Columbia and Yukon. Journal of the Entomo logical Society of British Columbia 97: 39-40 . Garland, J .A. 200 I. Red iscovery of Nine/a gravida (Banks, 1911) in British Columbia. and review or the genus Nine/a Navas. 1912 in Canada (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) Journal of Ncuropterology 3: 43-50. Garrett, CB. 1925. Seventy new Diptera, Key to Pseudoleria, Helomyz idae, Tipulidae, Chironomidae. Dixinae, Orplmephilidae, Mycetophilidae. Cranbrook, Be. 16 pp. Gerber, H.S. 1990. Note on the occurrence of Paravespula genllanica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in the Lo\Ver Fraser Valley of British Co lumbi a, Journal of the Entomo logical Society or British Columbia 87: 73 -74. Gibson, G. A. P. 1980a. Deda, a new genus of sa\Vfl ies from \Vestern North America (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). The Canad ian Entomologist 112: 249-258. Gibson. G. A. p, 1980b. A revision of the genus Macrophya Dahlbom (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Tenthredinidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 114. 167 pp. Gill espie, D.R. 1985. Endemic Alerodidae (Homoptera) and their parasites (Hymenoptera) in southern Vancouver Island, British Co lumbi a, Journal of the Entomological Society of British Co lumbia 82: 12- 13. Gillespie. D.R, and T . Finlayson, 1983. Classification of final-instar larvae of the lchneumonidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Memoirs or the Entomo logical Society of Canada 124.81 pp, Gillespie, D.R. and 13.1. Gillespie. 1982, A list of plant-reeding Lepidoptera introduced into British Co lumbi a. Journal or the Entomo logical Society of Br iti sh Co lumbi a 79: 37 -5 4. Gordon. R.D, 1985. The Coccinellidae (Co leoptera) of America north of Mexico. Journal of the Ne\V York Entomo logical Society 93: 1-912. Gordon, R.D. and O.L. Cartwright. 1988. North American representatives or the tribe Aegialiini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Aphod ii nae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No. 461,37 pp. Goulet. H. 1983. The genera of holarctic Elaphrini and spec ies of Elaphrus Fabricius (Coleoptera: Carabidae): c1assilication. phylogeny and zoogeography. Quaestiones Entomo logicae 19: 2 19-482. Goulet, H. 1986. The ge nera and species or th e ncarctic Dolcrini (Symphyta: Tcnthredinidae: Selandriinae): class ilication and phylogeny. Mcmoirs of the Entomological Society or Canada 135. 208 pp. Goulet, I-I. 1992. The genera and subgenera of the sa\Vlli es of Canada and Alaska (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 20. Agricu lture Canada Publication 1876. 235 pp. Goulet. H. 1996. Revision of the nearctic species of the arclIa/{[ group of the genus Ten/hredo with notes on the higher class ifi cation of the Tcnthredinini (Hymenoptera. Symphyta, Tenthredinidac). Contributions of th e American Entomological Institute 29: 1-135, Goulet, H, 1998. Sawtlies (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). In: LM, Smith and G.G.E. Scudder (Eds.). Assessment of specie s diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone. Burlington: Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Net\Vork. http://eqb-dqe.cci\v.ca/eman/reports/publications/99_montane/s a\vllies/intro .html. Goulet. I Land .1.1'. Huber (Eds.), 1993. Hymenoptera of the Wor ld : an Identilication Guide to Families, Agriculture Canada Publication I 894/E. 668 pp, Gray, T. and R. Shepherd. 1993. Hymenopterous parasites of the black-headed bud\Vorm, Ac/eris gloveral1a, on Vancouver Island, British Columbia, 1970- 1974. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 90: 11-12. Gregson. lD. 19 38, Notes on the occurrence or Grrllob/alla cl/ll/podeiforlllis Walker in the Kamloops District. Proceed ings of the Entomological Society of Rritish Co lumbia 35: 29-30, Gregson . .l.D. 1996, Grr//oblalla: an enigmatic "ice-bug", Cordillera 3(2): 12-14 . Guppy. CS. 1986, Geographic variati on in \Ving melani sm of the butterlly Pamassius phoeblls I: (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), Ca nadian Journal of Zoo logy 64: 956 -962. Guppy, e.S. and U -1. Shepard, 200 I, Rutterlli es of Briti sh Co lum bia, Royal Briti sh Co lumbia Museum. Victori a and University of British Co lumbia Press. Vancouver. BC 414 pp. Guppy. CS., 1.1-1. Shepard and N.G. Kondl a, 1994 . 13utterllies ancl skippers of co nservation concern in British Columbia. Canadian l'ield-Naturalist 108 : 31-40, Guppy. R. 1948 . A preliminary annotated li st of Ichneumonidae co ll ected in the Wellington di strict of Vancouver Island. l3ritish Co lumbia. Proceedin gs of the Entomological Society of l3ritish Co lumb ia 44 : 12-13. 52 J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 98, DECEMBER 200 I

Guppy, R, 1956, Distribution of butterflies on Vancouver Island, Lepidoptera News 10: 169-171, Hall , D,G, 1948, The blowllies of North America, Thomas Say Publications in Entomology: Monographs, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD, 477 pp, Hamilton, K,G,A, 1982, The spittlebugs of Canada (Homoptera: Cercopidae), The insects and arachnids of Canada, Part 10, Agriculture Canada Publication 1740, 102 pp, Hamilton, K,G,A. 1998, "Short-horned" bugs (Homoptera: Auchenorrhyncha), In: I.M, Smith and G,G,E, Scudder (Eds,), Assessment of species diversity in the Montane Cordillera Ecozone, [3urlington: Ecological Monitoring and Assessment Network, http ://eqb-dqc,cciw,ca/cmanireports/JJ.llhlication5/99montal).s:!bQDJ9ptcr/intro ,html, Handford, R,H, 1961. Development patterns of the clear-winged at different altitudes and in different years on a sheep range in [3ritish Columbia, The Canadian Entomologist 93:665-670, Harcombe, A, and.l.E. Underhill. 1970, Moths and butterflies of Manning Park, British Columbia Parks [3ranch, Victoria, [3C 9 pp, Hardwick, D,F, 1970, A generic revision of the North American Heliothidinae (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 73, 56 pp, Hardy, G,A. 1942, Notes on some wood-boring beetles of Saanich, Vancouver Island, B,C (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae and Buprestidae), Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 39: 9- 13, Hardy, G,A, 1944, Further notes on the Cerambycidae of Vancouver Island (Coleoptera), Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 41: 15-18, Hardy, G,A. 1948, Some beetles of the families Cerambycidae and Buprestidae from Manning Park, British Columbia, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 44: 31-34, Hardy, G,A. 1950, Notes on Vancouver Island and West Coast Coleoptera, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 46: 18, Hardy, G,A, 1957, Notes on the life histories of five species of Lepidoptera from southern Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 54: 40-43, Hardy, G.A, 1963, Note on the life histories of four moths and one butterfly from Vancouver Island (Lepidoptera: Phalaenidae, Lasiocampidae and Lycacnidae), Proceedings of the Entomological Socicty of British Columbia 60: 35-40, Hatch, M,H, 1952, Observations on the study of beetles in [3ritish Columbia, Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 48: 76-80, Hatch, M,H, 1953, The beetles of the Pacilic Northwest. Part I. Introduction and Adephaga, University of Washington Publications in [3iology, Vol 16. Seattle, W II, 340 pp, I latch, M.I I. 1957, The beetles or the Pacilic Northwest. Part II. Staphylinil()rmia, University of Washington Publications in [3iology, Vol 16, Seattle, WA. 384 pp, lIatch, M,I-1. 1962, The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part III. I'selaphidae and Diversicornia I. University of Washington Publications in Biology, Vol 16, Seattle, WA, 503 pp, Hatch, M,H, 1965, The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part IV, Macrodactyles, Palpicornes, and Heteromera, University of Washington Publications in [3iology, Vol 16, Seattle, WA. 268 pp, Hatch, M,H, 1971. The beetles of the Pacific Northwest. Part V, Rhipiceroidea, Sternoxi, Phytophaga, Rhyncholphora, and Lamellicornia. University of Washington Publications in Biology, Vol 16, Seattle, WII.662 Heraty, .I,M, 1985, A revision of the nearctic Eucharitinae (Ilymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eucharitidae), Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 116: 61-103, Herman, L.H, 1986, Revision of Bledius, Part IV, Classification or species groups, phylogeny, natural history and catalogue (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae, Oxytelinae), Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 184: 1-367, I-lodges, R, W, 1971, Sphingoidea, The Moths of America north of Mexico, Fase. 21, E, W, Classey Ltd, and R,[3,D, Publications, London, Hodges, R, W, 1974, Gelechioidea, Oecophoridae, 'rhe Moths of America north of Mexico, Fasc. 6,2, E,W, Classey Ltd, and R,[3,D, Publications, London. Hodges, R.W" 1'. Dominick, D.R, Davis, D,C Ferguson, .l.G , Franclemont, E,G, Munroe and.l.A. Powell. 1983, Check list of the Lepidoptera of America north of Mexico, E. W, Classey Ltd" London and the Wedge Entomological Research Foundation, Washington DC Holland, G,P, 1985, The fleas of Canada, Alaska and Greenland, Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 130, 631 pp, Hopping, G, 1932, A revision of the Clytini of boreal America (Cerambycidae, Coleoptera), Part I. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 25: 529-567, Hopping, G, 1937, A revision of the Clytini of boreal America (Ceraillbycidae, Coleoptera), Part II, Annals of the Entomological Society of America 30: 438-357. J. ENTOMOL. Soc I3RIT COLU~II3 I A 98. D ECEMBER 200 1 53

Hopping. R. 1922 . A review of the ge nus JIIonochallllls Serv. (Cerambycidae. Coleo ptera). The Canadian Entomologist 53: 252-258. Huber, J.T 1988. The species gro up s of Conalocerlls Nees in North America with a revision of the su/phuripes and aiel' groups (llymenoptera: Mymarid ae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 141 . 109 pp. Irwin, ME and L. Lyncborg. 1980. The genera of nea rctic Th erev idac. Illinois Natural Ilistory Survey Bull etin 32(3): 193-277. Jacob. J.K. 1938. The termites of Brit ish Co lum bia; their stru cture, bionom ics and intestin al fauna . M.A. thesis, Uni versity of British Co lumbia. Vancouver., BC. Kamp , .I .W. 1973. Biosystemat ics of th e Gryll ob lallodea. Ph .D. thesis, Universit y of Br itish Co lumbi a, Vancouver, 13C. Kamp, .I . W. 1979. Taxonomy, di stribution, and zoogeographic evolution of C,y llob/alla in Ca nada (Insecta: Notoptera). The Ca nadi an Entomologist III : 27-38 . Kanvanaugh, D. H. 1980. Insects of western Canada, wi th special reference to certain Carabidae (Coleoptera): present di stribution pallerns and their origins. The Canadian Entomologist 11 2: 1129- 11 44. Kavanaugh, 0 .11. 1988. The in sect fauna of the Pacific northwes t coast of North Am eri ca: present pallerns and affiniti es and their origin s. Pp. 125-149 In : .I.A . Down es and D.H . Ka va naugh (Eds.). Ori gin s of th e No rth American in sect fauna. Mem oirs of th e Entomol ogica l Soc iety of Ca nada 144. 168 pp . Kavan augh. D. H. 1992 . Carabid beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera : Carabidae) of the Queen Chariollc Island s. British Co lumbia. Memoirs of the Calili)l'ni a Academy of Scicnces No. 16. 11 3 pp. Keen, .I .H. 1895. List of beetles co ll ected in the Queen Charl ot te Island s. B.C. The Canad ian Entomologist 27 : 165-172, 217-220. Kelton. L.A. 1978. The Anthocoridae of Canada and Alaska (Ileterop tera: Anthoco rid ae ). The insec ts and arachnids of Canada. Part 4. Agriculture Ca nada Publication 1639. 10 1 pp. Kelton, L.A . 1980. The plant bugs of the prairie provinces of Canada (Heteroptera: Miridae). The in sects and arachnids of Ca nada. Part 8. Agricu lt ure Canada Publi ca ti on 1703.408 pp. Kim. K.C .. H.D. Pratt and C.J . Stoj anovich. 1986. The Sucking Lice of No rth Ameri ca. An illustrated manual for identificati on. The Pennsy lvania State Uni ve rsity Press. Uni versity Park, PA. 241 pp. Kitching, R.I... 197 1. The Psylli dae of Briti sh Co lumbia with a key to species . .lourn al of th e Entomol og ic al Society of British Co lum bia 68: 36-4 3. Klimaszewski . J. 1984. A rev ision of the genu s A/eochara Grave nh orst of Amcrica north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylini dae. Aleocharinae). Memoirs or the Entomological Society of Canada 129. 2 11 pp . Klimaszewski , .I. and D.K.McE. Keva n 1985. The brown lacewin g Ilies of Canada and Alas ka (Neuroptera: Hemerobi icl ae) . Part I. The genu s Helllerobius Linn ae us: systematics, bionomics and distribution. Memoirs or the Lyman Entomo logical Muse um and Re search Laboratory. Macdona ld College. McG ill Uni versity 15. 119 pp . Klimaszewski . .I . and D.K.MeE. Kevan 1987. The brown lacewin gs of Canad a and Alaska (Ncurotpera: Hemerobiidae) Part II . The gcnu s Jl'eslllaelilis KrUger. Ne uroptera In ternational 4: I 53-204 , 245-274. Klim aszewski . .I. and D.K .Mel':. Kevan. 1988. The brown lacewin gs of Canada and Alas ka (Neuroptcra: Hcm erob iidae). Part Ill. Th e ge nu s MicrOlllllS Ramb ur. Giornalc Italiano di Entomo lgica 4: 3 1- 76. Klimaszewski, .I . and D.K.M cE. Ke va n. 1992. Rev iew of Ca nad ian and Alaskan brown lacewing Ilies (Neuroptera: Il emerobiidae) with a key to the genera. Part IV : The genera /viega/ollllls Rambur, Boriolllyia 13 anks. Psec/ra Il agen and 5)'IIIpherobius 13 anks. Annals of the Transvaal Muse um 35: 43 5- 457. Kondla, N.G. 1999. Pend d' Oreill e butterll y study. Royal Briti sh Co lum bia Mu se um . Li vi ng Landscapes. http://\v\v\v. li vingbasin. com/butterlly/content. htm. Kondl a, N.G. , c.M. Pike and r .A.H. Sperling. 1994. Buttertlies of th e Peace River region of Alberta and British Co lumbi a. Blue Jay 52: 7 1-90. Kozar, r., L.M. Humble, R.G. roottit and 1.5. Otvos. 1989. New and little kn own scal e in sccts (Homoptcra: Coccoidea) li'om Briti sh Co lumbia . .lournal of the Entomologica l Society of' 13ritish Columbia 86: 70-77. Kri sten se n. N.P. 199 1. Phylogc ny of ex tant llexapods. Pp. 125- 140 In : 1.0. Naumann (Ed.). The In sects of Australi a. 2nd cd Vol. I. Corn ell Un iversit y Press. Ithaca. NY. 542 pp. Krombein. K.V.. P.O. Hurd .II' .. D.R. Smith and B.D. Burks. 19 79. Ca talog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Vols 1- 3. Smith so nian Instituti on Press. Washin gton DC. 2735 pp. LaBergc. W. F. 1986-1989. A rev ision of the bees of the genu s !lndrena of the Westcrn Hemi sphere. Parts XI (1986), XII ( 1987). XIII (1989). Transacti ons of the American Entomological Society III: 441- 567, 112 : 19 1-248 , 11 5: I-56. 54 l ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER 200 I

Lafontaine. J.D. 1982. Bi ogeography of thc ge nus Euxoa (Lepidop tera: Noctuidae) in North America. The Canad ian Entomologist 114 : I-5 3. Lafontainc, .1 .0. 1987. Noc tuoidea, Noc tuid ae (Part). The moths of No rth America north of Mexico, Fasc. 27.2. The Wedgc Entomol ogica l Research roundation. Was hin gton, DC. Lafontaine, J.D. 1998. Noctuoidea. Noctuidae (Part). The moths of North America north of Mex ico, rasc. 27.3. The Wedge Entomological Research Foundation. Was hin gton, DC. Lafontaine, .1 .0 . and D.M . Wood. 1988. A zoogeographic analys is of th c Noctuidae (Lepidoptera) of Beringia and some inferences abo ut past Beringian habit ats. Pp. 109-123. In : .I .A. Downes and 0 .1-1 . Kavanaugh (Eds.). Origin of the Nort h Amer ica n insect faun a. Memoirs of the Entomological Socicty of Ca nada 144. La font aine, .1 .0 . and D.M. Wood. 1997. Butlerllies and moth s (Lepidoptera) of the Yukon. Pp. 723 -785. In : I-I.V . Danks and .I .A. Downes (Eds.). In sects of the Yuko n. Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods), Ott awa. ON. 1034 pp. Landry, .I .-F. 1991. Systemati cs of ncarct ic Scythrididae (Lepidoptera: Ge lec hi odea): phylogeny and class i fic ation of supraspcc i li c taxa, wi th a review of described specics. Memoirs of the Entomo logica l Socicty of Canada 160. 34 1 pp . Lane. M.e. 1952. Li st of the Elaterid ae o f' Briti sh Co lumbia. Procccd in gs of th e En tom ological Soc iety of British Columbia 48: 65-67. Layberry, R.A .. P.W. I-Iall and .1 .0. Lafontaine. 1998 . Th e Butterflies of Ca nada. University of Toron to Press, Toronto. ON. 280 pp. Lindroth. c' 1-I. 1961-1969. The gro und-bectl es (Carabidae, escl. Cicindelinae) of Ca nada and Alaska. Part s 1-6. Opuscula Entomologica Supplementa 20, 24, 29, 33 , 34 and 35. Linsley, E.G . 1962a. The Cerambycidae of Nort h Ameri ca. Part II. Uni versi ty of California Publica ti ons in Entomology No. 19. 102 pp. Linslcy, E.G. 1962b. The Cerambyc idae of North Amcrica. Part III. Univcrsity of Ca li forni a Publi cati ons in Entomology No. 20. 188 pp. Linsley, E.G. 1963 . Th e Ce rambyc id ae of No rth Ameri ca. Part IV . Uni versity of Ca lifornia Publicati ons in Entomology No. 21. 165 pp . Lin sley, E.G. 1964. The Cerambycidae of North America, Part V. Uni versity of Ca lifo rnia Publica ti ons in Entomology No. 22. 197 pp. Lin sley, E.G. and lA. Chemsak. 1972. Th e Ce rambyc idae or North America. Part VI, No . I. Universit y or Californi a Publications in Entomology No. 69. 138 pp . I.insley, E.G. and .I .A. Chcmsak. 19 76. Th e Cc raillbycidae of North America. Part VI, No.2. Uni ve rsity of Californ ia Publications in En tomology No. 80. 186 pp. Linsley. E.G. and .I .A. Chemsak . 1985. Thc Ce rambyc id ae of Nort h Amc ri ca. Part VII. No. I. Uni ve rsity of Californi a Publi cations in Entomology No. 102.258 pp. Ll ewe ll yn .I ones. J.R..! . 195 1. An ann otated check li st or th c macroicpidoptcra or British Co lumbia. Occasional Paper of thc Entom ologica l Society or Briti sh Co lum bia No. I. 148 pp. Mackauer. M. 1968. Aphidills ru bifolii n. sp. (Il ymenoptera: Aphi dii dae). a paras itoid or Jlfasol1aphis //wxilll{f li'om British Co lum bia. Jou rn al or the Entomologica l Society or Briti sh Co lumbi a 65: 34 -35. Mac kauer, M. and A. Ca mpbe ll. 1972. Thc es tabl ishmen l or three e:\O ti c aphid parasites (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) in Britsh Co lumbia . .I ourn al of the Entomological Soc iety or Briti sh Co lumbi a 69: 54-58. McAlpine. JT. 1977. A rev ised cla ss ifi ca ti on or the Piophilidae, in cluding 'Neolliophilidae' and "Thyrcophoridae' (Diptera: Sc hi zophora) . Memoirs of th e Ent omological Society of Canada 103. 66 pp . McAlpine, IF. (Ed.) 1979. Diptera. Pp . 389-4 24 In : II.V. Danks (Ed.). Ca nada and its in sect fauna. Memoirs or thc Entomological Soc iety or Ca nada 108. 573 pp . McAlpine ..I.F .. 13 .V. Pcterson. G.E. Shewcll , 1-1..1. Teskc), . .I .R. Vockeroth and D.M. Wood (coordinators). 198 1. Manual of Nearc ti c Diptera. Vo lume I . Agriculture Canada Monograph 27. Ottawa. ON . 674 pp . McAlpine . .1 .1' .. BY Peterson. G.t::. Shc,,·cll. IU. Teskey . .I .R. Vockeroth and D.M . Wood (coord in ators). 1987. Ma nu al or Nearcti c Diptera. Volume 2. Agricu ll ure Canada Monograph 28. Ottawa, ON. Pp . 675- 1332. McAlpine . .I.F. and D.M. Wood (coordin ato rs) . 1989. Manual or Nea rcti c Diptera. Volume 3. Agricu lturc Ca nad a Monograph 32. Ott awa. ON. Pp. 1333- 1581. McFadden. M.W. 1972 . The so ldier fli t:s of Ca nad a and Alaska (D iptcra: Stratiomyidae). I. Beridinae. Sargin ac and Clitell ariin ae. The Ca nadian En tomologist 104: 53 1-56 1. McGuffin. W.e. 1958 . Larvae or the nearc ti c Larentiinae (Lepidoptera: Geo mclridac). Th e Canadian Entomologist Supplement 8. 10-1 pp. J. ENTOM OL. Soc. BRIT. CO LU~ II:lI A 98. DECE~ II3ER 200 1 55

McGuffin. W.C 1988 . Guide to the Geomet ri dae of Ca nada (Lepidoptera) Ill. IV. and V. Subfamilies Archi earinae. Oenochromin ae and Geom etrinae. Me moi rs of thc En tomological Society of Canada 145.56 pp. McPh erson, .I. E. 1982. Thc Pentatomoidca (Il emiptera) of northeastt:rn North Ameri ca, with cmphasis on the fauna of Illinois. Southern Illi nois Uni versity Press. Ca rbond ale and Edwardsv ill e, IL. 240 pp . Madd ison. D.R. 1993 . Systematics of th e holarct ic beetle sub genu s /Jra eleon and related /Jell/bie/ion (Coleop tera: Ca rab idae) . 8ulletin of the Mu seu m of Comp arati ve Zoo logy 153 : 143 -299. Marsh. P.M. 1965. The nearc ti c Doryctin ae, I. A review of th e s ubf~1Il1ily with a revision of th e tribe Il ecabolini (Hymenop tera: 8raconidae). An nals of the Entomological Society of Ame ri ca.58: 668-699. Marshall. S.A. 1985. A revision of th e genus Sp e/abia'Spuler (Di ptera: Sp haeroceri dae ) in No rth Ameri ca and Mexico. Transac ti ons of the American Entomological Soc iety I I I: 1-1 0 1. Marshall. V.G. 1993. Sustainab le fores try and soil fauna diversity. Pp. 239-248 In : M.A. Fenger, E.H . Mi ll er , .1.17. John son and L I.R. Williams (Eds.) . Our Li ving Legacy: proceedings ofa symposium in biological diversity. Royal 8ritish Columbia Museum , Victoria. 8C 392 pp. Ma sner, L. 1976. A rev ision of the Ismarinae of the New World (H ymenoptera. Proctotrupo id ea. Diapri idae). The Ca nad ian Entomologist 108 : 1243 -1 266. Masner, L. (Ed.). 19 79 . Hymenoptera. Pp. 485-508 In : I-IV. Danks (Ed.). Ca nada and its in sect fauna. Memoirs of the Entomological Soc iety of Ca nada 108 . 573 pp. Ma sner, L. 1980. Key to th e Ii olarctic ge nera of Sce li on idae. with descri ptions of ncw ge nera and species (Il ymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea) . Memoirs of the Entomo logica l Soci ety of Canada 11 3. 54 pp. Ma son. W.R.M. 1978. A synopsis of nearcti c Bracon ini. wi th revisions of nearctie species of Coe/oides and II/vasal//{{ (H ymenoptera: Braco ni dae) . The Canad ian Entomo logist 11 0: 72 1-768. Mason. W.R.M. 198 1. The po lyph yletic nalu re of Apal1le/es Foerster (Il ymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and rcclass ilication or Mi crogastrinae. Memoirs of the En tomological Society of Canada 11 5. 147 pp . Matsuda. R. 1977 . The Arad idae of Ca nada (Ilcmiptera: Aradidae). The insects and arachn id s of Canad a. Part 3. Agri culture Ca nada Publi cation 1634. 11 6 pp. Maw, H. L L.. R.G. Foottit, K.G.A. Il am iit on and G.G.I::. Sc ud der. 2000. Chec kli st of th e Hem ipte ra or Canada and Alaska . NRC Reseal'Ch Press. Ott awa. ON. 220 pp. Me in ander, M. 1972. A revi sion or th e rami ly Co ni opteryg id ae (I'l anipennia ). Ac ta Zoolog ica Fennicn 136: 1-357. Meinander, M. 1974. Coni op terygidae rrom western North America (Neuroptera). Entomolgica Scandin avica 5: 217-232. Merritt, R. W. and 8 . V. Peterson. 1976. A synopsis or the Micropezidae (D iptera) or Canada and Alaska. with descriptions of four new spec ies . Canadian Journ al or Zoo logy 54 : 1488-1 506. Michener. CD .. R..I. McG inl ey and B.N . Danforth. 1993. The 8ee Genera of No rth and Ce ntral Ameri ca . Smithsoni an Institution Press. Washington. DC. Mickel. C E. 1928. Biological and tax onomi c in vesti gati on s on th e mutillid was ps. United States Nati onal Mu seum Bu ll etin 143: 1- 35 1. Middlekaurf W. W. 1984. A revision of th e saw Jl y Elill il y Oru ssici ac for North and Centra l Ameri ca (Ilymenoptera: Symphyta: Oruss idac). Uni ve rsit y or Cali fornia Pub li cat ion s in [ ntomo logy 101 : 1- 46 . Mi ll er, e.D.F. 1961. Ta\OnolllY and di stl'ibutioll of nca rcti c ' ·esp li/o. Th e Canadian Entomologist 93: suppl ement 22: I- 52. Mi lli ron. 1-1.1 :. 197 1. A monograph or the we stern hemsp here bumblebees (Il ymenop tera: Apidae: Bombinae). I. Th e genera /J all/ blls and JIIegaboll/bll.\· subgenus /J ail/bias. Memoirs of the Entomologica l Society of Canada 82 . 80 pp . Mitchell, T.B. 1980. A generic rev ision of the megach ilinc bees or the Western Hemi sphere (H ymenoptera: Megachilidae). Contributions of the Department of [ ntomology. North Caro lin a State Universit y, Ral eigh. Ne. 95 pp. Mock lord. E.L. 1993. North American Psocopt era (Insecta) . Flora and Fauna lI andbook No. 10. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesvill e. FL. 455 pp . Morga n. C V.G. and .J.e. Arrand . 197 1. Add iti onal Syrphidac li'om the Oli ve r and Oso)'oos di stri cts or 8ritish Co lumbia . .Journal or the Ent omo logical Society of 8ritish Co lumbia 68 : 25. Morcwood, W.D . 2000. OcculTcncc and inheritance or a colour pattern dim orphism in adu lt s of /-Iya/opho/'a eu/'va/us (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae). Journal of the Entomologica l Society of 8ritish Co lum bia 97: 75-78. Munroe, E. 1972 -19 76. I'yraloidea. I'yrali dae. S ubl ~lI nili es Scopari in 3e. Nymphulinae. Odontiinae. Glaph yriinae. Evergestinae and Pyrau stinae. tribe Pyraustini. The moth s of North Ameri ca north of Mexico. Fasc. 13. IA-C. 1972-1 97 3: 13.2A , 8. 1976. E.W . Clusse), Lt d .. London and the Wed ge Entomological Research Foundation. Washington DC. 56 .I. ENTOMOL. soc BRIT COLUMBIA 98, DECEMBER 2001

Munroe, E, 1979, Lepidoptera, Pp, 427-481 In: H,V, Danks (Ed,), Canada and its insect fauna, Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 108, 573 pp, Mutuura, A. and E. Munroe, 1972-1973, American species of Dioryclria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), III , IV, The Canadian Entomologist 104: 609-625; 105: 653-668, Mutuura, A., E, Munroe and D,A. Ross, 1969, American species of Diolyclria (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), I, II. The Canadian Entomologist 101: 1009-1023; 1042-1047, Nadel , H, 1996, Directory of experts in the identification of British Columbia species. Research Branch, British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Working Paper 19. Victoria, BC 99 pp, Naumann, K" W,B. Preston and G,L Ayre. 1999. An annotated checklist of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 96: 29-68, 0' Brien, CWo 1970, A taxonomic revi sion of the weevil genus DorVloll1us in North America (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), University of California Publications in Entomology No, 60, 80 pp, Olmi, M. 1984, A revision of the Dryinidae (Hymenoptera), Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 37 (part I): i-xii, 1-946, (part 2): 947-1913. Olmi, M. 1995, A revision of the world Embolemidae (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoidea), Frustula Entomologica nuova serie 18(31): 85-146, Osburn, R,C 1908, British Columbia Syrphidae: new species and additions to the list. The Canadian Entomologist 40: 1-14. Otte, D, 1981, The North American Grasshoppers. Volume I. Acrididae. Gomphocerinae and Aeridinae. Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 275 pp. Otte, D, 1984. The North American Grasshoppers, Volume I L Acrididae, Oedipodinae, Harvard University Press, Cambridge and London, 366 pp. Parshley, I-LM. 1919. On some Hemiptera from western Canada. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan 71: 1-35. Parshley, H.M. 1921. A repOli on some Hemiptera from British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 18: 13-24, Penny, N.D. 1977, A systematic study of the family I30reidae (Mecoptera). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51: 141-217. Pollet, M. and J.M. Cumming. 1998. Systematic revi sion of nearctic species of ilchalcus Locw (Diptera: Dolochopodidae) with comments on their phylogeny, ecology and zoogeography. Systematic Entomology 23: 371-385, Pulawski, W ../. 1988. Revision of North American Tachysphex wasps including Central American and Caribbcan species (Hymcnoptera: Sphecidae). Memoirs of th e California Academy of Sciences No. 10.211 pp. Quicke, D.L'/' and M.l Sharkey. 1989. A key to and notes on the genera of Braconinae (H ymenoptera: Braconidae) from America north of Mex ico with dcscriptions of two new genera and three new species. The Canadian Entomologist 121: 337-36 I. Rice, H.M,A. 1959, Fossil Bibionidae (Diptera) fi'om British Columbia. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 55 : 1-37 Ross. D.A. and D. Evans. 1957, Annotated li st of forest insects of British Columbia. Part VII - Plusia spp. (Noctuidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society 01' British Co lumbia 54: 16-17. Rusek. J. 1974. Zur Taxonomic cinigcr Gattungen del' Familie Acerentomidae (Insecta, Protura). Acta Entomologica Bohcmoslavaca 71: 260-281. Schwartz, M.D, and G.G.E. Scudder. 1998. Newly recognized holarctic and introduced plant bugs in North America (Heteroptera: Miridae). The Canadian Entomologist 130: 267-283. Schwartz, M.D. and G,G.E. Scudder. 2000. Miridac (Heteroptera) new to Canada, with some ta xo nomic changcs. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 108: 248-267. Scudder, G.G.E. 1960. DiClynola fitiiginosa Costa (Hemiptera: Tingidae) in the Nearctic. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 57: 22. Scuddcr, G,G.E. 1961 a. Some I-Ieteroplera new to British Columbia, Proceed ings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 53: 26-29. Scudder, G.G.E. 1961 b Additions to the li st of Cicaclellidae (Homoptera) of British Columbia, with one genus and four species new to Canada. Proceedings of th e Entomological Society of British Columbia 53: 33-35. Scudder, G.G.E. 1985. Heteroptera new to Canada. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 82: 66-71, Scudder. G.G.E. 1986. Additional Hcteroptera new to I3rilish Columbia. Journal of the En tomological Society of British Columbia 83: 63-65. 1. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT. COLUMBIA 98. DECEMBER 200 1 57

Scudder. G.G.E. 1994. An ann otated systema ti c li st of the potenti all y rare and enda ngered freshwater and tcrrestria l invertebrates in Briti sh Co lum bia. Entomologica l Soc iety of British Co lumbi a Occasional Paper 2: 1-92. Scud de r, G.G. E. 1998. Heteraptera. In: I.M . Smith and G.G.E. Scudder (Eds.) Assessment or spec ies diversity in the Mont ane Cordill era Ecozone. Burlington : Eco log ical Moni toring and Ass ess mcnt Net work. http ://eqb-dqc.cc i\v.ca/cman/rcport s/p'[blications/99_montanc/hctcrop/in tra . html . Sc udder, G.G.E. 2000. Hetcroptera (Hemi ptera : Pros orrhynch a) ne\V to Canada. Part I. Journal or the Entomological Soci ety of Briti sh Co lum bia 97: 51-56. Sc udder, G.G.E. and D.K. McE . Kevan. 198 4. A check-list of the Orthopteroid insects recorded fi'om British Co lumbia. Journ al of th e Entomological Soc iety or British Co lumbi a 8 f: 76-79. Shepard , .I .H. 1975. Genus Solaria Reuss. Pp. 243 -252 In : W.I-1. Ho\Ve (Ed.). The Butterflies or North America. Doubl eday, Garden City. NY. 633 pp . Shepard, .I .H. and T.R. Manl ey. 1998. A species rev ision of the Parnassius phoebus compl ex in North Ameri ca (Lepidoptera: Pap ili oni dae) . Pp. 717-726 In : T. c. Emmel (Ed.). Systemati cs of Wes tern North Ameri ca n Butterlli es. Ma ri posa Press. Ga in esvill e, FL . 878 pp . Shennan, R.S. 1920. Ne\V spec ies of Myce top hili dae. Proceedin gs or the En tomologica l Society of British Co lumbi a 16: 16-21. Sin clair. B. l 1994. Revision of the nea rcti c spec ies of li-ichoclinocera Co lli n (Diptera: Empidid ac: Clinocerin ae ). The Canadian Entomologist 126: 100 7-1059. Sinc lair, 13..1 ., J.M . Cumming and D. M. Wood. 1994. Homology and phylogeneti c impli ca ti ons of male ge nit ali a in Diptera - Lo \Ve r Brachyce ra. Entomolog ica scandinav ica 24 : 407 -43 2. Skev in gton. J. and S. A. Mars hall . 1998. Systemati cs of Ne\V World PipllnclI llIs (D iptera: Pipuneuli dae). Thomas Say Publi ca ti ons in Entomology: Monograp hs. Entomologica l Soc iety of Ameri ca. Lanh am. MD . 20 1 pp . Skidmore. R.E. 1995. Chec kli st of Co ll embola (Insecta: Apterygota) of Ca nada and Alaska. Proceedi ngs of the e ntomological Society of Ontario 126: 45 -76. Smetana. A. 197 1. Revision of the tri be Qu ediin i of Amcri ca north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphyl in idae). Memoirs of the Entomologica l Society of Canada 79. 303 pp. Smith. D. R. 1979. Nearctic sa\V lli es. IV. All antin ae: Adults and larvae (Il ymenop tcra: Tenthred inidae). Ag ri cultural Research Service. U. S. Dept. of Agri culture. Tec hni ca l Bull etin No. 1595. 172 pp . Smith, D. R. 1986. The sa\V fl y ge nus Ne lll alinlis in North Ameri ca (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) . Proceedin gs of the Entomological Society of Was hington 88 : 179 -1 84. Smith , D. R. 1989. Th e sawfl y ge nu s A/'ge (Hymenoptera: Argidae) in th e \Vcs tern hemi sphere. Transactio ns or the Ameri can Entomolog ical Society 115 : 85-205. Smith, K.G. V. 1959. The Conopi dae (Di ptera) of British Colum bia. Proceedin gs of the Entomologica l Society of British Columbia 56: 54-56. Smith . PT .. S. Kam bh ampati . W. Vii lkl and M. Mackaucr. 1999. A phylogeny of ap hi d parasiloids (Hymenoptera: Braconid ae: Aph idiinae) in ferred fro m mitoc hondrial NAD I-I I dehydrogenase gene sequence. Mo lecul ar Phyloge ny and Evo luti on II : 236-245 . Sopo\V, S.L.. R.G. Bennett . .I. -F. Landry and B. Landry. 1996. Ident ificatio n of the 'grey" Diorvclria spec ies of Brit is h Co lum bia (Lepidoptera: I' yral idae). Journ al of th e Entomologica l Soc iety of Briti sh Co lum bia 93: 75 -92. Spence . .I .R. and D.H. Spence. 1988. Of ground beetl es and men: introd uced spec ies and the synanth ro pi c fa un a of \Vcstern Can ada. Pp . 15 1- 168 In : .I .A. Do\Vnes and D.II . Kavanaugh (Eds. ). Ori gin s of th e North Americ an in sect faun a. Memoirs of the Entomological Soc iety of Canada 144. 16 8 pp . Spencer, G ..I . 1928. [,tern al pa rasites of ccrta in birds of British Co lu mb ia. The Ca nadian Entomologist 60 257 -260. Spence r. G.J . 1936. A check li st of the fl eas of Brit ish Col umbi a wit h a note on fl ea s in re lati on to sawdust in homes. Proceedings of the En tomologica l Soc iety of 8ritish Co lum bia 32: 11 - 17. Spence r, G.J . 1937a. The termite situati on in 8 ritish Co lumbi a. Proceedin gs of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Colum bia 33: 42-43. Spencer. G .. I. 1937b. Further notes on th e fl eas of British Co lumb ia. Proceed in gs of the Entomologica l Society of 8riti sh Co lum bia 34: 36-38. Spencer, G..I . 194 2. A preliminary lis t of th e Ne uroptera of Briti sh Co lum bia. Proceedin gs of the Entomologica l Society of Briti sh Co lum bia 38: 23 -28. Spencer, G .. !. 1943 . Some records of th e Long-l egged Fli es from Briti sh Co lumbi a (Diptera: Doli chopodid ae). Pro ceed in gs of the Entomologica l Soc iety of Briti sh Co lum bia 40: 24-25 . Spence r, G..I. 1948 a. Some records of Co ll embo la rrom Bri tish Co lum bia. Proceedings of th e Entomologica l Soc iety of Bri tish Colu mbia 44: 22. 58 J. ENTOMOL. Soc. BRIT COLUMBIA 98, D ECEM BER 200 1

Spencer, GJ . 1948b. Somc records or Mall op haga li'o m British Co lumbia birds. Procecd in gs of the Entomologica l Socicty or Bri ti sh Co lum bia 44: 3-6. Spcncer. G..J . 1948c. A Pre liminary li st or the Tipulidae rrom British Co lum bia. Proceedings or th e Entomologica l Society or Briti sh Colum bi a 44: 19-2 1. Spencer, G ../. 1952. The 195 1 status or our knowledge or th c in sects or Briti sh Co lumbi a. Proceed in gs or th e Ent omologic al Society or Briti sh Co lumbia 48 : 36-4 1. Spencer. G..J . 1957. Further records or Mall ophaga li'om I3r iti sh Columbia bird s. Proceedings of the Entomological Soc iety or British Co lum bia 53: 3-1 0. Spencer, G..J . 1958a. The natural co ntrol complex arfecting grass hoppers in the dry bclt or British Co lum bi a. Proceed in gs of thc Tenth International Congrcss or Entomol ogy 4: 497-502. Spencer, G..J . 1958b. On the Ncmestrinidae or Briti sh Co lum bia dry range land s. Proceed in gs or the Te nth In ternational Congress or Entomo logy 4: 503-509 . Spencer, G ../. 1966. Anop lura li'Dln Briti sh Co lum bia and so me adjace nt areas. Journ al or th e Ent omological Soci ety or Br iti sh Co lumbi a 63: 23 -30. Spencer. G ..J . and W.G. Wcllington . 1948. A pn:liminary li st or thc Sphec in ae or !3ritish Co lumb ia. Proceed in gs or lhe Entomol ogica l Society ol' BI'iti sh Columbia 44: 10. Spencer. K.A. 1969. Th e Agrom)'z idae or Ca lHicla ancl Alaska. Memoirs or th e Entoln ologica l Soc iety or Ca nada 64. 3 11 pp . Stace-Smith. G. 1929. Co leo pt era. Mu seum and Art Notes, Art Hi story and Sc ience Associati on, Van co uver 4: 69-74. Stace-Smith, G. 1930. Co leoptera . Muse um and Art Notes. Art Il istory and Sc ience Assoc iati on, Van co uve r 5: 22 -25 . Stangc, L.A. 1970. Rcvis ion or th e ant-lion tribe !3rac hyncmurini or North Ame ri ca (Neuroptcra: Myrtn eli ontidae). Un ive rsity or Ca lilorni a Publi ca ti ons in Entomology 55: 1-1 92 . Stone. A 1980. Ili story or Nea rctic Dipterol ogy. Volum e I In : G.C. D. Griffith s (Ed.). Flics or the Nearctic Region. E. Schweitzerb art 'sche Verla gs buch handlung. Stuttga l·t. 62 pp . Stone, A. , C. W Sabrosky, W. W. Wirth. IU I. Foote, and J.R. Co ul son (Eds.) 1965 . A catalogue of th e Diptera of No rth Amer ica north or Mcxico. US DA Agri cul ture Il andbook 276. 1696 pp. Stoner. D. 1920. Notes on Sc utell eroidea rrom Vancou ve r Island. Th e Ca nadian Entomologist 52: 12-1 3. Stoner. D. 1925. I'entatomoid ea li'Dln westcrn Canada. The Can ad ian Entomologist 58: 28 -30. Sturm , H. 199 1. Three genera of Machilidae from North Ameri ca and Mex ico: Leplolllochilis, l'v/exillla ci7 ilis and Mesolll achilis. with de sc riptions or two new sense organs in Mesoll1achilis mal es (Insecta : Archeognalha ). Stecnstupia 17: 53 - ~O. Sturm, II . and C. Bach ci t:: Roca. 1992. Ncw Amcri can Mcincrtelli dae (Archcognatha, Machiloidea). Pan­ Pacilic Entomol ogi st 68: 174-191. Sugden. B.A. 1968. Ann otatcd li st or rore st insects or 13r ili sh Co lum bia Part XIV , Ennominae (Geometridac). Journ al or th e Entoill olog ica l Soc iety of I3 riti sh Co lumbi a 65: 24-33. Teskcy, 11..1 . 1985. The immature stages or sO lll e wcstern No rth American Taba nid ae (Diptcra) . Myia 3: 36 7-39 1. Teskey. 1-1.1. 1990. The horse Ili cs and decr Ili cs or Canada and Alaska (Diptcra : Tabani dae). The insects and arachnids or Ca nada. Part 16 . Agriculture Ca nada Publi cation 1838.38 1 pp . Threatful, D.L. 1989. A li st or the bUllerlli es and skippcrs or Mount Reve lstoke and Glacier Na tional Parks, I3ritish Columbia. Ca nada (Lepidoptera). Journ al or Research on the Lcpidoptera 27: 213-221. Tonks, N.V. 1974. Occurrcnce or a midgc. Oligolrophlls belheli Felt, on juniper on Vancouvcr Island , British Columbia (Diptera: Cecidom yiid ac ). Journ al of the Entomological Socicty of !3ritish Co lumbia 7 1: 33 -34. Torre-Bueno, J.R. de la. 1925. On a sma ll co ll ecti on or Heteroptera fro m British Co lumbi a. The Canadian Entomologist 57: 280. TOlVn es, H.K. 1957. Nea rcti c wasps or th c s ubl ~lmilies Pcpsin ae and Ceropalinae. United States Na ti onal Muse um Bulletin 209: 1- 272. Townes, H.K. 1969-1 971. Th e genera or Ichneumonidac. Parts 1-4. Mcmo irs of the American Entomological In stitute II ( 1969), 12 and 13 ( 1970), 17 ( 197 1). Trehernc. R.C. and E.R. l3u ckcll . 1924a. Grasshoppers of I3rit ish Co lum bia. Can ada Department of Agriculturc Bullet in (New Series) 39: 1-4 7. Treherne. R.C. and C.R. l3ucke lJ . 1924b. Thc grass hoppers of I3ri ti sh Columbi a with particular rerercnce to the inllucnce or injurious speci es on th e range lands or the province. Ca nada Departmcnt or Agriculture Circul ar 25. Troubridge, J. and L. Crabo. 1998. New Oncocnelllis (Lepidoptcra: Noctuidae) fi 'omthe Pacific Northwcs t. Journal or the Entomological Society or I3 riti sh Colum bia 95: 33 -5 I. .I. ENTOMOL. Soc BRIT. COLUMIlIA 98. DECEMBER 2001 59

Troubridge . .IT and D.K. Parshall. 1988. A review of the Oeneis po/ixenes (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Satyrinae) complex in North America. The Canadian Entomologist 120: 679-696. Turner, W.J. 1985. Checklist of Pacitic Northwest Tabanidae with new state records and a pictoral key to common species (Diptera: Tabanidae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 61' 79-90. Tuskes, P.M .. .1.1' . TUllie and M.M. Collins. 1996. The Wild Silk Moths of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY. 250 pp. Tuxen, S.L 1964. The Protura. A revision of the species of the world with keys for determination. Hermann. Paris. 360 pp. Venables, E.P. 1939. The scale insects of British Columbia. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 35: 23-24 . Vernon, B. and P. Pats. 1997. Di stribution of two European wireworms, Agrioles /i'lealus and A. obscurus, in British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 94: 59-60. Vickery, V.R. and D.K.McE. Kevan. 1985. The grasshoppers. crickets. and related in sects of Canada and adjacent regions (Ulonata: Dermaptera, Chelentoptera. Notoptera. Dictuoptera, Grylloptera, and Orthoptera). The in sects and arachnids of Canada Part 14 . Agriculture Canada Publication 1777 . 918 pp. Vickery, V.R. and B. Nagy. 1973. Ecological notes on Orthoptera (s.str.) in British Co lumbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 70: 27-33. Vickery. V.R. and G.G.E. Scudder. 1987. The Canadian orthopteroid insects summarized and updated, including tabular checklist and ecological notes. Proceed ings of the Entomological Society of Ontario 118 : 25-45. Vockeroth, lR. 1974. Notes on the biology of C'ralllplollomvia spenceri Alexander (Diptera: Cramptonomyiidae). Journal of the Entomological Society of Briti sh Columbia 71: 38-42. Vockeroth. lR. 1986. Revi sion of the New World species of Para gus (Diptera: Syrphidae). The Canadian Entomologist 118: 183-198. Vockeroth. J. R. 1990. Revision of the nearctic spec ie s of fY!arvcheirus (Diptera. Syrphidae). The Canadian Entomologist 122: 659-766, Vocke roth, lit 1992. The flower !lies of the subfamily Syrphinae of Canada. Alaska and Greenland (Diptera: Syrphidae). The insects and arachnids of Canada. Part 18. Agriculture Ca nad a Publication 1867. 456 pp. Waddell, D.B. 1952. A preliminary list of the Ilemiptera of the Kootenay Vall ey. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 48: 93-96. Wagner, l 1936. The !leas of British Columbia. The Canadian Entomologist 68: 193-207. Wallis. J .13. 1961. The Cicindelidae of Canada. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, ON. 74 pp. Wheeler. Q,D. 1979. Slime mold beetles of the genus Anisoloma (Leiodidae): classification and evolution. Systematic Entomology 4: 251-309. Wheeler. T.A. and W. ThrelfalL 1989. Ectoparasites of birds. In: M.l Kennedy (Ed.) Synopsis of the Parasites of Vertebrates of Canada. Health Division, Alberta Agriculture, Edmonton, AB. 85 pp. White, R.E. 1968 . A re view of the genus Crvplocepha!us in America north of Mexico (Chrysomelidae: Coleoptera). Bulletin of the United States National Museum No. 290. 124 pp. Wilcox, J. 1966. t:J/eria COl]uillell in America north of Mc ., ico (Diptcra: Asilidae). Proceedings of the Cal i fornia Academy of Science 34: 85-234. Wilcox, J.A. 1972. A re view of the North American chrysomeline leaf beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Bulletin of the New York State Museum and Science Service No. 421. 37 pp. Wil cox, J. and CH. Martin. 1936. A rcvielV 01' the genus Cyrtopogon LocI\' in North America (Diptera­ Asilidae). Entomologica Americana 16: 1-95. Winston. M.L. and L.H. Gral'. 1982. Native bee pollinators of berry crops in thc Frase r Valley of 8r'itish Columbia. Journal of th e Entomological Society of Br'itish Columbia 79: 14-20. Wong. I L R. 1977 . Fa!!oCGlI/pus: a new saw fl y genus lor th e nearctic spec ies of P/orVCGIllPIiS Schiodtc (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). The Canadian Entomologist 109 : 1103-1107. Wood, D.M. 1985. A ta .,onomic conspectus of the Blondeliini of North and Central America and th e West Indies (Diptera: Tachinidae). Memoirs of th e Entomological Society of Canada 132.130 pp. Wood. D.M. 1991. Homology and phylogenetic implications of male genitalia in Diptera. The ground plan. Pp. 255-272 In: L. Wei smann, L Orszagh and A.C Pont (Eds.). Proceedings of th e Second International Congress of Dipterology. SPB Academic Publi shin g. The Hague. Yoshimoto. CM. 1984. The l~lInilies and subfamilies of Canadian chalcidoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). The in sects and arachnids of Canada. Part 12, Agriculture Canada Publication 1760. 149 pp.