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NOTES Notes to Introduction NOTES Notes to Introduction 1 See Chapter Four. 2 The term ‘Maluku’ is used here in a wider sense, referring to the Maluku today. It was initially derived from the term ‘Molucos’ used by the Portuguese to refer to five small islands: Ternate, Tidore, Motir, Makian, and Kayoa. Gradually its meaning extended to almost all the eastern islands, which under the Indonesian Republic were once called Provinsi Maluku. The term ‘Maluku’ refers to Halmahera and the islands adjacent to it, the Obi Islands, Buru, Seram with the islands off its southern extreme, Banda Archipelago, stretching as far as Kei, Tanimbar, and the islands adjacent to it; See also I. Mackenzie, Eastern Archipelago Pilot, III, (London: Admiralty Lords Commissioners, 1921), 3. 3 This topic is discussed extensively in Chapter One. 4 This topic is discussed extensively in Chapters Seven and Eight. 5 Leonard Y. Andaya, The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1993), 130-1; R. Z. Leirissa, Halmahera Timur dan Raja Jailolo: Pergolakan Sekitar Laut Seram Awal Abad 19 (Jakarta: Balai Pustaka, 1996), 1. 6 I. Mackenzie, Eastern Archipelago Pilot, III, 62; See also A. R. Wallace, Menjelajah Nusantara, Ekspedisi Alfred Russel Wallace Abad ke-19 (Bandung: Rosda, 2000) [translated from The Malay Archipelago, Hongkong: Periplus, 2000 (1890)], 172. 7 The population estimate is according to the census of 1807. See ANRI Ternate 118, Expedition to Tidore 12 May 1807; Leirissa, Halmahera Timur dan Raja Jailolo, 16-9; F. S. A. de Clerq, Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate (Leiden: Brill, 1890), 68. 8 Ch. F. van Fraassen, Ternate, de Molukken en de Indonesische archipel (PhD Diss.: Leiden University, 1987), 142. 9 Tide-rip is an area of rough water typically caused by opposing tides or by a rapid current passing over an uneven bottom. See Mackenzie, Eastern Archipelago Pilot, 62. 10 Andaya, The World of Maluku, 130-1; Leirissa, Halmahera Timur dan Raja Jailolo, 1. 11 Corpus Diplomaticum Neerlando Indicum: verzameling van politieke contracten en verdere verdragen door de Nederlanders in het Oosten gesloten, van privilegebrieven aan hen verleend, enz., VI, 433. 12 W. G. Miller, ‘The Moluccas under the British’ (MA Thesis: University of Hull, 1974), 5-6. 13 This was recognized by the Dutch in the 1780 Treaty with Sultan Patra Alam. See Corpus Diplomaticum, VI, 433. 14 A. Haga, Nederlandsch Nieuw Guinea en de Papoesche eilanden, I (The Hague: Marti- nus Nijhoff, 1884), 460. 15 P. van der Crab, De Molukse Eilanden; Reis van Z.E. den Gouverneur-Generaal Charles Ferdinand Pahud door den Molukschen Archipel (Batavia: Lange, 1862), 325. 16 Elianus Katoppo, Nuku: Perjuangan Kemerdekaan di Maluku Utara (Jakarta: Sinar Harapan, 1984). 17 Personal communication via email with Adrian B. Lapian, 2 January 2007. 18 See G. A. Ohorela, Perlawanan Nuku di Tidore (1780–1805) (Semarang: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Indonesia, 1990); and A. Dasuki. Nuku Pahlawan Tidore yang Mengalahkan Belanda (Bandung: Sanggabuwana, 1976). 19 Andaya, The World of Maluku, 240-4. 20 Katoppo, Nuku, 32-41. 21 Dasuki, Nuku, 16-21. 22 Andaya, The World of Maluku, 244. 218 NOTES Notes to Chapter One 1 For the Gouvernement Moluccos, I use the term Government of Ternate or Oranje. When I refer to Ternate as sultanate, I use the term Ternate Sultanate. 2 The Suma Oriental of Tomé Pires (London: Hakluyt Society, 1944), 215. 3 Leonard Y. Andaya, The World of Maluku: Eastern Indonesia in the Early Modern Period (Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 1993), 115-6; W. A. Hanna, Indonesian Banda: Colonialism and Its Aftermath in the Nutmeg Islands (Philadelphia: ISHI, 1978), 6-7. 4 Andaya, The World of Maluku, 117-8. 5 Ibid. 130-1. 6 Ibid. 131-4; See also Hubert Jacobs S.J., Documenta Malucensia, II: 1577–1606, (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1980), 9. 7 Z. J. Manusama, Historie en sociale structuur van Hitu (Utrecht: Moluks Historische Museum, 2004), 64. 8 The other reason for the conflict was the rivalry within the Four Perdana leaders of Hitu. Jamilu, one of them, was granted the title of capitão or Kapiten Hitu by the Portuguese. This shattered the principle of collegiality between the Four Perdana. Consequently, Jamilu was expelled from Hitulama and he established a new group. Jamilu died in 1569 in the fortress of Duarte de Meneses. See Manusama, Historie en sociale struc- tuur van Hitu, 64-5. 9 J. Keuning, ‘Ambonese, Portuguese and Dutchmen: The History of Ambon to the End of the Seventeenth Century’, in M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, M. E. van Opstall, and G. J. Schutte (eds.), Dutch Authors on Asian History (Leiden: KITLV, 1988), 368. 10 At the beginning the Portuguese converted the inhabitants of the three villages Hatiwe, Amantelu, and Nusaniwe. In a relatively short time, the conversion extended to the villages of Amasuhu, Eri, Silale, and Namalatu. See M. Tapilatu, ‘Sejarah Gereja Protestan Maluku 1935–1980’ [History of the Protestant Church in Maluku 1935–1980] (Diss. Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Jakarta, 1994), 29-33. 11 It seems that there was a strong link between the Hituese and the East Javanese. A number of local leaders, such as raja, originated from East Java (Tuban). Ibid. 32. 12 Keuning, ‘Ambonese, Portuguese and Dutchmen’, 368-9. 13 ‘Korakora is a vessel generally fitted with out-riggers, with a high arched stem and stern, like the point of a half moon. They are used by the inhabitants of the Moluccan islands chiefly, and the Dutch have fleets of them at Amboina, which they employ as guar- da costas. They have them from a very small size, to above ten tons burden; and on the cross pieces which support the out-riggers, there fore and aft planks, on which the people sit and paddle, beside those who sit in the vessel on each gunnel. In smooth water they can be paddled very fast, as many hands may be employed in different ranks or rows. They are steered with two commodities, (broad paddles) and not with a rudder. When they are high out of the water, they use oars; but, on the out-riggers, they always use paddles. Frequent mention is made of korakora in the history of Ambon.’ See Thomas Forrest, A Voyage to the New Guinea and the Moluccas, 1774–1776 (London: G. Scott, 1779), 23. 14 Ibid. 370-1. 15 Concerning the name of the Sultan, there is a difference between Andaya who writes that in the year 1578 the Sultan was Gapibaguna, and De Clercq, according to whom the Sultan at that time was Iskandar Sani (r.1569–86). Gapibaguna became Sultan later (r.1586–99). Jacobs does not mention the name. See Jacobs, Documenta Malucensia, 3, 9; Ternate dan Tidore: Masa Lalu Penuh Gejolak [trans. from Turbulent times past in Ternate and Tidore (Banda Naira, 1990)] (Jakarta: Pustaka Sinar Harapan, 1996), 12-5; Andaya, The World of Maluku, 114-32. F. S. A. de Clercq, Bijdragen tot de kennis der residentie Ternate (Leiden: Brill, 1890) 150-187. 16 F. Braudel, Perspective of the World (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992), 216; See also F. Valentijn, Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indiën, I, ‘Moluccos’, (Dordrecht/Amster- dam, 1724), 78-81. 17 E. van Veen, Decay or Defeat? An Inquiry into the Portuguese Decline in Asia 1580– 1645 (Leiden: CNWS, 2000), 142-6, 228; Femme S. Gaastra, The Dutch East India Company (Zutphen: Walburg Pers, 2003), 15-17..
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