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Evolution and Understanding of the D-Block Elements in the Periodic Table Cite This: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C
Dalton Transactions View Article Online PERSPECTIVE View Journal | View Issue Evolution and understanding of the d-block elements in the periodic table Cite this: Dalton Trans., 2019, 48, 9408 Edwin C. Constable Received 20th February 2019, The d-block elements have played an essential role in the development of our present understanding of Accepted 6th March 2019 chemistry and in the evolution of the periodic table. On the occasion of the sesquicentenniel of the dis- DOI: 10.1039/c9dt00765b covery of the periodic table by Mendeleev, it is appropriate to look at how these metals have influenced rsc.li/dalton our understanding of periodicity and the relationships between elements. Introduction and periodic tables concerning objects as diverse as fruit, veg- etables, beer, cartoon characters, and superheroes abound in In the year 2019 we celebrate the sesquicentennial of the publi- our connected world.7 Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 Unported Licence. cation of the first modern form of the periodic table by In the commonly encountered medium or long forms of Mendeleev (alternatively transliterated as Mendelejew, the periodic table, the central portion is occupied by the Mendelejeff, Mendeléeff, and Mendeléyev from the Cyrillic d-block elements, commonly known as the transition elements ).1 The periodic table lies at the core of our under- or transition metals. These elements have played a critical rôle standing of the properties of, and the relationships between, in our understanding of modern chemistry and have proved to the 118 elements currently known (Fig. 1).2 A chemist can look be the touchstones for many theories of valence and bonding. -
Almost Forgotten Anniversaries in 2019 Introduction
Almost Forgotten Anniversaries in 2019 Katharina Lodders Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and Mc Donnell Center for the Space Sciences, Campus Box 1169, Washington University, Saint Louis MO 63130, USA Keywords: history, chemical elements, abundances Abstract: As we celebrate the International Year of the Periodic Table, the 50th anniversary of Apollo 11 and the meteorite falls of Allende and Murchison in 1969, other noteworthy science events with round birthdays seem to be overlooked and almost forgotten Several scientific organizations celebrate the birthdays of their foundation; and key events and discoveries related to meteoritics, astronomy, geo- and cosmochemistry, and nuclear sciences can be commemorated this year, including the anniversaries of the discoveries of eleven chemical elements, and the advancements of our knowledge of the elemental and isotopic abundances. Introduction. Introduction The 150th anniversary of the discovery of the periodic system of the elements by Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev (8 Feb. 1834 – 2 Feb. 1907) and independently by Julius Lothar Meyer (19 August 1830 – 11 April 1895) is the reason for celebrating the International Year of the Periodic Table in 2019. Not only that, but several scientific organizations celebrate the birthdays of their foundation: The Astronomical Society of the Pacific (1889), The American Astronomical Society (1899), the American Geophysical Union (1919), the Mineralogical Society of America (1919), and the International Astronomical Union IAU (1919). The anniversaries in 2019 give us reasons to reflect on the major impacts of space exploration. In 1969, the first men landed on the moon and Apollo 11 safely returned with lunar rocks for study. The same year was blessed by the fall of the important carbonaceous chondrites Allende and Murchison. -
The Rare Earths II
Redis co very of the Elements The Ra re Earth s–The Con fusing Years I A gallery of rare earth scientists and a timeline of their research I I James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971 , and Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003 , Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, [email protected] The rare earths after Mosander. In the pre - vi ou s HEXAGON “Rediscovery” article, 1p we were introduced to the 17 rare earths, found in the f-block and the Group III chemical family of Figure 1. Important scientists dealing with rare earths through the nineteenth century. Johan Gadolin the Periodic Table. Because of a common (1760 –1852) 1g —discovered yttrium (1794). Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1779 –1848) and Martin Heinrich valence electron configuration, the rare earths Klaproth (1743 –1817) 1d —discovered cerium (1803). Carl Gustaf Mosander (1787 –1858) 1p —discovered have similar chemical properties, and their lanthanum (1839), didymium (1840), terbium, and erbium (1843). Jean-Charles deGalissard Marignac chemical separation from one another can be (1817 –1894) 1o —discovered ytterbium (1878) and gadolinium (1880). Per Teodor Cleve (1840 –1905) 1n — difficult. From preparations of the first two rare discovered holmium and thulium (1879). Lars Fredrik Nilson (1840 –1899) 1n —discovered scandium earth element s—yttrium and ceriu m—the (1879). Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran (1838 –1912) —discovered samarium (1879) and dysprosium Swedish chemist Carl Gustaf Mosander (Figure (1886). 1b Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858 –1929) 1c —discovered praseodymium and neodymium (1885); 1, 2) was able to separate four additional ele - co-discovered lutetium (1907). -
Spectrophotometric Determination of Praseodymium by 1,4
Arab Journal of Sciences & Research publishing Issue (2), Volume (1) September 2015 ISSN: 2518 - 5780 Spectrophotometric Determination of Praseodymium by 1,4- Dihydroxyanthraquinone after its Selective Separation from Rosetta Monazite Rare Earth Concentrate by Solvent Extraction Abdel Fattah N. A a Sadeek A. S b Ali B. H a Abdo, A. A a Weheish, H. L.a a Nuclear Materials Authority || Egypt b Faculty of Science || Zagazig University || Egypt Abstract: A rare earths concentrate of Rosetta monazite assays about 44, 23, 16.94 and 5.91 % for Ce, La, Nd and Pr respectively. Separation of cerium by air oxidation at 200oC. Selective separation of Pr by D2EHPA at pH1 followed by a sensitive spectrophotometric method which described for the determination of praseodymium (Pr) with l,4- dihydroxyanthraquinone . The calibration curve was linear from 0.1 to 12 µgml -1 praseodymium. The influences of various parameters and reaction conditions for maximum colour development were investigated. The relative standard deviation for determination of 1 µgml-1 praseodymium has found to be 1.3 after 5 repeated determinations; percent error 5.02%, molar absorptivity (ε) was 1.23x106M-1 cm-1and detection limit was 0.1µgml-1. The method for determination of praseodymium showed good accuracy and selectivity. INTRODUCTION Rare earth elements (REEs), represent one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium (Connelly, N.G., et al., 2005). It was discovered of the black mineral Gadolinite by Carl Axel Arrhenius in 1787 (Gschneidner, and Cappellen, 1987). Traditionally, the REEs are divided into two groups on the basis of atomic weight; the light REEs are lanthanum through gadolinium (atomic numbers 57 through 64); and the heavy REEs comprise terbium through lutetium (atomic numbers 65 through 71). -
Yttrium Från Ytterby Och Litium Från Utö – Del 1 En Topografisk Karta Stockholm Vid 1200-Talets Slut
Grundämnenas upptäckt Grundämnenas upptäckt Exkursioner till Ytterby och Utö 6-7 juni eller 8-9 juni 6 juni Färje 1371: Strömkajen 08:30 Ytterby 09:30 09:45 – 10:45 Ytterby gruva Buss 682: Ytterby 11:03 Engarn 11:07 Buss 670: Engarn 11:09 Tekniska högskolan 11:44 Buss 4: Östra station 11:52 S:t Eriksplan 12:02 12:15 – 14:00 Rörstrands slott (lunch och visning) 14:00 – 16:00 Birkastan 7 juni Tåg 43: Stockholm City 08:16 Västerhaninge station 08:48 Buss 846: Västerhaninge station 09:09 Årstra brygga 09:22 Färje 2173: Årsta brygga 09:30 Gruvbryggan (Utö) 10:10 10:15 – 14:15 Rävstavik och Utö gruvor (matsäck) Färje 2178: Gruvbryggan (Utö) 14:30 Årsta brygga 15:25 Buss 846: Årstra brygga 15:32 Västerhaninge station 15:50 Tåg 43: Västerhaninge station 15:57 Stockholm City 16:29 Grundämnenas upptäckt Exkursioner till Ytterby och Utö 6-7 juni eller 8-9 juni 8 juni Färje 951: Strömkajen 09:15 Ytterby 10:40 10:55 – 11:45 Ytterby gruva Buss 682: Ytterby 12:03 Engarn 12:07 Buss 670: Engarn 12:09 Tekniska högskolan 12:44 Buss 4: Östra station 12:52 S:t Eriksplan 13:02 13:15 – 15:00 Rörstrands slott (lunch och visning) 15:00 – 17:00 Birkastan 9 juni Tåg 43: Stockholm City 08:16 Västerhaninge station 08:48 Buss 846: Västerhaninge station 09:09 Årstra brygga 09:22 Färje 2173: Årsta brygga 09:30 Gruvbryggan (Utö) 10:10 10:15 – 14:15 Rävstavik och Utö gruvor (matsäck) Färje 2178: Gruvbryggan (Utö) 14:30 Årsta brygga 15:25 Buss 846: Årstra brygga 15:32 Västerhaninge station 15:50 Tåg 43: Västerhaninge station 15:57 Stockholm City 16:29 -
Project Note Weston Solutions, Inc
PROJECT NOTE WESTON SOLUTIONS, INC. To: Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. Site File Date: June 5, 2014 W.O. No.: 20405.012.013.2222.00 From: Denise Breen, Weston Solutions, Inc. Subject: Determination of Significant Lead Concentrations in Sediment Samples References 1. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Technical Guidance for Screening Contaminated Sediments. March 1998. [45 pages] 2. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Office of Emergency Response. Establishing an Observed Release – Quick Reference Fact Sheet. Federal Register, Volume 55, No. 241. September 1995. [7 pages] 3. International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Atomic Weights and Isotopic Abundances. Atomic Weights of Elements: Review 2000. 2003. [120 pages] WESTON personnel collected six sediment samples (including one environmental duplicate sample) from five locations along the surface water pathway of the Canadian Radium & Uranium Corp. (CRU) site in May 2014. The sediment samples were analyzed for Target Analyte List (TAL) Metals and Stable Lead Isotopes. 1. TAL Lead Interpretation: In order to quantify the significance for Lead, Thallium and Mercury the following was performed: 1. WESTON personnel tabulated all available TAL Metal data from the May 2014 Sediment Sampling event. 2. For each analyte of concern (Lead, Thallium, and Mercury), the highest background concentration was selected and then multiplied by three. This is the criteria to find the significance of site attributable release as per Hazard Ranking System guidelines. 3. One analytical lead result (2222-SD04) of 520 mg/kg (J) was qualified with an unknown bias. In accordance with US EPA document “Using Data to Document an Observed Release and Observed Contamination”, 2222-SD03 lead concentration was adjusted by dividing by the factor value for lead of 1.44 to equal 361 mg/kg. -
GLOBAL RARE-EARTH PRODUCTION: HISTORY and OUTLOOK History – the Discovery
Center for Strategic and International Studies Rare Earth Elements: Geology, Geography, and Geopolitics James B. Hedrick Hedrick Consultants, Inc. U.S. Rare Earths, Inc. Burke, Virginia December 15, 2010 Washington, DC GLOBAL RARE-EARTH PRODUCTION: HISTORY AND OUTLOOK History – The Discovery . The rare earths were discovered in 1787 by Swedish Army Lieutenant Carl Axel Arrhenius . Carl, an amateur mineralogist collected the black mineral ytterbite, later renamed gadolinite, from a small feldspar and quartz mine at Ytterby, Sweden . With similar chemical structures the rare earths proved difficult to separate . It was not until 1794 that Finnish chemist Johann Gadolin separated the first impure yttrium oxide from the mineral ytterbite History – The Discovery History – The Commercialization . The rare earths were commercialized when the incandescent lamp mantle industry was established in 1884 with mantles of zirconium, lanthanum, and yttrium oxides with later improvements requiring only the oxides of thorium and cerium. The lamp mantle was discovered by Baron Carl Auer von Welsbach . The mantles also used small amounts of neodymium and praseodymium as an indelible brand name Welsbach label History – The Early Mining . Rare earths were first produced commercially in the 1880s with the mining in Sweden and Norway of the rare-earth thorium phosphate mineral monazite . Foreign Production Brazil produced monazite as early as 1887 India produced monazite starting in 1911 . Domestic Production Monazite production in the United States was first recorded in 1893 in North Carolina - a small tonnage of monazite was reportedly mined in 1887 Monazite mining in South Carolina began in 1903 History – The Processing . Three main methods for separating and refining the rare- earth elements since they were discovered . -
RBRC-32 BNL-6835.4 PARITY ODD BUBBLES in HOT QCD D. KHARZEEV in This ~A~Er We Give a Pedawwicalintroduction~0 Recent Work Of
RBRC-32 BNL-6835.4 PARITY ODD BUBBLES IN HOT QCD D. KHARZEEV RIKEN BNL Research Center, Br$ookhauenNational Laboratory, . Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA R.D. PISARSKI Department of Physics, Brookhaven National Laboratoy, Upton, New York 11973-5000, USA M.H.G. TYTGAT Seruice de Physique Th&orique, (7P 225, Uniuersitc4Libre de Bruzelles, B[ud. du !t%iomphe, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium We consider the topological susceptibility for an SU(N) gauge theory in the limit of a large number of colors, N + m. At nonzero temperature, the behavior of the topological susceptibility depends upon the order of the reconfining phrrse transition. The meet interesting possibility is if the reconfining transition, at T = Td, is of second order. Then we argue that Witten’s relation implies that the topological suscepti~lfity vanishes in a calculable fdion at Td. Ae noted by Witten, this implies that for sufficiently light quark messes, metaetable etates which act like regions of nonzero O — parity odd bubbles — can arise at temperatures just below Td. Experimentally, parity odd bubbles have dramatic signature% the rI’ meson, and especially the q meson, become light, and are copiously produced. Further, in parity odd bubbles, processes which are normally forbidden, such as q + rr”ro, are allowed. The most direct way to detect parity violation is by measuring a parity odd global seymmetry for charged pions, which we define. 1 Introduction In this .-~a~er we give a Pedawwicalintroduction~0 recent work of ours? We I consider an SU(IV) gau”ge t~e~ry in the limit of a large number of colors, N + co, This is, of course, a familiar limit? We use the large N expansion I to investigate the behavior of the theory at nonzero temperature, especially for the topological susceptibility. -
EMD Uranium (Nuclear Minerals) Committee
EMD Uranium (Nuclear Minerals) Committee EMD Uranium (Nuclear Minerals) Mid-Year Committee Report Michael D. Campbell, P.G., P.H., Chair December 12, 2011 Vice-Chairs: Robert Odell, P.G., (Vice-Chair: Industry), Consultant, Casper, WY Steven N. Sibray, P.G., (Vice-Chair: University), University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE Robert W. Gregory, P.G., (Vice-Chair: Government), Wyoming State Geological Survey, Laramie, WY Advisory Committee: Henry M. Wise, P.G., Eagle-SWS, La Porte, TX Bruce Handley, P.G., Environmental & Mining Consultant, Houston, TX James Conca, Ph.D., P.G., Director, Carlsbad Research Center, New Mexico State U., Carlsbad, NM Fares M Howari, Ph.D., University of Texas of the Permian Basin, Odessa, TX Hal Moore, Moore Petroleum Corporation, Norman, OK Douglas C. Peters, P.G., Consultant, Golden, CO Arthur R. Renfro, P.G., Senior Geological Consultant, Cheyenne, WY Karl S. Osvald, P.G., Senior Geologist, U.S. BLM, Casper WY Jerry Spetseris, P.G., Consultant, Austin, TX Committee Activities During the past 6 months, the Uranium Committee continued to monitor the expansion of the nuclear power industry and associated uranium exploration and development in the U.S. and overseas. New power-plant construction has begun and the country is returning to full confidence in nuclear power as the Fukushima incident is placed in perspective. India, Africa and South America have recently emerged as serious exploration targets with numerous projects offering considerable merit in terms of size, grade, and mineability. During the period, the Chairman traveled to Columbus, Ohio to make a presentation to members of the Ohio Geological Society on the status of the uranium and nuclear industry in general (More). -
Hexagon Fall
Redis co very of the Elements The Rare Earth s–The Beginnings I I I James L. Marshall, Beta Eta 1971 , and Virginia R. Marshall, Beta Eta 2003 , Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203-5070, [email protected] 1 Rare earths —introduction. The rare earths Figure 1. The “rare earths” are defined by IUPAC as the 15 lanthanides (green) and the upper two elements include the 17 chemically similar elements of the Group III family (yellow). These elements have similar chemical properties and all can exhibit the +3 occupying the f-block of the Periodic Table as oxidation state by the loss of the highest three electrons (two s electrons and either a d or an f electron, well as the Group III chemical family (Figure 1). depending upon the particular element). A few rare earths can exhibit other oxidation states as well; for These elements include the 15 lanthanides example, cerium can lose four electrons —4f15d 16s 2—to attain the Ce +4 oxidation state. (atomic numbers 57 through 71, lanthanum through lutetium), as well as scandium (atomic number 21) and yttrium (atomic number 39). The chemical similarity of the rare earths arises from a common ionic configuration of their valence electrons, as the filling f-orbitals are buried in an inner core and generally do not engage in bonding. The term “rare earths” is a misnome r—these elements are not rare (except for radioactive promethium). They were named as such because they were found in unusual minerals, and because they were difficult to separate from one another by ordinary chemical manipula - tions. -
Charles Lathrop Parsons Mr
Revised 01/2011 Author’s Note: This is a work in progress and any further information that readers may have would be appreciated. [email protected] Charles Lathrop Parsons Mr. ACS Clarence J. Murphy Department of Chemistry East Stroudsburg University of Pennsylvania East Stroudsburg, PA 18301-2999 More than one hundred years ago in September 1907 Charles Lathrop Parsons took office as the Secretary of the American Chemical Society which had 3000 members. When he retired thirty-eight years later in 1945 the Society was the largest single professional society in the world with 43,000 members and he was better known than any of the presidents who he served and was known as Mr. ACS. As early as 1932 ACS President Marston T. Bogert said, “Having closely followed the progress of our Society for the past forty years I say unhesitatingly and without fear of contradiction that what the American Chemical Society is today it owes more to Charles Lathrop Parsons than any other American chemist.” (1) Parsons’ life and professional career can be divided into four overlapping periods: Early Years, New Hampshire Years, Bureau of Mines, and ACS Secretary. Early Years Charles Lathrop Parsons was born in New Marlboro, Berkshire County, MA on March 23, 1867, the oldest son of Benjamin Franklin and Leonora Bartlett Parsons. A second son, William Naramore Parsons was born October 11, 1869. Benjamin Franklin Parsons was a graduate of Williams College, class of 1857, which had been founded by one of his ancestors. He was ordained a minister shortly after graduation and moved to Charles Lathrop Parsons Mr ACS 012011.docx 1 Revised 01/2011 Author’s Note: This is a work in progress and any further information that readers may have would be appreciated. -
Scandium Fathi Habashi
Laval University From the SelectedWorks of Fathi Habashi 2008 Scandium Fathi Habashi Available at: https://works.bepress.com/fathi_habashi/743/ Metall-Magazin Scandium Habashi, F. (1) When the Russian chemist Dmitri Ivanovich num. Although scan- that he called thortveitite, contained Mendeleev (1834-1907) proposed the Periodic dium has two elec- 30 to 40% of Sc2O3. This mineral was Table in 1869 he predicted the existence of trons in the outermost also found later, in Madagascar. It has eka-boron, which would have an atomic weight shell and one would the composition (Sc,Y)2Si2O7. between 40 of calcium and 48 of titanium. The expect that it would Bazzite: Be3(Sc,Al)2Si6O18 is another element was discovered by Swedish chemist Lars form divalent com- silicate mineral containing scandium Fredrik Nilson (1840-1899) in 1878 by spec- pounds, yet its most discovered in 1915. troscopic analysis of the minerals euxenite and common valency state Euxenite: (Y,Ca,Ce,U,Th)(Nb,Ta,Ti)2O6 gadolinite, which had not yet been found any- is three resembling occurs in granite pegmatites and detri- where except in Scandinavia. By processing 10 aluminum. tal black sands. It is commonly par- kg of euxenite and other residues of rare-earth Scandium is usually tially amorphous due to radiation associated with the damage.It was first described in 1870 minerals, Nilson was able to prepare about 2 lanthanides and the and named from the Greek word g of the oxide of the new metal in high purity metal has hexago- meaning hospitable or friendly to and called the metal scandium in honour of his nal structure like the strangers, in allusion to the many rare fatherland.