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Non-Violent Resistance

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Non-Violent Resistance 2s. 6d. by Anthony Weav~r . ·. FOREWORD BY Vera Brittain HOUSMANS • LONDON WAR as a method of settling disputes OUTMODED A GUIDE TO THOUGHT AND ACTION by ANTHONY WEAVER, M.A. Housmans 5 Caledonian Road, Kings Cross, London, N.l 1960 Anthony Weaver taught for ten years at Burgess Hill, an independent co-educational school, where there is a large measure of self-government. Then, after a spell in L.C.C. secondary schools and at a Lycee in France, he turned to maladjusted children, and became Warden of a residen.tial clinic (described in his book They Steal for Love, Max Parrish, 1959). He is now a senior lecturer in Education at Whitelands, one of the teacher-training Colleges under the London University Institute of Education. Shortly after a visit to the Soviet Union., during the Spanish civil war, he became a pacifist, and was later exempted from military service in 1940. He took part in the non-violent demon­ strations at Swaffham and Harrington rocket bases, and is a member of the Direct Action Committee against Nuclear War. ( 2 Contents Page Introduction 7 Bibliography 9 Sociological ········· · ······················~········· 16 Psychological . 24 Education and Creativity . 31 Non-violent resistance . 38 Satyagraha . 48 Conclusion . 60 3 " Foreword by VERA BRITTAIN I am very glad to commend this useful and informative booklet, which adopts a method all too unusual in pamphlet literature. Anthony Weaver writes especially for those readers who prefer their arguments in terms of facts. He knows that the writers of two World Wars have fully revealed the horror, wickedness, wastage and grief of modern warfare, and he does not seek to repeat their revelations. R ather is he concerned with the monstrous stupidity of war, its total inefficiency in achieving its ostensible purposes, and the psychological mechanisms by 1vhich conditioned individuals persuade themselves that war, though suicidal, is still necessary. The second half of this pamphlet investigates, with actual examples taken especially from Gandhi's experience, the alternative techniques to violence already being effectively explored in this country by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarm­ ament and the practitioners of non-violent Direct Action. Believing that his readers will wish to inform themselves further regarding the theory and practice of these techniques, the writer gives s much of his space to summaries of some important books on the history and psychology of 11·ar, education and non-violence, and the implications of nuclear discovery, which have appeared during the past twenty-five years. I hope that every reader will turn without delay to page 20- (C The Conditions of Advance"­ which shows in tabulated form the different types of society we may expect from: (a) A con­ tinuation of the Cold War; (b) A period of Truce; (c) Full International Co-operation. Thereby lVe can immediately perceive how, if man were only adult enough to seize the advantages already within his grasp, he could pass in measurable time from danger and anxiety to a civilised society, and thence to a virtual New Jerusalem such as this battered generation has often dreamed of but never knovvn. ! 6 INTRODUCTION Thousands of people were stirred to join the 53 mile Alder- . maston march at Easter, 1958, and many thousands more joined it in 1959 and in 1960. The declared object was to protest to the Government against the use of nuclear weapons. Such demonstrations by such large numbers-larger than any of the political parties could tum out for any cause what­ soever-represents a stirring of conscience. But it is essential that the limitations both of this protest, and of the manner of making it, should be thoroughly under­ stood. Indeed, the importance of the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament is that it will lead people to question more deeply whether it is not war itself that we are against, and to consider the implications of taking more radical action still. Most people today abominate war, but fall back into thinking that in the last resort it may be necessary in order to resist evil, in particular the spread of tyrannical political systems, whether Communist or of any other form; to preserve our way of life -such values as freedom of speech would be lost it is thought if we were overrun as were the Hungarians; and to protect our standard of living-it is said that we depend on supplies of oil from the Middle East, for example, and need markets in which to sell exports. In addition there is the often unexpressed belief that war fills some psychological need of human nature. On the one hand there will be thugs, lawless irresponsible criminals, who must be restrained, and on the other, even we ourselves periodically find the constraints of civilisation intolerable and need the outlet that war provides. Anyway, it is said, the devastation is not half so bad as those humourless anti-war mongers predict: witness the recovery in West Germany, in ten to fifteen years, of towns such as Cologne that had been reduced to rubble and empty shells. Besides, we have got our own life to lead and are not going to waste time and energy on trying to forestall something either 7 which may never happen, or if it does, is inevitable. The inter­ minable wrangling at disarmament \:onferences has achieved nothing except provide a stage for politicians to strut upon. Writing about peace is less esteemed socially, less popular, less lucrative than the profession of writing about war: hence the literature on the subject is not formidable. The purpose of this study is to draw attention to twelve books, and to add the particular emphasis of my personal con­ viction. What is better written elsewhere will not be repeated here. Firstly, it is hoped to show in two ways that the discovery of nuclear energy has altered the circumstances in which war used to have a function (a) it has made its destructive power, which involves entire populations, morally indefensible (this is the motive force behind the Aldermaston demonstrators), and (b) it provides us with the means of so increasing food supplies and other materials, besides many that have not yet been thought of, that the bases of economic rivalry, the problem of the Haves and the Have-Nots, need no longer exist. Secondly, the pacifists of world war one and of the 1930s were largely disregarded, despite some individual acts of heroism. Horror, moral exhortation, imprisonment for conscientious objection, were taken to be negative gestures. Today, however, the method of non-violent resistance on a mass scale presents an alternative to war which deserves the most serious consideration. This is not to deny that there will be disputes and conflicts: only to show that war has become an Insane way of trying to settle them. The author wishes to acknowledge the courtesy of the Princeton University Press in kindly permitting him to quote extensively from . 1 their title u Conquest of Violence~~ by Dr. Joan V. Bondurant. 1 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY This study is based on a consideration of the following twelve books which, taken _together, show that a disarmed world has become perfectly feasible, and can be achieved by non-violent methods. It is suggested that one book should be read from each of the three sections A, B and C. A. Historical and Psychological 1. Human Nature, War and Society. John Cohen. Foreword by Lord Raglan. London, Watts, Thinkers Library. 1Vo. 112, 1946. x _._ 193 p. This is a short and very readable book by a Professor of Psychology lately at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem, con­ taining an enlightening chapter on the historical origins of group aggressiOn. 2. A Study of War. Quincey Wright. Chicago, Univ. Chicago Press, 1942. 2 vol. 1562 p. This is an exhaustive study, conducted between 1926 and 1941, summing up the work of several dozen research workers, in all disciplines. Theories relating to the " phenomenon of war " since the dawn of history, are considered from all possible angles-public international law, political science, history, inter- - national relations, sociology, psychology, ethnography, ethno­ logy, demography, statistics, biology, technology and philosophy. As Wright was Professor of International Law it is only to be expected that he tends to see solutions in legal terms rather than in the altering of social forces. His monumental study, written before the first atom bomb, is none the less an authori­ tative and very valuable reference book. 3. The Nature of Conflict. International Sociological Association in collaboration with Jessie Bernard, T. H. Pear, Raymond Aron, Robert C. Angell. Studies on the sociological aspects of international tensions. Unesco, Paris, 1957. 314 p., Bibliography of 1160 titles. 9 This presents an up-to-date survey and evaluation of research by sociologists and social psychologists into the nature, condi­ tions and implications of human conflict, and particularly con­ flict between nations. Contains extensive quotations from }. C. Flugel's Man, Morals and Society (London, Duckworth, 1945, 328 p. Re­ printed Penguin Books, 1955), where he examines the appeal of war and shows " that psychological knowledge will be more effective than lamentation, exhortation or moral indignation in lessening the chances of war." 4. Psychological Factors of Peace and War. T. H. Pear, ed. London, Hutchison, 1950, 262 p. In this symposium nine authors, belonging to different psychological schools of thought, express their views in an exceedingly well documented book to which the Secretary of the United Nations Association writes a Foreword. The contributors are: T. H. Pear, Professor of Psychology, University of Manchester; H. J. Eysenck, Director of Psycho­ logical Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Mandsley Hospital, London; Madeline Kerr, Lecturer in Social Science, Liverpool University; }.
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