UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação Social

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UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Comunicação Social UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE MINAS GERAIS Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação Social DANIEL FELIPE EMERGENTE LOIOLA RECOMENDADO PARA VOCÊ: O impacto do algoritmo do YouTube na formação de bolhas Belo Horizonte 2018 DANIEL FELIPE EMERGENTE LOIOLA RECOMENDADO PARA VOCÊ: O impacto do algoritmo do YouTube na formação de bolhas Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Comunicação Social da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais como requisito parcial para obtenção de título de Mestre em Comunicação Social. Linha de pesquisa: Textualidades mediáticas. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Joana Ziller de Araújo Josephson. Belo Horizonte 2018 Loiola, Daniel Felipe Emergente 301.16 Recomendado para você [manuscrito] : o impacto do L832r algoritmo do YouTube na formação de bolhas / Daniel 2018 Felipe Emergente Loiola. - 2018. 165 f. Orientadora: Joana Ziller de Araújo Josephson. Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. Inclui bibliografia. 1.Comunicação – Teses. 2. YouTube - Teses. 3.Algoritmos - Teses. I.Ziller, Joana. II. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas. III. Título. Agradecimentos Aos meus pais e amigos pelo apoio durante todo esse tempo. A Joana pela paciência e pelo suporte na orientação. Ao NucCon pelos momentos juntos e pelas discussões que tanto me ajudaram no desenvolvimento dessa pesquisa. Aos professores do PPGCOM por todas as aulas e discussões. A CAPES pelo apoio. To Jason Kinney, for the help creating the code to transform a big pile of data into a network I could analyze. RESUMO O aparecimento de sistemas de curadoria algorítmica na web, que personalizam uma página mostrando apenas conteúdo de interesse do usuário tem gerado uma série de preocupações entre pesquisadores, em especial sobre a formação de bolhas: ambientes em que há apenas um ponto de vista predominante, e opiniões divergentes são filtradas. Entretanto há outros estudos que indicam que a web tende a aumentar a diversidade de pontos de vista, já que permitem que cada usuário mantenha contato com uma quantidade maior de pessoas. Então propomos um estudo do impacto do sistema de recomendação algorítmica do YouTube, para observar se ele aumenta ou diminui a diversidade, e se realmente é possível observar a formação de uma bolha causada por ele. Para analisar tal fenômeno, propomos utilizar dois perfis de usuário criados especificamente para a pesquisa, um simulando um usuário de esquerda, e outro de direita. Isso nos permite observar se as recomendações feitas a cada um pelo algoritmo geram uma redução de vídeos comuns a ambos e na diversidade do conjunto ou uma polarização. Fizemos uma coleta de dados de dois temas diferentes, e posteriormente uma análise dos dados obtidos em dois momentos, primeiramente com uma aproximação qualitativa observando as páginas, a ordem das recomendações, thumbnails e títulos, e posteriormente fazemos uma análise de redes, que nos permite ter um panorama geral das recomendações geradas pelos algoritmos do YouTube. Observamos que não há um padrão claro e direto que nos mostre se existe ou não a formação de uma bolha, mais que há sim a redução da diversidade, entretanto ela se dá de formas relativamente diferentes dependendo da temática. Isso significa que é sim possível observar uma maior homogeneidade de ideias presentes recomendações, porém é necessário ter cautela ao afirmar que por causa dos algoritmos sempre há uma bolha. É importante fazer uma análise de cada caso para se ter segurança de que tal fenômeno realmente se configura. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: YouTube; bolha dos filtros; algoritmos; balcanização. ABSTRACT The emergence of algorithmic curation systems on the web that customizes webpages, showing only content that the user is interested in has generated several concerns among researchers, especially about filter bubbles: an environment where there is only one predominant point of view, and diverging opinions are filtered out. However, there are studies that point that the web tends to increase the diversity of points of view, as they allow each user to keep in touch with a higher number of friends. We propose a study of the impact of the algorithmic recommender system inside YouTube to observe if it is responsible for increasing or reducing diversity, and if there is a filter bubble caused by it. To analyze this phenomenon, we propose a study using different user profiles created specifically for this research, one simulating a user leaning politically to the left, and another one leaning politically to the right, observing the recommendations made to each one by the algorithm, and the diversity of them, allowing us to observe whether there is a reduction of videos that are presented to both or a polarization caused by the algorithm. We made a data collection on two different subjects, and later an analysis of the data obtained in two parts, first with a more qualitative approach, observing the pages, the order of recommendations, thumbnails and titles, and finally we made a network analysis, which allows us to get a broader view of the recommendations generated by algorithm. We have found that there isn’t a clear pattern that can show us if there is or not a formation of a filter bubble, but there is a reduction of diversity, however it occurs in relatively different ways depending on the theme. This means that it is possible to observe a reduction of the diversity that causes a bubble, but we need to be cautious when affirming that the algorithms creates a filter bubble in a specific case. It is very important to analyze each individual scenario to be sure that there is indeed a decline in diversity that can lead to a filter bubble. KEYWORDS: YouTube; filter bubble; algorithms; balkanization. LISTA DE FIGURAS FIGURA 1 – Recomendações na página inicial do YouTube, de um usuário desconectado ... 10 FIGURA 2 – Recomendações na página inicial do YouTube, de um usuário conectado ........ 10 FIGURA 3 – Opinião de usuários sobre a diversidade de suas redes sociais .......................... 15 FIGURA 4 – Recomendações de vídeos feitas ao usuário D ................................................... 93 FIGURA 5 – Recomendações de canais feitas ao usuário D ................................................... 94 FIGURA 6 – Recomendações de vídeos feitas ao usuário E ................................................... 95 FIGURA 7 – Recomendações de canais feitas ao usuário E .................................................... 96 FIGURA 8 – Representação do procedimento de coleta de dados. ........................................ 100 FIGURA 9 – As 7 primeiras recomendações do vídeo para o usuário D ............................... 105 FIGURA 10 – As 7 primeiras recomendações do vídeo para o usuário E ............................. 106 FIGURA 11 – As 6 primeiras e 6 últimas recomendações do vídeo para o perfil D ............. 109 FIGURA 12 – As 6 primeiras recomendações do vídeo para o perfil E ................................ 109 FIGURA 13 – As 6 primeiras recomendações do vídeo (ambos os usuários) ....................... 111 FIGURA 14 – Resultados de busca do usuário D .................................................................. 113 FIGURA 15 – Resultados de busca do usuário E ................................................................... 113 FIGURA 16 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário D ................................................... 114 FIGURA 17 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário D – vídeos destacados .................. 117 FIGURA 18 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário E ................................................... 119 FIGURA 19 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário E – vídeos destacados .................. 121 FIGURA 20 – Resultados de busca do usuário D .................................................................. 123 FIGURA 21 – Resultados de busca do usuário E ................................................................... 123 FIGURA 22 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário D ................................................... 124 FIGURA 23 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário D – vídeos destacados .................. 127 FIGURA 24 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário E ................................................... 128 FIGURA 25 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário E – vídeos destacados .................. 130 FIGURA 26 – Rede de recomendações feitas ao usuário E – vídeos destacados (b) ............. 131 FIGURA 27 – Grafo com nós de ambos os perfis .................................................................. 133 FIGURA 28 – Grafo com nós de ambos os perfis .................................................................. 135 FIGURA 29 – Árvore de recomendações............................................................................... 137 LISTA DE TABELAS TABELA 1 – Principais teorias sobre o assunto ...................................................................... 29 SUMÁRIO 1 INTRODUÇÃO ........................................................................................................... 10 1.1 A importância dos algoritmos....................................................................................... 12 1.2 As dúvidas em torno do problema ................................................................................ 14 1.3 Objetivos ....................................................................................................................... 17 1.3.1 Objetivos específicos: ..................................................................................................
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