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Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2020 ODUMUNC 2021 Crisis Brief Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2020 by Sophia Marie Porter ODU United Nations Society Introduction The United States has always been in the way of Iranian relations and development. The state is fully aware of the power Iran possesses as it grows into an influential state in its region and overseas; threatening America’s security interests and challenging its dwindling economy. It is noticeable worldwide that the Middle East struggles with security from time to time relating to economic, political, and humanitarian issues, but the causes do not come from Middle Eastern countries. For Iranian leaders, the current issues within the region are the faults of the West who play games of hegemonic destruction and invasion in the Middle East with no regard for the innocent lives who must endure the hardship and pain of conflict, not to mention the blatant disregard and To convey Iranian frustration and power, the violation of state sovereignty. Tensions between Iran armed forces and the Iranian Revolutionary Iran and the United States are high. Neither side Guard Corps (IRGC) are authorized to use shows any willingness to surrender to the others, weapons and military assistance with third or rely on diplomacy. parties to oppose American forces. Rockets have been fired countless times near American bases Meanwhile, other states in the region are circling and airports, mostly fired by Iraqi Shi’ite against Iran, including Saudi Arabia, which militias, but sometimes from Iran itself. could develop nuclear weapons, and Israel, Although the 2015 Joint Comprehensive Plan of which continues to oppose the just rights of the Action (JCPoA, or the Iran Deal), ended Iran’s Palestinian people—who’s cause is Iran’s ability to acquire nuclear weapons in the short cause—and most recently won diplomatic term, the United States walked out of the recognition from the traitorous regime of the agreement on 8 July 2018.2 Iran has continued to United Arab Emirates (UAE).1 adhere to much of the agreement anyway. It still does not have nuclear weapons, but it has gradually accelerated its program to create fissile, low-enriched Uranium that can be used 1 Jeremy Bowen, ‘Five reasons why Israel's peace 2 Kelsey Davenport, ‘The Joint Comprehensive Plan deals with the UAE and Bahrain matter’, BBC News, of Action (JCPOA) at a Glance’, Arms Control 14 September 2020, Association, October, 2020, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east- https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/JCPOA-at-a- 54151712 glance Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2020 to make nuclear weapons quickly. And Iranian leaders feel increasing pressure to act in response to American pressure. Time is limited for Iran to respond to the situation. This council must act quickly and decisively to make the needed changes in order to rise. Relations with Iraq, Lebanon and Syria are beneficial to Iranian success, but other regional actors, including allies of Washington, like Saudi Arabia, Israel, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates stand in the way unless this Council can convince their governments or their peoples otherwise.3 Iran’s martyred hero, IRGC General Qasem Soleimani in 2018 This session starts on 3 February 2020, a month after the death of the beloved martyr of the Iranian Revolution, IRGC General Qasem Soleimani, assassinated by the United States.4 The Buildup to the Iranian Revolution History In the early twentieth century, Iranians from The Islamic Republic of Iran has a beautiful and almost all social classes united to demand the enriched history dating all the way to 8000 BC. end of the royal corruption from the Persian Agriculture and domestication of animals Empire during the Qajar dynasty as well as the flourished in Iran due to the geographical invasion from foreign nations who sought location while supporting the development of economic relations to keep the empire intact. society and interaction with other neighboring This six-year revolution became known as the spurs. Shifts of relations and trade brought Constitutional Revolution (1905-1911)6 which wisdom to Iran and bestowed the Islamic succeeded in exposing the acquisitiveness of the religion to grace its followers. With strict shah and fellow aristocrats who used their status practice, the evolution of Islam and government to deepen their pockets and deprived the public soon took hold of one another while battling and environment of resources. Iranians human behavior that goes against Islamic exclaimed how the shah has become a hypocrite beliefs. Empires expanded to and from Iran, but to his people and that the monarchy will be globalization soon came into play and indirectly replaced by another form of government. 5 changed course for the state. 3 Indra Ekmanis, “Escalating Conflict with Iran: https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/03/world/middlee What's Happening?,” PRI, January 6, 2020, ast/suleimani-dead.html https://www.pri.org/stories/2020-01-06/escalating- 5 “Iran 8000-2000 B.C.,” metmuseum.org, accessed conflict-iran-whats-happening. September 3, 2020, 4 Karen Zraick, ‘What to Know About the Death of https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/02/wai.html. Iranian General Suleimani’, New York Times, 9 July 6 Electricpulp.com, “Encyclopædia Iranica,” 2011, 2020, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/constitutional- revolution-i. Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2020 After further political controversies and uprisings, as the Iran leaders tried to reassert control of the country, in 1941 the United Kingdom returned from exile Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, son of the previous shah, who was installed as shah in 1941. The modernizing (Westernizing) shah was greatly resented as he tried to force his will on the conservative society he inherited. In 1951-53 a democratic revolution swept Iran, which elected its first democratic parliament, and chose as its first democratic Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh. When Mosaddegh tried to nationalize control of Iran’s oil industry—then controlled by the British—the US Central Intelligence Agency and the UK Secret Intelligence Service organized a coup to remove Mosaddegh. The coup led to a revolutionary that forever changed Iranian society. The restored Shah Pahlavi disbanded the Iranian Parliament, Time Magazine’s Man of the Year in 1953. Iran’s first, forcing tens of thousands of Iranian intellectuals, brief experiment with democracy: Prime Minister nationalists and religious leaders to flee the Mohammad Mosaddegh, overthrown in a coup organized country as refugees. His rule was unpopular, but by the United Kingdom and United States in 1953. stabilized by the internal security services, which used force, imprisonment and torture to After the Constitutional Revolution, waves of suppress dissent. political reformation and styles of government were attempted to be made permanent by To replace the Parliament, Pahlavi organized the different political parties, but these changes were White Revolution. The purpose for those in the difficult to uphold due to the consistent White Revolution was to accelerate the intervention from other nations. The United development of urbanization and westernization Kingdom, United States, and Russia all for the state of Iran while pretending to care interfered with Iran’s political challenges to about democracy and human rights to please the pursue their dominance and influence over the West. The White Revolution was triumphant in oil rich state for economic power. The constant enhancing the urbanization of the state and interference from the West and Orthodox East ignoring the violation of human rights as the soon led to the United Kingdom supporting Iran public suffered from quick cultural changes that to return to the monarchy and assisted the shah only those living in major cities would see. The to the throne in 1921. 7 7 Electricpulp.com, “Encyclopædia Iranica,” 2011, https://iranicaonline.org/articles/constitutional- revolution-i. Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2020 combination of economic success and poor shah will be overthrown. Forced into exile, first social conditions in the state led to inflation and in Turkey, then Paris, Khomeini preached of anger amongst Iranians. With about a decade of Pahlavi’s failure and urged his overthrow. unstable living conditions the opposition to the Cassette audio recordings of his speech were monarchy expanded. secretly sent into Iran and shared with commoners to ignite the fire within them and come to the realization that Pahlavi is ruining their livelihoods. Supported by the United States and Israel, Pahlavi believed he could handle an outbreak from citizens revolting in mass quantities thinking that the two states would step in and back up his forces. Friend of America and the British, enemy of Iranian religious leaders: Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (1919-80), last Shah (King) of Iran, 16 September 1941 to 11 February 1979. By the 1970s, Pahlavi made political participation from any party or group nearly impossible as he censored any opinion that did not praise him or the work he had done. He authorized cruel punishment to those who Overthrowing the Shah and completing the Islamic exhibited any type of opposition to his Revolution; the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini returns from government, thus infuriating the majority even exile in 1979. more. Among those who were severely affected were Iranian Revolution Islamic religious leaders, all belonging to the majority-Iranian Shi’ite sect. They were led by With decades of corruption and economic Ayatollah (Shi’ite religious leaders) Ruhollah inequality, Iranians were becoming restless with Khomeini, a professor from the Iranian religious the state of their environment. Although there center of Qom, grew in popularity because of his have been many call outs and protests against argument that with the help of the Ulema, the the shah before, opposition to the shah was Cabinet of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 2020 dangerous, led entirely from exile.
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