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172-190, 2013 Review Article HISTORY OF 172 R.Sodnomdarjaa, Sh.Tserendorj, others., Journal of agricultural sciences №11 (02):172-190, 2013 Review article Review article HISTORY OF RINDERPEST CONTROL AND ERADICATION IN MONGOLIA Dr. R. Sodnomdarjaa, Dr. Sh. Tserendorj, J. Bekhochir State Central Veterinary Laboratory Veterinary Research Institute MONGOLIA 1. RINDERPEST OUTBREAKS AND CONTROL CHALLENGES BEFORE THE ESTABLISHMENT OF VETERINARY SERVICES IN MONGOLIA According to Mongolian historical records, although Russian veterinarians (Grytsenuk and Doroshaev, many of them are circumstantial and incomplete, 1950) that rinderpest had spread across two-thirds of rinderpest has been recognized in Mongolia for many Mongolia with annual losses of approximately of hundred years as a terrible cattle disease, called 120,000 cattle and yaks per year in the 1910-1920s. “myalzan” in Mongolian, with the threat of huge Based on other historical records on disease losses in the cattle population. occurrence, it is considered that rinderpest was first Dr. D. Maidar (1962), in “Mongolian Contemporary diagnosed scientifically in Mongolia in 1910 by Veterinary Services (1921–1956)”, quotes on page Russian veterinarians. 92, “….. as mentioned in a report of 1763, issued by The first unit for production of anti-rinderpest Tusheet Khan province (now the central part of hyperimmune serum using technology developed by Mongolia), 217 cattle were dead with rinderpest…”. Professor N. B. Nents was established in 1904 by Mr. Tserenlkhundev, a Governor of one khoshuu (the Russian veterinarians, headed by Dr. A. Dudukalov, local administrative unit in Mongolia till 1924) in in the Eruu river basin near the Russian border Tsetsen-Khan province (aimag - reported to the (Dudukalov, 1904.). This enabled immunization of Provincial Governor in 1883 that rinderpest was cattle for export to Russia and also cattle at risk of widely occurring in his area of governance. Likewise, infection elsewhere. an 1869 report of one khoshuu of Khalkha stressed After 1910, when the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia that “… besides progressive emaciation and losses of was established (the period of Theocratic Mongolia) livestock due to immense cold, rinderpest has arisen as result of victory of the National Independency causing huge mortality that results in extensive Movement in Mongolia, Russian merchants poverty among rural habitants….. and ….. they are expanded their trade by simultaneous support of the looking for support…..” Russian Government with a rinderpest These reports indicate that rinderpest was a real threat epidemiological survey and widening of the passive to both Mongolian livestock and the economy immunization of cattle for increased exports of because of the country’s inability in effectively Mongolian cattle to Russia. combating the disease.It is recorded that the first Russian veterinary field expeditions (four science-based attempts to fight rinderpest were taken immunization teams of veterinarians, veterinary at the beginning of the 20th century by Russian technicians and interpreters in 1910–1911, seven in livestock merchants who gave rinderpest-protective 1912 and twelve in 1913) organized from the Chita injections to Mongolian cattle to be exported to Rinderpest Control Division, carried out simple Russia. G. Dashnym G. (1998) referred to the epidemiological surveys for rinderpest and conclusion from previous studies conducted by immunized 456.6 thousand cattle (Table 1) in R.Sodnomdarjaa, Sh.Tserendorj, others., Journal of agricultural sciences №11 (02):172-190, 2013 173 Khentii, Dornod, Khusvgul and Ulaanbaatar, as well as Shiliin Gol province of Inner Mongolia, China (Khukhuu A, Tserendorj Sh, 2003). Table 1 Number of cattle immunized against rinderpest Year Number of immunized cattle 1910-1911 42,875 Review article 1912 74,085 1913 121,117 HISTORY OF RINDERPEST CONTROL AND ERADICATION IN 1914 65,004 MONGOLIA 1915 53,499 Total 356,580 Dr. R. Sodnomdarjaa, Dr. Sh. Tserendorj, J. Bekhochir Besides immunization of cattle brought by Russian the Mongolian Bogd Khan Jebtsundamba rewarded State Central Veterinary Laboratory Veterinary Research Institute merchants, the Russian veterinarians offered Dr. Dudukalov and his colleagues with ‘otog jins’. MONGOLIA Mongolian herders a paid service to immunize their This indicates owner’s status or title and indicates cattle with charges of 1.5 yanchaan (Mongolian silver high appreciation for their achievement and tugrug) per cattle head. Yak and khainag (a hybrid contribution to reduce the spread of rinderpest in 1. RINDERPEST OUTBREAKS AND CONTROL CHALLENGES BEFORE THE between Mongolian cattle and yak) cost 4 yanchaan various provinces of Mongolia (Dashnym G. 1998). ESTABLISHMENT OF VETERINARY SERVICES IN MONGOLIA per head because of their high susceptibility to the Furthermore, the Bogd Khan considered it essential infection. In 1913, Russian veterinarians immunized to establish a local production unit for rinderpest According to Mongolian historical records, although Russian veterinarians (Grytsenuk and Doroshaev, 13,116 cattle in Khuvsgul province, 41 % of which hyper-immune sera and permitted this to be built in many of them are circumstantial and incomplete, 1950) that rinderpest had spread across two-thirds of were owned by Mongolian herders (Maidar, 1962b). the Songino area of Urguu (now Ulaanbaatar) in rinderpest has been recognized in Mongolia for many Mongolia with annual losses of approximately Although the anti-rinderpest immunization of cattle 1920. of hundred years as a terrible cattle disease, called 120,000 cattle and yaks per year in the 1910-1920s. to be exported to Russia was primarily focused on “myalzan” in Mongolian, with the threat of huge Based on other historical records on disease preventing a possible spread of rinderpest into Russia, losses in the cattle population. occurrence, it is considered that rinderpest was first Dr. D. Maidar (1962), in “Mongolian Contemporary diagnosed scientifically in Mongolia in 1910 by 2. RINDERPEST OUTBREAKS AND THE STRUCTURED Veterinary Services (1921–1956)”, quotes on page Russian veterinarians. CONTROL EFFORTS OF VETERINARY SERVICES 92, “….. as mentioned in a report of 1763, issued by The first unit for production of anti-rinderpest Tusheet Khan province (now the central part of hyperimmune serum using technology developed by Rinderpest outbreaks in 1923-1949 eradicate the disease were implemented according to Mongolia), 217 cattle were dead with rinderpest…”. Professor N. B. Nents was established in 1904 by The Mongolian Government established its first Government plans. Mr. Tserenlkhundev, a Governor of one khoshuu (the Russian veterinarians, headed by Dr. A. Dudukalov, Veterinary Service Unit in 1923 at the Ministry of Between 1924-1927, rinderpest was widely spread in local administrative unit in Mongolia till 1924) in in the Eruu river basin near the Russian border Finance. Combating rinderpest was its primary task the eastern part of the country as a result of incursions Tsetsen-Khan province (aimag - reported to the (Dudukalov, 1904.). This enabled immunization of as this was one of the priority actions for the from China. The source of rinderpest introduction Provincial Governor in 1883 that rinderpest was cattle for export to Russia and also cattle at risk of Mongolian Government in the beginning of the was considered to be the free movement of wildlife widely occurring in his area of governance. Likewise, infection elsewhere. 1920’s. The privately owned anti-rinderpest serum across the Chinese border, namely the Mongolian an 1869 report of one khoshuu of Khalkha stressed After 1910, when the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia production unit at Songino was purchased by the gazelle (Procapra gutturosa) and known to that “… besides progressive emaciation and losses of was established (the period of Theocratic Mongolia) Government in August, 1923, and its operation placed Mongolians as dzeren. It was also reported that livestock due to immense cold, rinderpest has arisen as result of victory of the National Independency under the Veterinary Service Unit. Due to a shortage draught cattle used as the main source of causing huge mortality that results in extensive Movement in Mongolia, Russian merchants of national veterinarians, a Russian veterinarian, Dr. transportation between the Mongolian capital - poverty among rural habitants….. and ….. they are expanded their trade by simultaneous support of the Dudukalov, an earlier owner of the unit at Songino, Ulaanbaatar - and the Chinese cities of Khaalgan, looking for support…..” Russian Government with a rinderpest was appointed as Head of the first veterinary services Guihuachin, Manijchuria and Hailaar played a These reports indicate that rinderpest was a real threat epidemiological survey and widening of the passive of Mongolia. During his management of the significant role in introducing the disease. In 1924, to both Mongolian livestock and the economy immunization of cattle for increased exports of Mongolian Veterinary Services until 1928, he for example, more than 110 thousand bullocks and because of the country’s inability in effectively Mongolian cattle to Russia. expanded the production of hyperimune serum, camels were used for hauling goods from China - combating the disease.It is recorded that the first Russian veterinary field expeditions (four together with Russian colleagues – 6,003 litres in automobile and rail transportation system were not science-based attempts to fight rinderpest were taken immunization teams of veterinarians, veterinary
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