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Agromine Associant Plantes Hyperaccumulatrice De Nickel Et Légumineuse, Comme Service Écosystémique Des Sols Ultramafiques Ramez Saad

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Agromine Associant Plantes Hyperaccumulatrice De Nickel Et Légumineuse, Comme Service Écosystémique Des Sols Ultramafiques Ramez Saad Agromine associant plantes hyperaccumulatrice de nickel et légumineuse, comme service écosystémique des sols ultramafiques Ramez Saad To cite this version: Ramez Saad. Agromine associant plantes hyperaccumulatrice de nickel et légumineuse, comme service écosystémique des sols ultramafiques. Agronomie. Université de Lorraine; Université libanaise, 2017. Français. NNT : 2017LORR0155. tel-01827539 HAL Id: tel-01827539 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01827539 Submitted on 2 Jul 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm THESE EN CODIRECTION présentée en vue de l’obtention du grade de Docteur de L’Université de Lorraine Ecole doctorale Ressources, Procédés, Produits et Environnement et L’Université Libanaise Faculté des Sciences 1 Spécialité : Sciences Agronomiques Agromine associant plantes hyperaccumulatrice de nickel et légumineuse, comme service écosystémique des sols ultramafiques par Ramez SAAD Soutenue et présentée publiquement le 3 novembre 2017 Membres du Jury : Thierry LEBEAU Professeur, Université de Nantes Rapporteur Michel-Pierre FAUCON Maître de Conférences, UniLaSalle de Beauvais Rapporteur Olivier FAURE Maître de Conférences, École des Mines de St-Étienne Examinateur Séverine PIUTTI Maître de Conférences, Université de Lorraine Examinatrice Ahmad KOBAISSI Professeur, Université Libanaise Co-directeur Emile BENIZRI Professeur, Université de Lorraine Directeur THESE EN CODIRECTION présentée en vue de l’obtention du titre de Docteur de L’Université de Lorraine Ecole doctorale Ressources, Procédés, Produits et Environnement et L’Université Libanaise Faculté des Sciences 1 Spécialité : Sciences Agronomiques Agromine associant plantes hyperaccumulatrice de nickel et légumineuse, comme service écosystémique des sols ultramafiques par Ramez SAAD Soutenue et présentée publiquement le 3 novembre 2017 Membres du Jury : Thierry LEBEAU Professeur, Université de Nantes Rapporteur Michel-Pierre FAUCON Maître de Conférences, UniLaSalle de Beauvais Rapporteur Olivier FAURE Maître de Conférences, École des mines de St-Étienne Examinateur Séverine PIUTTI Maître de Conférences, Université de Lorraine Examinatrice Ahmad KOBAISSI Professeur, Université Libanaise Co-directeur Emile BENIZRI Professeur, Université de Lorraine Directeur Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont à mon directeur de thèse Emile Benizri tout d’abord pour m’avoir m’accueillir dans le laboratoire Sols et Environnement et puis pour le soutien qu'il m’a apporté tout au long de ces trois années de thèse, pour la qualité de nos échanges scientifiques et ses conseils avisés, mais aussi et surtout pour sa gentillesse et ses encouragements à persévérer et progresser. Un grand merci également à mon co-directeur de thèse, Ahmad Kobaissi, pour le soutien qu’il m’a apporté pendant la thèse. Je tiens à lui exprimer toute ma reconnaissance pour ces années de thèse mais aussi pour les années de licence et de master ! Je souhaitais remercier Christophe Schwartz, Directeur du Laboratoire Sols et Environnement pour m’avoir accueilli au sein de son unité et pour le soutien et la bienveillance qu’il m’a accordés tout au long de la thèse. Je tiens aussi à remercier Guillaume Echevarria pour son aide et soutien pendant ces trois années de doctorat. Ce travail de thèse repose en grande partie sur des dispositifs expérimentaux, mis en place à la fois en conditions contrôlées mais aussi en situation réelles au champ, en Espagne. Je voulais sincèrement remercier l'équipe technique du Laboratoire Sols et Environnement sans laquelle il m'aurait été impossible de conduire ces expérimentations. Je tiens, en particulier, à remercier très chaleureusement Lucas Charrois et Romain Goudon pour leur aide capitale tout au long de la thèse. En plus de leur sérieux et de leurs conseils techniques, ils m'ont permis de passer, dans une ambiance amicale et avec bonne humeur, les moments froids, pluvieux, venteux et parfois très chauds sous le soleil d’Espagne, lors dans campagnes de terrain. A tous les deux, j'adresse mes plus sincères remerciements ! Je n'oublie pas également d'exprimer ma gratitude aux autres membres de l'équipe technique qui ont participé activement à l’installation et à la récolte des expérimentations, en particulier Stéphane Colin, Adeline Bouchard et Jean-Claude Begin. Je n’oublierai pas également Alain Rakoto, pour son soutien en informatique durant ces trois années de thèse. Mes vifs remerciements vont également à Petra Kidd et aux membres de son équipe technique à Saint-Jacques de Compostelle pour leur aide durant la mise en place et la récolte des expérimentations au champ. Je remercie aussi Xavier Goux et son équipe de recherche au Luxembourg pour leur aide dans les analyses de séquençage. Je remercie également particulièrement Celestino Quintela Sabarís et Ángeles pour toute leur aide en Espagne. Je n’oublie pas Emanuel pour m’avoir apporté son aide lors de l’installation des parcelles expérimentales. Un grand merci aux collègues du Laboratoire Sols et Environnement pour les bons moments que nous avons vécus ensemble et toute l’aide qu'ils m'ont apportée tout au long de cette thèse. Je remercie en particulier Marie Rue, Quentin Vincent, Séverine Lopez, Clémentine Lapie, Anne Blanchart, Khaled Brimo, Yannick Cazes, Robin Dagois, Marie-Laure Bonis et Amina Ameur. Je remercie chaleureusement Sylvia L’huillier et Laetitia Despouy, au-delà de leur aide, pour toutes les tracasseries administratives. Je n’oublierai pas Gaylord Machinet, Maxime Maire et Geneviève Villemin, de l’entreprise Microhumus, pour leur participation à certaines de mes expérimentations et leur aide pour l’analyse et l’interprétation de certains de mes résultats basés sur la microscopie électronique à transmission. Je remercie aussi Yves Le Roux pour son aide lors du traitement statistique de mes données, Aude Fauvet pour l’analyse de mes échantillons au TOC et Hugues Clivot pour toute son aide à l’optimisation des dosages enzymatiques du sol. Je n'oublierai pas également Stéphane Désobry, Directeur de l’Ecole Doctorale RP2E et sa secrétaire Christine Fivet pour tout le soutien qu’ils m’ont apporté pendant toute la thèse. Je leur exprime toute ma gratitude et ma reconnaissance. Thierry Lebeau et Michel-Pierre Faucon ont accepté d'être rapporteurs de cette thèse ; Oliver Faure et Séverine Piutti ont bien voulu examiner mon travail. J'en suis honoré et je tiens à leur exprimer mes sincères remerciements. Merci à mes amis Ali Kanso, Hassan Hajj Ali, Hassan Moussa, Hamid Reza Zandi, Mohammad Wazne, Hussein Kanbar, Mostafa Shehadi pour toute votre aide et soutien le long de la thèse, ainsi que pour les beaux moments que nous avons vécus ensemble. Merci à mes parents, mon frère et mes sœurs en particulier pour le soutien et la confiance qu'ils m'ont accordés durant toute ma scolarité ainsi que pour m'avoir donné l'opportunité de choisir ma voie. Merci à toute ma grande famille qui est dispersée entre le Liban, la France, la Grande-Bretagne, le Canada, les Etats-Unis et le Congo. Je tiens à remercier aussi mes beaux- parents et mes beaux-frères pour leur soutien moral et leurs encouragements. Enfin, mes plus grands remerciements, du fond du cœur, vont à ma fiancée Khadija, pour son soutien moral et ses encouragements amoureux, au quotidien, pendant ces dernières années et en particulier durant les derniers mois de cette thèse. Sommaire Sommaire ..................................................................................................................................... Liste des figures ........................................................................................................................... Liste des tableaux ......................................................................................................................... Liste des photographies ................................................................................................................ Introduction générale .................................................................................................................. 3 Chapitre 1. Etat de l’art .............................................................................................................. 9 1. Le sol : un compartiment complexe et dynamique............................................................. 9 2. Les sols serpentiniques et leur flore
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