Protecting the Adriatic Seaways
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
copertina.qxp 23-03-2009 16:22 Pagina 1 PPrrootteeccttiinngg tthhee AAddrriiaattiicc SSeeaawwaayyss s ediitted by y a Daniielle Dell Biianco w a e S PP c i t 1 5 27 a i r RR 2 3 4 d A 1 e OO 5 h t 6 g n i AA t c e t o D r D P 2 RR 7 4 o c 3 6 n a i I B I 1 l e D e l 2 e A i A n a D SS 3 This project is co-financed by the European Union (European Commission DG Justice, Freedeom and Security) JLS/2007/EPCIP/003 - ProAdrias ISBN 978-88-89825-23-5 ISIG - Institute of International Sociology Gorizia European Commission DG Justice, Freedom and Security European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection 2007 This projects is co-financed by the European Community PROTECTING THE ADRIATIC SEAWAYS edited by Daniele Del Bianco I.S.I.G. INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL SOCIOLOGY OF GORIZIA ISIG (Institute of International Sociology of Gorizia), a non-profit cultural institution, was founded in 1968 and has been recognized as a legal per- sonality since 1985. ISIG is a NGO in special consultative status with Ecosoc - United Nations. It is a special expert of COR - Committee of Re- gions (EU), and of COE - Council of Europe. The statutory aims of the Institute are: to carry out studies and researches and organize conferences on the problems of the relations between states, nations, and ethnic groups and on the cultural, economic and social development of the populations. The scientific and cultural activity of the Institute is, at present, carried out in six departments, which in turn are subdivided into research programmes, publications, the organization of exhibitions and conferences, and training. The departments are: International sociology (international relations, inter- ethnic relations, transborder policies), Technology and the future, Sociology of space (territory, town, community and home, environment, rural socio- logy), Mass emergencies, Sociosystemics, Social policies, social groups and altruism. The Institute also publishes the journal Futuribili and the Quarterly of Inter- national Sociology - Isig Journal. Finally, ISIG yearly carries out the Interna- tional Summer School on the problems of the New Europe. www.isig.it; e-mail: [email protected] via Mazzini 13 – I 34170 Gorizia tel. +39.0481.533632; fax: +39.0481.532094 ISBN 978-88-89825-23-5 © Istituto di Sociologia Internazionale di Gorizia (I.S.I.G.) Stampa: Grafica Goriziana - Gorizia 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ……..………………………………………….. 11 Introduction …….…………………………………………. 15 Chapter 1 WHAT CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES ARE 1. Definition of Critical Infrastructures (CI) in the framework of the European Union CI Protection ……….……………. 21 1.1. United States ……………………………………….. 23 1.2. France …………………………………………….. 25 1.3. Germany ……………………………………………. 25 1.4. United Kingdom …………………………………… 25 2. CIP in the Adriatic space: A perspective ……………….. 26 3. Background data on the Adriatic Basin: Physical features and maritime traffics ……………………………………. 27 3.1. Context analysis: The physical setting …………….. 28 3.2. Context analysis: Figures of maritime traffic ……… 30 3.2.1. Venice port ………..………………………… 30 3.2.2. Trieste port ………………………………….. 31 3.2.3. Koper port …………………………………… 31 3.2.4. Rijeka port …………………………………… 31 4. Critical Infrastructures of the Adriatic Area …………... 32 4.1. Main Critical Infrastructures of Italy ……………… 33 4.2. Main Critical Infrastructures of Austria ………… 36 4.3. Main Critical Infrastructures of Slovenia ………… 38 4.4. Main Critical Infrastructures of Greece ….………… 39 4.5. Main Critical Infrastructures of Turkey …………… 42 4.5.1. Main objectives of Turkish government regard- ing maritime policy ………………………….. 43 6 Chapter 2 PROFILES OF RISK IN THE ADRIATIC AREA 1. Risk assessment and mapping ….…….…….……………. 45 1.1. Risk perception …………………………………….. 50 1.2. Risk management ………………………………….. 51 1.3. Risk and Critical Infrastructure ……………………. 52 1.4. Definition of the cross-border risk ..…..…………… 54 2. Data on accidents in the maritime traffic in the Adriatic Sea 54 2.1. Environment damaging accidents according to REMPEC database ………………………………………… 54 2.2. Main sea accidents in the Adriatic area in the recent years 55 2.3. Accidents deriving from illegal immigration ……… 57 3. Key threats to security and safety in the Adriatic space … 59 3.1. The Adriatic context of security …………………… 60 3.2. The Adriatic context of safety …………………….. 62 3.3. Insufficient level of control over sensitive CI (especial- ly port) ………………………………………………. 65 3.4. Distances in national strategic national priority ……. 66 3.5. Problems arising from public-private partnership …. 66 3.6. The role of the media ……………………………… 68 3.7. Jeopardising safety regulations ……………………. 68 3.8. Criticalities concerning cross-border cooperation …. 69 Chapter 3 PROTECTING CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURES: A COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW OF OPERATIVE SECURITY PLANS 1. International organisations and Risk Management ……. 74 2. Adriatic common operative security plans …..………….. 78 2.1. CIP in Italy …………………………..…………….. 83 2.1.1. The Crisis Management and the Critical Infra- structures Protection (CIP) ……………….. 84 2.1.2. The Italian Crisis Management system in the Adriatic ……………………………………… 86 7 2.2. CIP in Croatia …………………………………….. 88 2.2.1. The Crisis Management and the Critical Infra- structures Protection (CIP) ……………….. 89 2.2.2. The Croatian Crisis Management system in the Adriatic ………………………………… 90 2.3. CIP in Slovenia …………………………………….. 93 2.3.1. The Crisis Management and the Critical Infra- structures Protection (CIP) ……………….. 94 2.3.2. The Slovenian Crisis Management system in the Adriatic ………..………………………… 94 2.4. CIP in Montenegro …………………………….. 96 2.4.1. The Crisis Management and the Critical Infra- structures Protection (CIP) ……………….. 97 2.5. CIP in Albania …………………………………….. 100 2.5.1. The Crisis Management and the Critical Infra- structures Protection (CIP) ……………….. 101 2.5.2. The Albanian Crisis Management system in the Adriatic ………………………………… 102 2.6. Protection of Critical Infrastructures in the Adriatic space: Conclusive summary ……………………….. 102 Chapter 4 PROTECTING THE ADRIATIC SEAWAY. A COOPERATIVE APPROACH? 1. The Adriatic Sea as a cooperative space: Present dynamics and future opportunities ………………………….……. 105 2. A brief methodological introduction: The SWOT analysis 108 2.1. Cross-border cooperation: Theoretical elements and internal/external functional aspects ………….. 109 2.1.1. Internal dimensions and indicators ……….. 111 2.1.2. External dimensions and indicators ………… 112 2.1.3. Measurement of indicators ………………… 115 2.1.4. SWOT analysis methodological process …….. 116 2.1.5. Action strategies ……………………………… 117 3. Overcoming borders in the Adriatic Sea: Present trends and future prospects………………………………………. 121 8 3.1. Austria-Italy ……………………………………….. 121 3.1.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 121 3.1.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 121 3.1.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements …… 122 3.1.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 125 3.1.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 125 3.1.6. Future prospects …………………………… 129 3.2. Austria-Slovenia ………………………………….. 131 3.2.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 131 3.2.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 131 3.2.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements … 132 3.2.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 133 3.2.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 134 3.2.6. Future prospects …………………………… 136 3.3. Italy-Slovenia ………………………………….. 138 3.3.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 138 3.3.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 139 3.3.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements … 140 3.3.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 142 3.3.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 145 3.3.6. Future prospects …………………………… 148 3.4. Croatia-Slovenia ………………………………….. 149 3.4.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 149 3.4.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 150 3.4.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements … 150 3.4.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 152 3.4.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 153 3.4.6. Future prospects …………………………… 154 3.5. Croatia-Montenegro (and Serbia) ……………….. 155 3.5.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 155 3.5.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 156 3.5.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements … 156 3.5.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 157 3.5.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 158 3.5.6. Future prospects …………………………… 158 3.6. Croatia-Bosnia Herzegovina ……..……………….. 160 3.6.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 160 3.6.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 160 9 3.6.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements … 161 3.6.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 162 3.6.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 162 3.6.6. Future prospects …………………………… 163 3.7. Bosnia Herzegovina-Serbia (Montenegro) ……….. 165 3.7.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 165 3.7.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 165 3.7.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements …… 165 3.7.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 166 3.7.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 168 3.7.6. Future prospects …………………………… 169 3.8. Montenegro (and Serbia and Kosovo)-Albania …... 171 3.8.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 171 3.8.2. Infrastructural characteristics ………………. 171 3.8.3. Cross-border declarations and agreements … 171 3.8.4. Propensity towards cross-border co-operation 173 3.8.5. Elements of SWOT analysis ………………… 174 3.8.6. Future prospects …………………………… 175 3.9. Albania-Greece ……………………………..…... 177 3.9.1. Geographical definition of the border ……… 177 3.9.2. Infrastructural characteristics