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Home , Gojong of Korea, Namhansanseong, Sadae

 Appendix 1 and Appendix 2

Appendix 1: Monarchs of and Ming

Joseon King (Reign) Ming (Reign)

Hongwu, 洪武 (1368–98) Taejo, 太祖 (1392–8) Jeongjong, 定宗 (1398–1400) Jianwen, 建文 (1398–1402) Taejong, 太宗 (1400–18) Yongle, 永樂 (1402–24) Sejong, 世宗 (1418–50) Hongxi, 洪熙 (1424–5) Xuande, 宣德 (1425–35) Zhengtong, 正統 (1435–49) Jingtai, 景泰 (1449–57) Munjong, 文宗 (1450–2) Danjong, 端宗 (1452–5) Sejo, 世祖 (1455–68) Tianshun, 天順 (1457–64) Chenghua, 成化 (1464–87) Yejong, 睿宗 (1468–9) Seongjong, 成宗 (1469–94) Hongzhi, 弘治 (1487–1505) Yeonsangun, 燕山君 (1494–1506) Zhengde, 正德 (1505–21)

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© The Author(s) 2018 211 R.K. Chan, Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications, Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62265-1 212 Appendix 1 and Appendix 2

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Joseon King (Reign) Ming Emperor (Reign)

Jungjong, 中宗 (1506–44) Jiajing, 嘉靖 (1521–67) Injong, 仁宗 (1544–5) Myeongjong, 明宗 (1545–67) Seonjo, 宣祖 (1567–1608) Longqing, 隆慶 (1567–72) Wanli, 萬曆 (1572–1620) Gwanghaegun, 光海君 (1608–23) Taichang, 泰昌 (Aug–Sept 1620) Tianqi, 天啟 (1620–7) Injo, 仁祖 (1623–49) Chongzhen, 崇禎 (1627–44)

Appendix 2: Monarchs of Joseon Korea and Qing China

Joseon King (Reign) Qing Emperor (Reign)

Gwanghaegun, 光海君 (1608–23) Nurhaci, 努爾哈赤 (1616–26) Injo, 仁祖 (1623–49) Hong Taiji, 皇太極 (1626–43) Shunzhi, 順治 (1643–61) Hyojong, 孝宗 (1649–59) Hyeonjong, 顯宗 (1659–74) Kangxi, 康熙 (1661–1722) Sukjong, 肅宗 (1674–1720) Gyeongjong, 景宗 (1720–4) Yongzheng, 雍正 (1722–35) Yeongjo, 英祖 (1724–76) Qianlong, 乾隆 (1735–96) Jeongjo, 正祖 (1776–1800) Jiaqing, 嘉慶 (1796–1820) Sungjo, 純祖 (1800–34) Daoguang, 道光 (1820–50) Heonjong, 憲宗 (1834–49) Cheoljong, 哲宗 (1849–63) Xianfeng, 咸豐 (1850–61) Tongzhi, 同治 (1861–75)

Gojong, 高宗 (1863–1907) Guangxu, 光緒 (1875–1908) Sunjong, 純宗 (1907–10) Xuantong, 宣統 (1908–12) Glossary of Key Terms

Romanized Korean Chinese English Explanation

Bibyeonsa 備邊司 Council of Border Defense Bukbeol 北伐 Northern Expedition Byeongja Horan 丙子胡亂 Manchu Invasion (1636–7) Cheonchusa 千秋使 Joseon Mission (to celebrate the birthday of China’s crown prince) Daebodan 大報壇 Altar for Great Recompense Ganghwado Joyak 江華島條約 Treaty of Gwageo 科舉 Civil Service Examination 韓字 Korean Alphabet Imo Gullan 壬午軍亂 Military Uprising (1882) Jeongjosa 正朝使 Joseon Tribute Mission (to pay respect to the Chinese emperor on New Year’s Day) Jeongmyo Horan 丁卯胡亂 Manchu Invasion (1627) Jonhwa Yangyi 尊華攘夷 Respecting China and Resisting the Barbarians Jonju Yangyi 尊周攘夷 Respecting the Zhou and Resisting the Barbarians Joseon Chaengnyak 朝鮮策略 Joseon Strategy 主體 Self-Reliance Jwauijeong 左議政 First Associate State Councilor Mohwa 慕華 Admiring China Sadae 事大 Serving the Great Saganwon 司諫院 Office of Censors Saheonbu 司憲府 Office of Inspector General

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© The Author(s) 2018 213 R.K. Chan, Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications, Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62265-1 214 Glossary of Key Terms

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Romanized Korean Chinese English Explanation

Silhak 實學 Practical Learning Sojunghwa 小中華 Little China Uijeongbu 議政府 State Council Unyo-ho Sageon 雲揚號事件 Unyo Incident Uuijeong 右議政 Second Associate State Councilor Yejo 禮曹 Joseon Ministry of Rites Yeonguijeong 領議政 Chief State Councilor Yijo Sillok 李朝實錄 The Ri Dynasty Annals of Korea Yongdae 用大 Using the Great Yukjo 六曹 The Six Ministries of Joseon Index

A Choe Myung-kil, 99, 103, 104, 107, Agwan Pacheon, 165 111, 126 anti-Americanism, 14, 172, 178, 183, Choi Ik-hyeon, 143, 168 186, 190 Chongzhen Emperor, 107, 119, 122 anti-Sadae, 15, 169, 171–93, 200, Chun Doo-hwan, 185–6 205, 207 , 9–16, 21–8, 30–3, 39, 52, 68, 69, 83, 84, 88, 104, 125, 126, 130, 135, 138, 139, B 168, 174, 180, 198, 201, 203, benign hierarchy, 22, 28, 29, 125 204 Bibyeonsa, 89, 101–3, 208 Bukbang Jeongchaek, 188 Bukbeol, 108–12, 115–17 D Byeongin Bakhae, 137 Daebodan, 119–22, 125 Byeongin Yangyo, 138 Daehan Jeguk, 164 Daewongun, 134, 137, 140, 142, 152, 153, 159, 167 C de-Sinicization, 15, 164, 171, 173, Chenghua Emperor, 61, 64, 65, 67 174, 176 Cheonchusa, 35, 48, 70 Ding Yingtai, 82 Chinil, 175 Donggukjeongun, 57 Chinmi, 188 Dongnip Hyophoe, 164

© The Author(s) 2018 215 R.K. Chan, Korea-China Relations in History and Contemporary Implications, Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-62265-1 216 INDEX

E Hangul, 57, 64 Eo Yu-so, 65–7 Hanil Uijeongseo, 166 Eulmi Sabyeon, 155, 165 Hanseong, 68, 78, 99, 102, 104, 138, Eulsa Joyak, 166 152, 156, 162, 165 Hanseong Joyak, 156 Hideyoshi, Toyotomi, 27, 77, 78, 80, F 81, 93 , 10, 38, 72, 84, 128, 180, Ho Cho, 52, 53, 56, 64 201 Hong Dae-yong, 129 First Sino-Japanese War, 155, 165, Hong Ik-han, 102, 106 167, 173 Hong Taiji, 97, 102–7, 212 Hongbeom Sibsajo, 163 Hongwu Emperor, 34, 35, 37, 45–7, G 51 Gabo Gaehyeok, 162 Huang Zunxian, 147–9 Gang Hong-rip, 92 Hyeonjong, 112–15, 123, 212 Ganghwado Joyak, 144 Hyojong, 109–12, 115, 118, 123, Gapsin Jeongbyeon, 155–7, 199, 212 159, 163 General Sherman incident, 139 Geomundo Sageon, 155, 157, 158 I Gihae Bakhae, 136 Il-Han Byeonghap Joyak, 167 Gim Sang-hon, 100, 111 Iljinhoe, 169, 175 Gim Su-hong, 116 Imjin War, 37, 77, 90, 91, 93, 94, 96, Goguryeo, 21 113, 116, 118–20, 175 Gojong, 134, 137–40, 156–69, 173, Imo Gullan, 152, 154, 159 174, 181, 212 Injo, 14, 40, 88, 97–108, 123, 126, , 24, 25, 30, 31, 44, 45, 59, 199, 203, 212 74, 75 investiture, 11, 34, 36, 45–8, 62, 80, Gwanghaegun, 88–97, 100, 107, 181, 89 199, 212 Gwangju Democratization Movement, 185, 188 J Gwangmu Emperor, 164–6 Jaju, 176 Gwon Geun, 31, 33, 46 Je-il-cha Han-il Hyeop-yak, 166 Gyeongjong, 123 Jeju Waelan, 74 Jemulpo Joyak, 152 Jeong Do-jeon, 25, 30 H Jeong Sa-ryong, 75–6 Haedongchegukki, 82 Jeong Yu-gil, 75–6 Hague Secret Emissary Affair, 166 Jeongjo, 125–31, 199, 212 Hancheong Tongsang Joyak, 165 Jeongjong, 211 INDEX 217

Jeongjosa, 35, 49 M Jeongmyo Horan, 98, 100 March First Movement, 176 Je-sam-cha Han-il Hyeop-yak, 166 memorial to the throne, 45, 46, 56, Jiajing Emperor, 70–1 68, 71, 77, 128, 135 Jingtai Emperor, 58–9 , 10, 29, 44, 200 Jo Heon, 77, 144 Ministry of Rites, 30, 34, 49, 59, 118, Jomi Suho Tongsang Joyak, 151 136, 140 Jonhwa Yangyi, 135, 139 Mohwa, 12 Jonju Yangyi, 108, 112, 115, 116, Myeongjong, 44, 72–6, 83, 181, 199, 118, 121 212 Joro Yungno Tongsang Joyak, 161 Joseon Chaengnyak, 147–9 Juche, 172, 178, 184, 187, 192 N Jungjong, 44, 57, 69–72, 76, 83, 112, Namhansanseong, 104, 106 199, 212 Northeast Project, 178, 190 Jwauijeong, 32, 52, 66, 75, 76, 142, Nurhaci, 27, 87, 89, 91–7, 212 156

P K Pak Gyu-su, 141, 142, 149, 150 Kangxi Emperor, 37, 113, 117, 120 Pak Ji-won, 129, 141, 142 Kim Dae-jung, 188–9 Pak Yeong-hyo, 156, 163 Kim Hong-jip, 147–9, 156, 162 Park Chung-hee, 185 Kim Il-sung, 176, 178, 183, 184, Park Geun-hye, 6, 191 186–8 Pax Sinica, 12, 26–8, 211 Kim Jong-il, 182, 190, 191 power transition, 2, 27, 39, 40, 87, Kim Jong-un, 192 107, 197, 199 Kim Ok-gyun, 156, 160 pro-pragmatism, 44, 51, 54, 57, Kim Yun-sik, 149, 150, 158, 159, 58, 65, 76, 83, 84, 89, 97, 99, 162 100, 104, 105, 107, 121, 130, 201–3 propriety, 10, 13, 14, 23, 24, L 26, 28, 30, 31, 35, 47, 48, Lee Wan-yong, 169, 175 53, 54, 57–60, 62, 63, 68, Li Hongzhang, 143, 145, 149, 150, 70, 72, 73, 75–7, 83, 89, 98, 153, 159, 160 108, 109, 123, 125, 126, Li Rusong, 113 133, 136, 139–43, 148, 168, loyalist, 37–40, 43, 56, 57, 60, 62–9, 199, 200 72, 76–8, 87–97, 99–124, 137, pro-righteousness, 44, 54, 57, 58, 138, 140, 142–4, 148, 149, 163, 62, 69, 76, 84, 97, 100–5, 167, 168, 202, 203 107, 111, 113, 121, 130, loyalty, 102 201, 203 218 INDEX prosperity, 69 Sinicization, 27, 129 Pyongan, 59, 64, 72, 73, 79, 91, 104 Sinocentric system, 22, 27, 32, 47, 50, 62, 79, 83, 87, 102, 140, 155, 167, 168, 175, 177, 198–200, Q 204, 211 Qianlong Emperor, 127 , 22, 23, 139 Queen Min, 152, 159, 165 Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty, 143 Sinyu Bakhae, 135 R Sojunghwa, 10, 13, 32, 34, 35, 63, rationalist, 7, 15, 16, 39, 40, 43, 51, 109, 121 52, 54, 55, 59, 60, 62–5, 67, Song Byeong-jun, 169, 175 69–74, 76–8, 81, 83, 88, 90–2, Song Si-yeol, 111, 114 94, 99, 103–8, 111–15, 121–4, Song Yingchang, 81 126, 141, 144, 149, 169, 201, Sukjong, 115–20, 123, 199, 212 203 Sung Jun, 68, 75 Rebellion of the Three Feudatories, Sungjo, 135–7, 167, 212 115–17 suzera, 35 Rhee, Syngman, 176, 181, 182 suzerain, 10, 11, 13, 26, 29, 36, Ri Dynasty Annals of Korea, 2, 211 38–40, 53, 57, 68, 72, 75, 77, 83, Roh Moo-hyun, 188–9 106, 118, 134, 136, 140, 146, rule by propriety, 22, 26, 180 150, 153–5, 157, 168, 169, 173, Russo–Japanese War, 155, 166 175, 180, 190, 199, 201, 204

S T Sadae, 2, 21–41, 43–85, 87–131, Taejo, 2, 25, 47–52, 83, 181, 198, 133–69, 171, 197, 200, 203, 211 199, 211 Saganwon, 49, 66, 71, 73, 74, 100, Taejong, 31, 33, 44, 46, 53, 56, 83, 103 181, 199, 211 scholar-official, 25, 30–2, 70, 100, Taft–Katsura Agreement, 206 138, 143, 176 three martyrs of Byeongja Horan, 106 Sejo, 44, 60–2, 82, 83, 181, 199, 203, Tientsin Convention, 157, 159, 162 211 Tongnigimuamun, 146 Sejong, 40, 44, 52–60, 62, 64, 67, 84, Treaty of Portsmouth, 166 199, 203 Treaty of Shimonoseki, 164, 180 Seongjong, 40, 44, 62–7, 84, 199, tribute mission, 11, 35, 39, 48, 59, 211 60, 62, 69–73, 95, 111, 113, Seonjo, 44, 77–85, 89, 144, 181, 199, 120, 126, 135 212 tribute system, 11, 12, 14, 22, 23, 30, Shin Heon, 143–4 34, 36, 37, 48, 62, 198 Shinmi Yangyo, 139, 150 Tumu Crisis, 58 INDEX 219

U Y Uijeongbu, 32, 146, 154 Yang Hao, 82, 91, 113, 121 Unyo-ho Sageon, 142–3 Yang Song-ji, 60 Uuijeong, 32, 117, 141, 150 Yejo, 30, 69, 71, 101 Yeongjo, 120–5, 199, 212 Yeonguijeong, 32, 64, 68, 71, 73, V 75, 82, 104, 106, 117, 118, vassal, 1, 2, 9–11, 23, 26–9, 34–40, 141, 144, 147, 152, 162 47, 50, 52, 53, 55, 57, 60, 62, Yeonsangun, 44, 67, 68, 75, 83, 63, 66, 68–75, 77, 79, 81–4, 181, 199, 211 102, 108, 112, 120, 124, 127, Yi Choe-eung, 142, 144, 147, 134–6, 138, 140, 143, 145, 146, 152 150, 153–5, 159, 168, 174, 177, Yi Hang-no, 138 190, 198–201, 204, 211 Yi Seong-gye, 2, 25, 30, 198 vessel, 136 Yi Yong-gu, 169, 175 von Möllendorff, Paul Georg, 153, Yi Yu-won, 141, 142, 145, 149 158, 159 Yongdae, 39, 47, 83, 131, 133, 171, 200, 202, 203, 205, 207 W Yongle Emperor, 48–53 Waegu, 74 Yongmi, 188 Wanli Emperor, 79–82, 90, 92, 95, , 156, 159, 160, 113, 118, 119, 121 165 Wijeong Cheoksa, 148–9 Yukjo, 32 Yun Hyu, 114, 116

X Xu Guangqi, 94 Z Xuande Emperor, 54–6 Zhengtong Emperor, 58