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Diplomarbeit Diplomarbeit Titel der Diplomarbeit Die neue Welt, die neue Zeit Die Ö ffnung Koreas, eine Zeit der Ä nderung Verfasser Haemin Kim angestrebter akademischer Grad Magister der Philosophie (Mag. phil.) Wien, im August 2010 Studienkennzahl: A 312 Studienrichtung: Diplomstudium Geschichte Betreuerin: Univ.Doz. / PD Dr. Adelheid Krah 1 2 »What we know is a drop, what we don't know is an ocean. « — Isaac Newton Abbildung 1 Iyangseon (이양선, 異樣船): » ein Schiff in seltsamer Form « - so wurden die ersten "westlichen" Schiffe bezeichnet 3 4 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 Vorwort .................................................................................................................................. 7 2 Vorbemerkung zu Transkription und Bibliographie ...................................................... 10 3 Introductio zum Thema ..................................................................................................... 14 4 Die Joseon-Dynastie bis König Sunjo (1392 – um 1800) ............................................. 19 5 Die Dynastie in der Krise .................................................................................................. 30 5.1 Die Ständeordnung in der Joseon-Dynastie .................................................... 30 5.2 Die Heimatlosen, die Räuberbanden und der Kyungrae Hong-Aufstand ........ 36 5.3 Politische Wirren und die Familienclanherrschaft ........................................... 42 6 Der Westen kommt ............................................................................................................ 46 6.1 Zwischen westlicher Wissenschaft und westlicher Religion ............................ 51 6.1.1 Neue Wissenschaft und Technik ....................................................................... 52 6.1.2 Das Christentum .................................................................................................. 61 6.2 Die Donghak oder der östliche Weg und der Donghak-Bauernkrieg ............... 72 7 Die Isolation des Landes................................................................................................... 88 7.1 Das Ende der Familienclanherrschaft und die Regentschaft Daewonguns ..... 88 7.2 Die inneren Reformen Daewonguns ............................................................... 92 7.3 Die Isolationspolitik unter Daewongun ............................................................ 97 8 Die Ö ffnung des Landes ................................................................................................. 110 8.1 Der Sturz Daewonguns ................................................................................. 110 8.2 Das Unyo-Ereignis und der Vertrag von der Ganghwa-Insel 1876 ................ 113 5 8.3 Und danach ................................................................................................... 128 9 Vergleiche mit Ö ffnungen benachbarter Staaten ........................................................ 144 9.1 Vergleich mit der Ö ffnung Chinas ................................................................. 144 9.2 Vergleich mit der Ö ffnung Japans ................................................................. 155 10 Conclusio ........................................................................................................................ 167 11 Nachwort ......................................................................................................................... 170 12 Anhang ............................................................................................................................ 175 12.1 Literaturverzeichnis ..................................................................................... 175 12.2 Abbildungsverzeichnis ................................................................................ 179 12.3 Die Monarchenliste der Joseon-Dynastie .................................................... 181 12.4 Die revidierten Transkriptionsregeln............................................................ 183 12.5 Abstract ....................................................................................................... 188 12.6 Curriculum Vitae ......................................................................................... 189 6 1 Vorwort "Die neue Welt"… was oder welchen Ort würden sich die meisten Menschen darunter spontan vorstellen? Meines Erachtens werden die meisten dabei an den amerikanischen Kontinent denken. So ist auch lange meine Vorstellung gewesen, wenn ich diesen Begriff gehört habe. 1 Wahrscheinlich hat auch eines meiner Lieblingssinfoniewerke, Antonín Dvořaks 9. Sinfonie, Aus der neuen Welt (Z Nového světa), innerlich dazu beigetragen, "Die neue Welt" mit dem amerikanischen Kontinent gleich zu setzen. Ist aber der amerikanische Kontinent wirklich "neu"? Gab es ihn vorher nicht, bevor er von den Europäern2 "entdeckt" wurde? Haben vorher keine Menschen dort gelebt? Diese Fragen fielen mir beim Lesen auf, einer meiner Lieblingsbeschäftigung seit der Kindheit, bevor ich überhaupt das Wesen der Postcolonial Studies, des Orientalismus und das Wert von Edward S. Said gekannt hatte. Grundsätzlich ging ich seit meiner Kindheit als Teil meiner Identität – die allerdings nie eine "fertige" Statue sein wird, sondern sich immer weiter entwickeln wird – von Bikulturalität aus. Ich bin in Südkorea und Ö sterreich aufgewachsen, habe in beiden Staaten die Schulen besucht und mich mit beiden kulturellen Umfeldern vertraut gemacht. Mit der Bikulturalität ist allerdings auch gemeint, dass ich empfinde, dass ich zugleich beiden Seiten zugehöre und zugleich keiner von beiden. In einem Aufsatz über Homi K. Bhabhas Dritten Raum las ich, dass die Kultur nicht als etwas Festes, sondern etwas sich ständig Ä nderndes dargestellt wurde3. Ich stimme ihm zu, dass die Kulturen einer ständigen Ä nderung unterliegen. Allerdings denke ich, dass zwar diese sich ständig ändernden "Kulturen" doch noch etwas 1 Die häufige Bezeichnung des amerikanischen Kontinents als die "neue" Welt wäre nur objektiv zutreffend, wenn man sie aus eurozentrischer Sicht sehen würde. Ich denke kaum, dass die Ureinwohner Amerikas - die wiederum von anderswo gekommen sind - ihren Lebensbereich als eine "neue" Welt bezeichnen würden. Angefangen mit irrtümlichen Bezeichnungen der Ureinwohner als "Indios", obwohl sie eigentlich keine Inder sind, sind unter den gebräuchlichen Begriffen viele irrtümliche bzw. nicht gerade objektive Begriffe vorhanden. 2 Auf die Diskussion, ob Christoph Columbus oder die Wikinger den amerikanischen Kontinent "entdeckt" haben, werde ich hier nicht näher eingehen, da diese Diskussion nicht mein Thema ist. Ironisch ist es allerdings, dass Columbus selbst überzeugt davon war, einen neuen Teil der altbekannten Welt gefunden zu haben. Vgl. Edward W. Said: Orientalism. First published 1978, Reprinted with a new preface, London (u.a.) 52003, 58. 3 zu Bhabhas Dritten Raum: Vgl. Helga Mitterbauer: Acting in the Third Space. Vermittlung im Spannungsfeld kulturwissenschaftlicher Theorien. In: Federico Celestini, Helga Mitterauer (Hrsg.): Ver-rückte Kulturen. Zur Dynamik kultureller Transfers, Tübingen 2003. 7 anderes sind. Zwar nähern sie sich einander, zwar findet ein Austausch statt, aber es wäre meiner Meinung nach verfrüht, Europa und Asien als ein Gemisch darzustellen. Als ein gutes Beispiel kann ich die Situation anführen, wenn ich mich hier in Wien in der Ö ffentlichkeit bewege. Auch wenn ich kein Problem bei der Kommunikation habe, denke ich nicht, dass die Einheimischen mich als "ganz gleiches" Wesen, als einen "natürlichen" Ö sterreicher ansehen. Ich sehe mich gewisserweise als einen Kulturvermittler4 zwischen Europa und Asien, und daher habe ich mich auch von den Themen her für jene interessiert, die über eine nationale, kulturelle Grenze hinausgingen. Vor vier Jahren – es ist schon länger her – habe ich bei der Geschichtematura über die Ö ffnung Koreas eine kurze schriftliche Arbeit verfasst. Die Arbeit wäre aus heutiger Sicht primitiv, aber sie befasste sich mit der Begegnung beider Kulturen und fasste die historischen Ereignisse kurz zusammen. Ich kann mich noch gut erinnern, dass ich mir damals beim Verfassen der Arbeit – 20 Seiten waren damals etwas Ungeheuerliches – überlegt habe, dass ich eine wesentlich detailliertere "echte" Arbeit verfassen würde, wenn ich einmal Geschichte studiere. Während der Besuche der Lehrveranstaltungen hatte ich die Chance nicht. Lange Zeit blieben die damalige Arbeit und das Thema begraben. Jetzt, am Ende des Studiums, ist es wieder zur Oberfläche gelangt. Natürlich ist der amerikanische Kontinent für den Europäer aus dessen5 Perspektive eine "neue" Welt. Aber könnte man nicht meinen, dass es für die Koreaner – mit denen ich mich in der Arbeit hauptsächlich beschäftige, aber auch für die Chinesen und Japaner, die komparativ vorkommen werden – ebenfalls eine "neue" Welt darstellt, dass das traditionelle System sich langsam auflöst und Richtung Modernisierung geht, wobei die Modernisierung und die Ö ffnung (vorerst) mit der Kolonialisierung endet. Ich habe bewusst den bestimmten Artikel "die neue Welt" als Titel ausgewählt, um dem Begriff "die neue Welt" neben dem amerikanischen Kontinent eine andere, eine 4 '…KulturvermittlerInnen sind zwar mit sozialen, kulturellen Systemen verbunden, heben sich aber zugleich von diesen ab, indem sie in Austausch mit anderen sozialen, kulturellen Systemen treten. Einerseits sind KulturvermittlerInnen an die Regeln, Ordnungen der Systeme gebunden, sind sie vom wissenssoziologischen Kontext determiniert,
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