5 STEPS TO A 5 AP Psychology 2010–2011 Laura Lincoln Maitland, M.A., M.S. New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto Copyright © 2010 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All r.ights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-0-07-162453-4 MHID: 0-07-162453-8 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: ISBN: 978-0-07-162454-1, MHID: 0-07-162454-6. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. Rather than put a trademark symbol after every occurrence of a trademarked name, we use names in an editorial- fashion only, and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the trademark. 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CONTENTS Preface, vii About the Author, viii Introduction: The 5-Step Program, ix STEP 1 Set Up Your Study Plan 1 What You Need to Know About the AP Psychology Exam, 3 2 How to Plan Your Time, 9 STEP 2 Determine Your Test Readiness 3 Take a Diagnostic Exam, 17 Diagnostic Exam in AP Psychology, 18 STEP 3 Develop Strategies for Success 4 How to Approach Each Question Type, 37 Section I: Multiple-Choice Questions, 37 Section II: The Free-Response Questions, 39 STEP 4 Review the Knowledge You Need to Score High 5 History and Approaches, 43 Roots of Psychology, 44 Schools of Psychology, 44 Principal Approaches to Psychology, 45 Domains of Psychology, 46 6 Research Methods, 51 Experimental Method, 52 Correlational Research, 54 Case Study, 55 Elementary Statistics, 55 Ethical Guidelines, 59 7 Biological Bases of Behavior, 65 Techniques to Learn About Structure and Function, 66 Organization of Your Nervous System, 67 Localization and Lateralization of the Brain’s Function, 68 Structure and Function of the Neuron, 70 The Endocrine System, 73 Genetics and Evolutionary Psychology, 74 Genetics and Behavior, 74 8 Sensation and Perception, 84 Thresholds, 85 Vision, 86 Hearing (Audition), 88 Touch (Somatosensation), 90 Body Senses, 91 Í iii iv U Contents Chemical Senses, 91 Perceptual Processes, 91 9 States of Consciousness, 102 Levels of Consciousness, 103 Sleep and Dreams, 103 Hypnosis, 106 Meditation, 106 Drugs, 107 10 Learning, 113 Classical Conditioning, 114 Operant Conditioning, 116 Superstitious Behavior, 119 Cognitive Processes in Learning, 120 Biological Factors in Learning, 121 11 Cognition, 127 Models of Memory, 128 Language, 134 Thinking, 135 12 Motivation and Emotion, 146 Theories of Motivation, 147 Physiological Motives, 149 Social Motivation, 152 Theories of Emotion, 153 Stress and Coping, 155 Positive Psychology, 156 13 Developmental Psychology, 163 Key Issues in Development, 164 Methods of Studying Development, 164 Physical Development, 165 Theories of Cognitive Development, 168 Theories of Moral Development, 170 Theories of Social and Emotional Development, 171 Gender Roles and Sex Differences, 174 14 Personality, 183 Personality Theories and Approaches, 184 Assessment Techniques, 191 Self-Concept and Self-Esteem, 193 15 Testing and Individual Differences, 201 Standardization and Norms, 201 Reliability and Validity, 202 Types of Tests, 203 Ethics and Standards in Testing, 204 Intelligence and Intelligence Testing, 205 Heredity/Environment and Intelligence, 209 Human Diversity, 210 Contents Í v 16 Abnormal Behavior, 215 Defining Abnormal Behavior, 215 Causes of Abnormal Behavior, 216 Types of Disorders, 217 17 Treatment of Abnormal Behavior, 228 Mental Health Practitioners, 228 Brief History of Therapy, 229 Treatment Approaches, 230 Biological/Biomedical Treatments, 234 Modes of Therapy, 236 Community and Preventive Approaches, 236 18 Social Psychology, 242 Group Dynamics, 242 Attribution Processes, 244 Interpersonal Perception, 245 Conformity, Compliance, Obedience, 247 Attitudes and Attitude Change, 248 Aggression/Antisocial Behavior, 249 STEP 5 Build Your Test-Taking Confidence AP Psychology Practice Exam 1 and Answers, 259 AP Psychology Practice Exam 2 and Answers, 285 Appendixes Glossary, 313 Bibliography, 340 Websites, 341 This page intentionally left blank PREFACE Welcome to the updated 2010–2011 edition of this test preparation book for AP Psy- chology. Changes in this edition reflect changes to the 2010–2011 Course Description for AP Psychology from the College Board. The book has been designed so that it is user friendly and employs the concepts psychologists know about learning and remembering to help you succeed. Each chapter begins with an advance organizer to help you understand the material. Smaller sections enable you to fit what you are learning into the framework of what you already know. Features that previous users found most helpful, such as the defi- nitions in the glossary at the end of the book, questions very similar to those actually on the AP exam, and Rapid Review at the end of each content chapter have been retained. If psychology were mainly common sense, as many people think, you wouldn’t need this book. You wouldn’t need to study either. In fact, many concepts in psychology are counterintuitive, the opposite of what common sense leads us to think. Actually, psychol- ogy is a real science with a substantial knowledge base. If you are currently enrolled in an Advanced Placement Psychology course, you know how much more than listening to people’s problems and analyzing them is included in the study of psychology, and you know how many hundreds of pages you need to navigate in a hard-covered course textbook. If you’re not enrolled in an AP course, you may need additional support to help you select material that is likely to be tested on the May exam. In either situation, you’ll benefit from this book created to help you study for the Advanced Placement Exam in Psychology®. This book provides you with the information on which you need to focus for taking the Advanced Placement Exam in Psychology®, and gives you opportunities to practice answering AP-type questions. The multiple-choice questions count for two-thirds of your test score, and the essays count for one-third. While multiple-choice questions usually assess your understanding of one concept, essays test your understanding of numerous concepts and your ability to integrate information from more than one chapter. Practice in answering both multiple-choice and essay questions will help you achieve on the AP exam. Read all of the material and answer all of the questions in all of the content chapters of this book, if you have enough time. Check your answers. Follow the study tips to help you learn and remember material you need to know. As the May exam approaches, take the two practice tests at the end of the book, and check your answers to see what you still need to learn. Since studying will help you succeed, it’s time to get started! Í vii ABOUT THE AUTHOR Laura Lincoln Maitland received a BA in Biological Sciences from Douglass College, an MA in Psychology from Stony Brook University, an MS in Education from CUNY-Queens College and a Professional Diploma from Long Island University. Retired from the Bellmore-Merrick Central H.S. District where she was lead science chairperson and taught Living Environment, AP Psychology, and Science Research for many years, she is currently an adjunct instructor at Hofstra University.