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La Relazione Tra Gli Animali E Il Sovrannaturale Nella Letteratura Cinese: Analisi E Traduzione Di Brani Tratti Dal Soushen Ji Di Gan Bao

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La Relazione Tra Gli Animali E Il Sovrannaturale Nella Letteratura Cinese: Analisi E Traduzione Di Brani Tratti Dal Soushen Ji Di Gan Bao Corso di Laurea Magistrale in Lingue e Civiltà dell'Asia e dell'Africa Mediterranea ex D.M. 270/2004 Tesi di Laurea La relazione tra gli animali e il sovrannaturale nella letteratura cinese: analisi e traduzione di brani tratti dal Soushen ji di Gan Bao Relatore Ch. Prof. Tiziana LIPPIELLO Correlatore Ch. Prof. Giulia BACCINI Laureando Francesca PUGLIA Matricola 854163 Anno Accademico 2015 / 2016 If I had a world of my own, everything would be nonsense. Nothing would be what it is, because everything would be what it isn't. And contrary wise, what is, it wouldn't be. And what it wouldn't be, it would. You see? Alice in Wonderland (C. Geronimi, H. Luske, W. Jackson, 1951) 中國文學中动物与神的关系: 分析及翻譯自干寶搜神記中的節錄片段 《道生一 ，一生二 ， 二生三 ， 三生萬物，萬物負陰而抱陽 ， 沖氣以為 和》 陰與陽的互補 ，和道德經第四十二闋一樣 ，是極古老的觀念 ，一開 始是跟具體的自然現象的觀察有關 , 接下來到了戰國時期 ， 這個觀念變得 較與相對比的抽象事物相關 ， 而這些相對比的事物在彼此之間是互補的 ， 但當這些相對比的事物彼此相互作用時 ， 宇宙誕生了 ， 且這個宇宙尚在 演變當中。 而造成宇宙誕生跟演變的主要角色則是陰跟陽的相互作用。 陰 跟陽是氣相對比的兩個部分 ， 氣則是生命的精華.氣是不停地在移動以及 變換型態的 ， 它同時也賦予大地萬物型態的主要角色 ， 這就是為甚麼大 地萬物的型態正在不停地變換當中。 正因如此 ， 沒有任何生物是真正被 隔離自其他生物的。 所有現存的事物都是這條不停變換形式的路上的一部 分 ， 而這些事物彼此都是息息相關的 ， 所以事物的類型跟生物種族間的 分界線是不存在的。若任何人能真正了解人類跟大自然之間的統一性 ， 跟 適應大自然並且不破壞宇宙和諧的必要性 ， 這種人稱為智者。 在莊子的 第二個章節中有提到成為智者的條件 ， 而這些條件跟上述是相關的: 《凡 物無成與毀，复通為一。唯達者知通為一 ，為是不用而寓諸庸》。 根 據 晉 書 ， 陰 陽 和 諧 共 存 的 理 論 ， 跟 占 卜 的 藝 術 是 世 俗 所 認為搜神記的作者干寶的最大興趣 ， 而 搜 神 記 這 本 書 則 是 由許多零碎的小篇章所組成 。 這篇論文主要是根據搜神記中部分節錄片段從中文到義大 利 文 的 翻 譯 ， 因為先前從來沒有過搜神記的義大利 文翻譯 . 而陰跟陽的概念則是部分在搜神記片段中的基礎理論 ， 這 些片段在此篇論文中皆有翻譯 。 這個研究的主要目標是要 翻譯這本書中部分有關動物跟超自然現象的關係的片段 。 在 不 同 的 片 段 中 ， 許多不同的動物有它們獨特的行為模式 。 這些動物經常扮演連接人類世界跟靈魂世界的橋樑 ， 而 靈 魂世界則是一個人類無法理解 ， 充斥著超自然事物跟 無法 解 釋 的 事 物 的 世 界。 這本書中有許多短篇的故事 ， 有 些 故 事 在 描 述 某 些 動 物 的 出 現 會 被 解 釋 成 好 或 壞 的 預 兆 ， 像 是 即 將 到 來 的 成 功 或 是 災 難 。 有 些 則 是 在 描 述 一 個 怪 獸 可 以 轉 換 形 式 成 另 外 一 個 怪 獸 或 甚 至 轉 變 成 人 類 的 型 態 ， 而 它 們 做 這 些 型 態 轉 換 的 原 因 ， 有 時 只 是 因 為 好 玩 ， 有 時 是 因 為 他 們 需 要 傷 害 人 類 來 保 持 他 們 的 型 態 ， 又 有 時 只 是 因 為 它 們 想 要 學 習 。 還 有 些 則 是 在 描 述 怪 誕 事 物 的 誕 生 ， 而 這 些 怪 誕 的 事 物 則 也 被 解 釋 成 預 兆 ， 舉 例 來 說 ， 這 本 書 中 有 個 片 段 在 描 述 一 個 皇 帝 因 為 一 個 怪 誕 事 物 的 誕 生 而 相 信 自 己 即 將 有 個 無 法 預 期 的 敵 人。 而 正 因 為 相 信 陰 跟 陽 這 個 不 可 或 缺 的 平 衡 ， 讓 在 西 元 四 世 紀 的 人 們 ， 包 括 干 寶 跟 當 時 這 些 片 段 的 讀 者 ， 相 信 這 些 可 被 視 為 自 然 現 象 的 怪 誕 且 非 凡 的 事 物 是 可 能 且 可 行 的。 為 了 讓 這 些 片 段 的 翻 譯 跟 理 解 更 加 易 懂 ， 此篇論文嘗試將搜神 記這本書語境化: 首先， 此篇論文做了些有關作者， 及歷史上的有關文學 事件的介紹。 此篇論文還有另外一個關於志怪小說的介紹 ， 因為搜神記代表著志怪小說 中的第一個著作。 此外 ， 此篇論文中所節錄的片段的翻譯並不是照著搜 神記中的二十個章節 ， 而是照著動物的種類 ， 以及他們在故事中的行為 模式。 此篇論文中做出這個嘗試的目的是為了分析所有在這個研究中出現的動物 是如何被中國民俗所描述的 ， 以及其他描述這些動物的重要中國文學文本。 所以在這裡有一整個段落是在描述傳說動物以及它們在中國文學中的重要 性。 這個段落包含了搜神記中的些許節錄片段 ， 這些節錄片段包含了龍 ， 麒麟 ， 三足烏 ， 以及其他中國民俗間的傳說生物。 此外 ， 還有另外一 個文本是關於孔子解釋許多不同非凡的生物 ， 以及反映出他們的自然生態。 在這個段落之後 ， 有一整個大段落是在分析真實的生物 , 而在這個大段落 中 , 根據真實生物的種類又更細分出了許多小的段落 ， 其中有一段關於哺 乳動物 ， 一段關於爬蟲類及兩棲類 , 一段關於魚類及昆蟲類,還有一小段關 於鳥類。 而有關傳說生物的段落 ， 所有的片段皆完成於搜神記中的節錄片段的中文 到義大利文翻譯。 此篇論文的最後一個段落 ， 則是在描述中國文化的不斷變化 ， 在這個段 落中 ， 有一段節錄的故事是有關動物的變態 (大部分是有關可以將自己的 型態轉變成人類的狐狸) ， 還有有關動物的混血性 (例如有些動物它們一部 分的身體像一種動物 ， 但另一部分的身體則像另外一種動物) ， 而另外還 有奇特的跨種族交配 ， 而這種跨種族交配則會產生怪誕的生物。 這篇翻譯是根據三民書局的 2014 版本 ， 而將這本書從中國古文翻譯成現 代白話文的人則是 黄鈞 跟 陳滿銘。 有關其他現有的西方語言翻譯 ， 此片論文參照了四個版本: Kenneth J. DeWoskin 跟 James Irving Crump 於 1996 年所著作的完整 英 文 翻譯 (Stanford University Press 書局)。 Derk Bodde 於 1942 年 所著作的部分 英文 翻譯。 Rémi Mathieu 於 1992 年 所著作的部分 法文 翻譯 (Gallimard 書局)。 俄羅斯漢學家 Men'šinkov, Lev N. 於 1994 年所著作的 俄文 翻譯 (Zentr «Peterburgskoe vostokovedenie» 書局)。 Indice Introduzione..........................................................................................................9 L'autore e il testo.................................................................................................12 Gli animali nel Soushen ji....................................................................................19 Alcuni animali leggendari....................................................................................22 Il drago........................................................................................................24 6,112 Long dou yi zhong 龍鬭 邑中 I draghi combattono in città......28 6,118 Liang long xian jing zhong 兩龍現井中 Due draghi all'interno del pozzo............................................................................................29 7,183 Taikang er long 太康二龍 I due draghi dell'era Taikang...........29 20,449 Sung Deng zhi bing long 孫登治病龍 Sun Deng cura il drago malato................................................................................................30 Il corvo a tre zampe....................................................................................31 6,148 San zu wu 三足烏 Il corvo con tre zampe...............................33 L'unicorno in Cina.......................................................................................33 8,231 Kongzi ye meng 孔子夜夢 Il sogno notturno di Confucio........38 Altre creature mitologiche...........................................................................40 4,82 Lüshu guo xuan cheng 驢鼠過宣城 Il topo-asino attraversa la città di Xuancheng.............................................................................40 12,309 Daolao gui 刀勞鬼 Il demone Dao Lao..................................41 12,313 Luoshen Shandu 裸身山都 Gli Shandu dal corpo nudo........42 12, 301 Chuan jing huo yang 穿井獲羊 La pecora catturata nel pozzo ...........................................................................................................43 Gli animali reali, il loro culto e la caratterizzazione folclorica.............................44 Mammiferi.......................................................................................................49 La volpe......................................................................................................49 18,420 Laohu yi Dong Zhangshu 老狐诣董仲舒 La (vecchia) volpe va da Dong Zhangshu............................................................................53 18, 421 Zhang Hua qin humei 张华擒狐魅 Zhang Hua cattura un demone volpe....................................................................................54 18,422 Wuxing laohu 吳興老狐 La vecchia volpe di Wuxing (distretto di Wuzhou).........................................................................................57 4 18,423 Jurong li bi 句容狸婢 La serva-volpe di Jurong.....................58 18,424 Liu Bozu lishen 劉伯祖狸神 Il dio volpe e Liu Bozu..............59 18,425 Shan mei A Zi 山魅阿紫 Il demone di montagna A Zi............60 18,426 Song Daxian sha gui 宋大賢殺鬼 Song Daxian uccide un demone..............................................................................................61 18,427 Zhi Boyi ji mei 郅伯夷 擊魅 Zhi Boyi attacca il demone.........62 18,428 Hu boshi 胡博士 Dottor Hu....................................................63 l bue e altri bovini........................................................................................63 7,185 Se niutou yu 死牛頭語 Il teschio di un bue parla.....................68 7,204 Niu neng yan 牛能言 Il bue parla.............................................68 18,415 Nu te ci zishu 怒特祠梓樹 L'albero catalpa al tempio de bue infuriato..............................................................................................69 Il cane.........................................................................................................70 6,129 Gou guan chu chaomen 狗冠出朝門 Un cane con indosso un cappello esce dal portone..................................................................74 7,209 Gou zuo ren yan 狗作人言 Un cane imita il linguaggio umano ...........................................................................................................74 14,341 Panhu zisun 盘瓠子孫 La discendenza di Panhu..................75 18,432 Tian Yan sha goumei 田琰殺狗魅 Tian Yan uccide un demone-cane.....................................................................................77 20,457 Yiquan zhong 義犬冢 La sepoltura del cane fedele..............78 Altri mammiferi............................................................................................79 11,286 Heng Nong meng hu nie zu 衡農夢虎嚙足 Heng Nong sogna una tigre che gli morde il piede..........................................................86 6,126 Shu wu duan men 鼠舞端門 Il topo balla alla porta d'ingresso ...........................................................................................................86 6,171 He chu yao ma 河出妖馬 Dal fiume esce un cavallo demoniaco ...........................................................................................................87 20,461 Yu Dang lie zhu 虞蕩獵麈 Yu Dang caccia un cervo maschio ...........................................................................................................87 13,335 Ciwei 刺蝟 L'istrice.................................................................88 6,110 Peng Sheng wei shi huo 彭生為豕禍 La disgrazia di Peng Sheng che diventa un cinghiale.........................................................88 14,345 Qi qing gong Wu Ye 齊頃公無野 Il duca Qing di Qi, Wu Ye..88 5 12,308 Jiaguo Mahua 猳國馬化 Il gibbone........................................89 Rettili e anfibi..................................................................................................91 Il serpente...................................................................................................91 6,111 She dou guo men 蛇鬭國門 Serpenti combattono alle porte del paese.................................................................................................94 6,113: Jiu she rao zhu 九蛇繞柱 Nove serpenti avvolti intorno alla colonna..............................................................................................94 6,125 She dou miao xia 蛇鬭廟下 Serpenti combattono al tempio...95 6,149 Deyang dian she 德陽殿蛇 Il serpente del palazzo Deyang...95
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