DOCSLIB.ORG

University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting MAZU WORSHIP IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINA: GENDER, POLITICS, RELIGION, AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION By YANCHAO ZHANG A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Yanchao Zhang To people I love ACKNOWLEDGMENTS As this dissertation has taken shape over the past few years, some individuals and organizations have provided all kinds of support for me throughout its different stages. Since I started my doctorial study in Religion Department of University in 2011, I have received full support from my advisor, Dr. Mario Poceski. I deeply appreciate all his helps in both academic and personal lives. During the past few years, I took many courses with Dr. Poceski that laid foundation for my dissertation project. In addition, he continued offering guidance and feedback throughout my dissertation research and writing. Dr. Poceski also read and commented in detail on earlier versions of my dissertation. His consistent support and helpful feedback were crucial in completing my dissertation. I consider myself extremely fortunate to have him as my advisor. I would also like to thank the other wonderful members of my dissertation committee for supporting me and working with me since I started my dissertation proposal. First, I own a big debt of gratitude to Dr. Richard Wang for helping me with translating the classic Chinese texts featuring Mazu into English. He also read and commented on the chapter of Daoist canonization. I have benefited a lot from his rich knowledge on Daoism and Chinese culture. I am also deeply grateful to Dr. Trysh Travis, whose class on gender theory has been an inspiration for my comparing perspectives on Chinese goddess worship and Western feminist spirituality, and I am particularly thankful to her for guarding me in this direction. Last but not the least, Dr. Xiao Ying deserves special mention for providing insightful comments on my dissertation project and for taking time to discuss modern Chinese culture and gender study with me. Without all this help and guidance, my dissertation project would have been far less fruitful and well-rounded. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 ABSTRACT .....................................................................................................................................7 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................9 Historical Background ............................................................................................................10 Survey of Existing Scholarship ..............................................................................................14 Objectives, Sources, and Methods ..........................................................................................19 Organization of the Dissertation .............................................................................................21 2 STATE CANONIZATION OF THE GOODDESS: AN IMPERIAL METAPHOR ............25 Granting of Official Titles ......................................................................................................26 Construction of Official Temples Devoted to Mazu ..............................................................41 Incorporation into the Register of Sacrifices ..........................................................................45 Imperial Metaphor ..................................................................................................................52 Concluding Remarks ..............................................................................................................57 3 LOCALIST CONFUCIAN PROMOTION OF MAZU WORSHIP ......................................60 Texts Compiled by Confucian Literati ...................................................................................61 Mazu as Imperial Protector .....................................................................................................68 Reconstructing Mazu’s Family Lineage .................................................................................77 Filial Daughter ........................................................................................................................86 Local Elites’ Patronage of Mazu Temples ..............................................................................93 Concluding Remarks ..............................................................................................................98 4 CONFUCIAN CRITIQUES AND ALTERNATIVE PERSPECTIVES .............................101 Missing Elements ..................................................................................................................102 Alternative Perspectives and Confucian Critiques of the Mazu Cult ...................................106 Gender Centered Critiques ...................................................................................................112 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................120 5 DAOIST CANONIZATION OF THE MAZU CULT .........................................................122 Daoist Scriptures for the Worship of Mazu ..........................................................................123 Daoist Liturgical Texts Featuring Mazu ...............................................................................131 Jiao Ritual Dedicated to Mazu ..............................................................................................139 The Daoist Management of the Mazu Temples ....................................................................145 The General Pattern of the Interaction between Daoism and Popular Religion ...................151 5 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................155 6 WOMEN’S APPROACHES TO THE MAZU CULT .........................................................157 Gender Study and Goddess Worship ....................................................................................159 Women’s Experiences and Popular Religion .......................................................................166 Textual Sources ....................................................................................................................177 The Theme of Resisting Marriage ........................................................................................182 Mazu as Protector of Women and Children .........................................................................193 Women’s Participation in Cultic Activities ..........................................................................201 Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................213 7 CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................................................217 APPENDIX: GLOSSARY...........................................................................................................228 LIST OF REFERENCES .............................................................................................................236 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .......................................................................................................250 6 Abstract of Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy MAZU WORSHIP IN LATE IMPERIAL CHINA: GENDER, POLITICS, RELIGION, AND IDENTITY CONSTRUCTION By Yanchao Zhang December 2018 Chair: Mario Poceski Major: Religion This dissertation explores the worship of Mazu, one of the most popular goddesses in traditional Chinese religion, from its formative period (c. 960) to its later transformations in late imperial China. More specifically, the dissertation tracks the evolution of Mazu from a minor regional deity worshiped by fishermen and sailors along the southeast coast of China, into a major goddess occupying a central place in the pantheon sanctioned by the state and the religious elites. In the course of this historical transformation, various groups interpreted the origin, roles, and salvific potency of the goddess in accordance with their differing agendas and backgrounds. Namely, the imperial governments promoted Mazu as the goddess of meritorious service to the state. For their part, male Confucian scholars constructed the goddess as an embodiment of certain key elements of Confucian values and as an ideal model of Chinese womanhood. Along the same lines, Daoists reimaged Mazu, emphasizing her role as a universal savior whose efficacy emanated from the Daoist cosmological system. As a multi-functional goddess, Mazu also was venerated by female devotees as a motherly goddess who can provide protection for women and respond to their domestic and everyday concerns. Developing this last thread, the study examines the way the Mazu’s cult shaped Chinese women’s social, political, and religious status. 7 By tracing different images and functions of Mazu, as constructed by and for different groups, the dissertation challenges the normative images of Mazu that historical texts and official titles have constructed. These constructions
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Symptoms and Survivorship
    SYMPTOMS AND SURVIVORSHIP 12000 Oral Abstract Session, Fri, 8:00 AM-11:00 AM Multisite randomized trial of integrated palliative and oncology care for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Areej El-Jawahri, Thomas William LeBlanc, Alison Kavanaugh, Jason Webb, Vicki A. Jackson, Toby Christopher Campbell, Nina O’Connor, Selina M. Luger, Ellin Gafford, Jillian Gustin, Bhavana Bhatnagar, Amir Tahmasb Fathi, Gabriela Hobbs, Julia Foster, Showly Nicholson, Debra M. Davis, Hilena Addis, Dagny Vaughn, Nora K. Horick, Jennifer Temel; Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA; Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Duke University, Durham, NC; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI; University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA; Ohio State University, Columbus, OH; The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Division of Hematology, Columbus, OH; Massachu- setts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Duke Cancer Institute, Durham, NC; Massachusetts General Hospital Biostatistics Center, Boston, MA Background: Patients with AML receiving intensive chemotherapy experience substantial decline in their quality of life (QOL) and mood during their hospitalization for induction chemotherapy and often receive aggressive care at the end of life (EOL). We sought to examine the effect of integrated palliative and oncology care on QOL, mood, post-traumatic stress (PTSD) symptoms, and EOL outcomes in patients with AML. Methods: We conducted a multi-site randomized trial of integrated palliative and oncology care (n = 86) versus usual oncology care (n = 74) for patients with AML undergoing intensive chemotherapy. Patients assigned to the intervention were seen by palliative care clinicians at least twice per week during their hospitalization for induction chemotherapy and all subsequent hospital- izations.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China
    SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS Number 282 September, 2018 The Sinicization of Indo-Iranian Astrology in Medieval China by Jeffrey Kotyk Victor H. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA [email protected] www.sino-platonic.org SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS FOUNDED 1986 Editor-in-Chief VICTOR H. MAIR Associate Editors PAULA ROBERTS MARK SWOFFORD ISSN 2157-9679 (print) 2157-9687 (online) SINO-PLATONIC PAPERS is an occasional series dedicated to making available to specialists and the interested public the results of research that, because of its unconventional or controversial nature, might otherwise go unpublished. The editor-in-chief actively encourages younger, not yet well established scholars and independent authors to submit manuscripts for consideration. Contributions in any of the major scholarly languages of the world, including romanized modern standard Mandarin and Japanese, are acceptable. In special circumstances, papers written in one of the Sinitic topolects (fangyan) may be considered for publication. Although the chief focus of Sino-Platonic Papers is on the intercultural relations of China with other peoples, challenging and creative studies on a wide variety of philological subjects will be entertained. This series is not the place for safe, sober, and stodgy presentations. Sino-Platonic Papers prefers lively work that, while taking reasonable risks to advance the field, capitalizes on brilliant new insights into the development of civilization. Submissions are regularly sent out for peer review, and extensive editorial suggestions for revision may be offered. Sino-Platonic Papers emphasizes substance over form. We do, however, strongly recommend that prospective authors consult our style guidelines at www.sino-platonic.org/stylesheet.doc.
    [Show full text]
  • Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: the Great Qing and the Maritime World
    Conceptualizing the Blue Frontier: The Great Qing and the Maritime World in the Long Eighteenth Century Inauguraldissertation zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde der Philosophischen Fakultüt der Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Vorgelegt von Chung-yam PO Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. Harald Fuess Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Joachim Kurtz Datum: 28 June 2013 Table of Contents Abstract 2 Acknowledgments 3 Emperors of the Qing Dynasty 5 Map of China Coast 6 Introduction 7 Chapter 1 Setting the Scene 43 Chapter 2 Modeling the Sea Space 62 Chapter 3 The Dragon Navy 109 Chapter 4 Maritime Customs Office 160 Chapter 5 Writing the Waves 210 Conclusion 247 Glossary 255 Bibliography 257 1 Abstract Most previous scholarship has asserted that the Qing Empire neglected the sea and underestimated the worldwide rise of Western powers in the long eighteenth century. By the time the British crushed the Chinese navy in the so-called Opium Wars, the country and its government were in a state of shock and incapable of quickly catching-up with Western Europe. In contrast with such a narrative, this dissertation shows that the Great Qing was in fact far more aware of global trends than has been commonly assumed. Against the backdrop of the long eighteenth century, the author explores the fundamental historical notions of the Chinese maritime world as a conceptual divide between an inner and an outer sea, whereby administrators, merchants, and intellectuals paid close and intense attention to coastal seawaters. Drawing on archival sources from China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the West, the author argues that the connection between the Great Qing and the maritime world was complex and sophisticated.
    [Show full text]
  • Mirror, Moon, and Memory in Eighth-Century China: from Dragon Pond to Lunar Palace
    EUGENE Y. WANG Mirror, Moon, and Memory in Eighth-Century China: From Dragon Pond to Lunar Palace Why the Flight-to-the-Moon The Bard’s one-time felicitous phrasing of a shrewd observation has by now fossilized into a commonplace: that one may “hold, as ’twere, the mirror up to nature; to show virtue her own feature, scorn her own image, and the very age and body of the time his form and pressure.”1 Likewise deeply rooted in Chinese discourse, the same analogy has endured since antiquity.2 As a commonplace, it is true and does not merit renewed attention. When presented with a physical mirror from the past that does register its time, however, we realize that the mirroring or showing promised by such a wisdom is not something we can take for granted. The mirror does not show its time, at least not in a straightforward way. It in fact veils, disfi gures, and ultimately sublimates the historical reality it purports to refl ect. A case in point is the scene on an eighth-century Chinese mirror (fi g. 1). It shows, at the bottom, a dragon strutting or prancing over a pond. A pair of birds, each holding a knot of ribbon in its beak, fl ies toward a small sphere at the top. Inside the circle is a tree fl anked by a hare on the left and a toad on the right. So, what is the design all about? A quick iconographic exposition seems to be in order. To begin, the small sphere refers to the moon.
    [Show full text]
  • Lovesickness” in Late Chos Ǒn Literature
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Reinterpreting “Lovesickness” in Late Chos ǒn Literature A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures by Janet Yoon-sun Lee 2014 © Copyright by Janet Yoon-sun Lee 2014 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Reinterpreting “Lovesickness” in Late Chos ǒn Literature By Janet Yoon-sun Lee Doctor of Philosophy in Asian Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles, 2014 Professor Peter H. Lee, Chair My dissertation concerns the development of the literary motif of “lovesickness” (sangsa py ǒng ) in late Chos ǒn narratives. More specifically, it examines the correlation between the expression of feelings and the corporeal symptoms of lovesickness as represented in Chos ǒn romance narratives and medical texts, respectively, of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. As the convergence of literary and medical discourse, lovesickness serves as a site to define both the psychological and physical experiences of love, implying the correlation between mind and body in the non-Western tradition. The analysis itself is re-categorized into the discussions of the feeling and the body. In the discussion of the feeling, it will be argued that the feeling of longing not only occupies an important position in literature, but also is gendered and structured in lyrics and narratives of the seventeenth century. In addressing the rubric of feelings of “longing,” this part seeks the ii theoretical grounds of how the intense experience of longing is converted to language of love and to bodily symptoms to constitute the knowledge of lovesickness. The second part concerns the representation of lovesick characters in Korean romance, particularly concerning the body politics of the Chos ŏn society.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article
    Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, volume 324 International Conference on Architecture: Heritage, Traditions and Innovations (AHTI 2019) Exploration on the Protection Scheme of the Great Ruins of Southern Lifang District in the Luoyang City Site in Sui and Tang Dynasties Haixia Liang Luoyang Institute of Science and Technology Luoyang, China Peiyuan Li Zhenkun Wang Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology China Petroleum First Construction Company (Luoyang) Xi'an, China Luoyang, China Abstract—The great ruins are a kind of non-renewable district in a comprehensive and detailed way. Through the precious resources. The southern Lifang district in the analysis of the current situation of southern Lifang district, a Luoyang City Site in Sui and Tang Dynasties is the product of relatively reasonable planning proposal is obtained. This the development of ancient Chinese capital to a certain study can provide theoretical or practical reference and help historical stage. As many important relics and rich cultural on the protection and development of Luoyang City Site in history have been excavated here, the district has a rich Sui and Tang Dynasties, as well as the reconstruction of humanity history. In the context of the ever-changing urban southern Lifang district. construction, the protection of the great ruins in the district has become more urgent. From the point of view of the protection of the great ruins, this paper introduces the II. GREAT RUINS, SUI AND TANG DYNASTIES, LUOYANG important sites and cultural relics of southern Lifang district CITY AND LIFANG DISTRICT in Luoyang city of the Sui and Tang Dynasties through field Great ruins refer to large sites or groups of sites with a investigation and literature review.
    [Show full text]
  • 120 China Minzhong Food Corporation Limited
    CHINA MINZHONG FOOD CORPORATION LIMITED CORPORATION FOOD MINZHONG CHINA CHINA MINZHONG FOOD CHINA MINZHONG FOOD CORPORATION LIMITED CORPORATION LIMITED (Company Registration Number: 200402715N) National Leading Dragon Head Enterprise 229 Mountbatten Road #02-05 Mountbatten Square Singapore 398007 Tel : (65) 6346 7506 2015 REPORT ANNUAL Fax : (65) 6346 0787 Web : www.chinaminzhong.com Email : [email protected] AN 015 NUAL REPORT 2 CORPORATE INFORMATION Board of Directors Head Office Mr. Lin Guo Rong Sanshan Village, Xitianwei Town (Executive Chairman and Chief Executive Officer) Licheng District, Putian City Mr. Siek Wei Ting Fujian Province (Executive Director and Chief Financial Officer) People’s Republic of China (Postal Code 351131) Mr. Hendra Widjaja (Non-Executive and Non-Independent Director) Solicitors Mr. Kasim Rusmin Rajah & Tann Singapore LLP (Alternate Director to Mr. Hendra Widjaja) 9 Battery Road #25-01 Mr. Goh Kian Chee The Straits Trading Building (Non-Executive and Independent Director) Singapore 049910 Mr. Lim Yeow Hua (Non-Executive and Independent Director) External Auditors Mr. Lim Gee Kiat Crowe Horwath First Trust LLP (Non-Executive and Independent Director) 8 Shenton Way #05-01 AXA Tower Audit Committee Singapore 068811 Mr. Lim Yeow Hua (Chairman) Partner-in-charge: Alfred Cheong Keng Chuan Mr. Hendra Widjaja (Appointed since 2011) Mr. Goh Kian Chee Mr. Lim Gee Kiat Internal Auditors BDO LLP Remuneration Committee 21 Merchant Road #05-01 Mr. Goh Kian Chee (Chairman) Singapore 058267 Mr. Hendra Widjaja Mr. Lim Gee Kiat Partner-in-charge: Koh Chin Beng (Appointed since 2015) Nominating Committee Mr. Goh Kian Chee (Chairman) Principal Bankers Mr. Hendra Widjaja Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • Buddhist Studies
    Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies Volume 24 • Number 1 • 2001 MINORUHARA In memoriam J.W. de Jong 1 JINHUA JIA Doctrinal Reformation of the Hongzhou School of Chan Buddhism 7 NADINE OWEN Constructing Another Perspective for Ajanta's Fifth-Century Excavations 27 PETER VERHAGEN Studies in Indo-Tibetan Buddhist Hermeneutics (1) Issues of Interpretation and Translation in the Minor Works of Si-tu Pan-chen Chos-kyi-'byun-gnas (16997-1774) 61 GLENN WALLIS The Buddha's Remains: mantra in the ManjusrTmulakalpa 89 BOOK REVIEW by ULRICH PAGEL Heinz Bechert [et al.]: Der Buddhismus I: Der Indische Buddhismus und seine Verzweigungen 127 Treasurer's Report 2000 135 JINHUA JIA Doctrinal Reformation of the Hongzhou School of Chan Buddhism* Hu Shi asserts that "Chinese" Chan proper first took on complete shape in the Hongzhou school.1 This assertion has been generally accepted, and the Hongzhou school is regarded as the beginning of "classical" or "golden-age" Chan. However, when discussing exactly what marks the beginning of this new type of Chan, or in other words, what kind of reformation Mazu Daoyi JSffill-- (709-88) brought to the Chan tradition, there have been quite different explanations. YANAGIDA Seizan |7PEBIIll[ posits that the m6st salient characteristic of the Hong­ zhou school is that it is a Chan of everyday life and a religion of humanity.2 IRIYA Yoshitaka A^ilfij regards the ideas, "function is identical with [Buddha-]nature" and "daily activities are wonderful functions," as the core of Daoyi's teaching.3 John McRAE assumes that "encounter dialogue" distinguishes the "classical" Chan of Mazu from the "pre-classical" Chan of the Northern, early Southern, and Niutou schools.4 Bernard FAURE takes the disappearance of one-practice samadhi (yixing sanmei — ffzLW) as "an indicator of the 'epistemologi- cal split' that opened between early Chan and the 'classical' Chan of the * I thank Professors Paul W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods in Malaysia: Myth，Ritual，And Symbol
    C heu H ock T ong National University of Singapore The Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods in Malaysia: Myth，Ritual，and Symbol Abstract The present paper describes and analyzes the Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods, a popular celebration among the Chinese in Malaysia. The origins of the myth of the Nine Emperor Gods may be traced back to the Nine Human Sovereigns of Chinese tradition, to the historical events of the Han and Ming dynasties, and to the circumstances of the Chinese immigration into Malaysia. The myth of the Nine Emperor Gods is enacted in a body of rituals, the significance of which is reflected in the symbolic representations of the gods. Myth, ritual, and symbol are thus ideologically interrelated to form a structural framework for the interaction of the yin-yang forces at different levels of the cosmic representations featured in the festival. The festival provides a venue for the yearly renewal of cosmic power, so that human life may be rejuvenated and human conflicts resolved. Key words: Nine Emperor Gods — festival— myth ——ritual— macrocosm 一 micro­ cosm — infracosm Asian Folklore Studies, Volume 55，1996: 49-72 1 H E Festival of the Nine Emperor Gods (Jiuhuangye 九皇爺）in 1 Malaysia is a form of temple fair celebrated only at temples dedicated to these gods. In a 1984 survey I found tmrty-nine such temples in Peninsular Malaysia and none in the states of Sabah and Sarawak. In 1990 the number in Peninsular Malaysia had increased to fifty. My latest surveys, in 1991 and 1992，revealed a further three temples in the West しoast Residency of Sabah (two in Kota Kinabalu and one in Labuan).1 The organization of the festival can be represented in the form of two large concentric circles.
    [Show full text]
  • The History and Politics of Taiwan's February 28
    The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in the Department of History © Yen-Kuang Kuo, 2020 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This dissertation may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee The History and Politics of Taiwan’s February 28 Incident, 1947- 2008 by Yen-Kuang Kuo BA, National Taiwan Univeristy, Taiwan, 1991 BA, University of Victoria, 2007 MA, University of Victoria, 2009 Supervisory Committee Dr. Zhongping Chen, Supervisor Department of History Dr. Gregory Blue, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. John Price, Departmental Member Department of History Dr. Andrew Marton, Outside Member Department of Pacific and Asian Studies iii Abstract Taiwan’s February 28 Incident happened in 1947 as a set of popular protests against the postwar policies of the Nationalist Party, and it then sparked militant actions and political struggles of Taiwanese but ended with military suppression and political persecution by the Nanjing government. The Nationalist Party first defined the Incident as a rebellion by pro-Japanese forces and communist saboteurs. As the enemy of the Nationalist Party in China’s Civil War (1946-1949), the Chinese Communist Party initially interpreted the Incident as a Taiwanese fight for political autonomy in the party’s wartime propaganda, and then reinterpreted the event as an anti-Nationalist uprising under its own leadership.
    [Show full text]
  • A Geographic History of Song-Dynasty Chan Buddhism: the Decline of the Yunmen Lineage
    decline of the yunmen lineage Asia Major (2019) 3d ser. Vol. 32.1: 113-60 jason protass A Geographic History of Song-Dynasty Chan Buddhism: The Decline of the Yunmen Lineage abstract: For a century during China’s Northern Song era, the Yunmen Chan lineage, one of several such regional networks, rose to dominance in the east and north and then abruptly disappeared. Whereas others suggested the decline was caused by a doctri- nal problem, this essay argues that the geopolitics of the Song–Jin wars were the pri- mary cause. The argument builds upon a dataset of Chan abbots gleaned from Flame Records. A chronological series of maps shows that Chan lineages were regionally based. Moreover, Song-era writers knew of regional differences among Chan lin- eages and suggested that regionalism was part of Chan identity: this corroborates my assertion. The essay turns to local gazetteers and early-Southern Song texts that re- cord the impacts of the Song–Jin wars on monasteries in regions associated with the Yunmen lineage. Finally, I consider reasons why the few Yunmen monks who sur- vived into the Southern Song did not reconstitute their lineage, and discuss a small group of Yunmen monks who endured in north China under Jin and Yuan control. keywords: Chan, Buddhism, geographic history, mapping, spatial data n 1101, the recently installed emperor Huizong 徽宗 (r. 1100–1126) I authored a preface for a new collection of Chan 禪 religious biogra- phies, Record of the Continuation of the Flame of the Jianzhong Jingguo Era (Jianzhong Jingguo xudeng lu 建中靖國續燈錄, hereafter Continuation of the Flame).1 The emperor praised the old “five [Chan] lineages, each ex- celling in a family style 五宗各擅家風,” a semimythical system promul- gated by the Chan tradition itself to assert a shared identity among the ramifying branches of master-disciple relationships.
    [Show full text]
  • Zen As a Creative Agency: Picturing Landscape in China and Japan from the Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries
    Zen as a Creative Agency: Picturing Landscape in China and Japan from the Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries by Meng Ying Fan A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of East Asian Studies University of Toronto © Copyright by Meng Ying Fan 2020 Zen as a Creative Agency: Picturing Landscape in China and Japan from the Twelfth to Sixteenth Centuries Meng Ying Fan Master of Arts Department of East Asia Studies University of Toronto 2020 Abstract This essay explores the impact of Chan/Zen on the art of landscape painting in China and Japan via literary/visual materials from the twelfth to sixteenth centuries. By rethinking the aesthetic significance of “Zen painting” beyond the art and literary genres, this essay investigates how the Chan/Zen culture transformed the aesthetic attitudes and technical manifestations of picturing the landscapes, which are related to the philosophical thinking in mind. Furthermore, this essay emphasizes the problems of the “pattern” in Muromachi landscape painting to criticize the arguments made by D.T. Suzuki and his colleagues in the field of Zen and Japanese art culture. Finally, this essay studies the cultural interaction of Zen painting between China and Japan, taking the traveling landscape images of Eight Views of Xiaoxiang by Muqi and Yujian from China to Japan as a case. By comparing the different opinions about the artists in the two regions, this essay decodes the universality and localizations of the images of Chan/Zen. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my deepest gratefulness to Professor Johanna Liu, my supervisor and mentor, whose expertise in Chinese aesthetics and art theories has led me to pursue my MA in East Asian studies.
    [Show full text]