Study Case in Brijuni National Park, Croatia

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Study Case in Brijuni National Park, Croatia UNIVERSIDADE DE LISBOA FACULDADE DE CIÊNCIAS DEPARTAMENTO DE BIOLOGIA ANIMAL IMPACT OF RECREATIONAL TRAILS IN FLORA DISTRIBUTION AND COMPOSITION: STUDY CASE IN BRIJUNI NATIONAL PARK, CROATIA Ana Vitória Ribeiro Dias Feliciano de Carvalho Mestrado em Ecologia e Gestão Ambiental Relatório de Estágio orientado por: Fernando Ascensão Sandro Bogdanovic 2021 Abstract Protected areas are sensitive ecosystems that need considerate and sustainable management. Trails are the primary recreational resource facility on which activities are performed in Protected Areas. They create an opportunity for hiking, biking, wildlife observation and protection of natural resources when well-managed. Yet, they can also create negative impacts like degradation of the environment when poorly managed. Visitor trampling associated with recreational activities results in a variety of impacts to vegetation, including a reduction in vegetation cover, height, biomass, changes in species composition, and the introduction and spread of non-native species. This study seeks to assess information and evaluate how a National Park, which is economically moved by big groups of tourists, is being affected on flora distribution and composition, as well as the prevalence of generalist flora species within the defined areas for tourist activities. The case of study was developed in Brijuni National Park, Croatia A total of five recreational trails, (i) Train Trail, (ii) Path of Good Vibration Trail, (iii) Cycling Trail, (iv) Belvedere Trail, and (v) Zelenikovac Educational Trail were surveyed, along the two main types of habitats, the Holm-Oak Forest, and the Eu-Mediterranean and steno-Mediterranean rocky pastures. For the assessment of information three main methodologies were applied: The Trail Assessment Survey, where trail conditions and observable impacts were assessed; and the spatial quadrat methodology, using Brijuni National Park trails as transects, on both road-verge and far (10 m) from trail. As long as wider evaluation using trails as transects and a 20 m border starting from the road-verge to assess information on distribution of the overpopulation of generalist species Scolymus hispanicus. Data analysis was performed using linear mixed models, and pair-wise dissimilarity matrices, together with indicators of species evaluation. During this study 116 quadrats were evaluated. We identified, a total of 85 plant species, of which 6 were common grasses, 14 trees and shrub species, and the other 65 species were perennial plants and small herbaceous. We found a generally good condition of trails in BNP, associated with a low significance of impact caused by trails in associated flora distribution and composition. Nonetheless, it was observed that more degraded areas seem to be a preferable habitat for generalist species like Scolymus hispanicus. A deeper evaluation of these areas is necessary. Studies that include an evaluation of big game species, their feeding habits, and their palatability is a must since this species can have major roles in structuring vegetation composition. Evaluation of soil properties and conditions may be part of the solution, especially if there is an interest in not only maintaining, as also improving ecological conditions within this protected area. In the meanwhile, it is necessary to ensure and improve the existing means for recreational purpose that are the network of harden roads in the park, since these ones only show to affect the environment when reaching high levels of degradation. The flora distribution and composition in the Park could benefit by the limitation of exiting the roads by motorized vehicles, that could be implemented by applying small wooden columns, as for a deeper knowledge of visitation movements and pressure through the park. Keywords: protected areas recreational ecology biodiversity vegetation road-edge effect i Resumo A Bacia do Mediterrâneo representa um dos maiores centros mundiais de diversidade vegetal, onde cerca de 25.000 espécies de plantas são nativas desta região, sendo mais de metade endêmicas (Cuttelod et al., 2009). Por outro lado, os ecossistemas insulares, são, tal como a região da Bacia do Mediterrâneo, hotspots amplamente reconhecidos pela sua diversidade e singularidade geológica e biológica. Estes são locais de abrigo para inúmeras espécies de endemismos, contendo altos níveis de riqueza e diversidade (Zachos & Habel, 2011). No entanto, é necessário identificar que as características únicas que tornam estes ecossistemas tão particulares são também os motivos para as suas fragilidades e vulnerabilidades perante diversos fatores externos. A perda de biodiversidade é uma preocupação iminente nos ecossistemas (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2007), dada a sua alta concentração de valores biológicos e humanos por área e pelo seu alto nível de ameaças (Kueffer & Kinney, 2017). Posto isto, existe a necessidade imediata de proteger estes ecossistemas em declínio, sendo esta uma realidade, tal como um objetivo para diversas instituições internacionais (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2020; Convention on Biological Diversity, 2014). O desenvolvimento turístico é referido como um fator comum para a degradação destes ecossistemas (Cuttelod et al., 2009; Convention on Biological Diversity, 2007). Este setor apresenta-se também como a causa para muitos impactos negativos, tais como a destruição de habitats, o desenvolvimento de infraestruturas, o transporte e facilitação da introdução de espécies exóticas invasoras, entre outros fatores negativos (Convention on Biological Diversity, 2007). De acordo com a classificação da União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza, uma Área Protegida é estabelecida por um espaço geográfico claramente definido, reconhecido, dedicado e administrado, através de meios legais, ou meios que se demonstram eficazes para alcançar uma conservação da natureza, associando estes aos seus serviços de ecossistema e valores culturais (Dudley, 2008). As Áreas Protegidas demonstram-se de facto, cruciais para a conservação da natureza, afirmando- se como meios de proteção da biodiversidade global através da limitação de áreas, por forma a minimizar a destruição de habitats (Dudley, 2008). Todavia, é necessário avaliar que para alcançar os objetivos de conservação da natureza, determinados meios, assim como certas áreas protegidas1, acabam por recorrer a serviços como o turismo (Priskin & McCool, 2006). As atividades recreativas em Áreas Protegidas degradam, inevitavelmente, os recursos naturais aqui encontrados, criando tensão entre a provisão de recreação e das metas/ mandatos de proteção de recursos. A vegetação é pisoteada, o solo sofre erosão, a qualidade da água é alterada e a vida selvagem é perturbada. Estes impactos ocorrem principalmente em locais que recebem visitação significativa. Neste sentido é, ou deveria ser, um dos objetivos principais das Áreas Protegidas reduzir a gravidade de tais impactos a níveis que não sejam ecologicamente, esteticamente e funcionalmente significativos para estas áreas (Marion et al., 2016). A Ecologia da Recreação, é uma disciplina definida como o estudo científico das mudanças ecológicas associadas às atividades dos visitantes e formas eficazes de gerenciar essas mudanças (Liddle, 1997; Leung, 2008). Por outras palavras, a ecologia da recreação procura compreender os impactos ambientais associados às atividades recreativas praticadas nas áreas protegidas ou em outros meios selvagens, tanto como procurar entender outros fatores influentes que afetam estes ambientes (Marion et al., 2016), 1 Aqui identifica-se unicamente as áreas protegidas que têm finalidade recreativa para além da de conservação de valores naturais e culturais, sendo estas os Parques Nacionais (IUCN categoria II) e Paisagem / Paisagem Marinha Protegida (IUCN categoria V) (Dudley & Satolton, 2010). ii fundamentando os seus estudos nos impactos negativos que ocorrem na vegetação, solos, vida selvagem e recursos hídricos (Marion, 2016). Como Marion & Leung (2001) descrevem, os trilhos são as principais instalações recreativas nas quais as atividades ao ar livre são realizadas em áreas protegidas. Estes apoiam oportunidades recreativas concentrando o tráfego de visitantes em trilhos resistentes. No entanto, pelas palavras do referido autor, tanto quanto de outros autores (Marion et al., 2016; Wolf & Croft, 2014; Liddle, 1997) os mesmos admitem que dada a popularidade de estradas e trilhos em que são realizadas atividades recreacionais, é necessário determinar os impactos ao longo dos caminhos e da sua extensão espacial (Wolf & Croft, 2014). Através destas declarações bibliográficas este estudo tem como por objetivo o levantamento de informações bem como avaliar como é que um Parque Nacional, movimentado economicamente por grandes grupos de turistas, é afetado na distribuição e composição da sua flora, bem como na prevalência de espécies generalistas, entre as suas áreas definidas para turismo. Este caso de estudo decorreu no Parque Nacional de Brijuni, Croácia, área que abrange tanto o ecossistema mediterrânico como o insular. Um total de cinco trilhos: Train Trail, Path of Good Vibration Trail, Cycling Trail, Belvedere Trail, e Zelenikovac Educational Trail, foram avaliados, bem como dois tipos de habitats: Florestas de Quercus ilex e Pastagens rochosas eu-mediterrânicas e esteno-mediterrânicas. Para a avaliação das informações obtidas durante este estudo, foram aplicadas três metodologias: (i) Trail Assessment Survey, onde as condições dos trilhos e
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